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Despite is preliminary nature, the findings suggest that PBMT exerts beneficial biological effects on lipedema tissue when applied under the tested parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41091276/","PubMed",18,"Adipose tissue","Lipedema",[]],["Low-level laser-assisted liposculpture: clinical report of 700 cases.","635",4,"\"Excellent aesthetic results, including an improved silhouette contour, smooth abdominal surface, and good skin retraction, were obtained in 95% of cases. Postoperative recovery was rapid, and complications were minimal.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19331999","PubMed",18,"Adipose tissue","Lipoplasty",[635]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy as an Adjuvant Treatment of Cervicofacial Liposuction Complications","808",3,"\"In the current cases reported, PBMT resulted in an important clinical improvement in the patient’s quality of life in less than three days. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of the benefits of this phototherapeutic approach to cervicofacial liposuction complications.\"\n\nComment: The case reports are somewhat inadequately described.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37089765/","PubMed",18,"Adipose tissue","Liposuction complications",[808]],["Photobiomodulation therapy with light-emitting diode in stimulating adipose tissue mitochondria","630, 850",3,"\"A non-randomized clinical trial was conducted using a split abdomen design in obese women who received red and infrared LED photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). The patients underwent bariatric surgery, and adipose tissue samples were collected for immunohistochemical analysis with primary mitochondrial antibodies. \n\nAdipose tissue samples subjected to LED intervention exhibited positivity in mitochondrial antibodies for cAMP, DRP1, FAS, FIS1, MFN2, and OPA1 (p<0.001) compared to the control group. \n\nIn conclusion, we observed that PBMT was capable of generating mitochondrial stimulation in adipose tissue cells, as evidenced by the positive antibody signals. This finding suggests that mitochondrial stimulation could be the mechanism and action underlying adipose tissue lipolysis and apoptosis.\"\n\nComment: The parameters reported seem to be somewhat contradictory.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37851070/","PubMed",18,"Adipose tissue","Mitochondrial function",[630,850]],["Effects of LED photobiomodulation therapy on the subcutaneous fatty tissue of obese individuals - histological and immunohistochemical analysis","630, 850",3,"\"PBMT and LED associating red and infrared wavelengths were able to promote autophagic lipolysis induced by adipocyte cell apoptosis in the subcutaneous tissue of obese individuals.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36074934/","PubMed",18,"Adipose tissue","Subcutaneous adipose tissue",[630,850]],["Effect of Vascular Photobiomodulation in the Postoperative Period of Alveolar Bone Grafting","660",3,"\"No statistically significant differences were observed among the groups regarding facial pain and edema at 24 h post-surgery. However, iliac pain significantly differed between the placebo and control groups (p = 0.045). A significant time-related effect on both facial and iliac pain outcomes was noted during follow-up, irrespective of the group. The need for rescue medication and self-perception of reduced edema did not differ significantly. Thermographic analysis reveals a significantly lower temperature variation in the test group (2.36 °C) compared to the other groups (p = 0.007)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422610/","PubMed",41,"Bone","Bone grafting (alveolar bone grafting)",[660]],["Investigation regarding prevention of insufficiency fractures in children with severe cerebral palsy by Light-Emitting Diode (LED) irradiation.","",4,"\"The Bone density increased after LED irradiation. The average rate of change in the group with irradiation after one year was 16.86±17.6, while in the group without irradiation was 3.34±6.87 (p<0.05) and healthy children (from5to18-year-old) were 6.66±4.05 (p<0.05), and clear increases were seen in the group with irradiation.\"\n\n\"The characteristics of LED include easily obtaining a light that does not contain unnecessary ultraviolet or infra-red rays, as opposed to many light sources such as sunlight, fluorescent light, and incandescent light; LED are safer and more efficient than sun bathing. Although it is known that VD increases after sun bathing, but no consensus has been reached about the effectiveness of bone metabolism.\"\n\nComment: The reported irradiance of 0.9 mw/m2 from 30 cm distance seems quite low.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25071311","PubMed",49,"Bone","Cerebral palsy patients",[]],["Intraoperative Intramedullary Photobiomodulation Therapy for Consolidation of Atypical Femoral Fractures in Elderly Women: A Pilot Study","638",3,"\"No statistically significant differences in healing, complications, or function were observed. However, a trend toward improved RUSTm scores in the PBMT group emerged.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42212250/","PubMed",41,"Bone","Fractures",[638]],["Effectiveness of 780 nm photobiomodulation as adjunct treatment for bone exposed fractures: A pilot study on radiograph, pain, and cytokines analysis","780",4,"\"We can conclude that LLLT was effective as an adjuvant in the bone fracture regeneration process, altered IL-1β levels, reduced the use of analgesics and anti-inflammatories, reducing the pain pattern throughout the sessions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339853/","PubMed",41,"Bone","Fractures",[780]],["Effects of multiwavelength photobiomodulation for the treatment of traumatic soft tissue injuries associated with bone fractures: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial","",5,"\"MPBM showed an improvement in the daily mean Bates-Jensen scale (MPBM 32.1 vs. control 34.2; p = 0.029), daily mean pain score change (MPBM 0.5 vs. control 0.2; p = 0.04) and occurrence of infection at the site of the external fixator pins (MPBM 15.3% vs. control 57.1%; p = 0.02). MPBM group also showed faster-wound resolution (MPBM 13.1 vs. control 23.1 days).\"\n\n\"MPBM appears safe and effective in reducing wound resolution time, infection in the surgical pin sites, reported pain and time before definitive surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640122/","PubMed",41,"Bone","Fractures",[]],["Pain and Disability of Conservatively Treated Distal Radius Fracture: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Photobiomodulation Therapy","904",5,"\"There was a significant between-group difference in PRWHE scores in favor of active PBMT 8, 12, and 26 weeks after DRF. NP and consumption of AM were significantly lower in the active PBMT group from 7 to 26 weeks. \n\nThere was a minimum clinically important improvement between the groups in favor of active PBMT in total score at 12 weeks, in pain subscore at 8, 12, and 26 weeks, and in disability subscore at 8 and 12 weeks.\"\n\n\"PBMT is safe and has long-term positive effect on pain and disability in DRF patients, when applied in combination with a home-based rehabilitation exercise program.\"\n\nComment: The baseline symptom score was lower in PBM group though the difference was not statistically significant. However, the magnitude is similar as the between-the-group differences at the end of trial.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35030040/","PubMed",41,"Bone","Fractures",[904]],["Treatment of Distal Radius Fracture During Immobilization with an Orthopedic Cast: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial of Photobiomodulation Therapy","904",3,"\"PBMT administered during the immobilization period of DRF had no effect on perceived pain and function measured through PRWHE. Night pain was significantly reduced after 3 weeks by PBMT. \n\nPBMT significantly improved pinch and grip strength and AROM, but these findings did not translate to the subjective experience of pain and function.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33751924/","PubMed",41,"Bone","Fractures",[904]],["The effect of light-emitting diode (590/830 nm)-based low-level laser therapy on posttraumatic edema of facial bone fracture patients.","590, 830",4,"\"Our analysis showed a 16.5% reduction of edema in the LLLT group and 7.3% in the sham light group. The edema reduction was statistically significantly greater in the LLLT group than in the sham light group (p < 0.047).\"\n\n\"LED-based LLLT is recently receiving attention worldwide for its cost-effectiveness and large coverage area compared to traditional laser therapy. Recent studies support its effectiveness in various areas such as wound healing, skin rejuvenation, and pain alleviation. In this study, we treated facial bone fracture patients with LED-based LLLT, and showed its effectiveness in reducing posttraumatic edema.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28986000","PubMed",41,"Bone","Fractures",[590,830]],["Therapeutic outcomes of low-level laser therapy for closed bone fracture in the human wrist and hand.","830",5,"\"After treatment and at the follow-up, the laser group exhibited significant changes in all of the parameters compared with the baseline (p<0.05). The results of comparing the two groups after treatment and at the follow-up indicated significant between-group differences among all of the parameters (p<0.05).\"\n\nComment: The results are quite remarkable.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649935","PubMed",41,"Bone","Fractures",[830]],["The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Bone Mineral Density, Serum Vitamin D, and Bone Formation Markers in Individuals with Complete Spinal Cord Injuries with Osteoporosis","830",3,"\"Significant increases in BMD were noted in proximal-femur and forearm-MID at both week 8 and week 15. Serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D levels significantly increased after treatment. \n\nHowever, no notable changes were observed in distal-femur and proximal-tibia BMD or in osteocalcin and B-ALP levels.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39358889/","PubMed",41,"Bone","Osteoporosis",[830]],["Long-Term Effect of Pulsed Nd-YAG Laser Combined with Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in Men with Osteopenia or Osteoporosis: 1 Year of Follow-Up","1064",4,"\"Although HILT alone did not effectively increase lumbar and total hip BMD, HILT combined with exercise was more effective than exercise alone at increasing lumbar BMD after 24 weeks of treatment, with effects lasting up to 1 year.\"\n\nComment: The additive effects on exercise were quite modest, maybe not relevant?\n\nComment: The earlier paper (J Phys Ther Sci 2017) by the same group found benefit for pain level (VAS) and quality or life. This paper didn't show improvement on bone mineral density, though.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29068756","PubMed",41,"Bone","Osteoporosis",[1064]],["Efficacy of high intensity laser therapy in the treatment of male with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","1064",4,"\"All measured outcomes were significantly decreased post-treatment in all treatment groups. Laser plus exercises showed a higher significant effect than exercises with a least significant effect in the laser group in reduction of pain and quality of life.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28932011","PubMed",41,"Bone","Osteoporosis",[1064]],["High Intensity Laser Versus low Intensity Laser Therapy in Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","1064, 633, 904",4,"Comment: In HILT group (1064 nm; 2000 J), the T-score increased from baseline of -3.2 to post-treatment value of -0.533. \n\nIn LLLT group (633+904 nm), the T-score increased from -3.133 to -2.000. \n\nHowever, authors do not explicitly state that they used T-score as their BMD measurement but that appears to be logical, since they also mention that -2.5 is the T-score limit for osteoporosis and the patient's baseline is close to -3.2.","http://erepository.cu.edu.eg/index.php/BFPTH/article/view/455","Cairo University",41,"Bone","Osteoporosis",[1064,633,904]],["The effectiveness of transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) and transauricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on reducing alcohol craving","850",4,"\"Both tPBM and combined tPBM + taVNS produced significant reductions in craving (PACS: p < 0.001) and alcohol use (AUDIT: p ≤ 0.011) compared with taVNS alone.\"\n\n\"Logistic regression showed higher odds of craving response with tPBM (OR = 8.09) and of drinking-behavior improvement with combined stimulation (OR = 16.73). \n\ntPBM and combined tPBM + taVNS effectively reduced craving, alcohol use in individuals with subclinical alcohol use.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42258987/","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (alcohol)",[850]],["Use of low-energy laser as adjunct treatment of alcohol addiction.","514, 633",3,"\"Improvement in BDI-FS and increase in, beta-endorphin level were observed. These results suggest that laser therapy can be useful as an adjunct treatment for alcoholism.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674998","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (alcohol)",[514,633]],["The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","810",4,"\"tPBMT led to significant improvements in anxiety, depression, and opioid craving among individuals in MMT, and these improvements were sustained at one month and three months after treatment, indicating a long-lasting positive effect.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.\n\nComment: The full text doesn't provide information about the frequency of the 9 treatment sessions.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39901090/","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (opioid)",[810]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy as an Intervention for Opioid Cravings and Depression: A Pilot Cohort Study","810",4,"\"The results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for within-group analysis and Mann-Whitney U tests for between-group comparisons revealed statistically significant reductions in the intensity (W = 7.36, p = 0.012), time (W = 6.50, p = 0.015), frequency (W = 6.50, p = 0.010), and total scores of opioid cravings (W = 7.50, p = 0.009), as well as improvements in depression symptoms (W= 8.00, p = 0.005) within the PBM group compared to the non-PBM group.\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that transcranial PBM therapy could be a promising noninvasive intervention for reducing opioid cravings and depressive symptoms in individuals with opioid use disorder, warranting further investigation through larger randomized controlled trials.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39110620/","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (opioid)",[810]],["Comparative Effects of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Photobiomodulation on Drug Craving in Treatment-Seeking Opioid Addicts","810",5,"\"The results demonstrated that each intervention significantly reduced drug craving in both the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the control group. The Bonferroni post hoc test indicated that PBM was more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in terms of working memory (WM) and inhibitory control for reducing drug craving (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"While both PBM and cognitive rehabilitation targeting WM and inhibitory control effectively reduced opioid drug craving, low-level laser therapy proved to be more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in this regard.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38252491/","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (opioid)",[810]],["An Effective and Safe Novel Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: Unilateral Transcranial Photobiomodulation","810",5,"\"We report here our findings from our second randomized controlled trial to evaluate unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation as a treatment for opioid use disorder.\"\n\n\"Our primary outcome was changes in pre-treatment opioid craving scale (OCS) minus baseline, and we found using a mixed model that the active group had a highly significant treatment * time benefit over the sham group, p < 0.0001, effect size at the last follow-up of 1.5.\n\nThe active treatment benefited those not on buprenorphine as well as those not on it. The TimeLine Follow Back measure of opioid use was significantly better in the actively treated group, p = 0.0001, with an effect size of 0.45. We observed no adverse effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447323/","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (opioid)",[810]],["A Novel Treatment of Opioid Cravings With an Effect Size of .73 for Unilateral Transcranial Photobiomodulation Over Sham","810",5,"\"Unilateral t-PBM to the hemisphere with a more positive hemispheric emotional valence was an effective and safe treatment for opioid cravings as well as for depression and anxiety. Our results also lend support to the underlying premises of DBP.\"\n\n\"The effect size for the differences between active and sham was 0.73. For the active treatment from before and after treatment the effect size was 1.51 and for the sham, 0.45. The HDRS improved from a baseline of 15.1 to 8.8 (SD 10.3) a week after the active treatment and to 13.3 (SD 12.9) after the sham (p = 0.0071). HARS improved from 14.7 to 8.0 (SD 13.2) after the active treatments and to 14.3 (SD 16.0) after the sham, p = 0.08.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32973577/","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (opioid)",[810]],["Unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation for opioid addiction in a clinical practice: A clinical overview and case series","810",4,"\"The case reports are from 42 consecutive patients in his practice with OUD where he has given 382 treatments over 18 months, as needed. The author's subjective clinical observations were that of the 42 patients, 26 (62%) consistently had responses to the UtPBM (as described in the case reports) that were easily observable to the patient and the author as strikingly beneficial, 8 (19%) had helpful, but not remarkable responses, and 8 (19%) had no noticeable response.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33340792/","PubMed",84,"Brain","Addiction (opioid)",[810]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation improves prefrontal oxygenation and impulse control in adults with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial","1064",4,"\"Behavioral results from the first stage showed that, within the ADHD group, participants receiving active tPBM exhibited a 51% improvement in correct rejections on the CPT compared to sham, reaching levels comparable to non-ADHD participants (p = 0.017, large effect size of Cohen's d = 0.93).\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that enhancing prefrontal oxygenation via tPBM may strengthen neural networks supporting cognitive functions in adults with ADHD and merit evaluation in repeated-session studies.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42449279/","PubMed",67,"Brain","ADHD",[1064]],["Repetitive Transcranial Photobiomodulation Improves Working Memory and Attention in Adults with ADHD: A 4-Week Follow-Up Study","",4,"\"The participants showed significant improvements in the 2-back, 3-back, cpt-3, and cpt-4 tasks (all p < 0.001), with peak effect sizes observed at 2-3 weeks post-intervention (Cohen's d = 0.84-1.26). Lower baseline performance predicted greater improvement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40244858/","PubMed",67,"Brain","ADHD",[]],["A multimodal evaluation of transcranial photobiomodulation in mild cognitive impairment: Cognitive, metabolic, and neuroimaging outcomes of a pilot randomized controlled trial","810",5,"\"Adverse events (AEs) were reported by 10 of 20 participants (4 active, 6 sham).\"\n\n\"Compared with sham, active tPBM produced greater improvement in global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination; p = 0.03, d = 1.05) and episodic memory (California Verbal Learning Test-II long-delay recognition; p = 0.02, d = 1.09). Serum pyruvate and lactate increased with a reduced lactate-to-pyruvate (L/P) ratio (p = 0.007, d = -1.37). DMN FC increased (p = 0.014, d = 1.25), and plasma IL-6 declined (p = 0.02, r = -0.52).\"\n\n\"Global cognition (MMSE) improved by +1.00±1.25 in active versus −0.50±1.58 in sham (+1.50; 95% CI 0.16–2.84; t(18)=2.36, p=0.03, d=1.05).\"\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42231857/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[810]],["The Impact of Transcranial Direct Stimulation Therapy Combined with Intranasal Near-Infrared Stimulation on Cognitive Performance in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","850",4,"\"Significant improvements were observed in the active group across both scales. MMSE scores increased from 21.89 ± 2.35 to 27.22 ± 1.96 (p = 0.0001), with sustained effects at follow-up. ADAS-Cog scores decreased from 34.78 ± 4.99 to 18.22 ± 4.4 (p < 0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed significant changes in attention, recall, praxis, and executive domains. No serious adverse events were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41996008/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[850]],["Home-based transcranial photobiomodulation improves cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled confirmatory trial","808",5,"\"Active tPBM significantly improved cognitive performance compared with the placebo. \n\nMean MoCA-K scores increased by 3.87 ± 2.51 points in the active group versus a 0.74 ± 2.85 point decline in the placebo group (p < 0.001). \n\nK-MMSE2 scores improved significantly (p < 0.001). \n\nCERAD-K showed a significant between-group difference at week 13 (p < 0.001), while GDepS scores remained unchanged. \n\nNo device-related adverse events occurred, and adherence to home-based treatment was high.\"\n\nComment: Sham device emitted 88 J per session (approx 2% of the active group). Authors acknowledge this but assume the cortical exposure is low enough to see difference between sham and active.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42024020/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[808]],["The Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Photobiomodulation for Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study","",4,"\"The treatment group showed a statistically significant improvement in K-MoCA scores at week 13 (p < 0.05) compared with the sham group. \n\nAlthough K-MMSE2 scores improved in the treatment group, the difference was not statistically significant. \n\nNo serious adverse events were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40939031/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[]],["Effects of whole-head 810 nm near-infrared therapy on cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study","810",3,"\"After four months of whole-head NIR treatment, mean changes from baseline on the Mini-Mental State Examination were 3.2 (p = 0.02). \n\nMean changes from baseline on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive were -5.0 (p = 0.05), mean changes from baseline on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment were 1.9 (p = 0.12). \n\nMean changes from baseline on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory were -4.2 (p = 0.47). \n\nThese benefits were sustained two months at least. \n\nWith no device-related adverse effects were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910867/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[810]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation increases intrinsic brain activity within irradiated areas in early Alzheimer's disease: Potential link with cerebral metabolism","808",3,"\"Effect sizes for the change from baseline fALFF (pre-t-PBM) within the target regions during and post-t-PBM were medium-to-large despite the small sample size. Effect sizes were larger during versus after t-PBM condition, suggesting that targets were engaged more during t-PBM with effects diminishing somewhat after. These results suggest that fALFF could be helpful in investigating varying parameters of t-PBM to further enhance target engagement.\"\n\n\"These data are part of an ongoing multi-site clinical trial; therefore, this is only the first step of the analysis. These data support the transient effects of t-PBM, which can serve as the mechanism for the longer-lasting clinical effects after multiple t-PBM sessions seen across many populations, including AD [[4]]. Outcome variables for this study will be correlated with these findings after the study's completion.\"\n\nComment: Protocol for this TRAP-AD study was previously published;. I imported parameter data from the protocol paper. The full study evaluates the effect 24 sessions during 8 weeks.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38387555/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[808]],["A Pilot Study of Near-Infrared Light Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease","",3,"\"In the intervention and control groups at week 12, mean changes from baseline on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) were -3.1 and -1.3 (p = 0.5689). \n\nMean changes from baseline on the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were -3.6 versus 3.1 (p = 0.0437). \n\nMean changes from baseline on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were 4.4 versus 1.0 (p = 0.0253). \n\nThe percentage of participants who exhibited a change larger than 4 points from baseline to week 12 was determined for the intervention and control groups on the ADAS-Cog (57% versus 29%), ADL (29% versus 0%), and MMSE (57% versus 14%). Treatment with NIR light did not increase the incidence of adverse events in participants.\"\n\nComment: The parameter reporting is inadequate for reproducibility.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36373323/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[]],["Photobiomodulation and visual stimulation against cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease pathology: A systematic review","",5,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36447479/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[]],["EEG-Validated Photobiomodulation Treatment of Dementia-Case Study","810",3,"\"This case study suggests that PBM could have positive effects on improving desired brain activity, measured as improvement in power spectrum and connectivity measures in theta and alpha bands, for elderly people with memory and thinking disorders.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36236654/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[810]],["A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Sham-Controlled Trial of an Innovative Brain-Gut Photobiomodulation Therapy: Safety and Patient Compliance","660, 850, 850",3,"\"This double-blind, randomized, monocentric sham-controlled study started in 2018 and ended prematurely in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\"\n\n\"Compared to the sham patients, the PBM patients showed higher ADAS-Cog comprehension sub-scores and forward verbal spans, and lower TMT-B execution times, which suggests an improvement in cognitive functions.\"\n\n\"This study demonstrates the tolerability of and patient compliance with a PBM-based treatment for mild-to-moderate AD patients. It highlights encouraging efficacy trends and provides insights for the design of the next phase trial in a larger AD patient sample.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189591/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[660,850,850]],["Therapeutic Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Cognitive Symptoms of Patients with Dementia: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","630, 810",5,"\"The rate of change of MMSE scores in sham and LLLT groups was 0.13 ± 0.96 and 2.31 ± 1.81 in week 2 (p = 0.00005) and also -0.25 ± 0.86 and 2.53 ± 1.73 in week 8 (p = 0.000003). \n\nIn the LLLT group, the mean scores of CDR were 1.28 ± 0.71, 1.28 ± 0.71, and 1.25 ± 0.80 at baseline, week 2, and week 8 (p = 0.605 and p = 0.742), respectively. \n\nThe mean scores of CDR in the sham group were 1.69 ± 0.73, 1.75 ± 0.68, and 1.72 ± 0.82 at baseline, week 2, and week 8, respectively. \"\n\n\"These findings suggest that laser therapy could be a promising treatment modality and an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in dementia patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36126290/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[630,810]],["Stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis with transcatheter intracerebral laser photobiomodulation therapy during dementia in patients with Alzheimer's and Binswanger's disease","",5,"\"All 48 (100%) patients with AD showed cerebral microcirculation improvement, as well as a 10-20% increase in cerebral temporal lobes volume, which indicates cerebral neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by dementia level decline and cognitive functions restoration. As a result, patients were transferred to the milder TDR stage group. Depending on the initial dementia severity, the obtained positive effect has been observed for 2-10 years.\n\nAll 17 (100%) patients with BD showed cerebral microcirculation improvement and cerebral involutional changes decline, which indicates neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by dementia level decline and cognitive functions restoration. The resulting positive effect has been observed for over 10 years.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34971220/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[]],["Shining new light on dementia treatment: ADAS-Cog and quantitative EEG evidence of cognitive improvement in early and mid-stage dementia using self-administered 1070 nm transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation","1068",5,"\"This trial was a replication of an earlier pilot trial and a recent safety/feasibility trial with no adverse events reported in any study.\n\nMMSE improved 21.0%, 4.8 points in the active treatment group and 1.6 points in the placebo group.\n\nSleep duration increased in the active treatment group by an hour after 8 days of treatment and caregivers noted improved mood, energy, and positive engagement in daily activities. None of these functional changes were noted in the placebo arm subjects.\n\nActive group's clock drawing improved 20% and no change in the control group. Logical memory recall improved 3.3 points (p< .03) and time to completion of Trails A&B decreased 23.7% (p<.03).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34971214/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[1068]],["Gender Differences of Dementia in Response to Intensive Self-Administered Transcranial and Intraocular Near-Infrared Stimulation","",4,"\"Over the course of treatment, active-arm female subjects had a 20.2% improvement in Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) (mean 4.8 points increase, p < 0.001) and active-arm male cohort had 19.3% improvement (p < 0.001). Control-arm female subjects had a 6.5% improvement in MMSE (mean 1.5 points increase, p < 0.03) and control-arm male subjects had 5.9% improvement (p = 0.35) with no significant differences in the mean MMSE between female and male subjects in both arms respectively. Other comparison of assessments including Clock Copying and Drawing Test, Logical Memory Test - immediate and delayed recall yielded nominal but not statistically significant differences.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34262831/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[]],["Pilot Study on Dose-Dependent Effects of Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Brain Electrical Oscillations: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease","830, 830",3,"\"c-tPBM significantly boosted gamma (t = 3.02, df = 7, p < 0.02) and beta (t = 2.91, df = 7, p < 0.03) EEG spectral powers in eyes-open recordings and gamma power (t = 3.61, df = 6, p < 0.015) in eyes-closed recordings, with a widespread increase over frontal-central scalp regions. There was no significant effect of tPBM on CBF compared to sham.\"\n\n\"Our data suggest a dose-dependent effect of tPBM with NIR on cerebral gamma and beta neuronal activity. Altogether, our findings support the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial NIR.\"\n\nComment: I wonder if the irradiance is truly 0.55 mW/cm2 for the PW group as well, if dose is 33% (equal to PW duty cycle).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092636/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[830,830]],["Transcranial Near Infrared Light Stimulations Improve Cognition in Patients with Dementia","",5,"\"Treatment with active device resulted in improvements of cognitive functions and changes were: an average increase of MMSE by 4.8 points; Logical Memory Tests I and II by ~3.0 points; Trail Making Tests A and B by ~24%; Boston Naming Test by ~9%; improvement of both Auditory Verbal Learning Tests in all subtest categories and overall time of performance.\"\n\n\"In the active arm, the average MMSE score improved from 22.8 ± 2.6 at the beginning of treatment to 27.6 ± 2.8 (p < .001) at the end of the treatment, which was 4.8 points improvement (21.0% increase) over the course of treatment.\"\n\n\"In the control arm, the average MMSE score changed from 23.2 ± 1.6 at the beginning of treatment to 24.6 ± 2.5 (p = .066) at the end of the treatment, which was 1.4 points improvement (6.2% increase) over the course of treatment (Table 1).\"","http://www.aginganddisease.org/EN/10.14336/AD.2021.0229?fbclid=IwAR2j20r6eLxeE1xGUQpSa-0fzv6f2PGIwX-8BtV6kT7J43AgDdz62kHixXY","Aging and Disease",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[]],["Impact of Combined Photo-Biomodulation and Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function and Quality-of-Life in Elderly Alzheimer Patients with Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial","650",5,"\"By the end of this study, both groups showed significant improvements in Hb level, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCa - B basic), Quality-of-Life for Alzheimer's Disease scale, and Berg Balance scale scores along with significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) (P<0.0001).\n\nThe experimental group which received active low-level laser in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise showed more significant results compared to the control group which received placebo low-level laser in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in all the measured outcomes (P<0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33469351/","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[650]],["Nutritional Ketosis and photobiomodulation remediate mitochondria warding off Alzheimer's disease in a diabetic, ApoE4+ patient with mild cognitive impairment: A case report.","810",4,"\"This case study evaluates the effects of a 10-week clinically prescribed ketogenic nutrition protocol combined with transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) with a 59-year-old male, heterozygous ApoE4 carrier, with a dual diagnosis of mild AD and an 11 year history of insulin dependent type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Statistically significant results reflect an 83% reduction in HOMA-IR; 64% decrease in the triglyceride/HDL ratio; HgA1c reduction from 9.44% to 6.4%; a 57% decrease in VLDL and triglycerides; and normalized cognition as measured via the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), 26/30 post intervention.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32305654","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[810]],["Rapid Reversal of Cognitive Decline, Olfactory Dysfunction, and Quality of Life Using Multi-Modality Photobiomodulation Therapy: Case Report.","635, 810",4,"\"The patient showed a significant improvement in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score from 18 to 24 and in the Working Memory Questionnaire score from 53 to 10. The cognitive enhancement was accompanied by reversal of olfactory dysfunction as measured by the Alberta Smell Test and peanut butter odor detection test. Quality-of-life measures improved and caregiver stress was reduced. No adverse effects were reported.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31050946","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[635,810]],["Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial.","810",4,"\"At baseline, the UC and PBM groups did not differ demographically or clinically. However, after 12 weeks, there were improvements in ADAS-cog (group × time interaction: F1,6 = 16.35, p = 0.007) and NPI (group × time interaction: F1,6 = 7.52, p = 0.03), increased cerebral perfusion (group × time interaction: F1,6 = 8.46, p < 0.03), and increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and lateral parietal nodes within the default-mode network in the PBM group.\"\n\n\"Because PBM was well tolerated and associated with no adverse side effects, these results support the potential of PBM therapy as a viable home treatment for individuals with dementia.\"\n\nComment: Small sample size (n=8).\n\nComment: Complex parameters, thus recommended to see full text.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31050950","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[810]],["Photobiomodulation with Near Infrared Light Helmet in a Pilot, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial in Dementia Patients Testing Memory and Cognition.","",3,"\"We now report a small pilot double blind, placebo-controlled trial (n=11) 6 active, 3 controls and 2 dropouts assessing the effect of 28 consecutive, sixminute transcranial sessions of near infrared (NIR) stimulation using 1060-1080 nm light emitting diodes. Subjects were independently diagnosed with dementia conducted in an outpatient behavioral healthcare clinic. IRB approval was obtained through the Quietmind Foundation's institutional review Board (IRB). Results showed changes in executive functioning; clock drawing, immediate recall, praxis memory, visual attention and task switching (Trails A&B) as well as a trend of improved EEG amplitude and connectivity measures.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28593105","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[]],["Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report.","810",3,"\"Results suggest that larger, controlled studies are warranted. PBM shows potential for home treatment of patients with dementia and AD.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28186867","PubMed",5,"Brain","Alzheimer's Disease",[810]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation as an adjunctive therapy for persistent anxiety and depression in patients undergoing psychotherapy, EMDR, and/or SSRI treatment: A case series","1070",3,"\"All three participants completed the protocol with over 92 % adherence. \n\nTwo participants reported improved sleep quality and reduced irritability. \n\nAll three participants showed reductions in DASS-21 depression scores, although GAD7 anxiety and DASS21 anxiety and stress outcomes varied. \n\nOne participant reported no perceived benefit despite objective improvement, highlighting the potential influence of cognitive attribution patterns.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40743705/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Anxiety",[1070]],["820-nm Transcranial near-infrared stimulation on the left DLPFC relieved anxiety: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","820",5,"\"The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores of the active stimulation group decreased post-treatment compared with the sham group (P = 0.021). The HAMA scores of the active stimulation group at the 2-, 4-, and 8-week follow-up assessments were lower than those before treatment (P < 0.05). The time-varying EEG network pattern showed an information outflow from the left DLPFC and the left posterior temporal region after active treatment.\"\n\n\"Herein, 820-nm tNIRS targeting the left DLPFC had significant positive effects on therapy for GAD that lasted at least 2 months. tNIRS may reverse the abnormality of time-varying brain network connections in GAD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37301483/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Anxiety",[820]],["Effects of photobiomodulation on auriculotherapy points for sleep disorders, anxiety, and temporomandibular dysfunctions","808",3,"\"The participants presented scores corresponding to mild to moderate anxiety (MDN = 17; CI = [13.16;22.31]) and after treatment, normal or non-existent anxiety (MDN = 9; CI = [8.76; 17.12]) (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the controland 20 auriculotherapy groups for TMD and SD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33287687/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Anxiety",[808]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation with Near-Infrared Light for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study.","830",4,"\"Of the 15 recruited subjects (mean age 30 ± 14 years; 67% women), 12 (80%) completed the open trial. \n\nResults show a significant reduction in the total scores of SIGH-A (from 17.27 ± 4.89 to 8.47 ± 4.87; p < 0.001; Cohen's d effect size = 1.47), in the CGI-S subscale (from 4.53 ± 0.52 to 2.87 ± 0.83; p < 0.001; Cohen's d effect size = 2.04), as well as significant improvements in sleep at the PSQI. \n\nt-PBM was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. \"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647775","PubMed",82,"Brain","Anxiety",[830]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation for reducing symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and modulating brain electrophysiology in children aged 2-7: an open label study","850",4,"\"The intervention resulted in a significant 7-point reduction in average CARS-2 scores (t = 10.23, p < .0001), along with decreased delta power and increased gamma and beta power in EEG readings.\"\n\n\"This study supports the potential of tPBM as a safe and effective treatment for ASD, and it suggests that EEG measurements may serve as a useful biomarker for future research.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39944746/","PubMed",67,"Brain","Autism",[850]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation in children aged 2-6 years: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial assessing safety, efficacy, and impact on autism spectrum disorder symptoms and brain electrophysiology","850",5,"\"The difference in the change in CARS scores between the two groups was 7.23 (95% CI 2.357 to 12.107, p = 0.011). Seventeen of the thirty participants completed at least two EEGs and time-dependent trends were detected. \n\nIn addition, an interaction between Active versus Sham and Scaled Time was observed in delta power (Coefficient = 7.521, 95% CI -0.517 to 15.559, p = 0.07) and theta power (Coefficient = -8.287, 95% CI -17.199 to 0.626, p = 0.07), indicating a potential trend towards a greater reduction in delta power and an increase in theta power over time with treatment in the Active group, compared to the Sham group. \n\nFurthermore, there was a significant difference in the condition (Treatment vs. Sham) in the power of theta waves (net_theta) (Coefficient = 9.547, 95% CI 0.027 to 19.067, p = 0.049). No moderate or severe side effects or adverse effects were reported or observed during the trial.\"\n\n\"These results indicate that tPBM may be a safe and effective treatment for ASD and should be studied in more depth in larger studies.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38737349/","PubMed",67,"Brain","Autism",[850]],["Efficacy of Laser Acupuncture for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical, Molecular, and Biochemical Study","850",4,"\"Following the intervention, the severity of ASD was reduced and language performance was elevated in both groups. The improvement in Group I was higher with (P = 0.002; 0.03).\"\n\nComment: CARS score decreased from 39.5 to 33.9 in the intervention group, and from 39.6 to 37.5 in control group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37552913/","PubMed",67,"Brain","Autism",[850]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Retrospective Study","810",4,"\"The main result of this retrospective study is the reduction in ASD severity as shown by the decrease in CARS scores after the intervention. Then, a reduction in cognitive and behavioral rigidity, measured through the MERS–R, and an increase in sleep quality, measured through the PSQI, were observed. Importantly, attention improved too, as shown by the reduction in the scores of the inattention subscale of the SDAG. A relevant reduction in noncompliant behavior as measured by HSQ-ASD has been also found.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35626932/","PubMed",67,"Brain","Autism",[810]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation in Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: Positive Findings from a Proof-of-Concept Study","",4,"\"All 10 completers were included in efficacy and safety analyses. Five participants (50%) met responder criteria at end-point.\n\nOverall, 8-week tPBM was associated with significant reduction in SRS-2 total scores at end-point (SRS-2: -30.6 ± 23, p < 0.001) particularly in Social Awareness (-3.0 ± 1.9, p < 0.001), Social Communication (-10.3 ± 6, p < 0.001), Social Motivation (-5.0 ± 2.4, p < 0.001), and Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors (-7.4 ± 4.1, p < 0.001). There were statistically significant improvements at end-point in Global Assessment of Functioning scores (+12.8 ± 4.2, p < 0.001) and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire scores (+6.0 ± 7.9, p = 0.02). \n\nThree participants experienced transient, mild side effects (insomnia, headache, and warmth at treatment application site).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34941429/","PubMed",67,"Brain","Autism",[]],["Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder.","635",5,"\"Participants [8-year-old on average] received eight 5-min laser light applications to the base of the skull and temporal areas\"\n\n\"The adjusted mean difference in the baseline to study endpoint change in the ABC irritability subscale score between test and placebo participants was -15.17 in favor of the test procedure group. ANCOVA analysis found this difference to be statistically significant (F = 99.34, p < 0.0001) compared to the baseline ABC irritability subscale score. \n\nThe study found that low-level laser therapy could be an effective tool for reducing irritability and other symptoms and behaviors associated with the autistic spectrum disorder in children and adolescents, with positive changes maintained and augmented over time.\"\n\nComment: Global symptom score also decreased 41% in the test group, while no change was observed in the control group (non-significant 0.7% increase).\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported (beam size unknown) \n\nComment: They used LED as a control, but they didn't report any of the parameters. I would assume the beam was low-powered or more divergent then laser, and therefore ineffective. Most laser-vs-LED comparisons in the literature show no difference (Heiskanen&Hamblin 2018). \n\nOn their website, however, they claim that they have used the same power output: https://www.erchonia.com/erchonia-submits-data-to-us-fda-to-support-low-level-laser-510k-market-clearance-for-autism/","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956199","PubMed",67,"Brain","Autism",[635]],["Intracerebral Transcatheter Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Binswanger's Disease and Vascular Parkinsonism: Research and Clinical Experience.","633",5,"\"Good and satisfactory clinical results were obtained in Test group 1 and Test group 2 patients in 49 (92.45%) cases, with a persistent decrease of dementia and motor impairment, and recovery of cognitive functions and daily life activity. \n\nControl group 1 and Control group 2 patients showed a satisfactory clinical result in 6 (15.79%) cases. Persistent positive dynamics was not observed.\"\n\nRegarding the methods: \"[U]nder local anesthesia, according to Seldinger method, the common femoral artery is punctured and catheterized with a 6F–7F introducer. Through this introducer, under fluoroscopic and angiographic control, guiding catheters go into the intracerebral branches through the common and internal carotid arteries. A flexible fiber optic light guide laser instrument with a diameter of 25–100 lm, and the total diameter is 1000 lm, with a perpendicular polished distal end, connected to the laser stand is passed coaxially through these catheters.14,37 The fiber optic instrument is carried to the distal intracerebral arteries, where laser action is performed.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31390288","PubMed",65,"Brain","Binswanger's disease",[633]],["Machine Learning Prediction of the Cognitive Responses to Transcranial Prefrontal Photobiomodulation in Individuals With Bipolar Disorder Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","1064",3,"\"Key findings included: \n\n1) Pre-treatment fNIRS data from 10-20 extracted features predicted cognitive response to tPBM with 85% or better accuracy and F1-score; and \n\n2) Total hemoglobin concentration statistics and oxygenated hemoglobin correlations in ventrolateral prefrontal regions were crucial predictive features. \n\nThese hemodynamic features could serve as potential biomarkers for tPBM intervention efficacy in people with bipolar disorder and possibly other psychiatric populations experiencing cognitive decline. The ability to predict tPBM treatment responses in advance may lead to more effective treatment strategies for individuals with bipolar disorder.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41144406/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Bipolar disorder",[1064]],["Prefrontal photobiomodulation produces beneficial mitochondrial and oxygenation effects in older adults with bipolar disorder","1064",3,"\"As compared to sham, TILS to the PFC in adults with BD increased oxidized CCO both during and after TILS, and increased HbD concentrations after TILS. By significantly increasing oxidized CCO and HbD concentrations above sham levels, TILS has the potential ability to stabilize mitochondrial oxidative energy production and prevent oxidative damage in the PFC of adults with BD.\"\n\nComment: The authors incorrectly sum the fluence across separate irradiation points.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38027522/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Bipolar disorder",[1064]],["Transcranial Infrared Laser Stimulation Improves Cognition in Older Bipolar Patients: Proof of Concept Study","1064",3,"\"We found TILS-induced improvements in cognitive performance on the tasks that measure cognitive flexibility and impulsivity, after 5 weekly sessions of TILS.\n\nWe concluded that TILS appeared both safe and effective in helping alleviate the accelerated cognitive decline present in older bipolar patients.\"\n\nComment: The authors incorrectly sum the fluence across separate irradiation points.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33525934/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Bipolar disorder",[1064]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation to Augment Lithium in Bipolar-I Disorder.","830",3,"\"All four patients had been clinically diagnosed with type-I BPAD and followed by their psychiatrist (P.M.)\"\n\n\"All patients reported a marked reduction of anhedonia/apathy and increase of libido, together with isolated improvements in anxiety, sleep, irritability, and impulsivity. Noticeably, the magnitude of the clinical improvement was such that little or no changes in concomitant psychotropics were required\"\n\n\"Incidentally, after a four-week cycle with t-PBM, patients’ lithium levels increased significantly ( p = 0.014) from an average of 0.54 (SD: 0.02) to 0.74 (SD: 0.05) mM, as given in Table 1.\"\n\n\"The temporal sequence between the t-PBM cycle and the increase in lithium levels in all four patients—who were otherwise on stable doses and whose lithium levels had been previously stable—is striking and indicative of a possible causal link. The beneficial effects of t-PBM on the residual symptoms persisted after re-establishing lower lithium levels; suggesting that the benefits of t-PBM were unrelated to increased lithium availability in the blood.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31532306","PubMed",82,"Brain","Bipolar disorder",[830]],["Low-Level Light Therapy Effect on Metabolites measured by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Patients with Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial","",3,"\"Despite the small sample size, MRSI indicates a metabolic response in participants treated with LLLT compared to those receiving sham treatment. This potentially suggests a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect from the acute administration of LLLT in individuals with moderate TBI.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40925680/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation Improves Cognitive Function, Post-Concussion, and PTSD Symptoms in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","",5,"\"Compared with the baseline, participants demonstrated significant improvements. After receiving tPBM, patients showed enhanced cognitive efficiency, as evidenced by improved visual working memory performance, better learning in verbal memory tests, improved subjective sleep quality, fewer physical post-concussion symptoms, reduced pain intensity, and decreased PTSD symptoms. \n\nIn contrast, no significant improvement was observed after patients received the sham tPBM. \n\nIn addition, the statistically significant improvement in behavioral symptoms also reached the minimal clinically important difference, suggesting clinical significance.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40485299/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[]],["Personalized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (PrTMS®) Coupled with Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) For Co-Occurring Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)","",4,"\"At conclusion, the patient exhibited increased coherence in alpha brain wave activity and significant improvement (> 40%) in neurocognitive psychometric diagnostics.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41018541/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[]],["Treatment of chronic symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury with transcranial LED: a sham run-in pilot study of photobiomodulation therapy","",2,"\"Only 2 participants improved on neuropsychological testing. On questionnaires, 4 reported improved cognition, 5 reported improved post-concussion symptoms, and 3 reported improved depression. Significant improvement in 2 or more domains was reported by 4 participants and mostly maintained at both follow-ups.\"\n\n\"Most participants did not improve on neuropsychological testing.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38329020/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[]],["Effects of Low-Level Light Therapy on Resting-State Connectivity Following Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: Secondary Analyses of a Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Study","",3,"\"Seven brain region pairs exhibited a greater change in connectivity in LLLT-treated participants than in sham-treated participants between the acute and subacute phases (range of z differences, 0.37 [95% CI: 0.20, 0.53] to 0.45 [95% CI: 0.24, 0.67]; FDR-adjusted P value range, .010-.047). Thirteen different brain region pairs showed an increase in connectivity in sham-treated participants between the subacute and late-subacute phases (range of z differences, 0.17 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.25] to 0.26 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.39]; FDR-adjusted P value range, .020-.047). \n\nThere was no evidence of a difference in clinical outcomes between LLLT-treated and sham-treated participants (range of differences in medians, -3.54 [95% CI: -12.65, 5.57] to -0.59 [95% CI: -7.31, 8.49]; P value range, .44-.99), as measured according to RPQ scores.\"\n\n\"Despite the small sample size, the change in RSFC from the acute to subacute phases of recovery was greater in LLLT-treated than sham-treated participants, suggesting that acute-phase LLLT may have an impact on resting-state neuronal circuits in the early recovery phase of moderate TBI.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38805733/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[]],["Effects of intravascular photobiomodulation on cognitive impairment and crossed cerebellar diaschisis in patients with traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study","633",2,"\"Administration of iPBM could be applied in TBI patients to reduce the occurrence of CCD. The study failed to show differences in cognitive function after iPBM, which still serves as an alternative non-pharmacological intervention.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37076743/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[633]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation Treatment: Significant Improvements in Four Ex-Football Players with Possible Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy","810, 633, 850, 660, 870, 633",3,"\"After tPBM, these ex-football players improved. Significant correlations of increased SN FC and CEN FC with specific cognitive tests and behavior/mood ratings, plus increased NAA in ACC support beneficial effects from tPBM.\"\n\nComment: Parameters described in a supplementary PDF.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36777329/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[810,633,850,660,870,633]],["Transcranial Infrared Laser Stimulation for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Series","1064",4,"\"All patients enrolled in this study protocol were able to tolerate the study procedures without any AEs or SAEs. \n\nNine out of eleven participants had clinically significant improvements in GRC score (≥ +2). \n\nNeuropsychological testing and mood questionnaire outcomes also suggested a positive therapeutic effect.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37041790/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[1064]],["Effects of intravascular laser phototherapy on delayed neurological sequelae after carbon monoxide intoxication as evaluated by brain perfusion imaging: A case report and review of the literature","633",4,"\"A 51-year-old woman presented to our medical center experiencing progressive bradykinesia, rigidity of limbs, gait disturbance, and cognitive impairment. Based on her neurological deficits, laboratory tests and imaging findings, the patient was diagnosed with delayed neurological sequelae of CO intoxication.\n\nShe received intensive rehabilitation and ILIB therapy during 30 sessions over 2 mo after diagnosis. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography was performed both prior to and after ILIB therapy.\n\nThe original hypoperfusion area in bilateral striata, bilateral frontal lobe, right parietal lobe, and bilateral cerebellum showed considerable improvement after completion of therapy. The patient's MMSE score also increased markedly from 6/30 to 25/30. Symptoms of DNS became barely detectable, and the woman was able to carry out her daily living activities independently.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33969090/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[633]],["Effect of Transcranial Low-Level Light Therapy vs Sham Therapy Among Patients With Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial","810",3,"\"Radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) showed significant time and treatment interaction at 3-month time point (RD: 0.013; 95% CI, 0.006 to 0.019; P < .001; MD: 0.008; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.015; P = .03; FA: -0.018; 95% CI, -0.026 to -0.010; P < .001).\n\nThe LLLT group had lower RPQ scores, but this effect did not reach statistical significance (time effect P = .39, treatment effect P = .61, and time × treatment effect P = .91).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32926117/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[810]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Cognitive Rehabilitation of Patients with Cranioencephalic Trauma.","630",3,"\"The results found an alteration in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) as well as a consequent increase of the cerebral oxygenation that helped to improve the cerebral function.\"\n\nComment: The claimed radiant energy (1.494 J) is too low given the area (400cm2) and fluence (3.74 J/cm2). It is possible that the true value is 1494 J, because 3.74 J/cm2 × 400 cm2 = 1496 J.\n\nComment: The claimed fluence (3.74 J/cm2) is too low given the power density (0.0257 W/cm2) and time (1800 seconds). Based on those parameters, the fluence should be 46.26 J/cm2.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647777","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[630]],["Pulsed Transcranial Red/Near-Infrared Light Therapy Using Light-Emitting Diodes Improves Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Veterans with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Series","629, 850",3,"\"Pulsed tPBMT significantly improved neuropsychological scores in 6 of 15 subscales (40.0%; p < 0.05; two tailed). SPECT analysis showed increase in relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 8 of 12 (66.7%) study participants. Quantitative SPECT analysis revealed a significant increase in rCBF in this subgroup of study participants and a significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment gamma ray counts per cubic centimeter [t = 3.77, df = 7,p = 0.007, 95% confidence interval (95,543.21–21,931.82)].\"\n\n\"Pulsed tPBMT using LEDs shows promise in improving cognitive function and rCBF several years after TBI. Larger, controlled studies are indicated.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30418082","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[629,850]],["SPECT Perfusion Imaging Demonstrates Improvement of Traumatic Brain Injury With Transcranial Near-infrared Laser Phototherapy.","810, 980",4,"Clinical application of these levels of infrared energy for this patient with TBI yielded highly favorable outcomes with decreased depression, anxiety, headache, and insomnia, whereas cognition and quality of life improved. Neurological function appeared to improve based on changes in the SPECT by quantitative analysis.\n\nComment: Full text or DOI identifier not available.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26535475","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[810,980]],["Significant improvements in cognitive performance post-transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury: open-protocol study.","633, 870",4,"\"Each LED cluster head had a 5.35 cm diameter (9 red diodes, 633 nm, and 52 NIR diodes, 870 nm were embedded into each LED cluster head); 22.48 cm2 in size; 500 mW total power; 22.2 mW/cm2 power density; continuous wave.\"\n\n\"A significant linear trend was observed for the effect of LED treatment over time for the Stroop test for Executive Function, Trial 3 inhibition (p=0.004); Stroop, Trial 4 inhibition switching (p=0.003); California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)-II, Total Trials 1-5 (p=0.003); and CVLT-II, Long Delay Free Recall (p=0.006). Participants reported improved sleep, and fewer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, if present. Participants and family reported better ability to perform social, interpersonal, and occupational functions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24568233","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[633,870]],["Focal increase in cerebral blood flow after treatment with near-infrared light to the forehead in a patient in a persistent vegetative state.","850",3,"“Transcranial LED might increase rCBF with some improvement of neurological condition in severely head-injured patients.”\n\nComment: Parameters are well reported in a table.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047598","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[850]],["Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: two case reports.","633, 870",3,"“Transcranial LED may improve cognition, reduce costs in TBI treatment, and be applied at home.”","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21182447","PubMed",49,"Brain","Brain injury",[633,870]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on quadriceps and foot muscle fatigue in children with spastic diplegia: a randomized controlled study","810",3,"\"This study was the first to show the effect of LLLT on power gains on quadriceps and dorsiflexors in children with CP diplegia.\"\n\nComment: The 30 J dose per point does not seem likely as the power output is 0.2 W and the irradiation time is 30 seconds per point, thus the dose should be 6 J per point.\n\nComment: Despite positive conclusions, the actual data doesn't seem to show as clear benefits between the groups. The study reporting is a little bit unusual, not easy to make sense of some parts.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37572215/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Cerebral palsy",[810]],["Suppression of myotonia in cerebral palsy and adjunctive effect of low level laser therapy on intensive functional training","810",4,"\"73 children with cerebral palsy were directed to practice intensive functional training in hospital for a mean of 2 months (...) A semiconductor laser apparatus was used under the following irradiation conditions, wavelength at 810 nm, output 60-100 mW in continuous wave, irradiation time 15 seconds-10 minutes per target site for a total of 10-15 minutes per day. The target sites were acupuncture points (...)\"\n\n\"A significant effect was observed in 23 cases, showing a more than 10% improvement in the overall score of GMFM during the assessment period\"\n\n\"When compared with patients at other training sites, where only functional training therapy was applied without LLLT, the efficacy of functional training was clearly enhanced by combination with LLLT (Figure 4).\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/14/4/14_4_171/_article","J-STAGE",49,"Brain","Cerebral palsy",[810]],["Application of low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with cerebral palsy of the adult tension athetosis type","830",4,"\"Improvement of myotonia was seen in 19 patients while improvement of pain in the neck and back was seen in all the 16 patients who had pain in these regions. Suppression of myotonia reduced tonic vocalization making words easily heard; moreover, suppression of myotonia and involuntary movements improved working efficiency enabling the patient to perform fairly complex tasks such as word processing. Insomnia and dysuria also improved. Even in the most severe cases, assisting the patient became easier and breathing improved. LLLT with the 830 nm diode laser provides a new and effective treatment modality in this extremely problematic condition, has no serious side effects, and has the potential to improve these patients’ quality of life.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/7/3/7_95-OR-15/_article","J-STAGE",49,"Brain","Cerebral palsy",[830]],["Modulating cerebrospinal fluid dynamics using pulsed photobiomodulation","808, 1064",3,"\"Our data shows that \n\n(1) even a short PBM of 4 min can induce a change in CSF dynamics, in the form of an immediate increase in intracranial CSF volume and a reduction in CSF inflow; \n\n(2) skin melanin had a significant effect on the CSF response in tPBM, with lighter skin associated with higher responses; \n\n(3) both iPBM and tPBM displayed a dose-dependent effect on CSF dynamics in terms of a wavelength-irradiance interaction; \n\n(4) intranasal PBM (iPBM) can be used to produce a significant change in CSF dynamics that is equivalent to forehead transcranial PBM (tPBM) with a small fraction of the irradiance. \n\nThe most likely explanation for the observed fMRI signal changes in CSF regions of interest for both tPBM and iPBM is an increased CSF outflow pressure due to PBM-induced vasodilation that transiently increases intracranial CSF volume and reduces net CSF inflow.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41314512/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Cerebrospinal fluid flow",[808,1064]],["Repeated Photobiomodulation Induced Reduction of Bilateral Cortical Hemodynamic Activation During a Working Memory Task in Healthy Older Adults","1064",4,"\"We found that tPBM stimulation on Day 1 induced significantly decreased activation in the right hemisphere during the 3-back. The decreased activation expanded from only the right hemisphere on Day 1 to both hemispheres on Day 7. The decreased activation persisted for one week in the right supramarginal gyrus and the left angular gyrus and two weeks in the left somatosensory association cortex. These activation changes were accompanied by significantly improved task accuracy during the N-back.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37030744/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Circulation",[1064]],["Brain Photobiomodulation-Preliminary Results from Regional Cerebral Oximetry and Thermal Imaging.","810",3,"\"The results of the three sections (before (20 min), during (15 min), and after (20 min) stimulation) are indicated in Figure 3. Note the significant increase in rSO2 (left and right side) during and even after transcranial LED stimulation. The changes of the temperature are shown in Figure 4.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30654508","PubMed",65,"Brain","Circulation",[810]],["Transcranial laser stimulation improves human cerebral oxygenation.","1064",3,"In both experiments, transcranial laser stimulation induced an increase of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Δ[HbO2 ]) and a decrease of deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Δ[Hb]) in both cerebral hemispheres.","","PubMed",65,"Brain","Circulation",[1064]],["The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women.","627",3,"\"Paired t-test results showed that there was a significant improvement after TCLT with increase in the systolic and diastolic velocity of the left middle cerebral artery (25 and 30%, respectively) and basilar artery (up to 17 and 25%), as well as a decrease in the pulsatility index and resistance index values of the three cerebral arteries analyzed (p < 0.05). TCD parameters showed improvement in the blood flow on the arteries analyzed. TCLT promoted a blood and vasomotor behavior of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries in healthy elderly women.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277249","PubMed",65,"Brain","Circulation",[627]],["Advanced Intervention Effects of Pulsed and Steady Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Sleep, Mood, and EEG Signal Regulation","630",4,"\"Paired t-tests showed PW tPBM significantly improved sleepiness, anxiety, stress, and depression scores post-intervention (p < 0.05). ANOVA analyses indicated PW tPBM increased Alpha and Gamma band EEG power versus baseline (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"PW tPBM may improve cognitive and emotional outcomes and modulate brain activity, offering therapeutic insights.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40101768/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Cognitive and emotional health",[630]],["A multimodal evaluation of transcranial photobiomodulation in mild cognitive impairment: Cognitive, metabolic, and neuroimaging outcomes of a pilot randomized controlled trial","810",5,"\"Compared with sham, active tPBM produced greater improvement in global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination; p = 0.03, d = 1.05) and episodic memory (California Verbal Learning Test-II long-delay recognition; p = 0.02, d = 1.09). Serum pyruvate and lactate increased with a reduced lactate-to-pyruvate (L/P) ratio (p = 0.007, d = -1.37). DMN FC increased (p = 0.014, d = 1.25), and plasma IL-6 declined (p = 0.02, r = -0.52)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42231857/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[810]],["Prediction of treatment responsiveness to home-based transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) intervention for cognitive decline using fNIRS concurrently recorded during tPBM","810, 850",3,"\"Data from 43 participants were used for the evaluation of GCS scores, but fNIRS signals only from 14 responders and 15 non-responders to tPBM therapy were used for further prediction studies, as previously mentioned.\"\n\n\"[Of] the 13 participants who were predicted to be non-responders, 11 were confirmed to be actual non-responders after the 12-week tPBM intervention. Furthermore, implementation of LOSO-CV verified the generalizability of the predictive model, maintaining a sensitivity of 73.33%.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41767844/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[810,850]],["Improved cognitive function, efficiency, saccadic eye movement, and depressive symptoms in mild cognitive impairment with transcranial photobiomodulation","810",5,"\"Compared to the control group, the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements. They showed enhanced cognitive efficiency, as evidenced by improved visual working memory performance, reduced anti-saccade latency, higher scores in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and faster completion time in the Shape Trail Test B. In addition, significantly more participants in the experimental group showed improvement in depressive symptoms after the intervention.\"\n\nComment: The beam area is somewhat unclear. The text says LED area is 1 cm2 and that the device has 81 diodes. The text also says the device has 9 clusters, so it is now assumed each cluster has 9 diodes. Thus cluster area may be 9 cm2. The paper also says that 1-2 clusters were only used at a time so I assume the beam area is then 9 or 18 cm2?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40702818/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[810]],["Effects of Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Photobiomodulation in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",5,"\"[O]ur results indicated that the combined intervention significantly outperformed both monostimulation and sham stimulation in improving WM capacity\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40254536/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[]],["Machine-Learning-Based Prediction of Photobiomodulation Effects on Older Adults With Cognitive Decline Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","",3,"\"Based on the comparison of the global cognitive score (GCS), merging the nine cognitive scores into a single representation, acquired before and after tPBM treatment, we classified all participants as responders or non-responders to tPBM with a threshold for the GCS change. \n\nThe fNIRS data were recorded during the resting state, recognition memory task (RMT), Stroop task, and verbal fluency task. A regularized support vector machine was utilized to classify the responders and non-responders to tPBM. The most promising performance of our machine learning model was observed when using the fNIRS data collected during the RMT, which yielded an accuracy of 0.8537, an F1-score of 0.8421, sensitivity of 0.7619, and specificity of 0.95.\"\n\n\"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of predicting the tPBM efficacy. Our approach is expected to contribute to more efficient treatment planning by excluding ineffective treatment options.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39331542/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation increases cognition and serum BDNF levels in adults over 50 years: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","",4,"\"The t-PBM significantly improved cognition as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) compared to placebo (p = 0.0301). The delta values for MoCA scores were 3.20 in the t-PBM group and 1.97 in the placebo group. This effect persisted until the three-month follow-up, accompanied by increased BDNF levels in the t-PBM group but not in the placebo group (p = 0.0046).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39423445/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[]],["Photobiomodulation improves frontal lobe cognitive functions and mental health of older adults with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Case studies","810",4,"\"One older adult's intrusion and perseveration errors improved from the <1st-2nd percentile (moderately to severely impaired range) to the 41st-69th percentile (average range), another older adult's intrusion errors improved from the 11th percentile to the 83rd percentile, and the third older adult's intrusion errors improved from the 5th percentile to the 56th percentile.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36704674/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[810]],["The effect of transcranial photobiomodulation on cognitive function and attentional performance of older women with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial","850",4,"\"The current study indicated a beneficial effect of light treatment by using 5 sessions of tPBM on the rPFC with an 850-nm LED source, which consequently improved the cognitive capacity and attentional performance of older women with MCI.\"\n\nComment: The improvement in MMSE seems almost unbelievable (from approximately 18 -> 27 in PBM group compared to 20 -> 20 in sham group).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36254133/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[850]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation on Changes in Cognitive Function and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Uncontrolled Trial","610",3,"\"Regarding rCBF, statistically significant trends were found in the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and occipital lateral cortex. Based on the cognitive assessments, statistically significant trends were found in overall cognitive function, memory, and frontal/executive function.\"\n\n\"We confirmed the possibility that PBM treatment in the VA and ICA areas could positively affect cognitive function by increasing rCBF. A study with a larger sample size is needed to validate the potential of PBM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34420956/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[610]],["Photobiomodulation Enhances Memory Processing in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study","810",4,"\"The results showed that among the MCI subjects, only those who received PBM, but not those who received the sham stimulation, demonstrated significant improvement in the visual memory performance and a reduction in the hemodynamic response during the tasks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998541/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Cognitive impairment",[810]],["Illuminating Cognitive Performance: Assessing the Role of Transcranial Photobiomodulation in Augmenting Cognition","1070",3,"\"N = 3 out of 4 participants who received tPBM stimulation demonstrated a decrease in all 3 dimensions of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale from T1 to T2. Speed of processing showed a statistically significant difference between tPBM and sham groups for plasticity (P = .013) and reaction time (RT) (P = .038) measures. On an orientation working memory task, analyses revealed a significant difference in K-values for high-load trials between the tPBM and sham group (P = .039).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40984141/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1070]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation improves functional brain networks and working memory in healthy older adults: An fNIRS study","1064",4,"\"The results showed that compared with the sham tPBM session, the accuracy and reaction time during 3-back task significantly improved in the active tPBM session. \n\nIn addition, the global efficiency, local efficiency, nodal efficiency, and functional connectivity significantly increased in the active tPBM session, particularly in the frontoparietal areas. \n\nImportantly, the altered 3-back accuracy was positively correlated with the changes of functional connectivity and nodal efficiency mainly in left prefrontal cortex in those who had increased 3-back accuracy in the active tPBM session.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40482941/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Dose Response of Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Cognitive Efficiency in Healthy Older Adults: A Task-Related Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study","810",3,"\"The single dose group exhibited significantly greater cognitive efficiency enhancement, indicated by a more pronounced reduction in oxygenated hemoglobin during a challenging task level (span level 9) (p = 0.021, d = 0.50), and better working memory task performance (p = 0.045, d = 0.31). Furthermore, participants with better visuospatial abilities demonstrated greater improvement after a single dose (r = -0.42, p = 0.004). In contrast, participants with varying cognitive function did not exhibit additional benefits from a double dose (r = -0.22-0.15, p = 0.16-0.95).\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that higher tPBM dosages may not necessarily result in superior cognitive improvement in older adults.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39177599/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[810]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation on the left inferior frontal gyrus enhances Mandarin Chinese L1 and L2 complex sentence processing performances","1064",4,"\"Results revealed a consistent pattern for both groups: (a) tPBM enhanced sentence processing performance but not verbal WM for linear processing of unstructured sequences and visual WM performances; (b) Participants with lower sentence processing performances under sham tPBM benefited more from active tPBM. \n\nTaken together, the current study substantiated that tPBM enhanced L1 and L2 sentence processing, and would serve as a promising and cost-effective noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) tool for future applications on upregulating the human language faculty.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39197357/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Pulsed transcranial photobiomodulation generates distinct beneficial neurocognitive effects compared with continuous wave transcranial light","660, 850",4,"\"Paired sample T test showed that the KSS [Karolinska Sleepiness Scale] score, the number of correct responses of PVT, and DMS rate correct score (RCS) of PW tPBM groups improved significantly after intervention (p < 0.05). With regard to EEG analysis, paired one-way repeated ANOVA test showed that during the intervention of PW tPBM, the average power within the Gamma band was higher than the baseline (p < 0.05). \n\nOur study presented that PW tPBM could generate better beneficial cognitive effects and change brain electrical activity under certain circumstances.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37668791/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[660,850]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation enhances visual working memory capacity in humans","852, 1064",4,"\"n this study, we found that 1064-nm tPBM applied to the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) improves visual working memory capacity and increases occipitoparietal contralateral delay activity (CDA). \n\nThe CDA set-size effect during retention mediated the effect between the 1064-nm tPBM and subsequent WM capacity. \n\nThe behavioral benefits and the corresponding changes in the CDA set-size effect were absent with tPBM at a wavelength of 852 nm or with stimulation of the left PFC. \n\nOur findings provide converging evidence that 1064-nm tPBM applied to the right PFC can improve WM capacity.\"\n\nComment: In sham condition the participants received actual PBM for 1 minute (with 11 minutes no irradiation) whereas in active condition for 12 minutes. Thus, participants may have had some PBM  effects during sham condition as well.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36459562/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[852,1064]],["Repeated transcranial photobiomodulation improves working memory of healthy older adults: behavioral outcomes of poststimulation including a three-week follow-up","1064",5,"\"Repeated and single tPBM significantly improved accuracy rate in 1- and 3-back tasks and decreased response time in 3-back compared to the baseline. Moreover, the repeated tPBM resulted in a significantly higher improvement in accuracy rate than the single tPBM. These improvements in accuracy rate and response time lasted at least three weeks following repeated tPBM. In contrast, the control group showed no significant improvement in behavioral performance.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36177151/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Effect of Transcranial Near-Infrared Light 1068 nm Upon Memory Performance in Aging Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study","1068",4,"\"A significant improvement in motor function, memory performance, and processing speed was observed in healthy individuals with PBM-T compared to the placebo group. No adverse effects were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34662523/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1068]],["Photobiomodulation may enhance cognitive efficiency in older adults: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","810",2,"\"After tPBM, participants exhibited significantly lower HbO in a harder (span 7) but not an easier level (span 2) of the task, but their behavioral performance remained unchanged.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37547747/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[810]],["Photoneuromodulation makes a difficult cognitive task less arduous","810",2,"\"After an 8-min PNM session, for the 0-back task, the reaction time and A’ in both conditions did not change significantly in both the experimental (reaction time: t(17) = 1.321, p = 0.20; A’: t(17) = 0.164, p = 0.87) and control groups (reaction time: t(14) = − 0.080, p = 0.94; A’: t(14) = 0.526, p = 0.61). Same non-significant results were found for the 3-back task in both the experimental (reaction time: t(17) = 0.396, p = 0.70; A’: t(17) = 0.359, p = 0.72) and control groups (reaction time: t(14) = 1.644, p = 0.12; A’: t(14) = 1.123, p = 0.28).\"\n\n\"A significant group (experimental vs. control) × time (before vs. after PNM) interaction in memory-related frontal activation was found. Specifically, only the experimental group had a significant reduction in frontal hemodynamic levels during the difficult task. Additionally, the memory-related frontal activation was significantly correlated with the immediate and delayed recall of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test assessed at baseline.\"\n\nComment: One part in the text describes the PBM (\"PNM\") session as 9-minutes long, but the session description mentions 350 seconds, which may be more plausible given the other parameters (20 mW/cm2 and 7 J/cm2).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34211101/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[810]],["Performance Improvement of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-based Brain-Computer Interfaces Using Transcranial Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation with the Same Device","770, 840",4,"\"The tNIR-PBM was applied by simply turning on the NIRS recording equipment for 20 min. To evaluate the degree of performance improvement obtained after tNIR-PBM, the average BCI classification accuracy obtained under the tNIR-PBM condition was compared with that obtained under the sham stimulation condition. The classification accuracy of NIRS-based BCI was significantly improved upon conduction of tNIR-PBM (82.74%) as compared to that in the sham stimulation condition (76.07%, p < 0.005).\"\n\n\"Our experimental results demonstrated that tNIR-PBM for 20 min using a commercial NIRS recording device could influence the hemodynamic responses of most participants when performing specific tasks. Our results further suggest that the cognitive task performance or BCI performance in a long-term NIRS experiment may be influenced by the NIRS recording device.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33048667/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[770,840]],["Cognitive Enhancement by Transcranial Photobiomodulation Is Associated With Cerebrovascular Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex.","1064",3,"\"fNIRS revealed large effects on prefrontal oxygenation during cognitive enhancement post-laser and provided the first demonstration that cognitive enhancement by transcranial photobiomodulation is associated with cerebrovascular oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex. Sham control data served to rule out that the laser effects were due to pre-post task repetition or other non-specific effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31680847","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Photobiomodulation improves the frontal cognitive function of older adults.","633, 870",3,"\"Our findings support that PBM may enhance the frontal brain functions of older adults in a safe and cost-effective manner.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30474306","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[633,870]],["Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults.","1064",4,"\"Cognitive performance, age, and carotid artery intima-media thickness were highly correlated, but all participants improved in all cognitive measures after TILS treatments. Baseline vs. chronic (five weekly sessions, 8 min each) comparisons of mean cognitive scores all showed improvements, significant for PVT reaction time (p < 0.001), PVT lapses (p < 0.001), and DMS correct responses (p < 0.05). The neural studies also showed for the first time that TILS increases resting-state EEG alpha, beta, and gamma power and promotes more efficient prefrontal blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD)-fMRI response. Importantly, no adverse effects were found.\n\nThese preliminary findings support the use of TILS for larger randomized clinical trials with this non-invasive approach to augment neurocognitive function in older people to combat aging-related and vascular disease-related cognitive decline.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28466195","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Improving executive function using transcranial infrared laser stimulation.","1064",4,"\"Participants who received laser treatment made fewer errors and showed improved set-shifting ability relative to placebo controls. These results suggest that transcranial laser stimulation improves executive function and may have exciting potential for treating or preventing deficits resulting from neuropsychological disorders or normal ageing.\"\n\nComment: In some of the recent experiments, it's been shown that long wavelengths (>980nm) might have their effects via calcium channels (TRPV1 / TRPC) instead of cytochrome oxidase.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017772","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Acute Effects of Near Infrared Light Therapy on Brain State in Healthy Subjects as Quantified by qEEG Measures.","903",4,"\"Change in reaction time significantly differed between treated and control, with a mean of 23.8 msec improvement compared with controls (p = 0.035). Amplitude increased an average of 0.81 μV in treatment versus 0.22 μV in controls and did not reach significance.\"\n\n\"The data suggest that NIR light may have an acute effect on reaction time and amplitude in certain subject subsets. There were no adverse events registered across the 31 subjects in the treatment group, nor in the 18 evaluable control group subjects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27855264","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[903]],["Transcranial infrared laser stimulation improves rule-based, but not information-integration, category learning in humans.","1064",4,"\"Participants (n=118) received either active infrared laser to the lateral prefrontal cortex or sham (placebo) stimulation, and then learned one of two category structures-a rule-based structure optimally learned by the reflective system, or an information-integration structure optimally learned by the reflexive system.\n\nWe found that prefrontal rule-based learning was substantially improved following transcranial infrared laser stimulation as compared to placebo (treatment X block interaction: F(1, 298)=5.117, p=0.024), while information-integration learning did not show significant group differences (treatment X block interaction: F(1, 288)=1.633, p=0.202).\n\nThese results highlight the exciting potential of transcranial infrared laser stimulation for cognitive enhancement and provide insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of category learning.\"\n\nComment: Sham treatment was 5 sec of PBM and 55 seconds of no treatment.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28039085","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Cognitive enhancement by transcranial laser stimulation and acute aerobic exercise.","1064",4,"\"The transcranial infrared laser stimulation and acute aerobic exercise treatments were similarly effective for cognitive enhancement, suggesting that they augment prefrontal cognitive functions similarly.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220529","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans.","1064",5,"\"Reaction time in a sustained-attention psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) was significantly improved in the treated (n=20) vs. placebo control (n=20) groups, especially in high novelty-seeking subjects.\n\nPerformance in a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) memory task showed also a significant improvement in treated vs. control groups as measured by memory retrieval latency and number of correct trials.\n\nThe Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X), which tracks self-reported positive and negative affective (emotional) states over time, was administered immediately before treatment and 2 weeks after treatment. The PANAS showed that while participants generally reported more positive affective states than negative, overall affect improved significantly in the treated group due to more sustained positive emotional states as compared to the placebo control group.\n\nThese data imply that transcranial laser stimulation could be used as a non-invasive and efficacious approach to increase brain functions such as those related to cognitive and emotional dimensions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200785/","PubMed",66,"Brain","Cognitive performance",[1064]],["Changes in Brain Function and Structure After Self-Administered Home Photobiomodulation Treatment in a Concussion Case","810",4,"\"The subject was a 23-year professional hockey player with a history of concussions, presumed to have caused his symptoms of headaches, mild anxiety, and difficulty concentrating. He treated himself at home with commercially available, low-risk PBM devices that used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit 810-nm light pulsing at 10 or 40 Hz delivered by an intranasal and four transcranial modules that targeted nodes of the default mode network (DMN) with a maximum power density of 100 mW/cm2.\n\nAfter 8 weeks of PBM treatments, increased brain volumes, improved functional connectivity, and increased cerebral perfusion and improvements on neuropsychological test scores were observed. Although this is a single, sport-related case with a history of concussions, these positive findings encourage replication studies that could provide further validation for this non-invasive, non-pharmacological modality as a viable treatment option for TBI.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013635/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Concussion",[810]],["PHOTObiomodulation for REsistant Depression Study: An Open-Label Pilot Trial on Transcranial Photobiomodulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression","810",4,"\"MADRS scores decreased significantly from 35.5 ± 6.9 at baseline to 22.9 ± 11.2 post-treatment, reflecting a mean change of -12.5 ± 11.3 points (p < 0.001). Clinical response was achieved in nine participants (40.9%), and remission in two (9.1%). In the intention-to-treat analysis, response and remission rates were 31.0% and 6.9%, respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42231103/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[810]],["A high-power near-infrared photobiomodulation device: design, fabrication, and primary impact on treatment-resistant depression","850",4,"\"The median HAM-D score decreased from 23 before the intervention to 9 after four weeks, while the mean HAM-D score declined from 28.14 (P = 0.18) to 8.71 (P = 0.09) post-intervention. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41288780/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[850]],["Augmenting Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder With Transcranial Infrared Laser Stimulation","1064",5,"\"There was a 43% reduction in Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report scores in the sham group from the initial score to the week 12 score, while adding TILS as an adjunct therapy resulted in a reduction of 56%. \n\nTherefore, TILS resulted in an additional 30% reduction in Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report scores ([56-43]/43 = 30%). Participants who received TILS to the right forehead once a week for 4 weeks showed a significantly greater reduction of depressive symptoms than participants who received sham/placebo. Participants reported no adverse effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39990627/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[1064]],["Wearable, self-administered transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder and sleep: A randomized, double blind, sham-controlled trial","850",4,"\"Post-treatment, the HAMD and BDI scores of patients in both tPBM group and sham group significantly decreased compared to baseline, with no between-group difference. \n\nHowever, a significant PSQI score reduction was only found in tPBM group from week-2 onward compared with baseline, with significant between-group difference lasting until week-12 (F1,46 = 6.16, p = 0.017).\"\n\nComment: Slight benefit for a secondary outcome (sleep quality)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39706483/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[850]],["Dose-dependent effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on brain temperature in patients with major depressive disorder: a spectroscopy study","",3,"\"Our 1H-MRS thermometry results showed no significant brain temperature elevations during t-PBM administration.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39370461/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[]],["Efficacy of transcranial photobiomodulation in the treatment for major depressive disorder: A TMS-EEG and pilot study","820",4,"\"All of scales scores in the 11 patients decreased significantly after 14-day tPBM (p < .01) and remained at 8-week follow-up. The time-varying brain network analysis suggested that the brain regions with enhanced connection information outflow in MDD became gradually more similar to healthy controls after treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38470033/","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[820]],["Study of transcranial photobiomodulation at 945-nm wavelength: anxiety and depression.","945",3,"\"The 945-nm LED transcranial photobiomodulation improves brain activity and may clinically decrease anxiety and depression.\"\n\nComment: The paper is somewhat strangely written, and it seems that the between-the-groups changes (before-after) haven't been tested for statistical significance.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32144511","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[945]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. The ELATED-2 Pilot Trial.","823",4,"\"The effect size for the antidepressant effect of t-PBM, based on change in HAM-D17 total score at end-point, was 0.90, 0.75, and 1.5 (Cohen's d), respectively for BOCF (n = 21), LOCF (n = 19), and completers (n = 13). Further, t-PBM was fairly well tolerated, with no serious adverse events.\"\n\n\"t-PBM with NIR light demonstrated antidepressant properties with a medium to large effect size in patients with MDD. Replication is warranted, especially in consideration of the small sample size.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346890","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[823]],["A case control series for the effect of photobiomodulation in patients with low back pain and concurrent depression","660, 850",4,"\"After treatment, the mean decrease in depression scores (OMSQ-12 item #6) was significantly larger in the PBM-group (43.0 ± 22.0 vs. 8.0 ± 5.7, t(8) = 3.449, p = 0.009). Improvement in functional status (ARGS) in the PBM-group was similar to that in the controls (42.0 ± 13.5 vs. 43.4 ± 11.1, t(8) = 0.179, p = 0.862), suggesting group differences in antidepressant effect were independent of functional status improvement. \n\nConclusions: This preliminary investigation suggests that an antidepressant effect may result from PBM to the back and thighs in patients with LBP and concurrent depression.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32158062","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[660,850]],["Long-Term Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation for Anxious Depression Complicated by Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy.","810, 830",3,"\"This report describes the case of a 76-year-old white woman, diagnosed with MDD with anxious distress, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and Takotsubo cardiomopathy, who had responded to cautious antidepressant pharmacotherapy, but failed to achieve remission, and who subsequently received a 31-month augmentation with NIR PBM.\"\n\n\"In conclusion, long-term augmentation with PBM was well tolerated. The anxiety symptoms steadily improved with the add-on of i-PBM and then with the combination of i-PBM and t-PBM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29601319","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[810,830]],["Multi-Watt Near-Infrared Phototherapy for the Treatment of Comorbid Depression: An Open-Label Single-Arm Study.","810, 980",5,"\"For 36 of the 39 patients, after 16.82 ± 6.26 treatments, QIDS scores indicated a robust response (decrease of QIDS total score by ≥50%). For 32 of 39 patients, posttreatment QIDS scores indicated a remission from depression (decrease of QIDS total score ≤5). Overall, the QIDS score fell from 14.10 ± 3.39 to 3.41 ± 3.30 SD (p = 6.29 × 10-19).\"\n\n\"This is the first report of high-powered NILT showing efficacy for depression. Multi-Watt NILT showed far greater efficacy and persistent benefit compared to low-power (<1 Watt) infrared light treatments. Patients saw benefit often within four treatments and resolution of depressive symptoms occurred within 4 weeks for some. These data raise an intriguing possibility-that multi-Watt NILT may be a safe, effective, and rapid treatment for depression comorbid with TBI and possibly primary major depression disorder. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial is warranted to verify these proof-of-concept data.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29033859","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[810,980]],["Transcranial Laser Stimulation as Neuroenhancement for Attention Bias Modification in Adults with Elevated Depression Symptoms.","1064",3,"\"A significant three-way interaction between LLLT condition, ABM response, and time indicated that right LLLT led to greater symptom improvement among participants whose attention was responsive to ABM (i.e., attention was directed away from negative stimuli). Minimal change in depression was observed in the left and sham LLLT.\"\n\n\"The results suggest that larger clinical trials examining the efficacy of using photoneuromodulation to augment cognitive training are warranted.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27267860","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[1064]],["Whole-Body Hyperthermia for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","",4,"\"Whole-body hyperthermia holds promise as a safe, rapid-acting, antidepressant modality with a prolonged therapeutic benefit.\"\n\nComment: They didn't use just ordinary heating in this study. Instead, they used water-filtered infrared-A device Heckel HT3000. Therefore, the treatment can be interpreted as whole-body photobiomodulation with near-infrared light and the effects might be attributed to both thermal and athermal effects.\n\nComment: The wavelength information was obtained at https://www.heckel-hyperthermia.com/index.php/en03. The same Heckel website mentions the irradiance: \"The water-filtered infrared A radiation of hydrosun® enables a compliant irradiance up to 200 mW/cm2\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172277","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[]],["Psychological benefits 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment with near infrared light to the forehead: a pilot study of 10 patients with major depression and anxiety.","810",4,"\"At 2-weeks post treatment 6 of 10 patients had a remission (a score </= 10) on the HAM-D and 7 of 10 achieved this on the HAM-A.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19995444","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[810]],["Laser acupuncture for mild to moderate depression in a primary care setting--a randomised controlled trial.","",5,"\"At the end of the treatment period, Beck Depression Inventory scores fell from baseline by 16.1 points in the intervention group and by 6.8 points in the sham control group (P<0.001). The difference showed only a trend four weeks later, but was again significant after 12 weeks (P=0.007). Laser acupuncture was well tolerated with transient fatigue as the most common adverse effect.\"\n\n\"Laser acupuncture may be worth further investigation as a treatment for mild to moderate depression in primary care.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported. Even wavelength wasn't mentioned.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16259308","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[]],["Prophylactic treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) by using light visors: bright white or infrared light?","",4,"\"Almost every light fixture produces light with an infrared component. So, our data indicate that, if light is crucial to the response, it must be that component which is crucial. However, infrared light is beyond the visible range of the spectrum. The 720 nm filter in our light visor still transmitted some visible light. However, its visibility was virtually negligible (0.18 lux). The conclusion of this study might therefore be that the perception of light does not play a role in the therapeutic mechanism. Infrared might be effective through pathways other than those involved in perception.\"\n\n\"Infrared light is just as effective as bright white light. Both are more effective than the control condition.\"\n\nComment: In this study, they used a 720nm filter for the bright light to show that the effects of bright light might be mediated by the infrared, not visible light wavelengths.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10418699","PubMed",82,"Brain","Depression",[]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation for Down Syndrome.","830",2,"\"Although no quantitative measures were implemented, the following qualitative changes were reported: \n\n(1) improved dexterity (fine motor skills) was reported by the caregivers and also demonstrated by more accurate copying of drawings (spiral drawing test) and by more detailed portraits’ drawings (Fig. 2). \n\n(2) Improved verbal fluency (speaking in full sentences) paired with greater attention, suggesting both a motor and procognitive effect of NIR light.\n\n(3) Noticeable were also the mood and behavioral changes, with less emotional lability, less weeping, less agitation, or physical outbursts.\n\n(4) Greater engagement in leisure activities at home—such as watching TV—was reported by the parents, as they noticed their child required less supervision. They described their child as calmer, less hyperactive, more able to relax, and to attend to the activity of the moment.\n\n(5) Seasonal upper respiratory infections seemed less likely to occur, according to the parents.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31536469","PubMed",65,"Brain","Down syndrome (cognitive performance)",[830]],["Enhancing mathematical skills in children with dyscalculia: the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation","",4,"\"Compared to the control group, the intervention group exhibited significant improvements in number sense, calculation, mathematical reasoning, and visuospatial working memory. Improvements in phonological processing were also recorded, although the results were less conclusive. The findings suggest that tPBM alleviate symptoms of dyscalculia by enhancing specific and general cognitive skills.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40668423/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Dyscalculia",[]],["Site- and electroencephalogram-frequency-specific effects of 800-nm prefrontal transcranial photobiomodulation on electroencephalogram global network topology in young adults","800",3,"\"Statistical analysis indicated that the effects of 800-nm prefrontal tPBM on the EEG global topological networks are both site- and EEG-frequency-dependent. Specifically, our results demonstrated that the left 800-nm tPBM primarily enhanced the alpha network efficiency and information transmission, whereas the right 800-nm tPBM augmented the clustering ability of the EEG topological networks and improved the formation of small-worldness of the beta waves across the entire brain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40018415/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[800]],["Simultaneous MEG and EEG source imaging of electrophysiological activity in response to acute transcranial photobiomodulation","1064",3,"\"The 8-min tPBM enabled significant increases in alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) powers across multiple cortical regions, as confirmed by MEG and EEG source images. Moreover, tPBM-enhanced oscillations in the beta band were located not only near the stimulation site but also in remote cerebral regions, including the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions, particularly on the ipsilateral side.\"\n\n\"MEG and EEG results shown in this study demonstrated that tPBM modulates neurophysiological activity locally and in distant cortical areas. The EEG topographies reported in this study were consistent with previous observations. This study is the first to present MEG and EEG evidence of the electrophysiological effects of tPBM in the brain space, supporting the potential utility of tPBM in treating neurological diseases through the modulation of brain oscillations.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38817913/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[1064]],["Directed physiological networks in the human prefrontal cortex at rest and post transcranial photobiomodulation","800",3,"\"The results illustrate that the demand for oxygen by neuronal activity and metabolism (EEG and CCO) drives the hemodynamic supply (HbO) in all E/N/M bands in the resting prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM), we performed a sham-controlled study by delivering an 800-nm laser beam to the left and right prefrontal cortex of the same participants. After performing the same data processing and statistical analysis, we obtained novel and important findings: tPBM delivered on either side of the prefrontal cortex triggered the alteration or reversal of directed network couplings among the three neurophysiological entities (i.e., HbO, CCO, and EEG frequency-specific powers) in the physiological network in the E and N bands, demonstrating that during the post-tPBM period, both metabolism and hemodynamic supply drive electrophysiological activity in directed network coupling of the prefrontal cortex (PFC).\"\n\n\"Overall, this study revealed that tPBM facilitates significant modulation of the directionality of neurophysiological networks in electrophysiological, metabolic, and hemodynamic activities.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38702415/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[800]],["Temporal and spectral analyses of EEG microstate reveals neural effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on the resting brain","1064",3,"\"These findings confirm the neurophysiological effects of tPBM on EEG microstates of the resting brain, particularly in class D, which represents brain activation across the frontal and parietal regions. This study helps to better understand tPBM-induced dynamic alterations in EEG microstates that may be linked to the tPBM mechanism of action for the enhancement of human cognition.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37916179/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[1064]],["Repeated Transcranial Photobiomodulation with Light-Emitting Diodes Improves Psychomotor Vigilance and EEG Networks of the Human Brain","660, 810",4,"\"The reaction time of the PVT in the tPBM-treated group was significantly improved over four weeks compared to that in the sham group. \n\nWe observed acute increases in EEG delta and alpha powers during a 10 min LED-tPBM while the participants performed the PVT task. \n\nWe also found that the theta, beta, and gamma EEG powers significantly increased overall after four weeks of LED-tPBM. \n\nCombining gSVD with eLORETA enabled us to identify EEG brain networks and the corresponding network power changes by repeated 4-week tPBM. \n\nThis study clearly demonstrated that a 4-week prefrontal LED-tPBM can neuromodulate several key EEG networks, implying a possible causal effect between modulated brain networks and improved psychomotor vigilance outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760145/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[660,810]],["Effects of Near-Infrared Pulsed Light on the Attention of Human Beings Using Electroencephalography","830",4,"\"PBM stimulation was found to induce significant variation in beta activity in most of the regions of the brain in the laser group. Compared to the placebo group, the PBM stimulation has a significant change in beta activity on electroencephalography (EEG). \n\nThree types of tests, the random number test, the Stroop color-word test, and the Multiple-Dimension Attention Test (MDAT), were used to evaluate the effects of the PBM stimulation. The scores of MDAT in the laser group increased more significantly than those in the placebo group after PBM stimulation (p < 0.01). An improvement in attention was observed in this study.\"\n\nComment: If the power is 30mW per diode (total 7 diodes), the total output should be 210 mW and during 10 minutes (600 seconds) of irradiation the total energy should be 0.210 * 600 = 126 joules, twice the 63 J dose claimed in the paper?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37511867/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[830]],["Neuromodulation of brain topography and network topology by prefrontal transcranial photobiomodulation","1064",3,"\"Frontal tPBM increased EEG alpha and beta powers in the frontal-central-parietal regions, enhanced the complexity of the global beta-wave brain network, and augmented local information flow and integration of beta oscillations across prefrontal cortical regions. \n\nThis study sheds light on the potential link between electrophysiological effects and human cognitive improvement induced by tPBM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36317341/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[1064]],["Combination of Group Singular Value Decomposition and eLORETA Identifies Human EEG Networks and Responses to Transcranial Photobiomodulation","1064",3,"\"Our results showed that tPBM-induced increases in alpha powers occurred at default mode network, executive control network, frontal parietal network and lateral visual network.\"\n\n\"Many similarities were found between the cortical locations of SVD-revealed EEG networks and fMRI-identified resting-state networks. This consistency may shed light on mechanistic associations between tPBM-modulated brain networks and improved cognition outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35620152/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[1064]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation and thermal stimulation induce distinct topographies of EEG alpha and beta power changes in healthy humans","1064",3,"\"Overall, this study provided evidence to support our hypothesis, showing that the laser-induced heat on the human forehead is not a mechanistic source causing increases in EEG power during and after tPBM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34556692/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[1064]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation changes topology, synchronizability, and complexity of resting state brain networks","850",4,"\"Here, we employed electroencephalography and different methods (conventional and spectral) in the graph theory analysis to track the significant effects of tPBM on the resting state brain networks. The non-parametric statistical analysis showed that just one short-term tPBM session over right medial frontal pole can significantly change both topological (i.e. clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, eigenvector centrality) and dynamical (i.e. energy, largest eigenvalue, and entropy) features of resting state brain networks.\"\n\n\"The topological results revealed that tPBM can reduce local processing, centrality, and laterality. Furthermore, the increased centrality of central electrode was observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33873167/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[850]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation with 1064-nm laser modulates brain electroencephalogram rhythms.","1064",5,"\"The results show time-dependent, significant increases of EEG spectral powers at the alpha (8 to 13 Hz) and beta (13 to 30 Hz) bands at broad scalp regions, exhibiting a front-to-back pattern. The findings provide the first sham-controlled topographic mapping that tPBM increases the strength of electrophysiological oscillations (alpha and beta bands) while also shedding light on the mechanisms of tPBM in the human brain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31259198/","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[1064]],["Transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation could modulate brain electrophysiological features and attentional performance in healthy young adults.","850",3,"\"The study presented that light irradiation with 850-nm LED source on right PFC could change brain electrical activity and has beneficial effects on attentional performance.\"\n\nComment: The authors claim that fluence (\"energy density\") was 60 J/cm2 but according to the other parameters it seems the dose was 60 J (radiant energy) and 42.75 J/cm2 (fluence).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31011865","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[850]],["Pulsed Near Infrared Transcranial and Intranasal Photobiomodulation Significantly Modulates Neural Oscillations: a pilot exploratory study.","810",4,"\"Using electroencephalography (EEG), we found that a single session of tPBM significantly increases the power of the higher oscillatory frequencies of alpha, beta and gamma and reduces the power of the slower frequencies of delta and theta in subjects in resting state. \n\nFurthermore, the analysis of network properties using inter-regional synchrony via weighted phase lag index (wPLI) and graph theory measures, indicate the effect of tPBM on the integration and segregation of brain networks.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004126","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[810]],["Effect of low-level laser stimulation on EEG power in normal subjects with closed eyes.","830",3,"\"We found a pronounced decrease in the EEG power in alpha-bandwidth during laser simulation and then less decrease in the EEG power in delta-bandwidth in normal subjects with laser stimulation. The EEG power in beta-bandwidth in the right occipital area also decreased significantly in the laser group. We suggest that LLL stimulation might be conducive to falling into sleep in patients with sleep problems.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288562","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[830]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Stimulation on EEG","830",4,"\"We found that the low-level laser stimulation was able to increase the power of alpha rhythms and theta waves, mainly in the posterior head regions. These effects lasted at least 15 minutes after cessation of the laser stimulation. The amplitude power of beta activities in the anterior head regions decreased after laser stimulation. We thought these EEG changes comparable to those in meditation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973409","PubMed",65,"Brain","EEG",[830]],["Transcranial near-infrared stimulation may increase cortical excitability recorded in humans.","820",5,"\"The ΔMEPs percentage was evaluated, and a significant increase in amplitude was observed 10-20 min post-stimulation compared to that in sham.\"\n\n\"This study provides evidence that an 820-nm tNIRS induces transitory increase in the excitability of the stimulated cortex.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31837460","PubMed",65,"Brain","Excitability",[820]],["Pilot study comparing effects of infrared neuromodulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation using magnetic resonance imaging","1064",4,"\"Analyses indicated increased activation of the left somatomotor region during a right-hand finger-tapping task following both tPBM and TMS. Additionally, trending increases in left-lateralized functional and structural connectivity from M1 to thalamus were observed after tPBM, but not TMS. Thus, tPBM may be superior to TMS at inducing changes in connected nodes in the somatomotor cortex, although further research is warranted to explore the potential therapeutic benefits and clinical utility of tPBM.\"\n\nComment: The study doesn't mention \"random*\" so it's labeled as non-randomized. However, the treatment order for each subject appears quite random (see Table 1).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40183072/","PubMed",65,"Brain","fMRI",[1064]],["Exploring the Effects of Near Infrared Light on Resting and Evoked Brain Activity in Humans Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.","810",3,"\"In summary, our fMRI findings indicated that transcranially applied light did have a major impact on brain activity in normal subjects, but only when the brain region was itself functionally active, when undertaking a particular task. We suggest that these light-induced changes, particularly those in parietal association cortex, were associated with attention and novelty, and served to deactivate the so-called default mode network.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31682952","PubMed",65,"Brain","fMRI",[810]],["Neuromodulation of resting state brain network topography by heterolateral prefrontal transcranial photobiomodulation","810",4,"\"The findings reveal that both left and right prefrontal 810 nm tPBM induce significant neurophysiological changes in brain network topology. However, the neuromodulation effects differ across brain functional connectivity, as well as global and local network topology levels. The findings in this study provide novel insights into the effects of heterolateral target tPBM stimulation on the brain network and suggest that left prefrontal tPBM could be a potential choice for personalized treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41687711/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[810]],["Transcranial 1064-nm laser photobiomodulation modulates frequency-specific cortical source dynamics and functional connectivity in healthy adults","1064",4,"\"Transcranial photobiomodulation induced frequency-specific reorganization of cortical networks. Alpha oscillations engaged coordinated fronto-visual circuits, whereas beta activity preferentially recruited higher-order executive regions. Source imaging revealed a post-stimulation shift from default mode toward central executive network dominance with stronger directed interactions. Infra-slow rhythms (<0.1 Hz), encompassing both very-low-frequency (0.01-0.1 Hz) and ultra-slow (<0.01 Hz) activity, significantly modulated alpha- and beta-band amplitudes, embedding faster oscillations within slower temporal patterns.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41584102/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[1064]],["Photobiomodulation mechanisms: duration of action in the human prefrontal cortex","1064",4,"\"Relative to sham, a single administration of TILS significantly modulated PFC functional connectivity during cognitively demanding memory tasks across the 5-day assessment period. No significant effects were observed during resting-state measurements. No adverse effects were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41458461/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[1064]],["Dose response of transcranial near infrared light stimulation on brain functional connectivity and cognition in older adults- a randomised comparison","",4,"\"There was a significant increase in resting state functional connectivity of the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG) with the left planum temporale (PT), p = 0.0016, and with the left inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis, p = 0.0235 in the 'high-dose' group only compared to the 'sham' group.\n\nThere was also a significant improvement in visual search and processing speed (p = 0.012) in the 'high-dose' group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37776079/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[]],["Site-specific effects of 800- and 850-nm forehead transcranial photobiomodulation on prefrontal bilateral connectivity and unilateral coupling in young adults","800, 850",4,"\"Each participant was measured under five specific conditions: (1) right prefrontal 800-nm tPBM (R800), (2) right prefrontal 850-nm tPBM (R850), (3) right prefrontal sham (RS), (4) left prefrontal 800-nm tPBM (L800), and (5) left prefrontal sham (LS) stimulation. Sequences of the five experiments were randomly assigned to each subject.\"\n\n\"Prefrontal tPBM can significantly modulate neurophysiological networks bilaterally and coupling unilaterally in the human prefrontal cortex. Such modulation effects are site- and wavelength-specific for each ISO band.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37284247/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[800,850]],["Enhancement of Frequency-Specific Hemodynamic Power and Functional Connectivity by Transcranial Photobiomodulation in Healthy Humans","1064",4,"\"Our novel findings revealed that tPBM significantly increased endogenic Δ[HbO] powers over the right frontopolar area near the stimulation site. Also, we demonstrated that tPBM enabled significant enhancements of endogenic and myogenic FC across cortical regions as well as of several global network metrics. \n\nThese findings were consistent with recent reports and met the expectation that myogenic oscillation is highly associated with endothelial activity, which is stimulated by tPBM-evoked nitric oxide (NO) release.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35757526/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[1064]],["Metabolic Connectivity and Hemodynamic-Metabolic Coherence of Human Prefrontal Cortex at Rest and Post Photobiomodulation Assessed by Dual-Channel Broadband NIRS","1064",4,"\"For post-tPBM/sham comparison, our analyses revealed three key findings: 8-min, right-forehead, 1064-nm tPBM\n\n(1) enhanced the amplitude of metabolic oscillation bilaterally,\n\n(2) promoted the bilateral metabolic connectivity of neurogenic rhythm, and \n\n(3) made the main effect on endothelial cells, causing alteration of hemodynamic-metabolic coherence on each side of the prefrontal cortex.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35050164/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[1064]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation-induced changes in human brain functional connectivity and network metrics mapped by whole-head functional near-infrared spectroscopy in vivo","1064",4,"\"Our results revealed that tPBM (1) enhanced information processing speed and efficiency of the brain network, and (2) increased FC significantly in the frontal-parietal network, shedding light on a better understanding of tPBM effects on brain networks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33149986/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Functional connectivity",[1064]],["Treatment of Kleine-Levin Syndrome With Intranasal Photobiomodulation and Methylene Blue","633",4,"\"We present a case of KLS in a patient who has no clinical improvement in symptoms with a variety of treatments. The parents of the patient agreed to attempt a trial of intranasal photobiomodulation (i-PBM) with red light, in combination with methylene blue (MB).\n\n\"Within one week of treatment, the patient began to normalize with remission of his hypersomnia, and of his cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. After one month, the patient and family members noted the lack of recurrence of KLS episodes, as well as a return to socialization with friends and family. Six months after starting i-PBM plus MB, the patient enrolled in college. At 20 years old, two years after treatment with i-PBM and MB, the patient has not experienced a relapse of an episode, has been taking any other medications, nor has reported any adverse effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34659921/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Kleine-Levin syndrome",[633]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation and Firefighter Health and Wellness: A Single-Arm, Open-Label Pilot Study","810",4,"\"We found significant pre-/post-treatment improvements with moderate-to-large effect sizes in mood and post-traumatic stress symptoms, pain interference, and readiness for social reintegration, and across all measures of fluid cognition.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40719008/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Mental health",[810]],["Use of 31 P magnetisation transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure ATP changes after 670 nm transcranial photobiomodulation in older adults","670",4,"\"Using 31 P magnetisation transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MT-MRS) we quantify, for the first time, the effects of 670 nm PBM treatment on healthy ageing human brains. We find a significant increase in the rate of ATP synthase flux in the brain after PBM in a cohort of older adults. \n\nOur study provides initial evidence of PBM therapeutic efficacy for improving mitochondrial function and restoring ATP flux with age, but recognises that wider studies are now required to confirm any resultant cognitive benefits.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37803929/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Metabolism",[670]],["Transcranial laser stimulation: Mitochondrial and cerebrovascular effects in younger and older healthy adults","1064",4,"\"As compared to sham control, there was a significant laser-induced increase in oxidized cytochrome-c-oxidase during laser stimulation, followed by a significant post-stimulation increase in oxygenated hemoglobin and a decrease in deoxygenated hemoglobin. Furthermore, there was a greater laser-induced effect on cytochrome-c-oxidase with increasing age, while laser-induced effects on cerebral hemodynamics decreased with increasing age. No adverse laser effects were found.\"\n\n\"The findings support the use of transcranial photobiomodulation for cerebral oxygenation and alleviation of age-related decline in mitochondrial respiration. They justify further research on its therapeutic potential in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33636401/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Metabolism",[1064]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) With 1,064-nm Laser to Improve Cerebral Metabolism of the Human Brain In Vivo.","1064",4,"\"This study provided strong evidence to validate/confirm our previous findings that tPBM with 1,064-nm laser enables to increase cerebral ∆[HbO] and ∆[oxi-CCO] in the human brain, as measured by bb-NIRS. Overall, it demonstrated the robust reproducibility of tPBM being able to improve cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism of the human brain in vivo in both young and older adults.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32173886","PubMed",65,"Brain","Metabolism",[1064]],["Effects of Near-Infrared Light on Cerebral Bioenergetics Measured with Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.","808",3,"\"TLT did not induce acute 31P MRS changes over the course of 2 h in either scan session. However, after repeat TLT, the baseline PCr/β-nucleoside triphosphate ratio was higher than the scan 1 baseline (p < 0.0001), an effect attributable to increased PCr level (p < 0.0001).\"\n\n\"Our findings are consistent with reports that bioenergetic effects of PBM can take several hours to evolve. Thus, in vivo 31P MRS may be useful for characterizing bioenergetic effects of PBM in brain and other tissues.\"\n\nComment: The 4.2-5.8W irradiation should provide 4.2-5.8 J per second, so the dose 3.6-9.1J seems unlikely. Maybe the authors are referring to the dose reaching dura mater, which is likely to be small because of light absorption by tissues?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28186868","PubMed",65,"Brain","Metabolism",[808]],["Infrared-A to improve mood: an exploratory study of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) exposure","",4,"\"The [total mood disturbance] improved immediately after the exposure, and this positive effect lasted for 24 h (p = 0.001) as well as for 2 weeks (p = 0.02). Concerning the diurnal preference, the positive effect on mood was immediate and lasted for 24 h in evening types (p = 0.02) and for 2 weeks in morning types (p = 0.04). During the exposure, core body temperature was constantly lower in morning types compared to evening types.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39441451/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Mood",[]],["Short-term Effects of Transcranial Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation on Motor Performance in Healthy Human Subjects: An Experimental SingleBlind Randomized Clinical Trial.","808",4,"\"The results showed that the number of finger taps in both right and left hands following the use of transcranial NIR-PBM in the real transcranial NIR-PBMC3 group significantly increased (P<0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31875125","PubMed",65,"Brain","Motor function",[808]],["Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on muscle function in individuals with multiple sclerosis","",4,"\"In study I, participants who received a high dose of PBMT showed significant improvement in force recovery (101.89 % (13.55 %)) compared to the placebo group (96.3 % (18.48 %); p = 0.03). Muscle fatigue did not significantly improve with either active PBMT or placebo. In study II, active PBMT resulted in a significant improvement in muscle strength compared to both the baseline (pre-PBMT = 162.70 N (37.52 N); post-PBMT = 185.56 N (33.95 N); p = 0.01) and the placebo group (active PBMT: mean-change = 22.87 N (23.67 N); placebo: mean-change = -4.12 N (31.95 N); p = 0.02).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38614054/","PubMed",33,"Brain","Multiple sclerosis",[]],["Effects of photobiomodulation on interleukin-10 and nitrites in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis - Randomized clinical trial.","808",3,"\"Treatment with PBM positively modulated the expression of IL-10 but had no effect on nitrite levels. Further studies should be conducted with a larger sample and a control group, as PBM may be a promising complementary treatment for the management of MS. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov.\"\n\nNote: The study had no negative control, but only 2 different PBM groups.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32255785","PubMed",33,"Brain","Multiple sclerosis",[808]],["Application of laser radiation and magnetostimulation in therapy of patients with multiple sclerosis","650",2,"\"This study showed that synergic action of laser radiation and magneto stimulation has a beneficial effect on improving functional status, and thus improves the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis. \"\n\nComment: It seems that the average symptom scores within the laser group do not change much between the three examination sessions, so the positive conclusions might be exaggerated. The data is presented in an unusual manner.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26923357/","PubMed",33,"Brain","Multiple sclerosis",[650]],["Laser biostimulation of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis in respect to the biological influence of laser light [Proceedings paper]","",4,"\"The authors discuss the results, obtained so far during three years' clinical examination, of laser therapy in the treatment of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis.\"","http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.520611","SPIE",33,"Brain","Multiple sclerosis",[]],["Effects of intravascular photobiomodulation on motor deficits and brain perfusion images in intractable myasthenia gravis: A case report","633",4,"\"Brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed both before and after ILIB therapy. After receiving three courses of ILIB, the brain SPECT images showed greatly increased perfusion of the frontal lobe and anterior cingulate gyri. The patient's MG-ADL scale score decreased markedly from 17/24 to 3/24. The QMG scale score also decreased remarkably from 32/39 to 9/39. The symptoms of MG became barely detectable and the patient was able to perform his activities of daily living and regain muscle power.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36157830/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Myasthenia gravis",[633]],["Limited potential for fNIRS photobiomodulation in exercise-induced pupil dynamics and improved executive function","780, 830",2,"\"While we do not completely dismiss the possibility of PBM effects on the brain, claims by Martini and Arias (2024) that the fNIRS device significantly influences exercise-induced pupil changes and enhances prefrontal function rely heavily on speculation. As research on PBM via fNIRS matures and begins to produce more significant and robust findings, we would be interested in continuing a mutually beneficial dialogue.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40280213/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and PBM",[780,830]],["From functional neuroimaging to neurostimulation: fNIRS devices as cognitive enhancers","770, 840",5,"\"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) relies on near-infrared (NIR) light for changes in tissue oxygenation. For decades, this technique has been used in neuroscience to measure cortical activity. However, recent research suggests that NIR light directed to neural populations can modulate their activity through \"photobiomodulation\" (PBM). Yet, fNIRS is being used exclusively as a measurement tool. \n\nBy adopting cognitive tests sensitive to prefrontal functioning, we show that a 'classical' fNIRS device, placed in correspondence of the prefrontal cortices of healthy participants, induces faster RTs and better accuracy in some of the indexes considered. A well-matched control group, wearing the same but inactive device, did not show any improvement. \"\n\n\"The present study was the first aimed at evaluating the impact of near-infrared light, delivered via a fNIRS device, on cognition. As hypothesized, our results show that by merely turning on a device classically used for fNIRS, a modulation in the cognitive performance of healthy adults can be witnessed.\"\n\n\"Hence, our findings indicate that the 'standard' use of fNIRS devices generates PBM impacting cognition. The neuromodulatory power intrinsic in that technique has been so far completely overlooked, and future studies will need to take this into account.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37507648/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and PBM",[770,840]],["Light and the Brain: A Clinical Case Depicting the Effects of Light on Brainwaves and Possible Presence of Plasma-like Brain Energy","904",3,"\"Herein, we present our intraoperative findings of rapid electrocorticographic brainwave changes when the brain was shone directly with different wavelengths of light during awake brain surgery. Our findings provide literature evidence for light's ability to influence human brain energy and function.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671960/","PubMed",65,"Brain","Other",[904]],["Five-Year Follow-Up of Photobiomodulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series Exploring Clinical Stability and Microbiome Modulation","904",3,"\"The participants had been diagnosed with PD between 2 and 7 years before beginning this study in 2019, and five of the six participants showed no decline in Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS-III [motor examination]) scores over the 5-year intervention period (Table 1). All participants were using dopamine replacement therapy.\"\n\n\"Microbiome analysis revealed significantly reduced evenness (α-diversity) and significant shifts in β-diversity over five years, as assessed by Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA)\"\n\n\"This five-year case series represents the longest follow-up of microbiome changes in Parkinson's disease, although the interpretation of results is limited by very small numbers, the lack of a control group, and the inability to control for lifestyle influences such as dietary changes. While causal relationships cannot be inferred, the parallel changes in improvements in mobility and non-motor Parkinson's symptoms observed in this cohort, raises the hypothesis that PBM may interact with the gut-brain axis via the microbiome. Controlled studies incorporating functional multi-omics are needed to clarify potential mechanistic links between microbial function, host metabolism, and clinical outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41517622/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[904]],["Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation to Treat Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A Randomised Clinical Trial with Extended Treatment","635, 810",4,"\"There was no significant difference between the Active and Sham Groups after Stages 1 or 2, apart from minimal increase in MoCA score/cognition (Sham Group) in Stage 1. \n\nAfter Stage 3, continuers showed a significant improvement in the primary outcome measure compared to non-continuers. Anxiety and the motor experiences of daily living (MDS-UPDRS Part II) were also significantly improved, while other outcomes approached significance, including MDS-UPDRS Total score (p = 0.062).\"\n\n[\"Stage 2 was 8 weeks of active PBMt for all participants. In Stage 3, participants chose to continue active PBMt treatment ('continuers') or receive no PBMt treatment ('non-continuers') for up to 48 weeks.\"]","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41226860/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[635,810]],["Parkinson's disease, aerobic exercise and photobiomodulation: a randomised controlled trial","808",3,"\"We observed positive effects especially of Exercise on MDS-UPDRS and TMWT, only of PBM on posturography outcomes and no effects in handgrip strength or disability of the upper extremities in any groups. No additive or synergistic effects for any of the measured outcomes were observed when the exercise intervention and the PBM intervention were combined. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41171380/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[808]],["Posture stability and functional activity changes after transcranial photobiomodulation for patients with parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"Statistically significant differences in limit of stability and functional level of the experimental group were observed in favor after 3 months of training (P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"tPBM might be effective in improving posture stability and functional activity level of Parkinson's disease patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41114920/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[]],["Improvements in clinical signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease using photobiomodulation: a five-year follow-up","660",4,"\"Of the seven participants who had continued photobiomodulation therapy, one had a preliminary diagnosis of multisystem atrophy and was excluded from the group analysis. \n\nFor the remaining six participants, there was a significant improvement in walk speed, stride length, timed up-and-go tests, tests of dynamic balance, and cognition compared to baseline and nonsignificant improvements in all other measures, apart from MDS-UPDRS-III, which was unchanged and one measure of static balance (single leg stance, standing on the unaffected leg with eyes open) which declined. \n\nFive of six participants either improved or showed no decline in MDS-UPDRS-III score and most participants showed improvement or no decline in all other outcome measures. No adverse effects of the photobiomodulation therapy were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385144/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[660]],["A novel transcranial photobiomodulation device to address motor signs of Parkinson's disease: a parallel randomised feasibility study","",3,"\"There was no significant difference between groups at any assessment point.\"\n\n\"Our findings add to the evidence base to suggest that tPBM is a safe, tolerable, and feasible non-pharmaceutical adjunct therapy for Parkinson's disease. While future work is needed our results lay the foundations for an adequately powered randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.\"\n\n\"The overall improvement for many participants in the sham group when they progressed to active treatment suggests a positive signal to tPBM above placebo and points to the need to conduct a larger, appropriately powered, randomised crossover trial.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38094162/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[]],["A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of a Transcranial Photobiomodulation Helmet in Parkinson's Disease: Post-Hoc Analysis of Motor Outcomes","635, 810",2,"\"There was no significant difference in total MDS-UPDRS-III scores between groups, presumably due to the placebo effect. Additional analyses demonstrated that facial and lower-limb sub-scores significantly improved with active treatment, while gait and lower-limb sub-scores significantly improved with sham treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37109183/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[635,810]],["Remote Photobiomodulation Treatment for the Clinical Signs of Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series Conducted During COVID-19","904",4,"\"A number of clinical signs of PD were shown to be improved by remote PBM treatment, including mobility, cognition, dynamic balance, spiral test, and sense of smell. Improvements were individual to the participant. Some improvements were lost for certain participants during at-home treatment, which coincided with a number of enforced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic lockdown periods.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34919459/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[904]],["Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson's disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study","904, 810",3,"\"Measures of mobility, cognition, dynamic balance and fine motor skill were significantly improved (p < 0.05) with PBM treatment for 12 weeks and up to one year. Many individual improvements were above the minimal clinically important difference, the threshold judged to be meaningful for participants. Individual improvements varied but many continued for up to one year with sustained home treatment. There was a demonstrable Hawthorne Effect that was below the treatment effect. No side effects of the treatment were observed.\"\n\nComment: Many outcomes seemed to improve also in the waitlist group (group B) before those participants received PBM.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34215216/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[904,810]],["Exploring the Effect of Combined Transcranial and Intra-Oral Photobiomodulation Therapy Over a Four-Week Period on Physical and Cognitive Outcome Measures for People with Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study","904",3,"\"Montreal Cognitive Assessment remained stable between start and end of study. No measures demonstrated statistically significant changes. With regular treatment, the spiral (writing) test and the dynamic step test were most sensitive to change in a positive direction; and the 9-hole peg test demonstrated a minimum clinically important difference worthy of further investigation in a larger, adequately powered clinical trial. A placebo effect was noted.\"\n\nComment: The study phases are somewhat similar as in crossover studies, but not exactly. See the full text for details.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092640/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[904]],["Effects of concomitant use of hydrogen water and photobiomodulation on Parkinson disease: A pilot study","940",4,"\"We noted that the UPDRS scores began significantly decreasing from the first week, and this improvement persisted until the end of therapy. Moreover, no adverse event was recorded. After 1 week of therapy cessation, UPDRS scores slightly increased but the improvement remained significant compared with the baseline.\"\n\n\"This novel, proof-of-concept study demonstrated that PBM+H2 therapy is safe and reduces disease severity. A larger-scaled clinical trial is warranted to completely investigate the effects of PBM + H2 therapy on PD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33530211/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[940]],["\"Buckets\": Early Observations on the Use of Red and Infrared Light Helmets in Parkinson's Disease Patients.","660, 670, 810, 850",3,"\"We found that 55% of the initial signs and symptoms of the six patients showed overall improvement, whereas 43% stayed the same and only 2% got worse. We also found that PBM did not target a specific sign or symptom, with both motor and nonmotor ones being affected, depending on the patient.\"\n\n\"In summary, our early observations are the first to note the impact of PBM on patients' signs and symptoms over an extended period, up to 24 months, and lays the groundwork for further development to clinical trial.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31536464","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[660,670,810,850]],["Photobiomodulation in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial","670",3,"\"When 8J/cm2 of energy are applied to the head, approximately 2–3% of the near-infrared photons reach the brain cortex at depths of 1cm from the skin or scalp surface, and 0.2–0.3% are estimated to reach depths of 2cm (and thus to reach the white matter). \n\nAccordingly, transcranial application of [8?] J/cm2 is estimated to deliver 0.09375 J/cm2 (1.9%) and 0.009375J/cm2 (0.19%) to the brain cortex and white matter, respectively.\"\n\n\"We found no changes over the 9-wk period in the sham group (all p>0.1). Yet, the photobiomodulation group showed gait improvements (i.e., TMWT, fast rhythm; p=0.045, ES=0.73), and a significant between-group difference was found for the mean change (post-intervention minus baseline) in this endpoint (p=0.001, ES=1.17, Table 1). No other intervention effect was noted, although there was trend towards greater benefits in the TUG 105 test after photobiomodulation (p=0.094, ES=0.54).\"\n\nComment: Poor results, at least with the methodology used in this study. Maybe higher dose would be needed?\n\nComment: Sham group received 5 sec of red light irradiation, active group 60 sec, during each 60sec block. Thus, participants in sham group received total of 30 seconds of active treatment.\n\nComment: The fluence is stated as 8 J/cm2 but total of 180 seconds of 0.060 W/cm2 irradiation equals to 10.6 J/cm2.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30824206","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[670]],["Reduced axonal transport in Parkinson's disease cybrid neurites is restored by light therapy.","810",4,"\"The results from this study support our proposal that axonal transport is reduced in sporadic PD and that a single, brief treatment with near-infrared light can restore axonal transport to control levels.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19534794","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[810]],["Laser modification of the blood in vitro and in vivo in patients with Parkinson's disease","632",2,"\"The effect of He-Ne laser radiation on activity of MAO B, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and catalase in blood cells from patients with Parkinson's disease was studied in vivo and in vitro. The effects of intravenous in vivo irradiation (intravenous laser therapy) were more pronounced than those observed in similar in vitro experiments. It is concluded that generalized effect of laser therapy involves interaction between blood cells.\"\n\nComment: The effect was modest, could be attributable to regression to the mean.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12910278/","PubMed",83,"Brain","Parkinson's disease",[632]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation for the treatment of chemobrain: new perspectives from a pilot study","660, 810, 850",4,"\"Mean total FACT-Cog score prior to tPBM was 63.3 ± 19.8. After the course of tPBM sessions, the mean total FACT-Cog score was 101.2 ± 20.1 (p < 0.001). \n\nTwenty-nine patients improved cognitive performance and, in 9 patients (29.0%), the FACT-Cog score had normalized. \n\nThere was no significant difference between the proportion with anxiety or depression before vs after tPBM (p = 0.22 for anxiety, p = 0.62 for depression).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41484584/","PubMed",50,"Brain","Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment",[660,810,850]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation Promotes Neurological Resilience in Current Collegiate American Football Players Exposed to Repetitive Head Acceleration Events","810",4,"\"Correlational tractography revealed significant main effects and interactions of time and group, with widespread increases in RDI and QA observed in the Sham PBM group over the season, consistent with neuroinflammation and axonal remodeling. In contrast, the Active PBM group showed relative stability in RDI and QA over time, with significant reductions observed in some areas. These findings suggest that PBM may mitigate ongoing neuroinflammation and facilitate the recovery processes.\"\n\n\"This study provides the first evidence suggesting that transcranial PBM reduces neuroinflammatory and axonal injury markers in American collegiate football players over a single season.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42300020/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Repetitive Head Acceleration Events",[810]],["Improvements in Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Cerebellum after Transcranial Photobiomodulation in Adults with a History of Repetitive Head Acceleration Events","810, 1060",4,"\"We observed an overall decrease in between-network connectivity and an increase in within-network connectivity after PBM treatment, particularly in the SN and FPN.\"\n\n\"These results suggest that PBM may improve network efficiency of the cerebellum by regulating overactive connections and increasing network segregation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40930578/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Repetitive Head Acceleration Events",[810,1060]],["A Proof-of-Concept Study Investigating the Effects of Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation on Cognitive Function after Repetitive Head Acceleration Events","810",4,"\"On a group level, participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements with moderate-to-large effect sizes in fluid cognition, verbal learning and memory, attention and working memory, and aspects of executive function following PBM treatment. \n\nSpecific improvements were observed in verbal learning/encoding and delayed recall, sustained attention, errors of omission and commission, working memory, inhibition, and cognitive switching. \n\nOn the individual level, 0-36% of participants showed reliable improvement across cognitive measures, depending on the subtest; changes were greatest on measures of attention and memory. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711963/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Repetitive Head Acceleration Events",[810]],["The Effect of Intranasal Plus Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Neuromuscular Control in Individuals with Repetitive Head Acceleration Events","",4,"\"Posttreatment group averages in reaction time, MiniBEST reactive control subscores, and bilateral grip strength significantly improved with effect sizes of g = 0.75, g = 0.63, g = 0.22 (dominant hand), and g = 0.34 (nondominant hand), respectively.\"\n\n\"This study provides a framework for more robust studies and suggests that itPBM may serve as a noninvasive solution for improved neuromuscular health.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38848287/","PubMed",49,"Brain","Repetitive Head Acceleration Events",[]],["The effects of intravenous laser irradiation of blood with red and blue light on stroke risk biomarkers and neurological function: a double blind randomized controlled trial","415, 650",3,"\"Red-light (650 nm) ILIB reduced RBC count (− 0.08 × 10^6/µL; 95% CI − 0.16 to − 0.002) and fibrinogen (− 27.6 mg/dL; 95% CI − 50.27 to − 4.93) versus baseline, and further decreased RBC (− 0.13 × 10^6/µL; 95% CI − 0.26 to − 0.02) and hematocrit (− 1.12%; 95% CI − 2.48 to − 0.14) compared with blue-light (415 nm) ILIB.\"\n\n\"For neurological function, both red-light and blue-light ILIB improved motor and balance performance without significant between-group differences.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41423539/","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[415,650]],["Red-light photobiomodulation improves cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms in post-stroke cognitive impairment: a randomized trial","630",5,"\"The phototherapy device improved cognitive abilities, reduced anxiety and depression, lessened stroke severity, and enhanced daily living activities in the PSCI-RL group at 6 months. Additionally, RL therapy altered FA metabolism, as it lowered SSAO and H2O2 levels and increased FDH, Cyt-c, and CoQ10 in blood and/or urine of PSCI patients.\"\n\n\"RL therapy may improve clinical symptoms in post-stroke patients by modulating FA metabolism, suggesting a safe and promising approach for treatment and rehabilitation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41383236/","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[630]],["The effects of intravenous laser irradiation of blood with red and blue light on stroke risk biomarkers and neurological function: a double blind randomized controlled trial","415, 650",3,"\"Red-light (650 nm) ILIB reduced RBC count (− 0.08 × 10^6/µL; 95% CI − 0.16 to − 0.002) and fibrinogen (− 27.6 mg/dL; 95% CI − 50.27 to − 4.93) versus baseline, and further decreased RBC (− 0.13 × 10^6/µL; 95% CI − 0.26 to − 0.02) and hematocrit (− 1.12%; 95% CI − 2.48 to − 0.14) compared with blue-light (415 nm) ILIB.\"\n\n\"For neurological function, both red-light and blue-light ILIB improved motor and balance performance without significant between-group differences.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41423539/","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[415,650]],["Increased Improvement in Speech-Language Skills After Transcranial Photobiomodulation Plus Speech-Language Therapy, Compared to Speech-Language Therapy Alone: Case Report with Aphasia","630, 660, 850",4,"\"During the initial, 5-month treatment series with traditional speech-language therapy only, there was little to no improvement in dysarthria and expressive language. During the second, 5-month treatment series, however, with tPBM applied first, to the left hemisphere only, and second, to both hemispheres during each session plus simultaneous speech-language therapy, there was marked improvement in the dysarthria and expressive language. \n\nAfter the first 5-month series, this PWA had utilized a slow rate of speech with a production of ∼25 to 30 words-per-minute during conversations and spontaneous speech. Utterance length was only 4-6 words with simple, grammatical structure. After the second, 5-month series of treatment combining tPBM plus speech-language therapy, the rate of speech increased to 80+ words-per-minute and utterance length was increased to 9-10 words, with more complex grammatical structure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36999917/","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[630,660,850]],["The effects of transcranial laser photobiomodulation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of post-stroke dysfunctions","660, 808, 980",4,"\"Our clinical trial showed improvement of cognitive function, pain relief, greater manual dexterity, enhancement of physical and social-emotional health which lead to better quality of life and well-being. There was also increased temperature in the treated regions with laser and NMES. \n\nFor the ex vivo study, the distribution of infrared and red radiation after penetration through the cranium and hemihead of cadavers were showed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36520347/","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[660,808,980]],["Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood Improves Functional Independence in Subacute Post-Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study from a Post-Stroke Acute Care Center in Taiwan","633",3,"\"Patients who received ILIB had significantly superior mRS scores than those who received only conventional rehabilitation (p = 0.028). Patients in the ILIB group experienced more improvements in the BI, 6MWT, and FMA-UE; however, these were nonsignificant. In addition, the control group experienced a greater improvement in the BBS than the ILIB group. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of ILIB therapy fully. There was no major adverse event reported in patients receiving ILIB therapy.\"\n\n\"This study has several limitations. First, this was a single-center retrospective study and included a small number of patients. The patient population was highly heterogeneous in terms of stroke locations, patient ages, and hospitalization days. In addition, ILIB treatment parameters and sessions varied among patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36219758/","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[633]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with Static Magnetic Field (PBMT-SMF) on Spatiotemporal and Kinematics Gait Parameters in Post-Stroke: A Pilot Study","875, 905",3,"\"A single application of PBMT-SMF at doses of 10 J, 30 J, and 50 J per site of the lower limbs did not demonstrate positive effects on the spatiotemporal variables, but it promoted immediate effects in the kinematic variables of the hip (maximum and minimum flexion/extension angulation during the support phase) in the paretic and non-paretic limbs in post-stroke people.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35207474/","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[875,905]],["Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy and magnetic field on functional mobility in stroke survivors: a randomized, sham-controlled, triple-blind, crossover, clinical trial.","640, 875, 905",5,"\"The primary outcome measure was the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and the secondary outcome was the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Significant improvements were found in the 6MWT test using a total energy of 30 J per site compared with sham (0 J) (p < 0.05) and compared with the baseline evaluation (p < 0.01). And in the TUG test significant improvements were also found using a total energy per site of 30 J per site compared to sham (0 J) and baseline (p < 0.05). \n\nPBMT with different light sources (laser and LEDs) and wavelengths in combination with sMF with a total energy per site of 30 J has positive acute effects on functional mobility in stroke survivors.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31782023","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[640,875,905]],["Increased Functional Connectivity Within Intrinsic Neural Networks in Chronic Stroke Following Treatment With Red/Near-Infrared Transcranial Photobiomodulation: Case Series With Improved Naming in Aphasia.","633, 870",3,"\"After Protocol A with bilateral LED placements, including midline, at scalp vertex over left and right supplementary motor areas (L and R SMAs), picture naming was not improved. P1 underwent pre-/postovert, picture-naming task-fMRI scans; P2 could not. After Protocol A, P1 showed increased activation in LH and right hemisphere, including L and R SMAs. \n\nAfter Protocol B with LEDs only on ipsilesional, LH side, naming ability significantly improved for P1 and P2; the fMRI scans for P1 then showed activation only on the ipsilesional LH side. \n\nAfter Protocol C with LED placements on ipsilesional LH side, plus one midline placement over mesial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) at front hairline, a cortical node of the default mode network (DMN), P3 and P4 had only moderate/poor response, and no increase in functional connectivity on resting-state functional-connectivity MRI. \n\nAfter Protocol D, however, with LED placements on ipsilesional LH side, plus over two midline nodes of DMN, mPFC, and precuneus (high parietal) simultaneously, P5 and P6 each had good response with significant increase in functional connectivity within DMN, p < 0.0005; salience network, p < 0.0005; and central executive network, p < 0.05.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31621498","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[633,870]],["A new treatment protocol using photobiomodulation and muscle/bone/joint recovery techniques having a dramatic effect on a stroke patient's recovery: a new weapon for clinicians.","660, 850",4,"\"The patient in this case report experienced a dramatic recovery/rehabilitation outcome after being treated with the treatment protocol.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967677","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[660,850]],["Effectiveness and safety of transcranial laser therapy for acute ischemic stroke.","808",2,"\"TLT within 24 hours from stroke onset demonstrated safety but did not meet formal statistical significance for efficacy. However, all predefined analyses showed a favorable trend, consistent with the previous clinical trial (NEST-1).\"\n\nComment: In the subsequent NEST-3 trial, no benefit was found. The insufficient dose has been suspected as the explanation for negative results.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233936","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[808]],["Infrared laser therapy for ischemic stroke: a new treatment strategy: results of the NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trial-1 (NEST-1).","808",3,"\"The NEST-1 study indicates that infrared laser therapy has shown initial safety and effectiveness for the treatment of ischemic stroke in humans when initiated within 24 hours of stroke onset. A larger confirmatory trial to demonstrate safety and effectiveness is warranted.\"\n\nComment: Despite the positive results, the subsequent NEST-2 and NEST-3 trials could not verify the positive results shown here.\n\nNote: A highly cited articly (222 on Google Scholar in 10/2016).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463313","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke (clinical)",[808]],["Laser therapy of painful shoulder and shoulder-hand syndrome in treatment of patients after the stroke.","830",4,"\"LASER therapy used on EG shows significantly better results in reducing pain, swelling, disability and improvement of independency.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19284397","PubMed",14,"Brain","Stroke complications",[830]],["Transcranial application of near-infrared low-level laser can modulate cortical excitability.","905",4,"\"The average MEP size was significantly reduced during the first 20 minutes following the TLS. The pattern was present in 10 (71.5%) of the participants. The MEP size reduction correlated negatively with the motor threshold at rest.\"\n\n\"TLS with NIR-LLL induced transitory reduction of the excitability of the stimulated cortex.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136303","PubMed",65,"Brain","",[905]],["Comparison of the efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy and low-level laser therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized-controlled study","1064, 1064",4,"\"Comparing the treatment efficacy, the laser groups were found to be more effective in the treatment of CTS than the control group (p<0.0167). No statistically significant difference was observed between the LLLT and HILT (p>0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42306016/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[1064,1064]],["A randomized clinical trial on the changing of median nerve cross-sectional area and pain after extracorporeal shock wave and low-level laser therapy added to conventional physical therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome","",4,"\"The addition of either LLLT or ESWT to conventional treatment effectively reduced pain and median nerve CSA in mild-to-moderate CTS. The absence of significant differences between ESWT and LLLT indicates their comparable efficacy in pain relief and CSA reduction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38278695/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[]],["Effects of high-intensity laser therapy on pain, functional status, hand grip strength, and median nerve cross-sectional area by ultrasonography in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","1064",2,"\"The impact of time on the change in VAS levels was found to be of statistical significance within each group of patients (p<0.001), but between-group comparisons did not yield significant results (p<0.454).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37906312/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[1064]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in Carpal Tunnel Release: A Randomized Controlled Trial","808",5,"\"There were significant improvements in the Functional Status Scale in the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (p = 0.018) and pain (visual analogue scales) in the morning (p = 0.019) at 1 month postoperatively in the PBMT group compared with the non-PBMT group. \n\nImprovement of tip pinch strength at 3 months (p = 0.022) and 6 months (p = 0.024), lateral pinch strength at 1 month (p = 0.042) and 3 months (p = 0.05), and tripod pinch strength at 3 months (p = 0.005) was significantly better in the PBMT group. Thumb 2-point discrimination (2PD) at 3 months (p = 0.018) and 6 months (p = 0.016) and index finger 2PD at 3 months (p = 0.039) were also significantly improved in the PBMT group. \n\nThere were no side effects of PBMT reported.\"\n\n\"Patients who underwent PBMT post-CTR had better outcomes. PBMT may be a valuable adjunct to post-CTR care.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37506348/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[808]],["Ultrasonographic and electrophysiological outcomes of carpal tunnel syndrome treated with low-level laser therapy: A double-blind, prospective, randomized, sham-controlled study","670",4,"\"Nocturnal paresthesia improved in both groups; however, pain and patients with a positive Phalen's test reduced only in the therapy group (p=0.031). The FSS and SSS scores also improved only in the therapy group (p<0.001). Electrophysiologically, median sensory nerve conduction velocities showed a significant improvement only in the therapy group (p=0.002). The CSA, FR, and vascularization of the median nerve showed a significant improvement in the therapy group alone (p<0.001, p=0.048, and p=0.021, respectively).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35949869/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[670]],["Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome by low-level laser therapy versus corticosteroid injection: a randomized, prospective clinical study","830",4,"\"VAS and Quick DASH scores were better in the corticosteroid group in the 1st month, but there were no significant differences between groups in the 6th month. Phalen and Tinel tests, strength tests, and motor distal latency improved significantly and similarly in both groups at the 1st and 6th months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35022874/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["Comparison of low power laser and kinesio taping for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A prospective randomized study","830",5,"\"In patients with CTS, both LPLT and KT were effective treatments. However, the LPLT group had significantly better improvements than the KT group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33554885/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["A randomized comparative trial of corticosteroid phonophoresis, local corticosteroid injection, and low-level laser in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome","880",3,"\"Within-group analyses with paired t-test showed that local corticosteroid, laser, and phonophoresis are all effective treatments. Between-group analyses with ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences among the groups after four weeks in terms of pain (p = 0.004), in favor of corticosteroid; and in sensory delay (p = 0.001), in favor of laser.\"\n\nComment: The paper talks about 780nm amplitude (??!!) and 880nm wavelength.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32904004/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[880]],["A comparative study of the dose-dependent effects of low level and high intensity photobiomodulation (laser) therapy on pain and electrophysiological parameters in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.","808, 860",5,"\"HILT with a power of 1.6 W and low fluence of 8 J/cm2 was superior in reduction of pain and improvement of the median motor nerve electrophysiological studies compared to LLLT and exercise-only control groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31742366/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[808,860]],["The Effects of Nerve and Tendon Gliding Exercises Combined with Low-level Laser or Ultrasound Therapy in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.","830",3,"\"A decrease in sensory impairments, improvement in visual analog scale, hand grip strength and the Boston Questionnaire results were significant in all patients after therapy. No meaningful differences between groups were noted in any of the examined variables after treatment. No adverse effects were observed.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30967707","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Evaluation of the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy With Ultrasound Strain Imaging.","670",3,"\"The strain ratio and cross-sectional area of the median nerve decrease after low-level laser therapy. These changes may be related to the therapeutic effects of low-level laser therapy, such as nerve regeneration and improvement of the vascular supply.\"\n\nComment: The effects were modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29892976","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[670]],["The effectiveness of the low-power laser and kinesiotaping in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, a pilot study.","685",5,"\"Comparison of the [LLLT group] with the [placebo group] showed significantly better improvement in the former in VNS, BCTSQ at 3rd week and 12th week compared to 0th week, and in FPS and HGS at 3rd week.\"\n\n\"In conclusion, low-power laser and kinesiotaping method in the treatment of CTS may be an effective and reliable treatment option in clinical parameters.\"\n\nComment: The text describes the parameters as if the dose for single point was 5 J/cm2 and two points 10 J (different unit).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594333","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[685]],["Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in pregnancy with Polarized Polychromatic Non-coherent Light (Bioptron Light): A Preliminary, Prospective, Open Clinical Trial","",4,"\"Pain and paraesthesia decreased at the end of treatment and at the 1-month follow-up, whereas the finger pinch strength increased at the end of treatment and at the 1-month follow-up. \n\nIn conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that Bioptron light is a reliable, safe, and effective treatment option in pregnant patients with CTS.\"\n\nComment: Authors say that the energy density is 2.4 J/cm2, but according to other sources it is 2.4 J/cm2/minute, and during the 6-minute treatment the energy density is 14.4 J/cm2.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29434429","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[]],["Treatment of mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with diabetic neuropathy using low level laser therapy versus ultrasound controlled comparative study.","904",3,"\"The results of our study showed that there were no statistical significance differences (P > 0.05) were observed between the two groups. It was concluded that both low level laser (20 mW power, 904 nm Wavelength) and ultrasound (1.0 w/cm2 power, 1 MHz frequency) are effective in the treatment of mild and moderate CTS patients.\"\n\nComment: The trial is not controlled. Some figures are not very useful... Not a high-quality paper.\n\nComment: The paper says 4 points was irradiated. It also says the duration was 60 seconds per point. Thus it is strange the paper says the total duration is 360 seconds because that would require 6 points, not 4 points.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28856107","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[904]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy associated to orthoses for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized single-blinded controlled trial.","660",2,"\"No significant difference was found between groups. A Minimal clinical change was observed after the intervention in 92.3% of participants for BCTQ subdomain severity of symptoms at individual comparison for LLLT and orthoses group and 76.5% for the orthoses group, demonstrating clinical relevance. Effect size Cohen's index was moderate for the severity of symptoms.\"\n\nComment: The typographical error \"bean area\" is amusing.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444330","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[660]],["Conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: comparison between laser therapy and Fascial Manipulation(®).","",2,"\"The group that received FM showed a significant reduction in subjective pain perception and an increased function assessed by BCTQ at the end of the treatment and follow-up. The group that received LLLT showed an improvement in the BCTQ at the end of the treatment but the improvement level was not sustained at the three month follow-up.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately and inaccurately reported.\n\nComment: I assume the \"5 daily sessions\" refers to total 5 sessions over 5 days.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603750","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[]],["Low-level laser therapy after carpal tunnel release.","830",4,"\"Patients undergoing LLLT after surgery for CTS were benefited and had better functional outcomes than shown by the control group. The technique was effective and did not have any adverse effects on the patients studied.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027075","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["Low-level laser therapy with a wrist splint to treat carpal tunnel syndrome: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.","810",5,"\"Improvements were significantly more pronounced in the LLLT-treated group than the placebo group especially for grip strength at 5- and 12-week follow-ups. At 12-week follow-up, distal motor latency of the median nerve was significantly improved in the LLLT group than the placebo group (p < 0.05).\n\nLLLT therapy, as an alternative for a conservative treatment, is effective for treating mild to moderate CTS patients. It can improve hand grip strength and electroneurophysiological parameter with a carry-over effect up to 3 months after treatment for grip strength of the affected hands.\"\n\nComment: In this study, they used \"red light\" as the placebo treatment, but it wasn't described accurately.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24477392","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[810]],["The effect of polarized polychromatic noncoherent light (bioptron) therapy on patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.","",4,"\"Bioptron with the above mentioned parameters led to therapeutic effects equal to splinting alone in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. However, applying Bioptron with different therapeutic protocols and light parameters other than used in this study, perhaps longer duration of therapy and long term assessment may reveal different results favoring Bioptron therapy.\"\n\nComment: The paper claims energy density of 2.4 J/cm2 but other sources say the device emits 2.4 J/cm2 per minute, so over 8 minutes the energy density would be 19.2 J/cm2.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25606338","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[]],["Placebo-controlled investigation of low-level laser therapy to treat carpal tunnel syndrome.","780",5,"\"Significant reduction in pain, reduction in the percentage of patients with a positive Tinel's sign, and shortening of sensory and motor latency time in the NCS examination was observed in the experimental LLLT group (but not in the control group).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24905929","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[780]],["Pain and electrophysiological parameters are improved by combined 830-1064 high-intensity LASER in symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome versus Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. A randomized controlled study.","830, 1064",5,"\"LASER improved both positive and negative sensory symptoms. TENS induced clinical improvement but this was not statistically significant and was limited to pain reduction. LASER but not TENS favourably modified the neurophysiological parameters.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820819","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830,1064]],["Comparison of the long-term effectiveness of physiotherapy programs with low-level laser therapy and pulsed magnetic field in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.","904",4,"\"Although after LLL as well as PMF therapy clinical improvement was observed, the most significant differences were registered after the second series and persisted for up to 6 months in both groups.\"\n\nComment: The paper says the power density was 150 mW, but mW is not the unit for power density. The paper also says the average diode power was 75 W which may be implausible for LLLT.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22037175","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[904]],["Comparison of splinting and splinting plus low-level laser therapy in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.","830",5,"\"In the third-month control, SLLLT group had significant improvements on both clinical and [nerve conduction study] parameters (median motor nerve distal latency, median sensory nerve conduction velocities, BQ symptom severity scale, and BQ functional capacity scale) while S group had only symptomatic healing (BQ symptom severity scale). The grip strength of splinting group was decreased significantly.\n\nAccording to clinical response criteria, in SLLLT group, five (23.8%) patients had full and 12 (57.1%) had partial recovery; four (19%) patients had no change or worsened. In S group, one patient (4.2%) had full and 17 (70.8%) partial recovery; six (25%) patients had no change or worsened.\n\nAdditionally, applied laser therapy provided better outcomes on [nerve conduction study] but not in clinical parameters in patients with CTS.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19544043","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["The effectiveness of conservative treatments of carpal tunnel syndrome: splinting, ultrasound, and low-level laser therapies.","904",5,"\"It appeared that the combinations of US or LLL therapy with splinting were more effective than splinting alone in treating CTS. However, LLL therapy plus splinting was more advantageous than US therapy plus splinting, especially for the outcomes of lessening of symptom severity, pain alleviation, and increased patient satisfaction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196106","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[904]],["Carpal tunnel syndrome treated with a diode laser: a controlled treatment of the transverse carpal ligament.","830",3,"\"After 2 wk of treatment, no significant differences were found in grip strengths or for symptoms and functional assessments (p > 0.05). However, there were statistically significant differences in these variables at 2-wk follow-up (p < 0.05).\n\nRegarding the findings of NCS, there was no statistically significant difference between groups after treatment and at 2-wk follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19025407","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["The effects of low level laser in clinical outcome and neurophysiological results of carpal tunnel syndrome.","785",5,"\"There was a significant improvement in clinical symptoms and hand grip in group A (p < 0.001). Proximal median sensory latency, distal median motor latency and median sensory latencies were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Transcarpal median SNCV increased significantly after laser irradiation (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in group B except changes in clinical symptoms (p < 0.001)\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754533","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[785]],["Effect of low level laser therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.","780",4,"\"Improvements were significantly more pronounced in the LLLT group than placebo group. A comparison between groups showed significant improvements in pain score and functional status scale score. Group mean differences at 3 months adjusted at baseline were found to be statistically significant for pain score and functional status scale score.\"\n\n\"There were no statistically significant differences in other clinical and electrophysiological parameters between groups at 3 months.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17629805","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[780]],["Laser therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.","830",3,"\"In using LLLT, (1) there was no difference relative to pain relief and functional capacity during the follow-up in CTS patients; (2) there were positive effects on hand and pinch grip strengths.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352635","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome by low-level laser versus open carpal tunnel release.","633",4,"\"The patients were evaluated clinically and by nerve conduction studies (NCSs) about 6 months after the treatment.\n\nLLLT showed overall significant results but at a lower level in relation to surgery. LLLT showed significant outcomes in all parameters of subjective complaints (p < or = 0.01) except for muscle weakness. Moreover, LLLT showed significant results in all parameters of objective findings (p < or = 0.01) except for thenar atrophy. However, NCSs expressed the same statistical significance (p < or = 0.01) after the treatment by both modalities. \n\nLLLT has proven to be an effective and noninvasive treatment modality for CTS especially for early and mild-to-moderate cases when pain is the main presenting symptom.\"\n\nComment: Radiation parameters were insufficiently reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17334675","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[633]],["Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with Polarized Polychromatic Noncoherent Light (Bioptron Light): A Preliminary, Prospective, Open Clinical Trial","",4,"\"Nocturnal pain and paraesthesia associated with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome improved during polarized polychromatic noncoherent light (Bioptron light) treatment. Controlled clinical trials are needed to establish the absolute and relative effectiveness of this intervention.\"\n\nComment: Authors say that the energy density is 2.4 J/cm2, but according to other sources it is 2.4 J/cm2/minute, and during the 6-minute treatment the energy density is 14.4 J/cm2.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910192","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[]],["Ultrasound and laser therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.","830",2,"\"Ultrasound treatment was more effective than laser therapy for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Further study is needed to investigate the combination therapy effects of these treatments in carpal tunnel syndrome patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15482245","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[830]],["Carpal tunnel syndrome pain treated with low-level laser and microamperes transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation: A controlled study.","633, 904",4,"\"Eleven mild to moderate CTS cases who failed standard medical or surgical treatment for 3 to 30 months.\"\"\n\n\"Significant decreases in MPQ score, median nerve sensory latency, and Phalen and Tinel signs after the real treatment series but not after the sham treatment series. Patients could perform their previous work (computer typist, handyman) and were stable for 1 to 3 years.\"\n\nComment: In addition LLLT, TENS treatment was also used. \nComment: Parameters were insufficiently reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098159","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[633,904]],["Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical outcome after low-level laser acupuncture, microamps transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and other alternative therapies--an open protocol study.","670, 904",3,"\"Posttreatment, pain significantly reduced (p < .0001), and 33 of 36 hands (91.6%) no pain, or pain reduced by more than 50%. The 14 hands that failed surgical release, successfully treated. Patients remained employed, if not retired. Follow-up after 1-2 years with cases less than age 60, only 2 of 23 hands (8.3%) pain returned, but successfully re-treated within a few weeks.\"\n\nComment: Because of single-arm study type and mutlifactorial methodology, the effects of PBM cannot be inferred.\n\nComment: The parameters are relatively difficult to read from the full text.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10100028","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Carpal tunnel syndrome",[670,904]],["Therapeutic efficacy and safety of home-based portable laser irradiation on patients with wrist pain: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial","650, 830",3,"\"After the intervention, both groups showed a significant decrease in VAS score, from 4.93 to 3.67 in experimental group, from 5.53 to 4.00 in control group (the experiment group: p = 0.020, the control group: p = 0.003). The experimental group showed a significant improvement in function scale score (p = 0.012), the control group did not. Lateral and pinch strength was significantly improved in the experimental group (p = 0.017) and in the control group (p = 0.034) respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38280042/","PubMed",20,"Carpal tunnel","Wrist pain",[650,830]],["The effects of low-level laser therapy in patients with wrist pain: is this Mickey Mouse science?","420, 660, 890",2,"\"The most common diagnosis was CTS in 78% of the subjects.\"\n\n\"The results of the experiments showed that while pain was reduced both immediately after and the next day after laser therapy (p<0.05), there was no significant difference between the laser groups and the placebo group. \n\nHowever, the Mickey Mouse flashlight treatment groups had a greater range of motion than the laser groups (p<0.05).\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were not reported. The authors attribute the benefits from Mickey Mouse lamp (broadband light) to heat, but it is also possible that the dose parameters were more suitable with the device as well.","https://kmbase.medric.or.kr/KMID/1012020140030010001","KMBASE",20,"Carpal tunnel","Wrist pain (chronic)",[420,660,890]],["In vitro fibroblast and dermis fibroblast activation by laser irradiation at low energy. An electron microscopic study.","633",3,"\"In conclusion, it can be stated that the morphological evidence shows more active collagenogenesis in the cells treated with laser irradiation both in vitro and in vivo, whereas synthesis of the mature definitive periodic fibril is hindered for reasons that remain unknown.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6724069","PubMed",1,"Cells","Fibroblast function",[633]],["Blue light (λ=453 nm) nitric oxide dependently induces β-endorphin production of human skin keratinocytes in-vitro and increases systemic β-endorphin levels in humans in-vivo","453",3,"\"In the present work we show with human skin keratinocyte cultures in-vitro that exposure of the cells to blue light with a maximum intensity at around 453 nm induced a significant increase in keratinocytic β-endorphin production.\n\nInterestingly, elevated β-endorphin formation in the light-exposed cell cultures was paralleled by significantly increased non-enzymatic generation of nitric oxide (NO), which points at a pivotal role of NO in the observed effect. Indeed, the sole exogenous application of NO to cultured keratinocytes significantly enhanced keratinocytic β-endorphin production as well.\n\nMoreover, in-vivo, whole body exposure of healthy subjects to visible light at λ = 453 nm significantly enhanced both systemic serum concentration of bioactive NO-derivates as well as of β-endorphin.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31553937/","PubMed",1,"Cells","Nitric oxide",[453]],["Comparative study of the efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and Low Level Laser Therapy on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases","905",3,"\"LLLT stimulates only the ERK pathway in MAPKS activation pathways.\"","http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405580816303065","ScienceDirect",1,"Cells","Signalling pathways",[905]],["Effect of endovascular coronary low-level laser therapy during angioplasty on the release of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide.","808",3,"\"Statistically higher nitrites/nitrates concentrations were observed in the laser group as compared to the control group in all tests except the pre-PCI assays. Endothelin-1 levels were significantly higher in the laser group 6 hours after PCI with a significant decrease in subsequent tests, which was not observed in the control group.\"\n\nComment: It seems the patient population is the same as in previous Derkacz studies, but the outcomes are different so this papers appears to be a secondary publication.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28691417","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[808]],["Effects of intravascular low-level laser therapy during coronary intervention on selected growth factors levels.","808",3,"\"LLLT decreases levels of TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in patients undergoing coronary intervention, which may explain smaller neointima formation.\"\n\nComment: It seems the patient population is the same as in previous Derkacz studies, but the outcomes are different so this papers appears to be a secondary publication.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25302462","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[808]],["Effect of the intravascular low energy laser illumination during percutaneous coronary intervention on the inflammatory process in vascular wall.","808",3,"\"Irradiation of the lesion with low-energy laser radiation during the PCI procedure results in a decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory IL 1β and IL 6 as well as in an increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory IL 10, which may result in decreased risk for restenosis.\"\n\nComment: It seems the patient population is the same as in previous Derkacz study, but the outcomes are different so this papers appears to be a secondary publication.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22733406","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[808]],["Usefulness of intravascular low-power laser illumination in preventing restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention.","808",4,"\"Follow-up coronary angiography was performed after 6 months. The difference in the restenosis rate was insignificant (15.0% vs 32.4%); however, significant differences were observed in the minimal lumen diameter (2.18 ± 0.70 vs 1.76 ± 0.74 mm; p < 0.05), late lumen loss (0.53 ± 0.68 vs 0.76 ± 0.76 mm; p < 0.01), and the late lumen loss index (0.28 ± 0.39 vs 0.46 ± 0.43; p < 0.005) in favor of the laser group.\n\nIn conclusion, the new therapy seemed effective and safe. Marked differences between late loss, late loss index, and minimal lumen diameter were observed.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920649","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[808]],["Endoluminal phototherapy for prevention of restenosis: preliminary results at 6-month follow-up.","808",4,"\"Angiographic follow-up (n = 30) revealed restenosis in 9% and 25% of patients after stent implantation and balloon angioplasty, respectively. The MACE rate was 4.5% and 12.5% in stent and balloon-treated patients, respectively.\"\n\n\"Laser phototherapy gives very promising results in restenosis prevention, especially after stent implantation. The treatment method is safe, with a low rate of MACE in follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16356143","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[808]],["Photostimulation of coronary arteries with low power laser radiation: preliminary results for a new method in invasive cardiology therapy","808",3,"\"The procedures were well tolerated. In both cases the follow-up examinations showed no evidence of restenosis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12883454/","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[808]],["Intravascular low-power laser irradiation after coronary stenting: long-term follow-up.","650",4,"\"After treatment, MLD was 2.76 +/- 0.32 mm with no procedural complications or in-hospital adverse events. Angiographic follow-up (n = 61) revealed restenosis in nine patients (14.7%) with rate by artery size of > 3 mm (n = 21) 0%; 2.5--3.0 mm (n = 28) 14.2%; and < 2.5 mm (n = 12) 41.6%.\"\n\n\"Intravascular red light therapy is safe, feasible, and reduces expected restenosis rate after coronary stenting.\"\n\nComment: This is the exactly same data as in the Am J Cardiol paper.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295754","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[650]],["Long-term follow-up after coronary stenting and intravascular red laser therapy.","650",4,"\"After stenting and laser irradiation, MLD was 2.76 +/- 0.39 mm. No procedural complications or in-hospital adverse events occurred. All patients were followed up as depicted in the protocol. Sixty-one patients underwent angiographic restudy, which revealed restenosis in 9 patients (14.7%). Observed restenosis rate by artery size was > 3 mm (n = 21, 0%), 2.5 to 3.0 mm (n = 28, 14.2%), and <2.5 mm (n = 12, 41.6%). We conclude that IRLT is safe and feasible and reduces the expected restenosis rate in patients after coronary stenting in arteries of >2.5 mm.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11053701","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[650]],["Intravascular low-power red laser light as an adjunct to coronary stent implantation: initial clinical experience.","650",3,"\"Low-power red laser light (LPRLL) irradiation enhances endothelial cell growth in vitro and in vivo and reduces restenosis in animal models. The present study reports the preliminary clinical experience in our center. Eighty-one patients were treated with LPRLL, 30 mW/1 min, for in-stent restenosis (n = 27), elective stenting for recurrent restenosis (n = 16), and stenting for treatment of a suboptimal PTCA result (n = 38). All interventions were successful and no major adverse events due to LPRLL therapy were observed. At follow-up, 12 patients (14.8%) underwent an early control coronarogram due to target vessel restenosis. At 6 months, another 20 patients showed a significant restenosis of the target vessel. Preliminary clinical evaluation demonstrates that LPRLL is feasible and safe. The preliminary results suggest that LPRLL results in a decrease of in-stent restenosis when used during primary stenting.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10751781","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[650]],["Intravascular Red Light Therapy after Coronary Stenting Ñ Angiographic and Clinical Follow-up Study in Humans.","650",3,"\"We studied the safety and efficacy of catheter-based IRLT for preventing restenosis after coronary stenting in 22 patients with angina pectoris. IRLT was performed using a diode laser (650 nm) at an energy level of 10 megawatts delivered through a rapid exchange balloon system containing the fiberoptics. The procedure was successful in all patients, with no procedural or in-hospital complications. Two patients with recurrence of symptoms had angiography at 3 and 4.1 months respectively. Angiographic follow-up was also done after 6 months in the 20 remaining asymptomatic patients. The mean minimal lumen diameter (MLD) for the whole group at 6 months follow-up was 2.57 +/- 0.62 mm. The calculated late lumen loss was 0.49 +/- 1.12 mm with a late loss index of 0.21 +/- 0.54. Four patients (2 symptomatic and 2 asymptomatic) in the series developed angiographic restenosis. Clinical events at follow-up of 10.9 +/- 3.5 months were repeat angioplasty in 2 patients for symptomatic restenosis with a 91% event free survival. These preliminary results demonstrate that IRLT after coronary artery stenting is safe and feasible; it is associated with low rates of angiographic indices of restenosis.\"\n\nComment: They claim the output power was 10 megawatts. This is ridiculous.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10762838","PubMed",4,"Circulation","Arterial restenosis",[650]],["Comparative In Vitro Study: Examining 635 nm Laser and 265 nm Ultraviolet Interaction with Blood.","265, 635",3,"\"A decrease in whole blood viscosity due to irradiation by LLL was observed. To the contrary, an increase in whole blood viscosity due to irradiation by UV was detected. A significant reduction in erythrocytes' aggregation was observed as a result of LLL and UV radiation. Erythrocytes' deformability was strongly affected by UV radiation, while there was no significant effect from LLL.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31188088","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Blood",[635]],["Effect of 405 nm low intensity irradiation on the absorption spectrum of in-vitro hyperlipidemia blood","405",3,"\"Results show that after 405 nm low-intensity laser irradiation, whole blood samples of high lipid level statistically have higher absorbance peak value than normal samples while erythrocyte samples have lower absorbance peak value.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29710746/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Blood",[405]],["Limb blood flow after class 4 laser therapy.","",3,"\"Laser therapy at the 3-W (360-J) dose level was an effective treatment modality to increase blood flow in the soft tissues.\"\n\n\"The sham, 1-W, and 6-W treatment doses did not change blood flow from baseline at any time point.\"\n\nComment: The effect was very modest. Parameters (even wavelength) not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22488283","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Blood flow (forearm)",[]],["Effects of diode laser irradiation on superficial blood flow in college sumo wrestlers: a preliminary study","830",3,"\"Decreased blood flow was seen intrairradiation, but an increase, significant in 7 of the 10 subjects was seen immediately postirradiation. This was maintained at significantly elevated levels in 4 subjects, while the remaining six decreased slightly, but in all ten subjects elevated levels of superficial blood flow were seen at one hour postirradiation, compared with preirradiation\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/14/2/14_2_83/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",62,"Circulation","Blood flow (superficial)",[830]],["Successful Treatment of Digital Ischemia Following a Carbon Dioxide Laser and Tourniquet for a Digital Procedure With Adjuvant Low-Level Laser Therapy.","633",4,"\"We reported an elderly patient with atherosclerotic risk factors and she subsequently underwent a digital tourniquet, partial nail plate removal, and a carbon dioxide laser treatment for subungual wart with digital gangrene development. The successful treatment consisted of wound-dressing, medication, and adjuvant low-level light therapy (LLLT) to enhance the wound healing process, thereby resulting in almost complete recovery of skin color and function of the digit in 3 months. \n\nIn conclusion, the digital tourniquet should be cautiously applied, especially in elderly patients with atherothrombosis, under minimal pressure and appropriate length of time. Moreover, LLLT could be an effective adjuvant treatment to prevent the vascular complications of the digit.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31749955","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Digital ischemia",[633]],["Effect of the transdermal low-level laser therapy on endothelial function.","808",3,"\"In the LG, a significant increase in GSH levels and considerable decrease in angiostatin concentration following the LLLT were observed.\n\nNo significant differences in levels of the VEGF, FGF, SDMA, ADMA were observed.LLLT modifies vascular endothelial function by increasing its antioxidant and angiogenic potential.\n\nWe found no significant differences in levels of the nitric oxide pathway metabolites within 24 h following the LLLT irradiation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299570","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Endothelium",[808]],["Photobiomodulation effect on local hemoglobin concentration assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in humans.","850",3,"\"We found that PBMT statistically increased the [O2Hb] in 0.39 μM. These results demonstrate the potential of PBMT to increase oxygen availability.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31420794","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Hemoglobin",[850]],["Photobiomodulation for Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Reduction in Mastectomized Women on Hormone Blockers: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",3,"\"Systemic photobiomodulation on the PCA did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in relation to SBP and DBP. However, for HR, the p-value was <0.05, indicating a significant difference between G1 and G2. The initial mean p > decreased from 142.3 to 116.4 mmHg in G1, and from 130.4 to 119.8 mmHg in G2. The DBP varied from 78.8 to 72.8 mmHg in G1, and from 79.1 to 74.2 mmHg in G2. A statistically significant difference was observed in HR, decreasing from 81.3 to 62.06 bpm in G1, and changing minimally from 74.1 to 75.1 bpm in G2. A considerable reduction was present in the timing of application.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38530295/","PubMed",47,"Circulation","Hypertension",[]],["Blue light exposure decreases systolic blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and improves endothelial function in humans","450",5,"\"Whole body irradiation with visible blue light at real world doses improves blood pressure, endothelial function and arterial stiffness by nitric oxide released from photolabile intracutanous nitric oxide metabolites into circulating blood.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196723/","PubMed",47,"Circulation","Hypertension",[450]],["Efficiency of hyperuricemia correction by low level laser therapy in the treatment of arterial hypertension.","635",3,"\"LLLT reduces uric acid (UA ) level by 4,7% more effective in patients with hyperuricemia without AH than in patients with AH combined with hyperuricemia. LLLT can increase EDVD by 9,87%, reduce UA level by 15,4%, DaySBP and DayDBP - about 7% in patients with AH combined with hyperuricemia than in patients with hyperuricemia alone.\"\n\n\"Conclusion: Decreasing of DayDBP in hyperuricemia group and both DaySBP and DayDBP in the group of patients with AH combined with hyperuricemia demonstrated the influence of UA on EDVD and AH and the possibility to correct these cardiovascular risk factors with the using of LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30448802","PubMed",47,"Circulation","Hypertension",[635]],["Blood pressure controlled by low reactive level diode laser therapy (lllt)","830",3,"\" Thirty patients were included in the study. Following treatment the results were graded as excellent in 6 patients (20%); good in 11 patients (37%); fair in seven cases (23%), and ineffective in 6 cases (20%), giving an overall effective rate of 80%. \n\nIn 12 of the 30 patients, whose hypertension had not been effectively controlled by conventional hypotensive treatment, LLLT gave excellent results in 6, good in 5 and fair in 1 patient. In contrast, in a second group of 15 relatively normotensive control patients, there were no excellent or good results, and only 3 fair results, the remainder being graded as ineffective. \n\nIt was concluded that in general there was no clear-cut hypotensive effect following LLLT with the diode laser, but when applied to the pathological condition known as essential hypertension, LLLT was noticeably effective. These findings warrant further study on this application of LLLT.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/2/2/2_90-OR-02/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",47,"Circulation","Hypertension",[830]],["Photobiomodulation combined with dynamic thermal imaging as a diagnostic tool for chronic leg ulcers","808",3,"\"At baseline, wound bed temperatures (27.7 ± 2.9 °C) were significantly lower than the surrounding margins (difference of 4.6 ± 2.2 °C, p < 0.001) in both ulcer types. \n\nPBM treatment resulted in a sustained rise in wound bed temperatures in DFUs (ΔT = 2.10 ± 2.25 °C, p < 0.001) but not of VUs (ΔT = 0.68 ± 2.49 °C, p = 0.385). \n\nThe thermal response to PBM of DFUs correlated inversely with baseline temperature (β=–0.521, p = 0.008; R²=0.399), indicating that colder DFUs showed the greatest response.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053845/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[808]],["Morphological features of the photoplethysmographic signal: a new approach to characterize the microcirculatory response to photobiomodulation","",3,"\"The PPG waveforms of responders to PBM had increased amplitude and decreased jaggedness (Baseline vs. 10' post-irradiation: Entropy, 5.0 ± 1.3 vs. 3.9 ± 1.1, p = 0.012; #Extrema, 4.0 ± 1.1 vs. 3.0 ± 1.6, p = 0.009; RMS, 1.6 ± 0.9 vs. 2.3 ± 1.2, p = 0.004; Smoothness, 0.10 ± 0.05 vs. 0.19 ± 0.16, p = 0.016). In addition, unilateral irradiation resulted in a bilateral response, although the response of the contralateral, non-irradiated hand was shorter in duration and lower in magnitude. Although subjects with 'cold,' or 'hot,' baseline skin temperature appeared to have morphologically distinct PPG waveforms, representing vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, these were not affected by PBM irradiation.\"\n\n\"This pilot study indicates that post-acquisitional analysis of morphological features of the PPG waveform provides new measures for the exploration of microcirculation responsiveness to PBM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37817983/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[]],["Effect of 660/850 nm LED on the microcirculation of the foot: neurovascular biphasic reflex","660, 850",3,"\"The LED was applied on the right foot of forty-two normal volunteers followed by serial infrared images.\"\n\n\"After the stimulus, a biphasic hyperthermia curve was observed synchronously in both feet, in the right and left halluxes, while hyperthermia was attributed to the redistribution of postural blood flow in the plantar region, which may indicate independent neurovascular mechanisms. Thus, periodic thermographic analysis can be used in the evolution of the LED treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33398615/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[660,850]],["Microcirculatory Response to Photobiomodulation-Why Some Respond and Others Do Not: A Randomized Controlled Study.","633, 830",4,"\"Near-infrared PBM was found to induce a 27% increase in microcirculatory flow that increased to 54% during the 20-minute follow-up period (P = 0.049 and P = 0.004, respectively), but red light PBM did not increase the median flow. \n\nOnly 10 of 20 participants were responders by thermal imaging (i.e., ≥0.5°C from baseline), and their initial skin temperature was between 33 and 37.5°C. The non-responders had either \"hot\" hands (≥37.5°C) or \"cold\" hands (≤33°C). \n\nIn responders, the meantime to 20% increase in microcirculatory blood volume and blood flow was less than 2.5 minutes after initiation of PBM irradiation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32064652","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[633,830]],["Besides Photothermal Effects, Low-Level CO2 Laser Irradiation Can Potentiate Skin Microcirculation Through Photobiomodulation Mechanisms.","10600",3,"\"Low-level CO2 laser irradiation can improve microcirculation. Besides the thermal effect, regulation of extravascular eATP by the photobiomodulation mechanism may be involved. This implies that CO2 lasers might be used in LLLT.\"\n\nComment: Might be relevant for research related to purinergic signaling. The observed (modest) decrease in extracellular ATP could be considered beneficial.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31050951/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[10600]],["The effect of LED on blood microcirculation during chronic wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic patients-a prospective, double-blind randomized study.","625, 660, 850",4,"\"A significant increase in blood flow was noted in the treated group of diabetic and non-diabetic patients (p = 0.040 and p = 0.033), while there was no difference in the control groups. Additional Falanga wound bed score evaluation showed a significant improvement in both treated groups as compared to the control group.\"\n\nComment: The control group used a broadband light source (580-900nm broadband light, energy density of 0.72 J/cm2)... There was no passive&placebo control.\n\nComment: The abstract says \"power density\" when it is actually \"energy density\".","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342007","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[625,660,850]],["Immediate effects of monochromatic infrared energy on microcirculation in healthy subjects.","890",5,"\"A 30-min MIRE produced a significantly greater increase in the capillar blood velocity (CBV) and flux of the feet in the active MIRE group than in the placebo and control groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22220935","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[890]],["Systemic effects of low-intensity laser irradiation on skin microcirculation in patients with diabetic microangiopathy.","633",4,"\"Our data show a significant increase in skin circulation due to athermic laser irradiation in patients with diabetic microangiopathy and point to the possibility of inducing systemic effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12204648","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[633]],["Effects of 780 nm diode laser irradiation on blood microcirculation: preliminary findings on time-dependent T1-weighted contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).","780",3,"\"When laser light is applied the signal to noise ratio increases by more than 0.35 +/- 0.15 (range 0.23-0.63) after irradiation according to contrast-enhanced MRI. It can be observed that, after biomodulation with light of low energy and low power, wound healing improves and pain is reduced. This effect might be explained by an increased blood flow in this area.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739143","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[780]],["Blood microcirculation under laser physio-and reflexotherapy in patients with lesions in vessels of low extremities","890",3,"\"A stimulating effect of laser irradiation on the microcirculation was demonstrated, characterized by the activation of capillary bloodflow, arteliole distension, and by the reduction of the level of intravascular erythrocyte aggregation,\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/2/2/2_90-OR-04/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",62,"Circulation","Microcirculation",[890]],["Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinic Report of Intranasal Low-Intensity Laser Therapy on Vascular Diseases","650",4,"\"As shown in Table 2, blood viscosity (high shear rate at 200/s) (), plasma viscosity (low shear rate at 3/s) (), and red blood cell aggregation () decreased significantly after the therapy in the treatment group, but there were no significant changes in the control group.\"\n\n\"As shown in Table 3, TC decreased significantly () in the treatment group but there were no significant changes in the control group, LDL-c decreased significantly () in the treatment group although LDL-c increased significantly () in the control group, and HDL-c increased significantly () from 1.07 mmol/L to 1.20 mmol/L but there were no significant changes in the control group.\"\n\n\"It was also shown that there were no changes in TG, ApoA-I, ApoB, and the ratio of ApoA-I to ApoB either in the treatment group or in the control group.\"\n\nComment: There appears to be a mistake in the reporting of lipid levels (LDL-c) of control group.","https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2012/489713/","Hindawi",62,"Circulation","Nasal LLLT",[650]],["Low-level laser treatment with near-infrared light increases venous nitric oxide levels acutely: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy.","890",4,"\"LLLT increased NO levels in venous blood draining from the treatment site in healthy subjects. The peak increase in NO occurred 5 mins into the treatment, after which it slowly waned. Further research is necessary to assess NO increases with LLLT in patients with pathologies.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334615","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Nitric oxide",[890]],["Role of nitric oxide in the visible light-induced rapid increase of human skin microcirculation at the local and systemic levels: II. healthy volunteers.","",4,"\"As soon as 2 min after exposure, Qas in the irradiated area rose on average by 32%, and in 20 min by 45%; it then decreased and in 90 min returned to the initial level. A statistically significant Qas increase in the non-irradiated hand was recorded in 5 min (+9%), and in 20 min it reached a maximum level (+39%), and 90 min later it decreased to the initial values. \n\nThe presence of L-NMMA in the light-exposed area completely blocked the photoinduced rise of microcirculation, both in the irradiated and in non-irradiated hand; however, its administration to the non-irradiated hand did not prevent these effects.\"\n\n\"The increase in skin microcirculation produced by pVIS light at the local and systemic levels is due to activation of NO synthesis in the irradiated area.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922087","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Nitric oxide",[]],["Effects of nitrite and far-red light on coagulation","660",3,"\"In all cases, the combination of far-red light and nitrite treatment decreased measures of coagulation, but in some cases mono-treatment with nitrite or light alone had no effect.\n\nPerhaps most relevant to device thrombosis, we observed that platelet adhesions was inhibited by the combination of nitrite and light treatment while nitrite alone and far-red light alone trended to decrease adhesion, but the results were mixed.\n\nThese results support the potential of combined far-red light and nitrite treatment for preventing thrombosis in extra-corporeal or shallow-tissue depth devices where the far-red light can penetrate. Such a combined treatment could be advantageous due to the localized treatment afforded by far-red light illumination with minimal systemic effects.\n\nGiven the role of thrombosis in COVID 19, application to treatment of patients infected with SARS Cov-2 might also be considered.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33271226/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Platelets",[660]],["The influence of Multiwave Locked System (MLS) laser therapy on clinical features, microcirculatory abnormalities and selected modulators of angiogenesis in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.","808, 905",3,"\"After 3 weeks of MLS laser therapy, the clinical improvement manifested by decreasing of the number of RP attacks, mean duration of Raynaud's attack and pain intensity in RP patients was observed. After MLS laser therapy in 65% of patients with primary and in 35% with secondary RP, an increase in the loop number and/or a reduction in avascular areas in NVC were observed. \n\nIn comparison with a control group, higher serum concentration of VEGF and Ang-2 in RP patients was demonstrated.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24820143","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Raynaud syndrome",[808,905]],["Low level laser therapy for treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.","670",4,"\"Overall a significant reduction of the frequency as well as the severity of RP in patients with either LLLI (frequency p < 0.0001, severity p < 0.0001) or placebo treatment (frequency p < 0.0001, severity p = 0.02) was found, but patients in the LLLI group exhibited a statistically more significant improvement of the frequency at 6 weeks p = 0.007 and 3 months p = 0.02 and the severity p = 0.02, p = 0.04 of RP. Thermographic response to cold challenge improved only in patients treated with LLL but not in those treated with placebo.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15061044","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Raynaud syndrome",[670]],["Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon--results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study.","685",4,"\"Intensity of attacks was only slightly reduced during placebo phase (about 96% of pretreatment intensity), while laser therapy resulted in a highly significant reduction to about 82%, with a decreasing trend during the 3-week therapy period. Although all thermographic measures compared favorably for laser therapy, none of them reached statistical significance (Table 2).\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.\nComment: Apparently they used a red LED light as a \"placebo\", and reported no benefit from it.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15570642","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Raynaud syndrome",[685]],["Double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled low level laser therapy study in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon.","625, 670",3,"\"Frequency of Raynaud's attacks was not significantly affected by low level laser therapy. Compared to placebo a significantly lower intensity of attacks during laser irradiation was observed, but no transfer effect occurred.\"\n\nComment: Couldn't retrieve full text, but based on their 2004 study, they might have used an active red LED as the placebo, which would be a methodologically controversial.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099151","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Raynaud syndrome",[625,670]],["Low level laser treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.","670",5,"\"A significant improvement was noticed clinically and thermographically after 6 weeks and 3 months, respectively (p < 0.0001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11771213","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Raynaud syndrome",[670]],["Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on Serum Values of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in Patients with Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)","660",4,"\"LLLT resulted in significantly reduced serum IL-6 values in patients with periodontitis and T2DM after 6 weeks and 3 months of therapy in which conservative treatment was supplemented with LLLT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34012215/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Serum inflammatory markers",[660]],["[Impact of low level laser therapy on skin blood flow]. [Article in Polish]","680",4,"\"Within the tested children the laser application resulted in a significantly increased skin blood flow. Average results in tested group before LLLT are 7.47 ml/100 g/min, after LLLT 11.08 ml/100 g/min.\"\n\n\"1. LLLT significantly increases the perfusion of the skin. 2. The effect of the increased perfusion as the result of laserotherapy in the most evident in children with skin trophic abnormalities. 3. Results confirmed by clinical observation indicate, that perfusion increase in relation to LLLT takes place with participation of trophic component of skin blood circulation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27416624","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Skin",[680]],["The diabetic foot and leg: combined He-Ne and infrared low-intensity lasers improve skin blood perfusion and prevent potential complications. A prospective study on 30 Egyptian patients.","633",4,"\"The minimum perfusion flow improved from 16.45 before LILT to 25.94 after, while maximum flow recovered from 32.91 to 48.47 and basal perfusion changed from 24.68 to 34.84 blood perfusion units. The percentage change in perfusion values was 23.17. All these were statistically significant.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21455785","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Skin",[633]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy to Autologous Bone Marrow in Humans Significantly Increases the Concentration of Circulating Stem Cells and Macrophages: A Pilot Study","808",4,"\"PBMT to the BM caused a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the concentration of CD-34+ cells in the CB from 7.8 ± 3.0% (mean ± SD) of total mononucleated cell to 29.5 ± 10.1% of total commencing at about 2 h post-PBMT.\n\nThe levels of CD-34+ cells peaked at 2-4 days post-PBMT and then gradually returned to baseline levels. Macrophages in the CB were also significantly (p < 0.01) elevated following PBMT to the BM from 7.8 ± 6.0% (mean ± SD) of the total mononucleated cells to 52.1 ± 7.9% of total.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35196142/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Stem cells in blood",[808]],["Rectifying the impairment of immune thrombocytopenia plasmas through photobiomodulation","980",4,"\"The current investigation shows that while anti-platelet antibodies and ITP plasmas hinder megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation and impair proplatelet and platelet formation in ex vivo culture of umbilical cord human CD34+ stem cells (cHSCs), low-level laser (LLL) treatment or photobiomodulation (PBM) effectively mitigates these detrimental impacts. PBM reinstated megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation, bolstering proplatelet and platelet formation in the presence of auto-platelet antibodies or ITP plasmas. The mitigating effects of PBM appear to pivot on its capacity to uphold cellular mitochondrial functionality and rectify the mitochondrial impairments engendered by anti-platelet antibodies or ITP plasmas. These findings underscore the potential of PBM as a safe and cost-efficient alternative for the management of a specific subset of ITP patients.\"\n\nNote: The journal is quite recent, not indexed in PubMed (yet?).","https://www.the-innovation.org/article/doi/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2024.100046","The Innovation",62,"Circulation","Thrombocytopenia",[980]],["Low-level laser therapy for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis after chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: a case study","",4,"\"[Case] The patient was a 66-year-old women who developed superficial thrombophlebitis in the left upper limb after chemotherapy. She was administered 6 sessions of low-level laser therapy. \n\n[Result] Her pain score decreased by 8 points. Her scores on the Patient and Observer scar Assessment Scale decreased by 18 points for the observer portion and by 26 points for the patient portion.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26834384/","PubMed",62,"Circulation","Thrombophlebitis",[]],["Clinical Protocol Effects With LED Photobiomodulation for Reducing Adipose Tissue in the Abdomen Region","",4,"\"The main findings were a decrease in umbilical perimetry, a significant decrease in the body fat layer determined by ultrasound and significant histological changes that indicated an improvement in the appearance of the skin and an increase in the amount of macrophages in the subcutaneous layer. Histological data also showed an improvement in the appearance of the skin with an increase in collagen deposition and an increase in macrophages in the subcutaneous layer.\"\n\n\"The LED phototherapy application protocol, both alone and in association with the dermocosmetic, with the emission of two consecutive wavelengths, was effective in reducing the fat tissue in the abdomen region.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39645651/","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for Improvement of Body Contour: A Retrospective Study on Middle Eastern Participants","",4,"\"While BMIs were not significantly different from the baseline, abdominal, arm and tight circumferences showed a significant decline after receiving 4 and 6 treatment sessions (P<0.01).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39415875/","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[]],["Efficacy and safety of a novel combined 1060-nm and 635-nm laser device for non-invasive reduction of abdominal and submental fat","635, 1060",4,"\"Twelve weeks after a single treatment with the investigational device, ultrasound images showed statistically significant (P < 0.0001) reductions in abdominal and submental fat by 18.62 and 26.4%, respectively. In addition, significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in waist circumference was observed. Ninety-six percent of subjects rated that they were satisfied.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33797649/","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[635,1060]],["A Randomized, Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Non-Contact Selective-Field Radiofrequency on Abdominal Adiposity in Adolescents With Obesity.","635",5,"\"Our analysis shows that PBMT is more efficient than NcRF for the reduction of W-to-H ratio and SAFT in adolescents with obesity.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32141112","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[635]],["Low-level laser therapy for weight reduction: a randomized pilot study.","532",2,"\"When comparing across treatment groups, the greatest reductions from baseline were observed in those assigned to twice weekly for 6 weeks in weight (1 ± 1.7 (±SD) kg by week 6), waist circumference (- 2.0 ± 3.2 in. by week 6 and - 1.5 ± 3.2 in. by week 26), body mass index (- 0.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2), and body fat mass (- 1.1 ± 1.6 kg). This group also had the most significant improvement from baseline in quality of life (+ 0.5 ± 0.8 by week 6), body satisfaction (+ 0.2 ± 0.4 by week 6 and week 26), and body appreciation (+ 0.2 ± 0.3 by week 6 and + 0.3 ± 0.3 by week 26).\"\n\nComment: Three active groups, no control group. Most of between-the-group comparisons show no difference.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31473867","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[532]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy for Reducing the Hip, Waist, and Upper Abdomen Circumference of Individuals with Obesity.","532",5,"\"After 4 weeks, 20 LLLT-treated subjects (71.43%) achieved ≥7.2 cm decrease in combined measurements versus three sham-treated subjects (12%; p < 0.00005). The mean (standard deviation) decrease in combined measurement for LLLT-treated subjects was 10.52 (7.59) cm (p < 0.0001 vs. baseline) versus 1.80 (3.20) cm for sham-treated subjects.\"\n\n\"Based on these results, the device was cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a noninvasive esthetic treatment for reduction of circumference of hips, waist, and upper abdomen when applied to individuals with a BMI between 30 and 40 kg/m2.\"\n\nComment: This study belongs to the \"WTF\" category. They used very small doses of green light and reported good results. I wonder whether this is a misconduct or some interesting new finding.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27935737","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[532]],["The Effect of Combination of Red, Infrared and Blue Wavelengths of Low-Level Laser on Reduction of Abdominal Girth: A Before-After Case Series.","450, 630, 808",4,"\"Based on this case series pilot investigation, the combination of 3 different wavelengths of LLL was effective for abdominal girth reduction in 100% of our subjects (P<0.001), without any side effects. Future studies will assess the long-term benefits of this laser combination for reduction of subcutaneous fat deposits.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071031","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[450,630,808]],["A Six-week Low-level Laser Therapy Protocol is Effective for Reducing Waist, Hip, Thigh, and Upper Abdomen Circumference","635",4,"\"The mean decrease in combined circumference reduction at six weeks was 5.4 inches (p<0.001), and most subjects (72.2%) achieved a ≥4.5-inch decrease. Most subjects (81.0%) were Satisfied (27%) or Very Satisfied (54%) with the aesthetic results they achieved. There were no adverse events.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27386049/","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[635]],["Laser Acupuncture Reduces Body Fat in Obese Female Undergraduate Students","810",2,"\"Mean BWs in the low-dose group, the medium-dose group, and the high-dose group were reduced by 1.43, 0.81, and 1.26 kg (percent reductions: 1.99%, 1.13%, and 1.63%), respectively. Mean BMIs in the three laser groups decreased by 0.63, 0.31, and 0.53 kg/m2, respectively (Table 1).\"\n\n\"Each laser group also showed a nonsignificant drop in hip girth after treatment. Mean waist girths in the low-dose group and the high-dose group were reduced by 2.34 and 2.14 cm, respectively.\"","https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2012/730351/","Hindawi",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[810]],["Independent evaluation of low-level laser therapy at 635 nm for non-invasive body contouring of the waist, hips, and thighs.","635",4,"\"Compared with baseline, a statistically significant 2.99 in. (7.59 cm) mean loss was observed at the post-procedure evaluation point (P < 0.0001). When analyzed individually, the waist, hips, and thighs each reported a statistically significant reduction of -1.12, -0.769, and -1.17, respectively. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed a weak linear dependence (r = 0.179) between the reported weight and circumference change.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355338","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[635]],["Low-level laser therapy and vibration therapy for the treatment of localized adiposity and fibrous cellulite.","635",4,"\"The results produced were statistically analyzed and resulted in a significant reduction of fat thickness when compared to the measurement prior to the treatment (P < 0.0001). Moreover, subjective and objective tests, as well as ecographic and histological evaluations, confirmed the reduction of fat thickness.\"\n\n\"In this study we have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the combination between low-level laser therapy and vibration therapy for the resolution of localized adiposity and fibrous cellulite.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly/inconveniently reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888254","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[635]],["Effect of 635nm Low-level Laser Therapy on Upper Arm Circumference Reduction: A Double-blind, Randomized, Sham-controlled Trial.","635",5,"\"Noninvasive low-level laser therapy is safe, painless, and effective in reducing upper arm circumference and is associated with a high degree of subject satisfaction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468172","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[635]],["Reduction in thigh circumference and improvement in the appearance of cellulite with dual-wavelength, low-level laser energy and massage.","650, 915",4,"\"The low-level, dual-wavelength laser energy and massage device safely improves the appearance of cellulite while reducing thigh circumference.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were not reported (except the wavelength).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21275531","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[650,915]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy for body contouring and spot fat reduction.","",5,"\"Cumulative girth loss after 4 weeks was −2.15 cm (−0.78 ± 2.82 vs. 1.35 ± 2.64 cm for the control group,p < 0.05).\n\nA blinded evaluation of standardized pictures showed statistically significant cosmetic improvement after 4 weeks of laser treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393809","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[]],["Reduction of subcutaneous fat and improvement in cellulite appearance by dual-wavelength, low-level laser energy combined with vacuum and massage.","650, 915",5,"\"Fat thickness decreased for the leg treated with laser-massage by 1.19 cm(2) (mean) and increased by 3.82 cm(2) (mean) for the control leg over time. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Among those who completed the study, 82.26% responded to treatment. Individuals reported looser-fitting clothing and satisfaction with the procedure and results. Adverse effects were limited to occasional increases in urinary frequency.\"\n\n\"Low-level, dual-beam laser energy with massage appears to be safe and more efficacious than massage alone for reducing subcutaneous fat in the thighs of normal women.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19093288","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Body contouring",[650,915]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy Effectiveness for Reducing Pain after Breast Augmentation","",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy is effective at significantly decreasing postoperative pain and the amount of pain medication needed after breast augmentation at 1 day and 1 week respectfully. All other covariants studied including, implant type, implant size, incision size, implant location, test site location, amount of swelling measurements, hydration level, and adverse events were found to be neglible.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported","http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/074880680902600303?journalCode=acsa","SAGE",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Breast augmentation",[]],["Local and systemic photobiomodulation using a 650 nm LED on skin temperature and hyperalgesia in cellulite: a randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blinded clinical trial","650",5,"\"The group that received only LED treatment showed an increase in pain threshold of 8% and 20% on the right and left sides, respectively, while the group treated with LED + ILIB showed an increase in pain threshold of 32% on both sides. Local photobiomodulation produced a skin temperature decrease of 0.4 °C, while the combination of local and systemic irradiation produced an average skin temperature decrease of 1.2 °C. \n\nOur results clearly demonstrate a significantly beneficial effect of LED therapy for cellulite treatment, especially when administered in combination with mILIB, leading to a significant reduction of pain hypersensitivity and skin temperature, indicating a regional subcutaneous improvement of the inflammatory status.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39535674/","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Cellulite",[650]],["A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial evaluating the ability of low-level laser therapy to improve the appearance of cellulite.","532",5,"\"Low-level laser therapy using green 532 nm diodes is safe and effective for improving the appearance of cellulite in the thighs and buttocks.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23508376","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Cellulite",[532]],["The challenge of composite graft: the use of fluorescent light energy to improve engraftment","",3,"\"From the 2nd postoperative day, the patients were locally treated with 5 FLE sessions every (48/72 h) 2 or 3 days. We evaluated results in terms of time for engraftment, quality of the scarring, infective complications and morbidity of the donor site.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39206024/","PubMed",18,"Cosmetic medicine","Composite graft",[]],["Fluorescent light energy: A new therapeutic approach to effectively treating acne conglobata and hidradenitis suppurativa","415, 447",4,"\"Significant improvements were noted in the facial nodules and cysts during the treatment (week 2 and 4) at the 6-week timepoint/the end of the treatment course (Figure 1). A further improvement in the accompanying facial erythema and the overall complexion of the skin was apparent 12 weeks from the initiation of treatment (Figure 1).\"\n\nComment: The gel fluorescence spectrum 510-610 nm is not mentioned in the full text but was found from other sources.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31534746/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Acne conglobata",[415,447]],["Comparing a Red and Blue Light-Emitting Diode Light Device With an Existing Blue Light Device for At-Home Treatment of Inflammatory Acne: An Open-Label Randomized-Controlled Trial","",4,"\"Daily at-home treatment with RBL led to significantly reduced inflammatory and total acne lesions at 4W and 8W. Although equivalent to BL in most outcomes, RBL demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in median ISGA.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41886698/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Comparison of blue laser and red light-emitting diode-mediated aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for moderate and severe acne vulgaris: a prospective, split-face, nonrandomized controlled study","",4,"\"BL-PDT and RL-PDT have similar efficacies in moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris and are particularly effective for inflammatory acne lesions. RL-PDT benefits from milder adverse effects than those of BL-PDT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39245305/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Versus Topical Erythromycin 2% in the Treatment of Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris","808",5,"\"There was improvement of acne lesions on laser side and antibiotic side (assessed as non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesion counts). Laser side showed better results than antibiotic side. Patients were more satisfied with laser treatment due to minimal side effects and less relapse.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38810082/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[808]],["A Novel, Hand-Held, and Low-Level Light Therapy Device for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: A Single-Arm, Prospective Clinical Study","450, 680",4,"\"The mean number of inflammatory acne lesions decreased statistically at weeks 4 () and 8 (). The proportion of Investigator’s Global Assessment grade 3, indicating moderate acne severity, decreased significantly at the final visit. No severe adverse reactions were reported.\"","https://www.hindawi.com/journals/dth/2023/8846620/","Hindawi",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[450,680]],["Efficacy and safety of low-level light therapy by delicate pulsed light combined with low-dose oral isotretinoin for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized split-face study","",4,"\"At the end of the observation, the improvement of GAGS was 70.88% on the DPL and isotretinoin combined side versus 62.12% on the side with isotretinoin monotherapy (p = 0.0009).\"\n\nComment: This treatment is not necessary related to photobiomodulation, since IPL-related treatments are based on temporary heating of tissue: \"Delicate pulsed light (DPL), as a sub-type of intense pulsed light (IPL), has a more precise therapeutic spectrum (500–600 nm). This makes DPL more efficient and avoids unspecific heating of untargeted surrounding tissue [20].\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35829974/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Comparison of red light and blue light therapies for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris: A randomized controlled clinical study","",3,"\"At the 2-week follow-up, the average improvement rate of total acne lesions was 36.2% in the RL group and 30.7% in the BL group (p > .05).\"\n\n\"Red light and BL therapies have similar efficacy in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris, especially for inflammatory lesions. RL had advantages with fewer adverse reactions compared with BL.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34981580/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Fluorescent light energy combined with systemic isotretinoin: A 52-week follow-up evaluating efficacy and safety in treatment of moderate-severe acne","",4,"\"Fluorescent light energy therapy combined with low‐dose isotretinoin or tetracycline show remarkable clinical effect on 12 cases of moderate‐to‐severe acne. Treatment was considered safe, well‐tolerated, and highly efficacious.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33936640/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["The Anti-Acne Effect of Near-Infrared Low-Level Laser Therapy","785",4,"\"Significant improvements in acne lesions (assessed as non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesion counts) and a significant decrease in skin sebum excretion were observed after the treatment. No adverse effects were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34471368/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[785]],["The efficacy of blue light versus the combination of blue and red light therapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris","415, 415, 633",4,"\"As it is confirmed by our findings, the combination of blue and red light is more effective in treatment of acne vulgaris rather than blue light alone, with no significant adverse effects.\"\n\nComment: At week 16, the improvement was 70% in combination group and 51% in blue light group. There were 33 participants in this study.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34042223/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,415,633]],["Narrow Band Ultraviolet B Versus Red Light-Emitting Diodes in the Treatment of Facial Acne Vulgaris: A Randomized Controlled Trial","312, 633",3,"\"Both NBUVB and red LED were effective in acne treatment; NBUVB, however, revealed a highly efficient treatment than red LED in decreasing the acne lesions count and the improved degree of AV severity as measured by the global investigator's assessment scale.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34015228/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[312,633]],["A Comparative Study Between Once-Weekly and Alternating Twice-Weekly Regimen Using Blue (470 nm) and Red (640 nm) Light Combination LED Phototherapy for Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris","470, 640",4,"\"There was no statistically significant difference between once- and alternating twice-weekly regimens. Both regimens provided marked improvement only for inflammatory lesions. The median percentage of acne reduction was significantly demonstrated for 1 week after finishing the course of treatment and was sustained until the end of the study. There were no side effects noted throughout the study period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538345/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[470,640]],["Fluorescent Light Energy: The Future for Treating Inflammatory Skin Conditions?","",4,"\"FLE reduced inflammatory lesions and associated redness in the representative acne patient. Following the resolution of inflammation there was an overall enhancement of the skin's texture.\"\n\n\"FLE enhanced collagen production from nonstressed HDF cells, decreased the inflammatory profile of HDF and HEK cells, and enhanced angiogenesis in HAE cells.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31320979","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["An extension of a multicenter, randomized, split-face clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of chromophore gel-assisted blue light phototherapy for the treatment of acne","415, 446",4,"\"These results are similar to those already reported in the Main trial for baseline IGA grades 3 and 4 and confirm the efficacy profile of the BioPhotonic System observed in this Main trial.\"\n\nComment: This is a continuation of the Antoniou 2016 study.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27575854/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,446]],["Clinical comparison of salicylic acid peel and LED-Laser phototherapy for the treatment of Acne vulgaris in teenagers.","470, 660",4,"\"The combined use of red and blue lights due to their anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties is a more efficient alternative for treating Acne vulgaris in relation to SA and proves more reliable and without side effects, improving the adolescents' skin health.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27762647","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[470,660]],["Efficacy and Tolerability of a Combined 445nm and 630nm Over-the-counter Light Therapy Mask with and without Topical Salicylic Acid versus Topical Benzoyl Peroxide for the Treatment of Mild-to-moderate Acne Vulgaris","445, 630",3,"\"The results of this 12-week evaluator-blinded, randomized study demonstrated the effectiveness of a LED device emitting red (630nm) and blue (445nm) light for the treatment of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris across a range of subject ages, racial backgrounds, and skin types. There were no reports of AEs. This device has received FDA clearance for home use.\"\n\nComment: The improvement in each group was 10-25% with the greater improvement in the light mask group, even compared to light mask + salicylic acid combination treatment group. No negative control group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27354885/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[445,630]],["A multicenter, randomized, split-face clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of chromophore gel-assisted blue light phototherapy for the treatment of acne","415, 446",5,"\"The percentage of treated hemifaces that attained a reduction of at least one IGA grade at week 6 was 79.8%, compared with 48.9% for the untreated hemifaces (P < 0.0001). This response was sustained at week 12 follow-up (88.8% treated vs. 69.7% control; P < 0.0001) (Table 3).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27575854/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,446]],["Clinical and usability study to determine the safety and efficacy of the Silk'n Blue Device for the treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris","",4,"\"There was a statistically significant decrease in mean acne counts from baseline through the follow-up visits, p = 0.002. Percent reduction was also statistically significant, p = 0.041. The study also showed that 36.4% of the patients had complete clearance with the study device. 100% of the patients showed full comprehension with the label for the device. There were no adverse events. Photos were captured.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24143960/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Randomized trial of three phototherapy methods for the treatment of acne vulgaris in Chinese patients.","",3,"At 1 month, >90% clearance or moderate improvement occurred in 22/50 (44%) patients in the LED group. There was no control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24313686","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Efficacy of red light alone and methyl-aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of mild and moderate facial acne","635",3,"\"At week 2, clinical improvement from acne grade II-IV to 0-I was observed in 82.3% of MAL-PDT group and 14.2% of red light alone group. Red light alone group had a gradual clinical improvement over time with a 77% response at week 10. In contrast, MAL-PDT group had a rapid clinical improvement with total response at week 10. Both treatments were significantly effective for improving acne lesions.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group. Thus, it may be difficult to evaluate whether red light was slightly effective or if the improvement was due to regression to the mean or spontaneous remission.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23254733/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[635]],["The clinical and histological effect of home-use, combination blue-red LED phototherapy for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris in Korean patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.","420, 660",5,"\"At the final visit at 12 weeks, both inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions had decreased significantly, by 77% and 54%, respectively, in the treatment group. No significant difference was observed in the control group.\n\nIn the treatment group, sebum output reduction, attenuated inflammatory cell infiltrations and a decreased size of the sebaceous gland were found.\n\nThe immunostaining intensities for interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, toll-like receptor-2, nuclear factor-κB, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and sterol response element binding protein (SREBP)-1 were reduced concomitantly. Messenger RNA expression of SREBP-1c was also decreased.\n\nNo severe adverse reactions were reported.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278295","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[420,660]],["Comparison of Red and Infrared Low-level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris.","630, 890",3,"\"Ten weeks after treatment acne lesion were significantly decreased in the side treated by 630 nm LLLT (27.7±12.7 to 6.3±1.9) (P<0.001), but this decrease was not significant in the site treated by 890 nm LLLT (26.9±12.4 to 22.2±8.5) (P>0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22615511","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[630,890]],["Comparative efficacy of filtered blue light (emitted from sunlight) and topical erythromycin solution in acne treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial","",3,"\"In our study, a mean improvement of 46% in acne score was achieved with the blue light compared to 58% with topical erythromycin (p>0.05).\"","http://www.jpad.com.pk/index.php/jpad/article/view/469","JPAD",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["[The Effect of 650 nm Red Light Phototherapy on Acne Vulgaris] [Full text in Korean]","650",4,"\"Improvement of satisfaction of patients and efficacy assessment on the red light emitting side were 82.05% and 84.62%, respectively, compared with 41.03% and 38.46%, respectively, on the [control] LED emitting side.\"\n\nComment: Article in Korean and not PubMed-indexed. No DOI identifier.","https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001426481","KCI",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[650]],["Radiant near infrared light emitting Diode exposure as skin preparation to enhance photodynamic therapy inflammatory type acne treatment outcome","970",5,"\"This randomized, controlled, and rater-blinded trial revealed a significant difference in median reduction of inflammatory lesions on the IR pre-treated (73%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 51-81%) versus the control side (38%, 95% CI 8-55%) 1 month after PDT (P<0.0001). \n\nClinical assessment of severity was also significantly lower on the IR-treated side than on the control side (median 1, 95% CI 0.74-1.34 vs. 2, 95% CI 1.17-1.72). \n\nNo unusual treatment-related adverse effects were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20166163/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[970]],["Clinical effect of low-energy double-pass 1450 nm laser treatment for acne in Asians.","1450",4,"\"Of the 30 patients, 27 completed the study. The mean acne grades decreased from 3.9 to 1.4 (P<0.01) in the 27 patients. The pain was tolerated by 25 patients, and two patients required local anesthesia. No remarkable side effects occurred in any of the patients; all but a few patients had transient faint erythema.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152509","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[1450]],["A study to determine the effect of combination blue (415 nm) and near-infrared (830 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) therapy for moderate acne vulgaris.","415, 830",2,"\"The combination therapy for acne produced results which were less effective in the reduction of inflammatory lesions than those achieved with the previously reported blue/red combination. Further study with a much larger patient population is warranted.\"\n\nComment: Why combination instead of only red? Because there is also some data for using blue light for acne ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22091799 ).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19391058","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,830]],["Single low-dose red light is as efficacious as methyl-aminolevulinate--photodynamic therapy for treatment of acne: clinical assessment and fluorescence monitoring.","635",3,"Red light (\"control\") was as beneficial as photodynamic therapy. There was no real control group receiving no treatment.\n\n\"Seaton et al. (26), suggest that light treatment increases the production of transforming growth factor (TGF-ß). which promotes resolution of inflammation. Thus the improvement on the cheek treated with light only could be explained by anti-inflammatory properties by influencing cytokine release from macrophages or other cells (27, 28).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19688149","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[635]],["Non-invasive diagnostic evaluation of phototherapeutic effects of red light phototherapy of acne vulgaris.","",4,"\"A significant improvement of acne lesions and a significant decrease of skin sebum excretion and TEWL of the face were registered at the end of the therapy and at the 3-month follow-up visit. The results could be related to a reduced follicular colonization of Propionibacterium acnes, in that it was lethally damaged by photoactivated endogenous porphyrins.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18811865","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["An assessment of the efficacy of blue light phototherapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris","420",4,"\"Significant improvement was achieved in the Leeds Acne Grade (P = 0.001). The inflammatory (P = 0.001) and noninflammatory (P = 0.06) lesion counts also improved significantly. A similar change was noted in the DLQI (P = 0.001); a degree of significance was also achieved in the patients' and the investigators' VAS scores (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively). P. acnes colony counts failed to show a significant decrease at the end of the treatment and remained almost constant (P = 0.660).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18789052/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[420]],["Handheld LED array device in the treatment of acne vulgaris.","415, 633",4,"\"Lesion counts progressively reduced throughout the 4-week light therapy period and continued to reduce up to 8 weeks posttherapy, with a final average reduction of 69% seen 8 weeks after the treatment course (P>.001). This pattern is similar to previously reported studies.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18459515","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,633]],["A randomized, controlled, split-face clinical trial of 1320-nm Nd:YAG laser therapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris.","1320",3,"\"Infrared laser therapy may improve comedonal acne. Additional work is needed to better define the degree and duration of the effect. Patients appear to positively view such therapy for both acne and oily skin\"\n\nComment: I am unsure whether this type of laser treatment should be categorized as photobiomodulation. Not necessarily.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17239987","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[1320]],["Red light phototherapy alone is effective for acne vulgaris: randomized, single-blinded clinical trial.","",4,"\"This study shows that red light phototherapy alone can be a new therapeutic option for acne vulgaris.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17903156","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Blue and red light combination LED phototherapy for acne vulgaris in patients with skin phototype IV.","415, 633",4,"\"Blue and red light combination LED phototherapy is an effective, safe and non-painful treatment for mild to moderately severe acne vulgaris, particularly for papulopustular acne lesions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17111415","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,633]],["Combination blue (415 nm) and red (633 nm) LED phototherapy in the treatment of mild to severe acne vulgaris.","415, 633",4,"\"At the 4-week follow-up, the mean lesion count reduction was significant at 46% (p=0.001). At the 12-week follow-up, the mean lesion count reduction was also significant at 81% (p=0.001). Patient and dermatologist assessments were similar. Severe acne showed a marginally better response than mild acne. Side effects were minimal and transitory.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16766484","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,633]],["Light‐emitting diode 415 nm in the treatment of inflammatory acne: An open‐label, multicentric, pilot investigation","415",4,"\"The mean improvement score was 3.14 at 4 weeks and 2.90 at 8 weeks. Nine patients experienced complete clearing at 8 weeks. The treatment was well tolerated, with 50% of patients highly satisfied with the treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581683/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415]],["An open study to determine the efficacy of blue light in the treatment of mild to moderate acne","",3,"\"An overall effect on inflammatory counts was observed at week 5, and a statistically significant decrease in inflamed counts was detected at the week 8 assessments, which continued to week 12. There was little effect on non-inflamed lesions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16249142/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Blue light phototherapy in the treatment of acne","420",4,"\"Compared with the non-irradiation side, eight sessions of blue light irradiation were effective in acne treatment (P<0.001).\"\n\nComment: According to Fig 1, improvement was approximately 50% on blue light side and 10% on non-irradiated side. It seems acne severity was accessed by the investigator.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15379878/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[420]],["Acne phototherapy with a high-intensity, enhanced, narrow-band, blue light source: an open study and in vitro investigation","",4,"\"Sun exposure is known to be beneficial for acne vulgaris [1]. Ultraviolet (UV) light [2], [3], [4], [5], visible light [6], [7], and the combination of UVA plus visible light [8], [9], [10] have been reported to be effective for acne vulgaris.\"\n\n\"An open study was performed in acne patients who were treated twice a week up to 5 weeks. Acne lesions were reduced by 64%.\"\n\n\"In vitro investigation revealed that irradiation from this light source reduced the number of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), but not Staphylococcus epidermidis that were isolated from the acne patients.\"\n\nComment: As far as I understood, they are using 400-800 nm polychromatic light with the blue peak (407-420nm).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12413768/","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[]],["Phototherapy with blue (415 nm) and red (660 nm) light in the treatment of acne vulgaris.","415, 415, 660",5,"\"After 12 weeks of active treatment a mean improvement of 76% (95% confidence interval 66-87) in inflammatory lesions was achieved by the combined blue-red light phototherapy; this was significantly superior to that achieved by blue light (at weeks 4 and 8 but not week 12), benzoyl peroxide (at weeks 8 and 12) or white light (at each assessment).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809858","PubMed",2,"Dermatology","Acne vulgaris",[415,415,660]],["Treatment of erlotinib‐induced acneiform eruption with chromophore gel‐assisted phototherapy","447",4,"\"Within three weeks of treatment, the acneiform eruption was arrested and topical treatment was withdrawn one week after.\"\n\n\"The severity of her acneiform eruption decreased from an Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) of 5 to 0. Scoring of the patient‐reported outcomes of the Acne Quality of Life Index decreased from 78 to 23 and increased on the Acne‐specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (Acne‐QOL) from 49 to 109 demonstrating marked improvement in quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30554437/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Acneiform",[447]],["Low level light could work on skin inflammatory disease: a case report on refractory acrodermatitis continua.","",4,"\"We experienced a case of acrodermatitis continua in a pregnant woman refractory to any conventional treatment including the most potent topical steroid. She was successfully treated with LPPL. LPPL could be a possible treatment modality producing substantial clinical result in inflammatory skin condition without any side-effect.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394319","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Acrodermatitis continua",[]],["Full-body blue light irradiation as treatment for atopic dermatitis: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial (AD-Blue)","415, 450",2,"\"Despite its favorable safety profile and moderate reductions in itch and IL-31 levels, full-body blue light irradiation did not lead to an amelioration of any of the objective measures of AD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37814388/","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Atopic dermatitis",[415,450]],["Clinical Application Of Gaalas 830 Nm Diode Laser For Atopic Dermatitis","830",4,"\"(1) Itchy sensation decreased in 63 of 81 cases (79%) after this therapy. \n(2) Skin eruption improved in 57 of 81 cases (71%). \n(3) There were no side-effects during and after LLLT. \n(4) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen and inter-cellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression on epidermal cells decreased after the therapy. \n(5) The number of CDI positive epidermal dendritic cells did not significantly change before and after LLLT.\"\n\nComment: The number of sessions per patient not mentioned in the full text?","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/2/5_93-OR-08/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",37,"Dermatology","Atopic dermatitis",[830]],["Lightening Effect of a Light-Emitting Diode Mask on Facial Skin: A Colorimetric Assessment","",2,"\"On average, pre-treatment calculated L* values increased from 67.8 to 68.7 after LED mask irradiation (Table 1). No remarkable changes in color hue were visible after LED mask use (Fig. 1).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33911584/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Brightness",[]],["Effects of low-level light therapy on facial corticosteroid addiction dermatitis: A retrospective analysis of 170 Asian patients","633",3,"\"Of the total, 85.9% felt clinical relief to different extents, including a decrease in lesional area and improvement of symptoms [Figure 1]. No adverse events were observed. The results of histopathologic examination showed healing of the epidermis and obvious relief in inflammation of dermis after low-level light therapy [Figure 2]. The clinical efficacy was similar at different locations [Table 1]. Therapeutic efficacy was best for acute lesions, followed by subacute lesions, whereas chronic lesions had the least benefit [Table 2].\"\n\nComment: The benefit for acute lesions could be due to 'regression to the mean', not necessarily related to the treatment?","http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2014;volume=80;issue=2;spage=194;epage=194;aulast=Luan","IJDVL",0,"Dermatology","Corticosteroid addiction dermatitis",[633]],["Light-emitting diode phototherapy at 630 +/- 3 nm increases local levels of skin-homing T-cells in human subjects.","630",3,"\"Transmission electron microscopy revealed mild fibroplastic changes in fibroblasts, with no acute inflammatory changes throughout the treatment session. Qualitative PCR showed the presence of both Th-1 and Th-2 T-cells, and quantitative PCR showed an increase in the numbers of both types of skin-homing T-cells, much more so for Th-2 than for Th-1.\"\n\n\"Visible red LED irradiation appears to activate the skin-homing immune system.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16641531","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Cutaneous immune function",[630]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy for Diabetic Dermopathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study","632",5,"\"At the baseline, no significant differences existed between LLLT and placebo sides in the DD and skin blood flow at the knee and ankle sites (P >0.05). \n\nPost-intervention, a significant improvement occurred in DD diameter and the skin blood flow of the knee and ankle sites in the LLLT side (P <0.05), while the placebo side showed a significant improvement only in DD diameter (P <0.05) and non-significant changes in skin blood flow (P >0.05). Comparing both sides, all measures significantly favored LLLT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425301/","PubMed",13,"Dermatology","Diabetic dermopathy",[632]],["Influence of low-level laser on pain and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic dermopathy - A case report.","830",4,"\"With the continued sessions of LLLT, the skin manifestations and neuropathy conditions improved drastically. On the 21st day, the skin colour was found to be normal. Also, there were significant changes in clinical findings for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. LLLT with specific exercises can promote healing of skin manifestations in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It can be used as an effective treatment modality for treating diabetic dermopathy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494177","PubMed",13,"Dermatology","Diabetic dermopathy",[830]],["Prospective, Randomized Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Local UV-Free Blue Light Treatment of Eczema","453",4,"\"A total of 20 patients completed the trial with a compliance rate of 100%. The blue light treatment was safe with no adverse events and no side effects.\n\n The primary end point change from baseline in the mean sum score of the local Eczema Severity Index (local ESI) was more pronounced for the treated area than for the control area (-1.9 ± 2.02 vs. -1.3 ± 2.24). The treatment difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0152, paired t test, two-sided).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27537360/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Eczema",[453]],["Low-level laser therapy for the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa: a case report","",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was effective as an analgesic and in accelerating cutaneous wound healing after six sessions of therapy in a child with dystrophic EB with cutaneous scarring and blisters on the limbs and trunk.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20629531/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Epidermolysis bullosa",[]],["Combined Photobiomodulation and Static Magnetic Fields to Reduce Side Effects from Laser and Radiofrequency Treatments for Dermatological Conditions","470, 528, 625, 850, 905",3,"\"After the PBMT-SMF protocol, overall mean pain reduction was 40 percent, and redness and edema reduction were shown by the pictures taken before and after the PBMT-SMF procedure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36909868/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Erythema and other symptoms from other treatments",[470,528,625,850,905]],["Use of light-emitting diode photomodulation to reduce erythema and discomfort after intense pulsed light treatment of photodamage.","590",4,"\"Mean erythema scores on the first visit were significantly higher (P = 0.0054) on the side not treated with LED (52.7 +/- 24.6) than on the LED-treated side (43.3 +/- 21.9). Visit 2 data showed a similar trend (P = 0.0281). The subjects reported similar findings with mean erythema scores on the first visit on the LED-treated side (46.7 +/- 25.3) compared with the untreated side (60.0 +/- 23.3); the difference was significant (P = 0.0382). \n\nOn the second visit, the mean erythema scores trended lower on the LED-treated side (24.3 +/- 22.1) than on the untreated side (27.9 +/- 25.8), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.1365). \n\nErythema scores on both facial sides were 0 for all subjects 1 week after IPL treatment. Four patients commented that posttreatment discomfort was considerably less on the LED-treated side immediately after treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254808","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Erythema from IPL",[590]],["Bullous erythema multiforme secondary to fluconazole intake: A unique case report managed with photobiomodulation therapy","660",4,"\"A 32-year-old female patient sought emergency dental care due to painful orofacial lesions that had developed two days after oral fluconazole use for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Given the acute clinical features, a diagnosis of bullous erythema multiforme secondary to fluconazole was established. Prednisone 20 mg was then prescribed for five days, and fluconazole intake was immediately discontinued. As the initial treatment strategies failed to show improvement in the clinical condition, three PBMT sessions were proposed every other day. Within seven days, almost complete wound healing was observed, and any pain complaints were no longer present.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38690232/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Erythema multiforme",[660]],["Phototherapies for erythema multiforme secondary to viral infections: a case report of a child","",4,"\"A combination of an aPDT session and six PBMT sessions was proposed and resulted in almost complete resolution of the lesion on the 7th day.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36041712/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Erythema multiforme",[]],["The Therapeutic and Preventive Effects of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) for Post-Inflammatory Erythema and Hyperpigmentation: A Pilot Study","590, 830",4,"\"For therapeutic irradiation, ΔEI and ΔMI in the 830 nm treatment group were significantly lower than in the control group (ΔEI: 9.30 vs. 11.52, p = 0.027; ΔMI: 7.79 vs. 9.25, p = 0.026).\n\nNo significant difference was found between the 590 nm treatment group and the control group in ΔEI or ∆MI (p > 0.05). \n\nFor preventive irradiation, ΔEI in the 830 nm prevention group and the 590 nm prevention group were both significantly lower than the control group (830 nm: 9.85 vs. 19.90, p = 0.001; 590 nm: 12.50 vs. 19.90, p = 0.008).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39899363/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Erythema from UVB",[590,830]],["Single and dual-wavelength considerations of photobiomodulation therapy in the management of side effects related to hyaluronic acid fillers in lip augmentation","660, 808, 660, 808",3,"\"Sixty-one patients post-LA were divided into four groups: control; PBMT λ660 nm; PBMT λ808 nm; and PBMT λ660 and 808 nm simultaneously. \n\nA higher analgesia was observed in the PBMT λ660 nm group. \n\nUpper-lip edema only decreased in the PBMT λ808 nm. \n\nErythema increased in the control, whereas the PBMT groups had smaller score variations. \n\nPBMT emitting 660 or 808 nm was efficient for the treatment of edema and erythema post-LA.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39967370/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Facial filler-related adverse reactions",[660,808,660,808]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Management of Late Complications After Facial Filling","660, 808",4,"\"The aim of the present study is to report a clinical case of a patient diagnosed with a late adverse reaction to the injection of filler material - persistent and intermittent delayed swelling (PIDS) - in which photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with low-power laser was used for edema reduction. \n\nThis is an observational, descriptive, and retrospective work of a case report. The female patient, aged 73 years old, had undergone dermal filler six years before and complained of increased volume in the face region (glabellar region, labiomental sulcus, and nasolabial folds) and was submitted to ultrasound and anatomopathological analysis. PBMT using a low-power laser (660 nm and 808 nm, simultaneous irradiation, in contact, 2 J/point, 100 mW) proved to be effective for the non-invasive approach of late adverse reaction to dermal filler, such as PIDS, a common complication related to the use of dermal fillers.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38826871/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Facial filler-related adverse reactions",[660,808]],["Feasibility and Safety of Using Combined Light-Emitting Diodes Versus Intense Pulsed Light Technology for the Improvement of Facial Hypervascularization in Adult Patients","633, 830",3,"\"Treatment with combined red and near-infrared LEDs effectively reduced the excess of facial vascularization with moderate outcomes compared with IPL, but without secondary effects and no pain. This treatment could represent an effective, safe, and well-tolerated approach for facial vascular lesions.\"\n\nComment: PBM had modestly less effect but also less side effects.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780573/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Facial vascular lesions",[633,830]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for Multiple Painful Fixed Drug Eruptions: The First Case Report","660",4,"\"A 31-year-old Caucasian woman presented with many extremely painful mucocutaneous lesions of FDE which had arisen 8 days before, following a long period of hospitalization. The lesions were not responsive to either corticosteroids or analgesics within 5 days, and then seven daily sessions of PBMT were proposed. Pain alleviation was achieved on the 1st day of PBMT, and the lesions showed an advanced course of healing on the 3rd day.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37089767/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Fixed drug eruption (FDE)",[660]],["Clinical and molecular change induced by repeated low-dose visible light exposure in both light-skinned and dark-skinned individuals","",3,"\"Repeated low-dose VL irradiation induced immediate pigment darkening and delayed tanning in dark-skinned individuals while no discernable pigmentation and erythema were observed in light-skinned individuals. \n\nTop ten upregulated genes by repeated VL exposure in microarray included melanogenic genes such as tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), premelanosome protein (PMEL), melan-A (MLANA), and solute carrier family 24, member 5 (SLC24A5) and genes involved in inflammation/matrix remodeling/cell signaling including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18), BCL2-related protein A1 (BCL2A1), and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). \n\nIn qRT-PCR CCL18 was upregulated in light skin with a greater extent (mean fold change ± SD; 4.03 ± 3.28, p = .04) than in dark-skinned individuals (1.91 ± 1.32, p = .07) while TYR was not significantly upregulated in both skin types.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35861041/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Gene expression",[]],["Effect of combined antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation therapy in the management of recurrent herpes labialis: a randomized controlled trial","650, 980",4,"Comment: The paper says \"PBMT was applied using a LLLT (H1 980 nm Dental Diode Laser, Wuhan Pioon Laser Technology Co.,Ltd,., Hubei, China)\" but it also says \"a laser diode emitting light at a wavelength of 650 nm and a power output of 100 mW was applied\". Table 1 also says the wavelength is 650 nm. Thus there's a serious contradiction regarding the parameters.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40346266/","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[650,980]],["Efficacy of adjuvant Photobiomodulation therapy in recurrent herpes labialis, a randomized clinical trial study","940",5,"\"Pain intensity in PBM + Acyclovir group was significantly lower than Acyclovir without PBM group in both two and three days after intervention (p < 0.001). The lesion size in case group was significantly lower on 7 and 10 days (p <0.05). Patients in the treatment group were significantly more satisfied with their treatment process (p=0.008).\"\n\n\"PBMT can be used as an adjuvant tool to acyclovir cream, due to higher potential in reducing postoperative pain, lesion size and also patients satisfaction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009206/","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[940]],["Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy in recurrent herpes labialis management: a randomized controlled trial","650",4,"\"Photobiomodulation therapy of herpes labialis reduced pain significantly faster than acyclovir, but there was no difference in healing time between the groups in light of the parameters used in this study.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376628/","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[650]],["Photobiomodulation for Preventive Therapy of Recurrent Herpes Labialis: A 2-Year In Vivo Randomized Controlled Study","808",5,"\"The results showed that L1J presented the most satisfactory results concerning the reduction of the number of lesions per year and less severity of recurrences in the long-term evaluation when compared with L2J. Both Laser Groups (L1J and L2J) were statistically more efficient than placebo in all aspects analyzed.\"\n\n\"All patients who received laser treatment (L1J and L2J) and presented recurrences had significant improvement in frequency and/or severity of lesions. No patient had side effects from treatment.\"\n\n\"If RHL appeared during the treatment, PDT was performed [660nm light]\"","","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[808]],["Treatment of recurrent herpes of the lower lip skin region with photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation: case report","660",4,"\"It was possible to observe complete healing after 10 days of treatment, and the patient remains in follow-up for eight months without any recurrences.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33246148/","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[660]],["Association of photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation for herpes simplex labialis resolution: Case series","660",4,"\"This article reports through a case series, a proposal for an efficient resolution in clinical manifestations of herpes simplex labialis using aPDT associated with PBT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33099039/","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[660]],["Comparing the effect of diode laser against acyclovir cream for the treatment of herpes labialis","870",5,"\"The mean length of recovery time (day) in the laser, off laser, and acyclovir groups was 2.20±0.41, 4.30±1.03, and 3.4±1.142, respectively. \"\n\n\"The mean duration of pain (day) was 1.35±0.74, 2.65±1.27, and 2.30±0.92 for laser, off laser, and acyclovir groups, respectively (P<0.0001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28638546/","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[870]],["Evaluation of the efficacy of low-level light therapy using 1072 nm infrared light for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis.","1072",5,"\"The median time to healing for the active group was 129 h, compared with 177 h for the control group, which was significant (P = 0.01).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731454","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[1072]],["The effect of 670-nm low laser therapy on herpes simplex type 1.","670",4,"\"LLLT of herpes simples virus 1 (HSV-1) appears to be an effective treatment modality without any observed side effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047597","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[670]],["Prevention of recurrent herpes labialis outbreaks through low-intensity laser therapy: a clinical protocol with 3-year follow-up.","780",3,"\"Based on the outcomes observed in this study, it is possible to conclude that the preventive protocol proposed may represent an alternative treatment for patients presenting recurrent herpes labialis infection.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086666","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[780]],["Recurrent herpes simplex infections: laser therapy as a potential tool for long-term successful treatment.","660",4,"\"Two clinical cases are described with recurrent labial herpes for which LLLT was used. Following treatment, both patients remained symptom free during the 17-month clinical follow-up period.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21779683","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[660]],["Effect of laser phototherapy on recurring herpes labialis prevention: an in vivo study.","780",3,"\"Patients in the experimental group presented a significant decrease in dimension of herpes labialis lesions (P = 0.013) and inflammatory edema (P = 0.031). The reduction in pain level (P = 0.051) and monthly recurrences (P = 0.076) did not reach statistical significance. This study represents an in vivo indication that this treatment should be further considered as an effective alternative to therapeutic regimens for herpes labialis lesions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669856","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[780]],["Low- and high-intensity lasers in the treatment of herpes simplex virus 1 infection.","2940, 660",4,"\"We report a clinical case of a patient with severe oral HSV-1 infection in the lower lip.\"\n\n\"Pain sensitivity was completely gone after the first irradiation with the low-intensity laser.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19712025","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[2940,660]],["High-intensity laser and photodynamic therapy as a treatment for recurrent herpes labialis.","",4,"\"Four clinical cases of patients diagnosed with RHL are described in this report. Two patients were subjected to high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) followed by LLLT, and two patients received MB-mediated PDT, again followed by LLLT.\"\n\n\"Throughout the follow-up period, all patients reported pain relief and did not show any signs or symptoms of RHL. A favorable healing process was observed in all cases. None of the patients reported pain as a consequence of the treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821702","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[]],["Low-level-laser therapy as an alternative treatment for primary herpes simplex infection: a case report.","660",3,"\"Low level laser therapy (LLLT) was used with an immediate outcome.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19161055","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[660]],["A randomised double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis","1072",5,"\"The 1072-nm light-emitting diode device reduced cold-sore healing time to 6.3 days compared with 9.4 days for placebo (P = 0.048).\"\n\nComment: Relevant dose parameters not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780494","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[1072]],["A pilot study of treatment of herpes labialis with 1072 nm narrow waveband light","1072",5,"\"The results demonstrated that a single 5 min light treatment significantly reduced cold sore healing time by 4 days;\n\n1072 nm light healed cold sores in 4.3 ± 1.8 days (mean ± SD) as compared with aciclovir applied five times daily, 8.5 ± 3.0 days (P < 0.0001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11298104","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[1072]],["Low-intensity laser therapy is an effective treatment for recurrent herpes simplex infection. Results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.","690",5,"\"The median recurrence-free interval in the laser-treated group was 37.5 wk (range: 2-52 wk) and in the placebo group 3 wk (range: 1-20 wk). This difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon's Rank Sum Test). In conclusion, we demonstrated that a total of 10 irradiations with low-intensity laser therapy significantly lowers the incidence of local recurrence of herpes simplex infection.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10469307","PubMed",54,"Dermatology","Herpes labialis",[690]],["Role of low-level laser therapy in post-herpetic neuralgia: a pilot study.","650",4,"\"In total, fifteen patients were included in the present study, out of which 8 were females and 7 were males aged between 42 and 82 years.\"\n\n\"The final pain score was 0 in 11 patients although their initial pain score was severe in 8 and moderate in 3 patients. In three patients, pain reduced to mild intensity (2-3), and in one, the final pain score was 4 on the visual analogue scale.\"\n\n\"Overall, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) proved itself an excellent therapeutic modality for the relief of pain in post-herpetic neuralgia patients, which may replace pain management medicines in future.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32006261","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[650]],["Early application of low-level laser may reduce the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).","633",4,"\"Applying LLLT within the first 5 days of herpes zoster eruption significantly reduced the incidence of PHN. LLLT may have the potential to prevent PHN, but further well-designed randomized controlled trials are required.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27543213","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[633]],["A Novel Treatment of Herpes Zoster Pain With Pulsed Laser Irradiation.","1064",4,"\"In summary, the authors found in the treatment of 5 herpes zoster patients that 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser irradiation could significantly alleviate herpetic pain with persisting effect and no apparent adverse effect.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26317906","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[1064]],["The Effects of 830 nm Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Acute Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: A Pilot Study.","830",3,"\"The mean time required for wound healing was 13.14±2.34 days in group B and 15.92±2.55 days in group A (p=0.006). \n\nFrom day 4, the mean VAS score showed a greater improvement in group B, compared with group A. A marginal but not statistically significant difference in the VAS scores was observed between the two groups (p=0.095).\"\n\nComment: Anatomical site and application mode, and some treatment parameters, were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23717006","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[830]],["Postherpetic neuralgia: case study of class 4 laser therapy intervention.","810, 980",4,"\"The author reports a case of PHN of 15-year duration resistant to prior interventions.\"\n\n\"Weekly laser therapy treatment over 8 weeks resulted in reduced 0 to 10 Numeric Pain Scale score from 8 to 0, Neuropathy Pain Scale Questionnaire total score from 39 to 4, and allodynia over a 60 cm surface area of the upper trunk and posterior arm totally resolved, with resolution continued at 14-month follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24384987","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[810,980]],["Low reactive level laser therapy in the treatment of post herpetic neuralgia","830",4,"\"One hundred and twenty-three patients (73 male, 50 female, mean age: 66.11yr) have received LLLT for various entities of PHN over the past 29 years. In these cases the affected tissue area(s) was as follows: thorax and back (48 cases); head and neck (41 cases); abdomen and lumbar (17 cases); upper limb (9 cases); and lower limb (8 cases). The overall total improvement rate was 60.16%. Patient whose treatment was given within six month of onset obtained the highest improvement rate (mean, 76.34%). \n\nLLLT was effective for PHN in the acute and chronic phase, but LLLT was particularly effective for the acute phase patients whose onset before treatment was 6 months or less. \n\nThe results demonstrate a significant reduction in PHN pain intensity, hypersensitivity and other complaints\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/19/2/19_2_101/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[830]],["Efficacy of laser irradiation on the area near the stellate ganglion is dose-dependent: a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study","830",5,"\"Regional skin temperature increased following both 150 mW and 60mW laser irradiation, whereas no changes were obtained by placebo treatment. VAS decreased following both 150 mW and 60 mW laser treatments, but no changes in VAS were obtained by placebo treatment. These changes in the temperature and VAS were further dependent on the energy density, i.e the dose. Results demonstrate that laser irradiation near the stellate ganglion produces effects similar to stellate ganglion block. Our results clearly indicate that they are not placebo effects but true effects of laser irradiation.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/9/1/9_1_7/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[830]],["Comparative study of 60 mw diode laser therapy and 150 mw diode laser therapy in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia","830",4,"\"Our results in this preliminary study suggest that 150 mW LLLT was a much more effective therapy than 60 mW LLLT for the treatment of PHN within the period tested. Further controlled and double blinded studies in larger populations will be required to corroborate these preliminary findings.\"\n\nComment: Irradiation duration (3-20min) depended on size of affected area.\n\nComment: Study methodology very irregular. The patients received very varying doses etc...","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/7/2/7_95-OR-10/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[830]],["Useful effect of application of helium-neon LLLT on an early stage case of herpes zoster: a case report","633",4,"\"A case report is presented on a 37-year-old female who presented with an early stage atack of Herpes zoster. HeNe laser LLLT was applied in the scanning mode, in combination with epidural block therapy. The patient was taken off all forms of treatment after only 3 weeks, with no residual pain. The normal period is a minimum of 4 weeks, with some residual pain. The authors suggest that LLLT is a valid, easily applied and noninvasive adjunctive therapeutic technique to speed recovery from Herpes zoster attacks, especially when applied in the early stages of the attack.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/1/5_93-CR-01/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[633]],["[Low reactive-level laser therapy near the stellate ganglion for postherpetic facial neuralgia].","",3,"\"The results imply that the irradiation with low reactive-level laser of the stellate ganglion and/or the carotid artery increases a facial blood flow and relieves facial neuralgia.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1334163","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[]],["Evaluation of analgesic effect of low-power He:Ne laser on postherpetic neuralgia using VAS and modified McGill pain questionnaire.","633",4,"\" 3.6 after 50 treatments, and the degree of pain relief was reduced to 44.6% and correlated with the number of treatments. The total numbers of words and the total scores of the m-MPQ decreased as the number of treatments increased.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10149452/","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[633]],["Efficacy of low reactive-level laser therapy for pain attenuation of postherpetic neuralgia","830",5,"\"The long-term effect at the end of LLLT (the average number of treatments 36 ± 12) resulted in no pain (PS: 0) in 12 patients and slight pain (PS: 1-4) in 46 patients, No complications attributable to LLLT occurred. Although a placebo effect was observed, decreases in pain scores and increases of the body surface temperature by LLLT were significantly greater than those that occurred with the placebo treatment. \n\nOur results indicate that LLLT is a useful modality for pain attenuation in PHN patients and because LLLT is a noninvasive, painless and safe method of therapy, it is well acceptable by patients.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/2/3_91-OR-10/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[830]],["Treatment of post herpetic neuralgia using a 904 nm (infrared) low incident energy laser: a clinical study","904",4,"\"The reported level of PHN pain decreased significantly after treatment (p < 0.05).\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported. The course of treatment is somewhat unclearly described as well.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/1/3_91-OR-05/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[904]],["Clinical trial of low reactive-level laser therapy in 20 patients with postherpetic neuralgia","830",3,"\"Twelve of the 20 patients respended to the LLLT, 60%. Further studies are needed. with emphasis on methodology. as these figures are not as high as those from other workers in this field, The success rate was high enough however to make the authors consider a larger programme in the future, including double-blind and crossover components. The GaAlAs diode laser in contaet LLLT certainly provides a new noninvasive and easily applied therapy for PHN.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/2/4/2_90-OR-14/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[830]],["Effect of repeated irradiation of low-power He-Ne laser in pain relief from postherpetic neuralgia.","633",4,"\"VAS decreased from 6.2 before irradiation therapy to 3.6 after 50 treatments, and the degree of pain relief was reduced to 44.6% and correlated with the number of treatments. The total numbers of words and the total scores of the m-MPQ decreased as the number of treatments increased.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2562460","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[633]],["A double-blind crossover trial of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia","830",5,"\"Measurements of pain intensity and distribution were noted over a period of eight treatments in two groups of patients each of which received four consecutive laser treatments. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in both PHN pain intensity and distribution following a course of LLLT.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/1/0_Pilot_Issue_1/1_1_88-OR-02/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[830]],["[Experience in using helium-neon laser radiation for treating herpetic stomatitis in children]. [Article in Russian]","633",4,"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/283590","PubMed",3,"Dermatology","Herpes zoster",[633]],["808 nm diode laser in the treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a retrospective study","808",4,"\"Hidradenitis Suppurativa Physician's Global Assessment (HS-PGA), Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results indicated a significant reduction in MHSS from a median of 20.0 before treatment to 9.0 at six months (p = 0.001). The HS-PGA score also significantly decreased from a median of 3.0 to 2.0 (p = 0.012). Of the 10 patients evaluated for HiSCR, 8 showed a positive response. DLQI scores improved from a median of 4.5 to 1.0 (p = 0.002). The treatment was well-tolerated, with only mild pain reported and no severe adverse effects. \n\nIn conclusion, 808 nm Diode laser therapy appears to be an effective modality for reducing disease severity and enhancing quality of life in HS patients, likely due to its anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that Diode laser therapy could be a valuable addition to current HS management strategies, with further research needed to explore its long-term efficacy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39528770/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Hidradenitis suppurativa",[808]],["Induction of the putative protective protein ferritin by infrared radiation: implications in skin repair.","",3,"\"The modification of ferritin in human skin cells in vitro and in vivo following infrared-A irradiation by immunohistochemical analysis and ELISA were evaluated. In addition, we observed that IR-A is not capable of inducing frank damage to DNA (pyrimidine dimers, p53), induction of oxidative stress proteins (heme oxygenase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, heat shock proteins) or proteases (collagenase, stromelysin, gelatinase) involved in carcinogenesis and photoaging of the skin.\"\n\n\"Following IR-A radiation, the ferritin increase was localized to epidermal tissue and showed an increase from 120 to 220%. Parallel to the in vivo analysis, dermal fibroblasts were cultured from six individuals. Quantitative analysis for ferritin in cultured fibroblasts was assessed by ELISA and increases were seen to be dose-dependent and up to 130% of basal levels of ferritin following infrared-A. \"\n\n\"Our findings indicate that the putative defense system of ferritin that exists in human skin in vivo can be induced by infrared-A radiation and that these wavelengths may prove to be beneficial for human skin. Importantly, following the same doses of IR-A that induced ferritin levels, there was no alteration seen for nuclear DNA type damage, oxidative stress proteins or proteases involved in the degradation of skin. The increased concentrations of this antioxidant in human skin following acute UV radiation could afford increased protection against subsequent oxidative stress.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10677564/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Infrared skin damage",[]],["The effect of combined red, blue, and near-infrared light-emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation therapy on speed of wound healing after superficial ablative fractional resurfacing","465, 640, 880",3,"\"The three blinded evaluators chose the treatment arm as the faster healed arm in greater than 50% of the images, although the results were not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference between test and control arms in terms of pain, discomfort and itch.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38532146/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Laser skin resurfacing wounds / erythema",[465,640,880]],["Local and systemic effects of low-level light therapy with light-emitting diodes to improve erythema after fractional ablative skin resurfacing: a controlled study.","590, 830",2,"\"In the split-face group, the duration of erythema post laser was equal (7.4 ± 2.8 days). No significant reduction in the erythema index and transepidermal water loss was seen in the LED-treated vs the non-treated side (p values = 0.99 and 0.78 respectively). \n\nFor the second part of the study that compared the results between the split-face group and the control CO2 only group, the duration of the post-laser erythema was comparable (p value = 0.32). \n\nHowever, the percentage difference of the erythema index from baseline in the split-face group was significantly lower than the CO2 group on days 1, 4, 5, and 7 post-laser treatment (p value = 0.03 on days 1, 4, 5, and 0.04 on day 7)\"\n\n\"830/590 nm LED-LLLT may provide both local and systemic effects on the degree of post-ablative laser erythema in human skin, however, appropriate protocol settings should be considered to achieve a significant clinical outcome.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30074109","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Laser skin resurfacing wounds / erythema",[590,830]],["Evaluating the safety and efficacy of the 1,440-nm laser in the treatment of photodamage in Asian skin.","",3,"\"The low energy, low density nonablative 1,440-nm fractional laser produces a mild improvement in select signs of photodamage after four treatments without any long-term adverse effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634348","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Laser skin resurfacing wounds / erythema",[]],["Efficacy of light-emitting diode photomodulation in reducing erythema after fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing: a pilot study.","635",3,"\"The postlaser erythema resolved faster on the experimental side than the control side, with improvements noted according to physician assessment and chromometer erythema index. Statistically significant improvements between the two sides were first noted on day 4.\"\n\n\"Treatment using a 635-nm-wavelength LED array decreases the intensity and duration of post-fractional CO2 laser treatment erythema.\"\n\nComment: The differences between the groups are quite modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551853","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Laser skin resurfacing wounds / erythema",[635]],["Improvement of postfractional laser erythema with light-emitting diode photomodulation.","590",3,"\"The LED-treated facial halves were less erythematous in all 20 patients 24 hours postoperatively. The six patients who received the highest mean energy densities during fractional laser treatment continued to exhibit decreased erythema in the LED-treated areas at 48 hours. At 96 hours post-treatment, no discernible differences between facial halves were observed in any patient.\"\n\nComment: The parameters seem contradictory.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19397672","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Laser skin resurfacing wounds / erythema",[590]],["Combined visible light and infrared light-emitting diode (LED) therapy enhances wound healing after laser ablative resurfacing of photodamaged facial skin","633, 830",3,"\"The healing time in the LED-treated side was around 50% faster and sequelae significantly less compared with the untreated side, but interestingly these factors were slightly better in the untreated side compared with the retrospective untreated controls.\"\n\n\"At a 6-month follow-up in the prospective group, no significant difference in wrinkle improvement was seen between the treated and untreated side, but the skin appeared younger-looking on the LED-treated compared with the untreated side.\"\n\nComment: The journal is not indexed in PubMed.","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1615161506000548","Springer",0,"Dermatology","Laser skin resurfacing wounds / erythema",[633,830]],["Red light-emitting diode (LED) therapy accelerates wound healing post-blepharoplasty and periocular laser ablative resurfacing.","633",4,"\"In all instances, the LED therapy-treated side was statistically significantly superior to the unirradiated control by a factor of two to three.\"\n\n\"In this small series of 10 patients, red LED phototherapy after blepharoplasty and laser ablative resurfacing cut the time to resolution of side effects and the healing time by one-half to one-third compared with contralateral unirradiated controls. Further studies are warranted with larger populations to confirm these findings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581685","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Laser skin resurfacing wounds / erythema",[633]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy as an Effective Intervention for Facial Pigmentation: A Case Report of Ephelides and Lentigines in Syrian Women","660",4,"\"The first case involved a 34-year-old woman with Fitzpatrick skin type II presenting with facial ephelides, while the second case featured a 49-year-old woman with Fitzpatrick skin type III diagnosed with solar lentigo. Both patients underwent 12 sessions from June 1 to August 1, 2023, using a red diode laser (660 nm) at a power density of 15.6 mW/cm2 and a dose of 5.6 J/cm2, applied for 6 min per session, with one pass per treatment area. \n\nThe results demonstrated a marked reduction in pigmentation intensity and lesion size, with no reported side effects or lesion recurrence during a 1-year follow-up. These results suggest that LLLT may serve as an effective and safe therapeutic modality for selected facial pigmentary disorders.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40832456/","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melanin",[660]],["Inhibitory Effect of 505 nm Green Light Emitting Diode on Melanin Synthesis in Cellular Experiments and a Human Intervention Study","505",4,"\"505 nm GLED irradiation reduced melanin production in melanogenesis-induced B16 mouse melanoma cells by suppressing the gene expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase. \n\nFurthermore, GLED irradiation also reduced melanin content in 3D skin models without affecting cell viability. \n\nFinally, a human intervention study demonstrated that GLED irradiation on human facial skin effectively decrease pigmentation. These findings suggest 505 nm GLED is a potential depigmentation strategy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40375536/","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melanin",[505]],["Photobiomodulation Using 830 nm Lighting-Emitting Diode Inhibits Melanogenesis via FOXO3a in Human Melanocyte","830",3,"\"Our results showed that 830 nm LED at fluences ranging from 5 to 20 J/cm2 inhibited melanosome maturation and reduced melanin content, tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis-related proteins. 830 nm LED inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream FOXO3a, leading to nuclear translocation of FOXO3a. Furthermore, FOXO3a knockdown and AKT activator like SC79 could reverse the melanogenesis inhibition phenotype induced by 830 nm LED. \n\nIn human ex vivo skin model, Fontana-Masson staining revealed a decrease in epidermal basal pigmentation after 830 nm LED irradiation. \n\nTaken together, 830 nm LED demonstrated the anti-melanogenic activity via FOXO3a.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39169669/","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melanin",[830]],["Effectiveness of Using the AOPT‐LTL Technique for the Treatment of Melasma: A Clinical Study","",4,"\"After the first course of treatment, 19 patients had a declined rate of MASI (MDR) >20%, and the effective rate was 76%. At the end of treatment, the MASI score and CEA score of all patients decreased significantly. Moreover, the MDR of all patients was >20%, and the effective rate of treatment was 100%.\"\n\nComment: The authors talk about photomodulation effects, but is the treatment closer to IPL than PBM?","https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13055887/","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melasma",[]],["The 675-nm wavelength for treating facial melasma","675",3,"\"Our research shows that individuals with Fitzpatrick phototypes II to III can treat facial melasma with the 675-nm laser source system without risk. Due to its interaction with melanin, collagen and haemoglobin chromophores, as well as its excellent capacity to penetrate tissues with less heating, this system is promising in the treatment of pigmentary and vascular illnesses such as melasma. The great success of the technology we used came from the reduced levels of inflammation produced after the treatments and the low energy level implied.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37632189/","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melasma",[675]],["590 nm LED Irradiation Improved Erythema through Inhibiting Angiogenesis of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Ameliorated Pigmentation in Melasma","590",3,"\"We previously demonstrated the yellow light of light-emitting diodes (LED) could inhibit melanogenesis through the photobiomodulation (PBM) of melanocytes and keratinocytes. In the current study, we investigated the effect of 590 nm LED on the function of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). \n\nWe revealed 0-40 J/cm2 590 nm LED had no toxic effect on HMEC-1 in vitro. 590 nm LED irradiation significantly reduced cell migration, tube formation, as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stem cell factor (SCF), a pro-melanogenic factor. \n\nMoreover, we illustrated that 590 nm LED inhibited the phosphorylation of the AKT/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, and the inhibitory effect on HMEC-1 could be partially reversed by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), an AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway agonist.\"\n\n\"Besides, we conducted a pilot clinical study and observed a marked improvement on facial erythema and pigmentation in melasma patients after amber LED phototherapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36552713/","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melasma",[590]],["The Management of Melasma on Skin Types V and VI Using Light Emitting Diode Treatment","633, 830",4,"\"Both subjective and objective results indicated a significant improvement of melasma. Statistical analyses revealed significant improvements in both groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30227084/","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melasma",[633,830]],["Dual Effect of Photobiomodulation on Melasma: Downregulation of Hyperpigmentation and Enhanced Solar Resistance-A Pilot Study.","940",4,"\"The pulsed photobiomodulation-treated side versus the control side showed statistically significant results for pigment reduction.\"\n\n\"This pilot study shows that dermal melasma can be significantly improved with pulsed photobiomodulation. Interestingly, it might also precondition the skin, helping it to build a resistance to future solar ultraviolet ray exposure.\"\n\nComment: The authors claim that the participants were not able to know which side was PBM-treated, so if this is true, the study is single-blinded.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29657669","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Melasma",[940]],["Red light emitting diode as an adjuvant treatment for epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors-induced paronychia","633",4,"\"The red light group showed significantly lower erythema, severity, and pain scores at weeks 4, 6, and 8. The elevation was significantly lower in the red light group at every follow-up visit.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33961534/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Nails",[633]],["Efficacy of Nd:YAG Laser 1064-nm in the Treatment of Onychomycosis","1064",4,"\"Fourteen (46.6%) cases showed excellent improvement, 6 (20%) cases showed good improvement, and 10 (33.3%) cases showed mild improvement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38978235/","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Onychomycosis",[1064]],["Combination of a triple wavelength (650 nm, 810 nm, and 915 nm) class IV laser system and local mechanical abrasion in the treatment of chronic toenail onychomycosis: an uncontrolled prospective pilot study","650, 810, 915",3,"\"Nine patients with 16 clinically involved nails were included in this study (median age: 55.6). Clinical improvement was noted in eight patients (89%) at the end of the treatment cycles. \n\nInitial positive cultures could be reduced from six (67%) to two (22%), P = 0.07, while histopathologic examination by PAS staining remained invariable positive in all patients (100%).\"\n\nComment: The 3 watts over 2 minutes should equal 360 joules, but authors claim the dose of 240 joules.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449880/","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Onychomycosis",[650,810,915]],["Treatment of onychomycosis using the 1 064 nm Nd:YAG laser: a clinical pilot study.","1064, 1064",3,"\"OSI-Scores decreased for 3.8 (15 %; p = 0.006), 4.8 (19 %; p = 0.0002) and 2.9 points (12 %; p = 0.04) within 3, 6 and 9 months. The positive culture rate at 9 months was significantly reduced to 35 % (p = 0.0003). Classification of severity of onychomycosis showed no change. The difference between the treatment regimens was not significant.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24628827","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Onychomycosis",[1064,1064]],["Clinical application of helium neon (632 nm) plus infrared diode laser GaAIAs (830 nm) and CO2laser in treatment of onychomycotic nails","633, 830",3,"\"It was concluded that low level laser therapy reduced pain, improved the healing time and had a lower recurrence rate.\"","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958259299905278#!","ScienceDirect",37,"Dermatology","Onychomycosis",[633,830]],["Orthopedic implant hypersensitivity: Characterization of clinical presentation and effects of photobiomodulation therapy","311, 808",3,"\"Seven patients (50%) had favorable outcome after PBMT and successfully withdrew from systemic steroid.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37261304/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Orthopedic implant sensitivity",[311,808]],["Is 640 nm high-fluence visible red light a valuable adjunct for treating pemphigus vegetans? A single case report.","640",3,"\"The cerebriform plaques improved quickly after the treatment of corticosteroid and 640 nm high-fluence visible red light.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32359024","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Pemphigus vegetans",[640]],["Could red and near-infrared emitting fabric technology improve the severity of psoriasis, polymorphous light eruption, and alopecia areata?","",3,"\"Three patients with psoriasis completed the study while two self-discontinued. The three patients who completed the study noted improvement and two had improvements in lesion redness, thickness, or scale, while one was clinically stable. \n\nThree patients with PMLE completed the study, and none had a disease flare during the study period.\n\nThree patients with AA completed the study: two reported disease improvement and all three had an improved SALT score.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37674258/","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Psoriasis",[]],["Prospective Randomized Long-Term Study on the Efficacy and Safety of UV-Free Blue Light for Treating Mild Psoriasis Vulgaris","453",5,"\"The primary endpoint, change from baseline (CfB) of the Local Psoriasis Severity Index, revealed a significant improvement of the target compared to the control plaques (ΔCfB for the HI group: -0.92 ± 1.10, p = 0.0005; for the LI group: -0.74 ± 1.18, p = 0.0064).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26044167/","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Psoriasis",[453]],["Efficacy of blue light vs. red light in the treatment of psoriasis: a double-blind, randomized comparative study.","420, 630",4,"\"Clinical improvement was seen after treatment with blue as well as after treatment with red light. With respect to scaling and induration, no major differences between both light sources were seen. Improvement of erythema, however, continued in blue light irradiated plaques throughout the whole study period, whereas after red light no significant improvement was seen after six illuminations.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435024","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Psoriasis",[420,630]],["Combination 830-nm and 633-nm light-emitting diode phototherapy shows promise in the treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis: preliminary findings.","633, 830",4,"\"Clearance rates at the end of the follow-up period ranged from 60% to 100%. Satisfaction was universally very high.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19764893","PubMed",37,"Dermatology","Psoriasis",[633,830]],["Photobiomodulation and Radio-Epithelitis in Anal Carcinoma: A Case-Report and Clinical Reflection on Emerging Preventive and Supportive Care Modalities","632",4,"\"We report the case of a 79-year-old woman treated for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal margin who developed grade 2 radiation-induced epithelitis during chemoradiotherapy, refractory to conventional topical treatments. \n\nRed-light photobiomodulation therapy (RL-PBMT, 632 nm, 67 mW/cm2, 15 min per session) was initiated as supportive care. \n\nThe patient experienced rapid and clinically meaningful pain reduction from the first session, followed by progressive epithelial healing over four sessions. Notably, two additional RL-PBMT sessions administered prior to a second radiotherapy cycle were associated with the complete absence of further skin toxicity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41626087/","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[632]],["Blue LED photobiomodulation in the prevention of radiodermatitis in breast cancer survivors: a clinical trial","470",4,"\"The RD occurrence was 28% lower (p = 0.039) in the intervention group (n = 11) compared to the CG (n = 19). Dermatological quality of life presents a moderate reduction over time only in the patients in the CG (p = 0.005). This worsening is attributed to increases in the DLQI scores for symptoms and feelings (p = 0.003), daily activities (p = 0.003), and treatment (p = 0.005).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41454020/","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[470]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention and treatment of acute radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer: A case series","660, 808",3,"\"Of the medical records eligible for the study, three were discarded because the patients did not undergo PBMT. These three evolved to grade III radiodermatitis and radiotherapy treatment was interrupted. \n\nAmong sample receiving photobiomodulation therapy during radiotherapy treatment, 50 % developed radiodermatitis. 25 % presented grade I radiodermatitis and 25 % developed grade III radiodermatitis. However, only 1 % of the sample had its radiotherapy treatment interrupted due to radiodermatitis.\"","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666469023000611","ScienceDirect",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[660,808]],["Photobiomodulation as a treatment for dermatitis caused by chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell anal carcinoma: case report and literature review","",4,"\"We present a case report of the successful use of PBM for the treatment of dermatitis in the anal area in a patient with SCAC treated with concomitant chemoradiation with curative intent and follow with a literature review of the recent advances and possibilities of the use of PBM as a promising strategy. \n\nPBM therapy proved to be efficient in the radiodermatitis treatment, both in relieving the symptoms and controlling dermatitis, in addition to improving the patient's quality of life.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not mentioned.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35255933/","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients undergoing hypofractioned whole-breast irradiation (LABRA trial)","808, 905",3,"\"At week 3 of RT, one patient presented a grade 2 and one patient a grade 3 skin reaction in the control group, while in the PBM group, all patients still presented grade 1 ARD. At the final RT session 28% of the patients presenting grade 2-3 ARD, while in the PBM group 10% presented grade 2 and no grade 3 ARD. PBM reduced the incidence of severe ARD by 18%. However, the difference was not significant (p = 0.053).\"\n\n\"Based on the LABRA trial results, PBM seems not able to reduce the incidence of severe ARD in breast cancer patients undergoing HF-WBI. Research in a larger patient population is recommended.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34481420/","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[808,905]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients (DERMISHEAD trial)","808, 905",5,"\"PBMT significantly reduced NCI-CTCAE grade 2-3 ARD with 49% at the end of RT.\"\n\n\"The results of the first RCT in HNC patients showed that PBMT is an effective method to prevent the development of severe ARD. These results support the implementation of PBM in theclinical oncology - radiotherapy practice.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33711412/","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[808,905]],["Feasibility of photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of radiodermatitis: a single-institution pilot study.","590, 830",3,"\"There was no significant side effect of PBM therapy. Thirteen (39%) patients showed wet desquamation (CTCAE grade 2b or higher). Only three (9%) of them showed grade 3 toxicity, which is a favorable result compared with previous studies.\n\nThis pilot study showed that PBM therapy is safe and feasible in the clinic, and it might reduce the severity of radiodermatitis. A randomized trial should be warranted to prove the efficacy of PBM therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31811498","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[590,830]],["Treating Acute Cervical Radiodermatitis with Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Report of Two Cases.","660",4,"\"The PBMT made possible an expressive improvement in the healing process and reduction of painful symptoms associated with RD.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603732","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[660]],["Application of red light phototherapy in the treatment of radioactive dermatitis in patients with head and neck cancer.","",5,"\"In terms of the reaction degree of RD, experimental group was mainly grade 0-2, and control group was mainly grade 2-3, with a significant difference (P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"The application of [red light phototherapy] in the treatment of RD can help accelerate wound healing and significantly shorten healing time. It can not only reduce wounds pain of patients, promote inflammation and ulcer healing, but also ensure the smooth progress of patients' radiotherapy and improve their quality of lives, which is worth popularization and application in the clinical practice.\"\n\nComment: The authors did not report the treatment parameters.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30419911","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[]],["Biophysical skin measurements to evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy in the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients.","808, 905",5,"\"The incidence of moist desquamation was significantly higher in the control than in the PBMT group at the end of RT (30 vs. 7%, respectively, odds ratio = 6, p = 0.004). The biophysical skin measures showed that the mean percentage change from the baseline transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, and melanin values was significantly higher in the control than in the PBMT group at the end of RT (ps < 0.05).\"\n\n\"This is the first randomized controlled trial demonstrating by objective measurements that PBMT is effective in reducing the incidence of moist desquamation in breast cancer patients undergoing RT.\"\n\nComment: This is a secondary analysis of the other Robijns et al paper (Lasers Surg Med 2018)","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30270415","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[808,905]],["Prevention of acute radiodermatitis by photobiomodulation: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in breast cancer patients (TRANSDERMIS trial).","808, 905",5,"\"At a RT dose of 40 Gy, there was no significant difference between the groups in the distribution of RTOG grades. However, at the end of RT the severity of the skin reactions significantly differed between the two groups (P = 0.004), with a larger percentage of patients experiencing RTOG grade 2 or higher (e.g., moist desquamation) in the placebo group (30% vs. 6.7%, for the placebo and laser group, resp.). The objective RISRAS score confirmed these results. In addition, the Skindex-16 and RISRAS subjective score demonstrated that the patients' quality of life was significantly better in the LT than in the control group.\"\n\n\"The results of this trial show that PBMT is an effective tool to prevent the development of grade 2 acute RD or higher in BC patients. In addition, it also reduces the patients' symptoms related to RD.\"\n\nComment: To me, the differences regarding quality of life seems a bit hard to compare, because the situation was a bit worse in the LLLT group in the 40 Gy phase, and therefore the improvement could theoretically be explained by \"regression to the mean\"...","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29427390","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[808,905]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for the management of radiation-induced dermatitis : A single-institution experience of adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients after breast conserving surgery.","660, 805",4,"\"In the PBM group, 22 patients (88%) presented grade 1 and 3 (12%) grade 2 RD. In the control group, 25 patients (55.6%) developed grade 1 reactions, 18 patients (40%) grade 2, and 2 (4.4%) patients grade 3 RD.\"\n\n\"Concerning pain intensity, 15 patients (60%) of the PBM treatment arm reported no pain, 5 patients (20%) VAS 2, and 5 (20%) VAS 3. In the control group, 13 patients (28.9%) reported no pain, 2 (4.4%) VAS 1, 7 (15.6%) VAS 2, 9 patients (20%) reported VAS 3, 12 (26.7%) patients VAS 4, and 2 (4.4%) patients VAS 5.\"\n\n\"PBM-LED therapy applied prior to RT might be effective in decreasing the incidence and sequelae of radiation-induced skin toxicity in breast cancer patients treated with breast-conserving surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28243723","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[660,805]],["Photobiomodulation for the management of radiation dermatitis: the DERMIS trial, a pilot study of MLS(®) laser therapy in breast cancer patients.","905, 808",4,"\"Skin toxicity was equivalent between the groups before the start of LT but significantly differed at the end of radiotherapy, with an aggravation in the control but not in the LT group (e.g., 29 versus 3 % of RTOG grade 2 RD, respectively, P < 0.005).\n\nWe found no significant group differences with respect to quality of life. However, the RISRAS subjective score decreased in the LT group only, implying a decreased impact of RD on patients' quality of life. Finally, patients' ratings were significantly higher for LT than for standard care.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116013","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[905,808]],["Treatment of radiation-induced dermatitis with light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation.","590",5,"\"In LED-treated patients, 18 (94.7%) had grade 0 or 1 reaction and 1 (5.3%) had grade 2 reaction. Among controls, 4 (14.3%) had a grade 1 reaction, 24 (85.7%) had a grade 2 or 3 reaction. One LED-treated patient (5.3%) and 19 controls (67.9%) had to interrupt treatment.\"\n\nNote: Results are very interesting, but parameters are poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311276","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[590]],["Increased dermal angiogenesis after low-intensity laser therapy for a chronic radiation ulcer determined by a video measuring system.","633",4,"\"We describe a patient with a long-lasting radiotherapy-induced ulcer that healed after low-intensity laser therapy. A video measuring system was used to determine the number of dermal vessels in the ulcer before and after laser treatment. We found a statistically significant increase in the number of dermal vessels after low-intensity laser therapy in both the central and marginal parts of the ulcer compared with its pretreatment status.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071324","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation dermatitis",[633]],["Low intensity laser irradiation in the treatment of recalcitrant radiation ulcers in patients with breast cancer--long-term results of 3 cases.","633",4,"\"In all patients, complete wound closure was achieved within a period of 7, 5, and 8 weeks. One patient died 6 weeks after laser treatment due to tumor cachexia. Neither of the other patients showed recurrence of radiation ulcers or neoplasm during a follow-up of 36 months. \n\nLow intensity helium-neon laser irradiation has been shown to be effective in the induction of wound healing in radiotherapy-induced ulcers in three patients with breast cancer.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10721863","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation ulcers",[633]],["Phototherapy with low intensity laser irradiation for a chronic radiation ulcer in a patient with lupus erythematosus and diabetes mellitus.","633",4,"\"Twenty-three days after starting low intensity laser irradiation the ulcer had healed completely.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9415264","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation ulcers",[633]],["Successful treatment of a persistent radiation ulcer by low power laser therapy.","633",4,"\"After 20 sessions and 10 weeks the ulcer had healed completely, showing only minimal scarring\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9344208","PubMed",36,"Dermatology","Radiation ulcers",[633]],["Efficacy and Tolerance of Oral Minocycline Combined with Photobiomodulation Therapy for Rosacea: An Evaluator-blinded Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial","",4,"(Full text not accessed)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36825933/","PubMed",55,"Dermatology","Rosacea",[]],["Biophotonic Therapy with Fluorescent Light Energy Decreases Facial Erythema, Improves Signs and Symptoms of Rosacea, and Increases Patient Satisfaction: A Postmarket Study","",4,"\"FLE significantly reduced the inflammatory erythematous reaction of the face, improved flushing and erythema associated with rosacea, and had a positive impact on patients' self-perception and emotional wellbeing.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34840644/","PubMed",55,"Dermatology","Rosacea",[]],["Coupled blue and red light-emitting diodes therapy efficacy in patients with rosacea: two case reports","480, 650",4,"\"In the present work, we reported the efficacy and safety of light-emitting diodes therapy combining blue (480 nm) and red (650 nm) light for the treatment of two patients with papulopustular rosacea: a 22-year-old Caucasian woman and a 68-year-old Caucasian man.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31992343/","PubMed",55,"Dermatology","Rosacea",[480,650]],["Fluorescent light energy: Treating rosacea subtypes 1, 2, and 3","415, 447",4,"\"In all cases, there was an overall reduction in inflammation and erythema (Figures ​(Figures22‐4 and Table ​Table1).1).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30564333/","PubMed",55,"Dermatology","Rosacea",[415,447]],["A photoconverter gel-assisted blue light therapy for the treatment of rosacea","447",4,"\"Shown is one representative case of a 62-year-old woman with papulopustular rosacea. Treatments with topical metronidazole- and ivermectin-containing ointments did not lead to a satisfying control of the papulopustular inflammation within the T zone (Fig. 1a). \n\nWe applied the photoconverter chromophore gel (...) on the patient’s face and subsequently treated with a blue light-emitting multi LED-lamp (447 nm) for nine minutes (...)  treatment was repeated four times once weekly (...) After 5 weeks, the patient showed a marked reduction of the inflammatory reaction and an overall improvement of the large-pored skin type\"\n\nComment: According to a website on Kleresca® Acne Treatment, the gel emits 510-610 nm light.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28884800/","PubMed",55,"Dermatology","Rosacea",[447]],["A Study on the Efficacy of Drug-Mediated Moist Wound Healing Combined With Phototherapy in the Management of Facial Abrasion Scars","630",4,"\"The results showed that the combined treatment group demonstrated significant advantages in promoting wound healing (t = 2.65; P < 0.05), improving scar appearance (t = 4.59, 7.48; P < 0.05), and enhancing patient satisfaction (t = 4.07, 6.87, 4.43; P < 0.05) compared to the control group.\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that the combination of drug-moist wound healing and photoelectric therapy is a promising therapeutic approach for the management of facial abrasion scars. It can significantly shorten the wound healing time, improve scar appearance, and enhance patient satisfaction.\"\n\nComment: According to the full text, some patients also received PDL for erythema...","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41487829/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[630]],["Scar improvement after abdominoplasty via fluorescent light energy therapy as an adjunct to the standard of care: a post-market observational investigation of POSAS data","",4,"\"Observational POSAS data evaluation reveals to be a valid tool, suggesting that LumiHeal FLE treatment was an effective adjunctive treatment to the SoC on 27 patients in a real-life setting as an Italian clinic for postoperative scar management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41342905/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for enhanced wound and Scar healing: visual and statistical evaluation","660",4,"\"Statistical analysis showed significant improvements in scar color, size, and patient satisfaction across all groups (p < 0.01). Recent scars responded most favorably in terms of appearance and contour. No adverse effects or complications were reported during the study.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40802060/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[660]],["Photobiomodulation for modulation of neuropathic pain and improvement of scar tissue","660, 825, 840",4,"\"The final result of this patient's treatment was significant flattening and decreased redness of her scar. Her self-reported pain decreased to a 6/10. At the one year follow up, the patient reported that she stopped taking her opioids, antidepressant and sleeping pills and that her pain decreased to a 4/10. At the last review her pain score was 1/10; and she had returned to work and took Tylenol (acetaminophen) occasionally for breakthrough pain.\"\n\n\"We attribute the patient's improvement in scar appearance and pain symptoms to PBMT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36310679/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[660,825,840]],["Photobiomodulation therapy with an 830-nm light-emitting diode for the prevention of thyroidectomy scars: a randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled clinical trial","830",3,"\"The treatment group showed significantly higher patient satisfaction and GAS scores and lower NRS and VSS scores than the control group at 6 months. Improvements in color variation, height, pigmentation, and vascularity at 6 months were greater in the treatment group than in the control group, although the differences were not significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045183/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[830]],["Light emitting diode-red light for reduction of post-surgical scarring: Results from a dose-ranging, split-face, randomized controlled trial","633",3,"\"There were no significant differences in scar pliability between treated and control scars. At certain fluences, treated scars showed greater improvements in observer rating and scar pliability, reflected by greater reductions in induration, from baseline to 6 months compared to control scars. Treatment-site adverse events included blistering (n=2) and swelling (n=1), which were mild and resolved without sequelae.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33788987/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[633]],["Evaluating the Effect of Low Power Diode Laser 806 nm on the Healing of Unilateral Cleft Lip Scar: An Open-Label Comparative Study","806",4,"\"The median pigmentation score was significantly lower in the laser group (median = 1; IQR = 1-2) than the control group (median 2; IQR 1-3), with p-value of <0.001 (...)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34786978/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[806]],["Effect of orange polarized light on post burn pediatric scar: a single blind randomized clinical trial","",5,"\"All participated children were analyzed. Comparison of post treatment results between groups revealed significant improvement of post burn scar for both groups with significant difference in favor to the study group.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/30/10/30_jpts-2018-207/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[]],["Evaluation of scars in children after treatment with low-level laser.","633",4,"\"Significant improvement was reported in the studied area, compared to the control area for patients with P values (P = 0.003) and (P = 0.005), for VSS and U/S scores, respectively. No differences were detected for blood perfusion of the scar between both areas (P = 0.73). In addition, no adverse effects were reported. \n\nPhotobiomodulation (PBM) is an efficient and safe therapeutic modality for post-burn hypertrophic scars in children, with no side effects, and should be considered a part of combination therapy for better results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29974280","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[633]],["Photobiomodulation effect on children's scars.","905",4,"\"Significant improvement was reported in the studied area compared to the control area for patients with P values (P = 0.005) and (P = 0.0001) for VSS and U/S scores, respectively. No difference was detected for blood perfusion to the scar between both areas (P = 0.18). In addition, no adverse effect was reported.\n\nPhotobiomodulation is an efficient and safe therapeutic modality for post-burn hypertrophic scars in children and should be considered a part of combination therapy for better results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29177979","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[905]],["Prevention of Thyroidectomy Scars in Asian Adults With Low-Level Light Therapy.","590, 830",3,"\"The average VSS and GAS scores were lower in the treatment group, whereas the subjective score was not significantly different.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981718","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[590,830]],["Comparison of quality of facial scars after single low-level laser therapy and combined low-level with high-level (PDL 595 nm) laser therapy.","595, 670",5,"\"A statistically significant improvement in scars (between ratings before treatment and 4 weeks after therapy, before treatment and 8 weeks after therapy and before treatment and 12 weeks after therapy) was observed in all parameters in both treatment groups (p < 0.0001).\n\nFor the HLLT+LLLT group the most significant enhancement in the quality of scars was found for all items and at all evaluations, except pigmentation and pliability. \n\nThere was no improvement observed in quality of facial scars in the control group.\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26031491","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[595,670]],["Depressed Facial Scars Successfully Treated with Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma and Light-Emitting Diode Phototherapy at 830 nm","830",4,"\"After autologous PRP injection, the lesion was illuminated with an LED at 830 nm (Smartlux™; Medmix, Seoul, Korea; light dose 72 J/cm2) for 20 minutes. The treatment caused a substantial improvement of the lesion and symptoms, with good cosmetic results (Fig. 1B).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24966653/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[830]],["Prophylactic low-level light therapy for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a case series.","805",5,"\"Significant improvements on the NIR-treated versus the control scar were seen in all efficacy measures. No significant treatment-related adverse effects were reported.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662038","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[805]],["Low Level Laser Therapy--a conservative approach to the burn scar?","670",4,"\"Seventeen out of 19 scars exhibited an improvement after treatment. The average rating on the VSS decreased from 7.10+/-2.13 to 4.68+/-2.05 points in the treated areas, whereas the VSS in the control areas decreased from 6.10+/-2.86 to 5.88+/-2.72. A correlation between scar duration and improvement through LLLT could be found. No negative effects of LLLT were reported. \n\nThe present study shows that the 400 mW 670 nm softlaser has a positive, yet sometimes limited effect on burn scars concerning macroscopic appearance, pruritus, and pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15145195","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[670]],["Application of 830 nm diode laser lllt as successful adjunctive therapy of hypertrophic scars and keloids","830, 1064",4,"\"As LLLT has been shown clinically and in scientific studies to have a regulatory effect on all of the above factors, a good therapeutic effect was anticipated from low reactive-level laser therapy applied to keloids and hypertrophic scars. Both the defocused Nd:YAG (1064 nm, 4 W, c/w, noncontact method) and the GaAlAs diode laser (830 nm, 60 mW c/w, contact and noncontact) have been used, with or without other laser or conventional surgery and conservative treatment modalities, with consistently good results.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/4/4_92-OR-18/_article","J-STAGE",71,"Dermatology","Scars (clinical)",[830,1064]],["Light-emitting Diode Light Therapy for Facial Seborrhoeic Dermatitis: A Case Report","",4,"\"The patient showed clinical improvement in relation to pruritus, scaling, pigmentation, texture of the skin, and sebum secretion. Also, he showed a 50% improvement after the first treatment [Figures 1–3] and he had three sessions of LED-LT. At the end of the third session, the patient was almost completely better and he was maintained on topical emollients and sunscreens.\"\n\nComment: Parameters and other relevant details insufficiently reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34566371/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Seborrheic dermatitis",[]],["Efficacy and Safety of 590 Nm and 590/630 Nm Light-Emitting Diode Therapy for Sensitive Skin: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","590, 590, 630",5,"\"Both LED treatment groups showed significant improvements in SS-10 scores compared to the control (p = 0.0025 and p < 0.0001). The 590 nm LED yellow light treatment markedly reduced EI (p = 0.0282), MI (p = 0.0109), TEWL (p = 0.0479) and showed superior improvements in LAST (p = 0.0013) compared with control, while 590/630 nm LED irradiation reduced lactic acid sting scores significantly compared with control (p = 0.0239).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41947316/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Sensitive skin",[590,590,630]],["Efficacy and Tolerability of Phototherapy With Light-Emitting Diodes for Sensitive Skin: A Pilot Study.","630",4,"\"The mean [sensitive skin] scores were 54.7 at inclusion, 14.4 at the last session and 13.9 2 months after the last session, suggesting that the benefits persist for a few weeks\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32118019","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Sensitive skin",[630]],["In vivo and in vitro analysis of low level light therapy: a useful therapeutic approach for sensitive skin","",4,"\"Twenty-eight patients complaining of sensitive skin were treated with low-level polarized light, and clinical results were evaluated using subjective and objective method (...) \n\nThe average number of LLLT sessions required to achieve clinical improvement was 9.9, and cumulative dose of LLLT was 71.3 J/cm2 on the average. Erythema index decreased significantly after LLLT treatment (p = 0.017). \n\nIn vitro assay showed that LLLT significantly reduced the release of VEGF from SLS-pretreated keratinocytes (p = 0.021). \n\nOur results suggest that LLLT could be a useful and safe treatment modality for sensitive skin, and modification of inflammatory cytokines released from irritated keratinocytes may be considered as one of plausible mechanisms in sensitive skin treated with LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23397274","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Sensitive skin",[]],["Effects of red light on inflammation and skin barrier recovery following acute perturbation. Pilot study results in healthy human subjects.","656",2,"\"Firstly, red light at low fluence (3.6 J/cm 2 ) decreased the redness induced by histamine iontophoresis at 30 minutes after stimulus, in line with the use of red light in accelerating the resolution of erythema following skin rejuventation treatments ( 5). This effect was not observed with red light at higher fluence (30 J/cm 2 ) , possibly because of the greater increase in skin temperature leading to increased skin blood flow.\"\n\n\"Secondly, red light at both 3.6 J/cm 2 and 30 J/cm 2 had no effect on the recovery of the skin barrier function following tape stripping. This is in contrast with previous data which showed a stimulatory effect of red light ( 2, 8, 9). Enhanced skin barrier recovery might have been obtained with repeated irradiations instead of a single irradiation\"\n\n\"Lastly, red light did not influence the release of IL -1α, IL -1RA or hBD - 1, at least with the irradiation parameters used in this study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30520139","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin inflammation (due to skin perturbation)",[656]],["An experimental study of the changes in pigmentation in human skin in vivo with visible and near infrared light.","",3,"\"The generation of a photoproduct was observed and measured as changes in the remitted intensity within 600 s (10 min) of the start of irradiation.\n\nThe photoproduct formed was characterized by a weak absorption in the blue part of the spectrum (400–450 nm), leading to a bluish appearance in the irradiated area only. The color change appears as a two step process. It starts with a “soluble” photoproduct, which disappears, within 24 h after irradiation, and an “insoluble” photoproduct which appears with irradiation greater than 3 ×103 s (50 min). No spectral differences were detected between the two photoproducts. The “insoluble” photoproduct persists for periods of up to 8 weeks. The color change in the skin is immediate and there is no erythema associated with this color change.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6739557","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Skin pigmentation",[]],["Clinical Application of a New Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode with Broader Spectrum for Skin Rejuvenation and Hair Growth Enhancement","",4,"\"Skin rejuvenation showed significant improvements, with wrinkles decreasing by up to 27.22% and skin texture, elasticity, moisture, and density also improving. \n\nHair growth evaluation indicated a 1.33% increase in hair count by 20 weeks, with high participant satisfaction and no adverse reactions reported.\"\n\nComment: The energy densities (fluence) were calculated based on the reported total doses over the study period and the number of treatments (5 times a week for 12 weeks).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41366107/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[]],["Efficacy and safety of 570/590 Nm yellow light combined with red light and infrared LED in treating facial skin photoaging: A Single-Center, randomized Controlled, exploratory study","570, 620, 850, 590, 620, 850",4,"\"The 570 nm yellow composite LED treatment showed more significant effects on both facial wrinkles and brown spots.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41091280/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[570,620,850,590,620,850]],["Role of photobiomodulation application frequency in facial rejuvenation: randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial","660",5,"\"In the ImageJ assessment, significant reductions were found in the length of the glabellar and right periorbital wrinkles in the groups treated with photobiomodulation compared to the control group (p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"The quantity of PBM sessions did not significantly alter the positive results achieved in terms of the satisfaction of the participants with their facial esthetics or the photographic assessments performed 30 days after treatment. Thus, two weekly sessions seem to be sufficient for improving patient satisfaction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40167796/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[660]],["Clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of home-used LED and IRED mask for crow's feet: A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","630, 850",5,"\"After using the LED mask for 16 weeks, the CFGS score of the independent raters and investigators showed significant differences at 8, 12, and 16 weeks. \n\nIn addition, considering the success criteria of this study, a comparison of independent raters showed an improvement rate of ≥69.2% (full analysis set [FAS]: 86.2%, per-protocol set [PPS]: 89.3%) and a difference of ≥49.2% from the control group (FAS: 69.5%, PPS: 72.6%). \n\nThe change in scores from the baseline showed significant differences between the test group and the control groups at 8, 12, and 16 weeks for both independent raters and investigators.\"\n\nComment: Sham group received 630nm at 10% intensity.\n\nComment: Inadequate reporting of parameters.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39960921/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[630,850]],["Outstanding user reported satisfaction for light emitting diodes under-eye rejuvenation","633, 830",2,"\"Photographic digital analysis indicated an improvement in under-eye wrinkles at six weeks compared to baseline, with a reduction in wrinkle score from 20.05 to 19.72. However, this finding was not statistically significant.\"\n\nComment: The authors seem to describe the findings as very positive, although there was no objective benefit.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39133416/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[633,830]],["Clinical Validation of Face-Fit Surface-Lighting Micro Light-Emitting Diode Mask for Skin Anti-Aging Treatment","627",5,"\"Here, a cosmetically effective face-fit surface-lighting µLED mask for skin anti-aging is introduced. The face-conformable mask enables deep tissue treatment through proximal light irradiation, with a 3D origami structure capable of adapting to complex facial contours with closed adherence. A blister-assisted laser transfer achieves rapid and accurate µLEDs transfer at a high throughput of 50 chips per second, facilitating a mass-producible and large-area process.\"\n\n\"After 8 weeks of treatment, the test group showed a 23.67% increase in the change rate of deep skin elasticity at the perioral area, which was 340% higher than that of the control group.\"\n\n\"The wrinkle reduction rate for the test was ≈10.9%, while the control group achieved a reduction of ≈4% after 8 weeks of treatment, indicating an outstanding benefit of up to 270%\"\n\n\"The test group achieved a greater increase of ≈28.8% in skin density, while the control group showed only a ≈12.3% increase, making a remarkable difference of up to 230%\"\n\nComment: The control group parameters were not described neither in the full text nor in the supplementary information?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39439130/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[627]],["Low-level laser therapy for skin rejuvenation: A safe and effective solution baked by data and visual evidence","660",4,"\"Our study revealed that the use of a low-energy laser with a wavelength of 660 nm within 12 sessions represents a safe and effective treatment for pigmentation and improves the appearance of the skin in general.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38817003/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[660]],["Efficacy and safety of a home-use handheld multi-energy-based device for skin rejuvenation: clinical, ex vivo, and histological studies","630",5,"\"Parameters associated with skin aging including skin hydration, elasticity, roughness, skin pore size, and eye wrinkle volume showed significant improvements after 8 weeks of the device use, relative to baseline measurements and the control side. No adverse effects were observed during the follow-up period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38236440/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[630]],["Reverse skin aging signs by red light photobiomodulation","630",4,"\"The efficacy results measured after 1, 2, and 3 months of use are progressive and confirm the interest of LED photobiomodulation to reverse the visible signs of skin aging. All the volunteers observed an overall improvement in skin quality.\"\n\nResults (examples): Gradual 38.3% decrease of wrinkle depth in 84 days, 18.4% increase in skin elasticity, and 47.7% increase in dermis density, 70.3% decrease in sebum rate. A dozen different outcomes reported.\n\nComment: According to Table 1, the power output seems quite high","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37522497/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[630]],["Male facial rejuvenation using a combination 633, 830, and 1072 nm LED face mask","633, 830, 1072",4,"\"The participants reported overall favorable results and improvements in all individual categories, were satisfied with the treatment, and would recommend the product to others. The participants perceived the greatest improvement in fine lines and wrinkles, skin texture, and youthful appearance. Photographic digital analysis demonstrated favorable improvements in wrinkles, UV spots, brown spots, pores, and porphyrins.\"\n\nComment: The relevant dose parameters were not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37418018/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[633,830,1072]],["Photobiomodulation Reduces Periocular Wrinkle Volume by 30%: A Randomized Controlled Trial","590, 660",4,"\"There was a significant reduction in wrinkle volume after red (31.6%) and amber (29.9%) PBM. None of the treatments improved skin hydration and viscoelasticity. Both questionnaires showed improvements in participants' quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780572/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[590,660]],["Safety and efficacy of a novel home-use device for light-potentiated (LED) skin treatment","440, 660, 780",4,"\"After in vitro and ex vivo investigations, a clinical study assessed the safety and efficacy of a daily treatment with the home-use device for 28 days. A significant increases in skin density and radiance while reducing the wrinkles was obtained with no side effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32949447/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[440,660,780]],["Synergistic effects of using novel home-use 660- and 850-nm light-emitting diode mask in combination with hyaluronic acid ampoule on photoaged Asian skin: A prospective, controlled study","660, 850",4,"\"Group A showed a significantly faster and higher rate of improvement than Group B.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32716115/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[660,850]],["Efficacy of Home-Use Light-Emitting Diode Device at 637 and 854-nm for Facial Rejuvenation: A Split-Face Pilot Study","637, 854",3,"\"All 24 subjects completed the study and attended all follow-up. Skin elasticity was significantly higher in the LED group compared to the control during the 6- and 8-week follow-up (p < 0.05). In the LED group, an image of the treated skin captured using Visioscan® showed improvement of the skin texture at 8-week follow-up. \n\nMajority of the subjects in the LED group scored good improvement on all follow-ups (37.5%, 41.7%, 58.3% and 62.5%) when compared to the baseline. No adverse reactions or pain were recorded in the study.\"\n\nComment: Only 2 of the 10 statistical intergroup tests showed significant difference. without correction for multiple testing (eg. Bonferroni).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32649063/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[637,854]],["The Efficacy and Safety of 660 nm and 411 to 777 nm Light-Emitting Devices for Treating Wrinkles","660",3,"\"In both groups treated with red and white LEDs, the wrinkle measurement from skin replica improved significantly from baseline at Week 12. The red LED group showed slightly better improvement, but there were no statistical differences. \n\nIn assessments by blinded dermatologists, no significant differences were observed in both groups. \n\nIn the global assessment of the subjects, the mean improvement score of the red LED group was higher than that of the white LED group.\"\n\nComment: The control group may have also received PBM effects from the broadband white light.\n\nComment: Some parts of full text say the dose was 5.17 J, and some say it was 5.17 J/cm2 (which is probably more likely).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28195844/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[660]],["A prospective study of the safety and efficacy of a combined bipolar radiofrequency, intense pulsed light, and infrared diode laser treatment for global facial photoaging.","915",4,"\"There was a statistically significant improvement in all five aspects of the comprehensive grading scale. Overall, it had excellent efficacy for improving erythema, telangiectasias, and skin texture. It also had a relatively long effect on improving skin laxity; however, it had only a limited ability to improve rhytides and dyschromia. It can mildly to moderately improve the global photoaging. This global effect can be noted 1 month after treatment and becomes most clinically apparent 3 months after treatment. This is maintained at least 6 months after treatment. MI index and SC and D values increased while EI index and TEWL values decreased after the treatment. The subjects' self-assessment improved by 2.7 ± 1.2 points. The overall satisfaction rate was 88%. The degree of pain measured 2.5 ± 1.9 points on average. There was no downtime and no severe side effects reported. The sequential implementation of bipolar radiofrequency based optical combination devices (IPL, IR, diode laser) is effective and safe for global facial photoaging.\"\n\nComment: The authors claim the light energy units are J/nm2 (joules per square nanometers) which is implausible.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28434049","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[915]],["Effects of radiofrequency, electroacupuncture, and low-level laser therapy on the wrinkles and moisture content of the forehead, eyes, and cheek.","635",4,"\"The application of LLLT, EA, and RF had positive effects on wrinkle and moisture content of adult women's faces.\"\n\nComment: Parameters insufficiently reported","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265160","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[635]],["Safety, efficacy, and usage compliance of home-use device utilizing RF and light energies for treating periorbital wrinkles","",4,"\"A blinded, independent photographs assessment of three dermatologists demonstrated an average reduction of 1.49 Fitzpatrick scores (P < 0.001).\"\n\n\"The Silk'n Home Skin Tightening (HST) device offers a safe and effective in-home noninvasive technique to improve the appearance of age-related periorbital wrinkles.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not mentioned. Dose parameters inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27910259/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[]],["A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase.","",5,"\"The treated subjects experienced significantly improved skin complexion and skin feeling, profilometrically assessed skin roughness, and ultrasonographically measured collagen density. The blinded clinical evaluation of photographs confirmed significant improvement in the intervention groups compared with the control.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286286","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[]],["Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Home-Use Device with Diode Arrays and Contact Heating for Facial Skin Rejuvenation","645",4,"\"The results show that as time elapses, there is a gradual improvement in all lesions. At 3 months follow-up, 94% and 98% of patients were evaluated as having excellent or considerable improvement in wrinkling and skin texture, respectively. Improvement of pigmentation was less apparent and was recorded after 3 months as 45% of patients having excellent or considerable improvement. There were no non-responders, and 5% of patients showed poor results only for pigmentation.\"\n\nComment: Journal not indexed in PubMed. The published SCIRP is considered predatory so the article's scientific value may be questioned. Also, the parameters are not mentioned in the text, but according to online information, it seems the wavelength is 645 nm.","https://www.scirp.org/html/2-1050030_8844.htm","SCIRP",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[645]],["Regulation of skin collagen metabolism in vitro using a pulsed 660 nm LED light source: clinical correlation with a single-blinded study.","660",4,"\"Results yielded a mean percent difference between LED-treated and non-LED-treated HRS of 31% in levels of type-1 procollagen and of -18% in MMP-1. No histological changes were observed.\n\nFurthermore, profilometry quantification revealed that more than 90% of individuals showed a reduction in rhytid depth and surface roughness, and, via a blinded clinical assessment, that 87% experienced a reduction in the Fitzpatrick wrinkling severity score after 12 LED treatments.\"\n\nStar: Interesting and quite extensive paper.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587693","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[660]],["Mirror, mirror on the wall: placebo effects that exist only in the eye of the beholder","588",2,"\"Patients reported robust and statistically significant improvements in seven facial features at the conclusion of the 8-week treatment regimen as well as at 1-month follow-up (for all comparisons, P </= 0.003, median d = 1.14). \n\nIn sharp contrast, both the treating doctor and blinded, expert raters were unable to detect any improvement whatsoever (for all comparisons, P > 0.05).\"\n\nComment: This study seems to have the same patient data as the Boulos 2009 paper.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19335487/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[588]],["In the eye of the beholder--skin rejuvenation using a light-emitting diode photomodulation device.","588",2,"\"Although subjective findings are comparable between studies, we were unable to reproduce the objective results of efficacy previously reported. Patients genuinely believed that several of their facial features had improved, even though there was no detectable objective change. Our data therefore suggest that the LED photomodulation treatment from the device tested is a placebo.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215260","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[588]],["Green tea and red light--a powerful duo in skin rejuvenation.","670",3,"\"Rejuvenated skin, reduced wrinkle levels, and juvenile complexion, previously realized in 10 months of light treatment alone were realized in 1 month.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19817517","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[670]],["A study to determine the efficacy of a novel handheld light-emitting diode device in the treatment of photoaged skin.","633, 830",4,"\"Seventy-four percent of the subjects reported a visible improvement in fine lines and wrinkles at 8 weeks posttreatment. Combination red and near-infrared LED therapy delivered from a small portable handheld unit represents an effective and acceptable method of photo rejuvenation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19146602","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[633,830]],["A self-reported clinical trial investigates the efficacy of 1072 nm light as an anti-ageing agent.","1072",4,"\"Between 52% and 57% of volunteers were able to accurately identify an improvement in the fine lines and wrinkles of the treated areas of skin. Fewer volunteers, between 37% and 46%, observed an improvement in the bags under the treated eye or eyes, albeit with an emphatic statistical significance.\"\n\n\"Regular application of a non-thermal quantity of 1072nm light around the eyes demonstrated efficacy as an anti-ageing agent.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were not reported.\n\nComment: According to abstract, duration was 6-8 weeks and according to full text, it was 8-10 weeks","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17852628","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[1072]],["Clinical experience with 630 nm light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation for sun-induced aging or environmentally damaged skin","630",4,"\"Two independent observers assessed the photographs and the data. Results showed the improvement of signs of sun-induced aging or environmental damaged skin. No side effects were noted.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/16/3/16_3_137/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[630]],["The use of light-emitting diode therapy in the treatment of photoaged skin.","633, 830",4,"\"The majority of subjects displayed \"moderate\" (50%) or \"slight\" (25%) response to treatment at investigator assessment. Treatment of the periorbital region was reported more effective than the nasolabial region. At 12-week follow-up, 91% of subjects reported improved skin tone, and 82% reported enhanced smoothness of skin in the treatment area.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17760698","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[633,830]],["A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and split-face clinical study on LED phototherapy for skin rejuvenation: clinical, profilometric, histologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical evaluations and comparison of three different treatment settings.","830, 633",5,"\"Our study results showed that LED phototherapy is an effective treatment for skin rejuvenation through objectively measured data and histological and ultrastructural bodies of evidence of increased collagen and elastic fibers as well as clinical photographs and double-blinded assessment of the investigators and the subjects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566756","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[830,633]],["Use of nonthermal blue (405- to 420-nm) and near-infrared light (850- to 900-nm) dual-wavelength system in combination with glycolic acid peels and topical vitamin C for skin photorejuvenation.","",4,"\"Patients from [PBM group] found an improvement in four criteria after the last treatment, with a steady result 3 months after the last treatment (4-month followup). One month after the last treatment (2-month follow-up), 80% of patients thought that they were improved on skin radiance, 85% on pore size, 50% on rhytids, and 75% on skin tone. Beside that, the independent observer noticed on photography that 75% of patients improved on skin radiance, 75% on pore size, and 40% on rhytids at 2 months (...)\n\nThe improvement of these four criteria was far less noticeable in control group B. Patients found that skin tone, rhytids, and pore size were not improved. All patients of this group noticed that their radiance was better just after the last session. This improvement was maintained for only three patients at 2-month follow-up, and only one patient reported an improvement at 4-month follow-up. The independent observer noted a radiance increase in three patients just after the last session. On digital pictures, the independent observer did not notice any improvement of radiance at 2- and at 4-month follow-up\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16970694","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[]],["A single-blinded randomised controlled study to determine the efficacy of Omnilux Revive facial treatment in skin rejuvenation","633",2,"\"Ninety-one percent of the volunteers reported visible changes to their skin. Blinded photographic evaluation reported a clinical response in 59% of the subjects. \n\nObjective analysis failed to show statistically significant changes in skin hydration or elasticity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15909229/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[633]],["Clinical trial of a novel non-thermal LED array for reversal of photoaging: clinical, histologic, and surface profilometric results.","590",4,"\"Skin textural improvement by digital imaging and surface profilometry is accompanied by increased collagen I deposition with reduced MMP-1 (collagenase) activity in the papillary dermis. This technique is a safe and effective non-painful non-ablative modality for improvement of photoaging.\"\n\nComment: Many dosing parameters are not provided. Beam area can be inferred from the photo (Fig. 2.).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15654716","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[590]],["Ultrastructural observations of human skin following irradiation with visible red light-emitting diodes (leds): a preliminary in vivo report","633",3,"\"Mild athermally-mediated inflammation was seen together with an increased fibroblast count and enhanced metabolism, which could be related to the enhanced synthesis of collagen and which in facial skin would probably result in an improved skin appearance.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/14/4/14_4_153/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[633]],["A study to determine the efficacy of combination LED light therapy (633 nm and 830 nm) in facial skin rejuvenation.","633, 830",4,"\"Key profilometry results Sq, Sa, Sp and St showed significant differences at week 12 follow-up; 52% of subjects showed a 25%-50% improvement in photoaging scores by week 12; 81% of subjects reported a significant improvement in periorbital wrinkles on completion of follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16414908","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[633,830]],["A novel non-thermal non-ablative full panel LED photomodulation device for reversal of photoaging: digital microscopic and clinical results in various skin types.","590",4,"\"Results showed improvement of signs of photoaging in 90%. The majority of patients demonstrated improvement in peri-ocular wrinkles, reduction in Fitzpatrick photoaging classification, global skin texture and background erythema, and pigmentation. No side effects were noted. LED photomodulation is a safe and effective non-painful non-ablative modality for improvement of photoaging.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15624743","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Skin rejuvenation",[590]],["Low Reactive-level 830 Nm Diode Laser Therapy (LLLT) Successfully Accelerates Regression Of Strawberry Haemangioma In The Infant: Case Reports","830",4,"\"The results have been excellent in 20 cases treated exclusively with LLLT to date, with speedy regression, restoration of normal colour and configuration, and return to a normal skin texture. Although most strawberry haemangiomata regress spontaneously within 7 years, especially in the larger lesions there is a strong possibility of some remaining colour and configurational abnormality, coupled with abnormal skin texture. Using LLLT, the authors have found that full regression is usually obtained within approximately 4 years maximum, with little or no remaining colour and configurational abnormality.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/3/4_92-OR-15/_article/-char/en","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","Strawberry hemangioma",[830]],["Photobiomodulation versus fractional carbon dioxide laser for stria alba in phototype III-IV: a randomized controlled study","808",4,"\"The efficacy of LLLT was statistically comparable to FCO2, despite numerical superiority of the latter. The combined group had the least numerical values in all efficacy outcomes. Patients in LLLT group did not experience any downtime. LLLT is effective in the management of stria alba comparable to the FCO2 laser. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38890186/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Stretch marks",[808]],["Striae Distensae: Clinical Results and Evidence-Based Evaluation of a Novel 675 nm Laser Wavelength","675",4,"\"In our research, three treatment sessions with the non-invasive 675 nm laser led to a positive effect on SD management. This non-ablative laser system emits a 675 nm wavelength through a 13 × 13 mm scanning system capable of generating sub-ablative microzones on the skin with selective thermal damage, reaching a depth of more than 1 mm, inducing minimal thermal effects.\"\n\n\"The total mean Manchester Scar Scale score significantly diminished from 14.16 (±1.30) to 10.06 (±1.32) at 6M FU (p < 0.01). The clinical photographs showed promising aesthetic SD improvement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37241073/","PubMed",71,"Dermatology","Stretch marks",[675]],["Vascular-specific laser wavelength for the treatment of facial telangiectasias.","980",4,"\"A new 980-nm diode laser effectively treats facial telangiectasias without any observed complications.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271368","PubMed",55,"Dermatology","Telangiectasia",[980]],["LED photoprevention: reduced MED response following multiple LED exposures.","660",5,"\"Reduction of erythema was considered significant when erythema was reduced by >50% on the LED-treated side as opposed to CONTROL side. A significant LED treatment reduction in UV-B induced erythema reaction was observed in at least one occasion in 85% of subjects, including patients suffering from PLE. Moreover, there was evidence of a dose-related pattern in results. Finally, a sun protection factor SPF-15-like effect and a reduction in post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation were observed on the LED pre-treated side.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306161","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","UV skin damage and erythema",[660]],["Noninvasive cutaneous blood flow as a response predictor for visible light therapy on segmental vitiligo: a prospective pilot study.","635",3,"\"The SV lesions showed different blood flow profiles as compared with the contralateral normal skin. At the end of the 3-month study period, seven (50%) patients showed clinical repigmentation of >25%.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21087230","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Vitiligo",[635]],["The effect of visible light and near-infrared radiation on constitutive pigment of patients with vitiligo.","",3,"\"The results show that the normal skin developed a greater skin colour change at the final stage of irradiation. Although the vitiligo-involved site also shows an increase of the area under the curve, the small magnitude of change was not significant to detect pigment formation clinically\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20302575","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Vitiligo",[]],["Low-energy helium-neon laser therapy induces repigmentation and improves the abnormalities of cutaneous microcirculation in segmental-type vitiligo lesions.","633",4,"\"After an average of 17 treatment sessions, initial repigmentation was noticed in the majority of patients. Marked repigmentation (> 50%) was observed in 60% of patients with successive treatments.\n\nCutaneous blood flow was significantly higher at SV lesions compared with contralateral skin, but this was normalized after He-Ne laser treatment. In addition, the abnormal decrease in cutaneous blood flow in response to clonidine was improved by He-Ne laser therapy.\"\n\n\"Our study showed that He-Ne laser therapy is an effective treatment for SV by normalizing dysfunctions of cutaneous blood flow and adrenoceptor responses in SV patients. Thus, the beneficial effects of He-Ne laser therapy may be mediated in part by a reparative effect on sympathetic nerve dysfunction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18424354","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Vitiligo",[633]],["Helium-neon laser irradiation stimulates migration and proliferation in melanocytes and induces repigmentation in segmental-type vitiligo.","633",4,"\"The results of this in vitro study revealed a significant increase in basic fibroblast growth factor release from both keratinocytes and fibroblasts and a significant increase in nerve growth factor release from keratinocytes.\"\n\n\"In our study group, 60% of patients (18 in 30) presented more than 50% repigmentation and three patients (10%) showed 100% recovery. For treatment control, 20 previously treated patients with segmental-type vitiligo over head and neck were reevaluated. They were age and sex matched patients  (...) All of them received topical PUVA therapy three times a week. After an average of 19±5 therapeutic sessions, initial repigmentation was mostly perilesional and/or perifollicular. Eleven of 20 (55%) patients showed a better than 50% repigmentation response.\"\n\nComment: The dose is surprisingly low. The difference to control group receiving PUVA treatment is small (repigmentation rate 60% with PBM and 55% with PUVA).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12535198","PubMed",19,"Dermatology","Vitiligo",[633]],["Clinical experience with light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation.","590",4,"\"LED photomodulation has been used alone for skin rejuvenation in over 300 patients but has been effective in augmentation of results in 600 patients receiving concomitant nonablative thermal and vascular treatments such as intense pulsed light, pulsed dye laser, KTP and infrared lasers, radiofrequency energy, and ablative lasers.\"\n\n\"LED photomodulation reverses signs of photoaging using a new nonthermal mechanism. The anti-inflammatory component of LED in combination with the cell regulatory component helps improve the outcome of other thermal-based rejuvenation treatments.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16176771/","PubMed",0,"Dermatology","",[590]],["Infrared imaging and intravascular laser irradiation of blood therapy for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a technical note","",4,"\"One adult male with long-standing type 2 diabetes underwent ten ILIB sessions using a 660 nm transcutaneous laser applied over the left radial artery. Infrared thermography captured temperature changes in abdominal regions associated with metabolic function. Across sessions, an average temperature increase of approximately 2.1 °C was observed in the hepatic and epigastric areas. Laboratory values showed reductions in fasting glucose (-29%) and HbA1c (-14%), while C-peptide remained stable.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710060/","PubMed",28,"Diabetes mellitus","Glycemia",[]],["Light stimulation of mitochondria reduces blood glucose levels","670",5,"\"Here we show, with a glucose tolerance test, that PBM of normal subjects significantly reduces blood sugar levels. A 15 min exposure to 670 nm light reduced the degree of blood glucose elevation following glucose intake by 27.7%, integrated over 2 h after the glucose challenge. Maximum glucose spiking was reduced by 7.5%. Consequently, PBM with 670 nm light can be used to reduce blood glucose spikes following meals.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38378043/","PubMed",28,"Diabetes mellitus","Glycemia",[670]],["Dose and time-response effect of photobiomodulation therapy on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients combined or not with hypoglycemic medicine: A randomized, crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","830",5,"\"Without medication, there was reduction in glycemia after all PBMt doses, with 100 J as the best dose that persisted until 12 h and presented lower area under the curve (AUC). With medication, glycemia decreased similarly among doses. \n\nNo differences between 100 J and sham + medication, but AUC was significantly lower after 100 J, suggesting better glycemic control. \n\nLow frequency component of HRV increased after sham + medication and 100 J, suggesting higher sympathetic activation.\n\nPBMt showed time- and dose-response effect to reduce glycemia in T2DM patients. Effects on HRV were consistent with glycemic control.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37171054/","PubMed",28,"Diabetes mellitus","Glycemia",[830]],["Modifying effect of intravenous laser therapy on the protein expression of arginase and epidermal growth factor receptor in type 2 diabetic patients.","630",3,"\"In conclusion, laser therapy may have a beneficial effect for diabetic patients via decreasing arginase expression and activation of the NOS/NO pathway which increases NO production and vasodilation, and decreasing EGFR expression which may reduce neuroinflammation and its secondary damages.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27406711","PubMed",28,"Diabetes mellitus","Intravenous irradiation",[630]],["The effect of photobiomodulation on histamine and Mucuna pruriens-induced pruritus, hyperknesis and alloknesis in healthy volunteers: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study","640",3,"\"LLLT effectively reduced histamine-induced pruritus, alloknesis, and hyperknesis; however, LLLT was ineffective against Mucuna pruriens-induced pruritus.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39024251/","PubMed",1,"Drugs and supplements","Mucuna pruriens-related symptoms",[640]],["Aging Is a Sticky Business.","670",4,"\"After the administration of two LED sessions (two per week), lymph leakage stopped concomitant with wound closure and good cicatrization (Fig. 1, inset on the left).\"\n\nNote: In this paper, Sommer spends a lot of space criticizing Karu's cytochrome c oxidase theory. Now in 3/2018, I am not very convinced of his speculations.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29570422","PubMed",77,"Edema","Limb ulcer",[670]],["Photobiomodulation therapy (red/NIR LEDs) reduced the length of stay in intensive care unit and improved muscle function: A randomized, triple-blind, and sham-controlled trial","635, 880",5,"\"PBMT reduced the average length of stay in the ICU by ~30% (p = 0.028); increased mobility (IMS: 255% vs. 110% p = 0.007), increased muscle strength (MRC: 12% vs. -9% p = 0.001) and HGD (34% vs. -13% p < 0.001), and the SAPS3 score was similar (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38262071/","PubMed",79,"Emergency care","Intensive care unit (ICU)",[635,880]],["Functional and Structural Outcomes of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Single-Center Experience","590, 660, 850",3,"\"Visual acuity improved following PBM therapy, with mean ETDRS letter scores increasing from 75.0 ± 14.1 to 78.0 ± 12.1 letters. In the GEE model accounting for patient-level clustering, the estimated mean gain was 2.97 ETDRS letters (95% CI: 1.15 to 4.79; p = 0.001). \n\nMean CRT showed no significant change following PBM therapy (210.32 ± 48.61 µm vs. 211.23 ± 50.27 µm; GEE estimate: +0.91 µm; 95% CI: -5.52 to 7.35; p = 0.780). \n\nCentral macular volume likewise remained stable (0.1913 ± 0.030 vs. 0.1919 ± 0.033 mm3; GEE estimate: +0.0006 mm3; 95% CI: -0.0054 to 0.0067; p = 0.836). \n\nPhotoreceptor layer integrity demonstrated limited structural change, with no significant time effect for EZ or IZ integrity in binary GEE models and no observed pre-post change in ELM integrity. \n\nIn multivariable GEE analysis, baseline BCVA (p < 0.001), ELM integrity (p < 0.001) and central macular volume (p = 0.041) were associated with change in ETDRS letter score, whereas AREDS category, EZ integrity, and IZ integrity were not.\"\n\n\"PBM therapy demonstrated limited short-term anatomical change but variable functional outcomes in dry AMD. Baseline BCVA emerged as the primary determinant of visual response, suggesting that treatment benefit may be influenced predominantly by pre-treatment functional reserve.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42278869/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["12-month outcomes of photobiomodulation in dry age-related macular degeneration: a prospective multicentre randomised double-masked controlled clinical trial","",5,"\"MDV decreased significantly in the PBM group (-0.03±0.05 mm³) while increased in the sham group (+0.02 ± 0.04 mm³; p<0.001) at 12 months. The PBM group also showed a significant improvement in BCVA (+1.31 ± 6.7 letters) compared with a decline in the sham group (-2.62±7.1 letters), yielding a between-group difference of +3.75 letters (95% CI 1.16 to 6.34; p=0.0001).\"\n\n\"PBM significantly reduced drusen burden and improved visual function in early and intermediate dAMD over 12 months, with an excellent safety profile.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42259594/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Photobiomodulation in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (LIGHTSITE III: 24-Month Analysis)","590, 660, 850",5,"\"LIGHTSITE III met the prespecified primary BCVA efficacy endpoint at M21 with a significant difference between treatment groups (p = 0.0036) and a +6.2 letter gain following PBM. \n\nAt M21, 61.5% of PBM-treated eyes showed ≥5, 23.1% showed ≥10, and 4.4% showed ≥15 letter gains. \n\nA favorable safety profile was observed with no signs of phototoxicity. \n\nDisease progression to Geographic Atrophy (GA) showed a significant decrease in incidence (Sham, 24.0% vs. PBM, 6.8%; p = 0.007) following PBM treatment at M24. \n\nSignificant benefit in vision QoL was observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41791029/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["Reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration progression - five-year follow-up study in Ukraine and Moldova","",3,"Comment: All participants received PBM as part of the treatment, and there is no control group without PBM. Therefore, any observed outcomes cannot be attributed to PBM separately from the other components of care. However, the article does demonstrate that PBM is being used in the clinical management of this disease.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41189775/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Swept-Source OCT and OCT Angiography Biomarkers in Dry AMD Treated with Photobiomodulation: A Prospective Study","",3,"\"PBM-Valeda therapy demonstrated a favorable short-term safety profile in patients with dry AMD. The key finding of this study was the stability of SS-OCT and SS-OCTA biomarkers (CMT, SCT, CD, AASP, and AADP), with no adverse changes observed. These results reinforce the short-term safety of PBM. Reported side effects were minimal, with no evidence of retinotoxicity. This is the first prospective study to explore SS-OCT and SS-OCTA biomarkers in patients with dry AMD undergoing PBM therapy, providing preliminary safety data for future controlled trials.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41100220/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation Improves Multiple Aspects of Visual Function in Early-Stage Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration","590, 660, 850",4,"\"Single and repeated PBM Tx improved VA, CS, multi-luminance ERG, and fixed luminance ERG parameters. No significant visual decline was noted in any outcome measure or signs of phototoxicity.\"\n\n\"PBM treatment of patients with earlier stage dry AMD showed improvements on multiple visual outcome measures and no adverse effects. Earlier stage AMD populations may not show robust magnitude effects as their starting vision does not show serious deficits, however; as a result of the degenerative and progressive nature of the disease, repeat treatment and continued monitoring of these outcomes are of interest. These beneficial effects were improved with repeated PBM treatment series.\"\n\nLetter to the Editor: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41998290/ \n\nResponse: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-026-01383-4","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40549133/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["Improvement in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Photobiomodulation","",4,"\"This is a retrospective review of a case presentation from 2023 to 2024. After 8 months of continuous home photobiomodulation, the patient's visual acuity improved from 20/30 to 20/20 in the left eye while the right eye stabilized at 20/25. The outer retina was preserved without signs of geographic atrophy, with a robust reduction in the total number and volume of drusen in both eyes, left greater than right, as shown with optical coherence tomography macular cross-sectional scans.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40241926/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Photobiomodulation-induced choriocapillaris perfusion enhancement and outer retinal remodelling in intermediate age-related macular degeneration: a promising therapeutic approach with short-term results","",5,"\"The PBM group showed significant improvements in BCVA (Δ +3.2 ± 1.4 letters, p = 0.042), reduction in drusen volume (Δ -0.003 ± 0.001 mm³, p = 0.028), and decrease in choriocapillaris FD% (Δ -3.1 ± 1.4%, p = 0.024), while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Changes in choriocapillaris FD% correlated with BCVA improvement (r = -0.54, p = 0.002) and drusen volume reduction (r = 0.35, p = 0.042).\"\n\n\"PBM therapy induces significant choriocapillaris remodelling in intermediate AMD, associated with functional improvement and drusen volume reduction. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role of PBM in modulating choroidal perfusion in AMD.\"\n\nCorrespondence (Giraldo-Suarez et al. 2025): https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-025-04177-3\n\nResponse: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41703248/","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40253505/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Multiwavelength photobiomodulation in atrophic age-related macular degeneration","590, 660, 850",3,"\"Six eyes of five patients with atrophic AMD received PBM at baseline. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean central macular thickness (CMT), mean retinal sensitivity on microperimetry and the atrophic area have remained stable. No eyes developed foveal atrophy after the treatment. The image analysis in SrAF showed an increase in the highlighted area of 4.89% after one month and 17.11% after three months. No adverse systemic or local side effects were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39544046/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["Short-term efficacy of photobiomodulation in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: the PBM4AMD study","590, 660, 850",3,"\"Best corrected visual acuity improved from 77.82 ± 5.83 ETDRS letters at baseline to 82.44 ± 5.67 at W12 (p < 0.01), then declined to 80.05 ± 5.79 at W24 (p < 0.01 vs. baseline). \n\nLow luminance visual acuity showed a similar pattern, improving from 61.18 ± 8.58 ETDRS letters at baseline to 66.33 ± 8.55 at W12 (p < 0.01), and decreasing to 62.05 ± 9.71 at W24 (p = 0.02). \n\nContrast sensitivity improved at W12 (20.11 ± 9.23 ETDRS letters, p < 0.01), but returned to baseline by W24 (16.45 ± 9.12, p = 0.5). \n\nScotopic microperimetry showed a decrease in mean absolute retinal sensitivity from 9.24 ± 3.44 dB to 7.47 ± 4.41 dB at W24 (p < 0.01), while relative sensitivity decreased only at W24 (p = 0.04). \n\nDrusen volume decreased at W4 (0.018 ± 0.009 mm3, p < 0.01) and W12 (0.017 ± 0.009 mm3, p < 0.01), with a slight increase at W24 (0.019 ± 0.012 mm3, p = 0.154).\"\n\n\"PBM resulted in temporary improvements in visual function and a reduction in drusen volume, but these effects were not sustained at six months. The long-term efficacy and impact on disease progression are uncertain, necessitating further research to confirm these findings and determine optimal patient selection.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39277630/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["Short term effects of extremely low irradiance photobiomodulation on retinal function, in age related macular degeneration","",5,"\"The MP mean sensitivity and the central visual function both far and near significantly improved in the treated group (respectively p < 0.001, p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38444247/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Safety, Tolerability, and Short-Term Efficacy of Low-Level Light Therapy for Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration","590, 630",4,"\"Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline to month 4 differed significantly between the sham and PBM-treated groups, favoring the latter, with a higher proportion achieving a gain of five or more letters post-treatment (8.9% vs. 20.3%, respectively; p = 0.043). \n\nNo significant differences in central subfield thickness (CST) were observed between the two groups over the 4-month period. \n\nThe study also found a statistically significant disparity in mean drusen volume changes from baseline to month 4 between the groups in favor of patients treated with PBM (p = 0.013).\"\n\nComment: A letter to the editor and a response have been published:\n- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-025-01273-1 letter\n- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-025-01274-0 response","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39271642/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,630]],["Short term effects of extremely low irradiance photobiomodulation on retinal function, in age related macular degeneration","",4,"\"Results: no significant differences in the anatomical parameters were observed in the two groups. \n\nThe MP [microperimetry] mean sensitivity and the central visual function both far and near significantly improved in the treated group (respectively p < 0.001, p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38444247/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for large soft drusen and drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration: a single-center prospective pilot study","590, 660, 850",3,"\"BCVA significantly improved at M6 with a mean score gain of 5.5 letters (p = 0.007). Retinal sensitivity (RS) decreased by 0.1 dB (p=0.17). Mean fixation stability increased by 0.45 % (P=0.72). DV decreased by 0.11 mm3 (p=0.03). CDT was reduced by a mean of 17.05 µm (p=0.01). GA area increased by 0.06 mm2 (p=0.01) over a 6 months follow up, quality of life score increased by 3,07 points on average (p=0.05). One patient presented a dPED rupture at M6 after PBM treatment.\"\n\n\"The visual and anatomical improvements in our patients support previous reports on PBM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37027819/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["LIGHTSITE III: 13-Month Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation in Nonexudative (Dry) Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using the LumiThera Valeda Light Delivery System","590, 660, 850",5,"\"LIGHTSITE III met the primary efficacy BCVA endpoint with a significant difference between PBM (n = 91 eyes) and Sham (n = 54 eyes) groups (Between group difference: 2.4 letters (SE 1.15), CI: -4.7 - -0.1, p = 0.02)(PBM alone: 5.4 letters (SE 0.96), CI: 3.5 - 7.3, p < 0.0001; Sham alone: 3.0 letters (SE 1.13), CI: 0.7 - 5.2, p < 0.0001).\n\nThe PBM group showed a significant decrease in new onset GA (p = 0.024, Fisher exact test, odds ratio 9.4). A favorable safety profile was observed.\"\n\nComment: See also https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41565848/ Infographic: Efficacy and safety evaluation of multiwavelength photobiomodulation in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration using the Lumithera Valeda Light Delivery System: 13-month results from the LIGHTSITE III trial","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37972955/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["LIGHTSITE II Randomized Multicenter Trial: Evaluation of Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation in Non-exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration","590, 660, 850",4,"\"PBM-treated eyes showed statistically significant improvement in BCVA at 9 months (n = 32 eyes, p = 0.02) with a 4-letter gain in the PBM-treated group versus a 0.5-letter gain in the sham-treated group (ns, p < 0.1) for patients that received all 27 PBM treatments (n = 29 eyes). Approximately 35.3% of PBM-treated eyes showed ≥ 5-letter improvement at 9 months. \n\nMacular drusen volume was not increased over time in the PBM-treated group but did show increases in the sham-treated group. While PBM and sham groups both showed GA lesion growth in the trial period, there was 20% less growth in the PBM group over 10 months, suggesting potential disease-modifying effects. \n\nNo safety concerns or signs of phototoxicity were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36588113/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["The neurobiology of nutraceuticals combined with light exposure, a case report in the course of retinal degeneration","",4,"\"After combined treatments the patient with nutraceuticals and PBM had noticeable improvement of retinal tissue with excellent vision for her age and no worsening of corneal guttae, which was present at the time of diagnosis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35077571/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[]],["Short-Term Results of Photobiomodulation Using Light-Emitting Diode Light of 670 nm in Eyes with Age-Related Macular Degeneration","670",4,"\"The BCVA significantly improved, from an average of 1.1 to 0.98 LogMAR (p = 0.01). The visual field examination, according to the parameters of mean deviation, standard deviation, and index of deviation of background perimeter, showed a significant improvement of -12.6% to -10.6%, 10.54% to 9.89%, and 56% to 60%, respectively (p = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). No participant had an adverse effect during the follow-up period; neither did any participant experience abnormalities in OCT, ERG, FR, and AF findings.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546108/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[670]],["A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of 670 nm Photobiomodulation in Healthy Ageing and Age-Related Macular Degeneration","670",3,"\"In normal ageing, there was an improvement in scotopic thresholds in the group with no AMD by 1.77dB (p = 0.03) and no other parameters showed any clinically significant change.\n\nIn eyes with intermediate AMD, there was no significant improvement in any functional or structural changes at any time point up to 12 months although the compliance was good.\n\nThis pilot study shows that photobiomodulation with 670 nm has no effect in patients who have already progressed to intermediate AMD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32252424/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[670]],["Optically Improved Mitochondrial Function Redeems Aged Human Visual Decline","670",4,"\"Here we use 670nm light to improve photoreceptor performance and measure this psychophysically in those aged 28 to 72 years. Rod and cone performance declined significantly after approximately 40 years of age.\n\n670nm light had no impact in younger individuals, but in those around 40 years and over, significant improvements were obtained in colour contrast sensitivity for the blue visual axis (tritan) known to display mitochondrial vulnerability.\n\nThe red visual axis (protan) improved but not significantly. Rod thresholds also improved significantly in those >40 years. Using specific wavelengths to enhance mitochondrial performance will be significant in moderating the ageing process in this metabolically demanding tissue.\"\n\nComment: The subjects were healthy with no diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32596723/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[670]],["A double-masked, randomized, sham-controlled, single-center study with photobiomodulation for the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration.","590, 660, 850",5,"\"Photobiomodulation-treated subjects showed a best-corrected visual acuity mean letter score gain of 4 letters immediately after each treatment series at Month 1 (M1) and Month 7 (M7). Approximately 50% of PBM-treated subjects showed improvement of ≥5 letters versus 13.6% in sham-treated subjects at M1. \n\nHigh responding subjects (≥5-letter improvement) in the PBM-treated group showed a gain of 8 letters after initial treatment (P < 0.01) and exhibited earlier stages of age-related macular degeneration disease. \n\nStatistically significant improvements in contrast sensitivity, central drusen volume, central drusen thickness, and quality of life were observed (P < 0.05). No device-related adverse events were reported.\"\n\nComment: Many of the statistical comparisons were within-the-group, not between-the-groups. This study might have been somewhat underpowered to detect between-the-groups differences.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31404033","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[590,660,850]],["Five-year follow-up of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","633",5,"\"The visual acuity remained unchanged in all patients in the control group. There was a statistically significant increase in the visual acuity (p<0.001, end of study versus baseline) for AMD patients for the period of five years after the treatment. The edema and hemorrhage in the patients with progressive, exudative AMD significantly decreased. No side effects were observed during the therapy. The prevalence of metamorphopsia, scotoma in AMD group was reduced.\"","http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/992/1/012061/pdf","IOP (pdf)",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[633]],["Photobiomodulation reduces drusen volume and improves visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in dry age-related macular degeneration.","670, 590, 790",5,"\"Significant improvement in mean BCVA of 5.90 letters (p < 0.001) was seen on completion of the 3-week treatment and 5.14 letters (p < 0.001) after 3 months. Contrast sensitivity improved significantly (log unit improvement of 0.11 (p = 0.02) at 3 weeks and 3 months (log unit improvement of 0.16 (p = 0.02) at three cycles per degree. Drusen volume decreased by 0.024 mm3 (p < 0.001) and central drusen thickness was significantly reduced by a mean of 3.78 μm (p < 0.001), while overall central retinal thickness and retinal volume remained stable.\"\n\n\"This is the first study demonstrating improvements in functional and anatomical outcomes in dry AMD subjects with PBM therapy. These findings corroborate an earlier pilot study that looked at functional outcome measures. The addition of anatomical evidence contributes to the basis for further development of a non-invasive PBM treatment for dry AMD.\"\n\nSome extra data on the methods (not written in the actual article):\n\n\"Subjects had their eyes open for the yellow pulsed but closed for the red, perceived by patients as a comfortable glow with their eyes closed and red penetrates well through the closed lids. The red is gently rested on the eyelid/orbit rim so may touch the lid or be very close to it without any pressure.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27989012","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[670,590,790]],["Two year follow-up of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [ABSTRACT]","633",5,"\"Visual acuity remained unchanged in all patients in the control group. There was a statistically significant increase in visual acuity (p<0.001, end of study versus baseline) for AMD patients for the period of 2 years after the treatment. The edema and hemorrhage in the patients with progressive, exudative AMD significantly decreased. No side effects were observed during the therapy. The prevalence of metamorphopsia, scotoma in AMD group was reduced.\"\n\nComment: The results are quite similar to Ivandic's. The dose seems very low. Parameters are incompletely reported.","http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.S053.x/abstract","Wiley",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[633]],["Low-level laser therapy improves vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration.","780",4,"LLLT improved visual acuity in 162/182 (95%) of eyes with cataracts and 142/146 (97%) of eyes without cataracts. The prevalence of metamorphopsia, scotoma, and dyschromatopsia was reduced. In patients with wet AMD, edema and bleeding improved. The improved vision was maintained for 3-36 mo after treatment. No adverse effects were observed .","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588438","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Age-related macular degeneration",[780]],["Significant Improvement in High Myopic Anisometropic Amblyopia Treated With Repeated Low-Level Red-Light (RLRL) Therapy: A Case Report","",3,"\"In this case of high myopic anisometropic amblyopia, repeated low-level red-light therapy simultaneously normalized visual acuity and produced an unprecedented 1.01 mm axial-length reduction. This single-case observation is hypothesis-generating and does not establish causality.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41832943/","PubMed",86,"Eyes","Amblyopia",[]],["Efficacy of Single Vision Spectacles Combined with Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Myopic Amblyopia for Children Aged 4-8","650",4,"\"LLRL and optical correction both treat myopic amblyopia in young children. LLRL accelerates visual acuity improvement and effectively retards axial elongation, better controlling myopia progression compared to optical correction alone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40252784/","PubMed",86,"Eyes","Amblyopia",[650]],["Low-level laser therapy improves visual acuity in adolescent and adult patients with amblyopia.","780",5,"\"Visual acuity improved in ∼90% of the eyes treated with LLLT (p<0.001), increasing by three or more lines in 56.2% and 53.6% of the eyes with amblyopia caused by ametropia and strabismus, respectively. The treatment effect was maintained for at least 6 months. The mean M-VEP amplitude increased by 1207 nV (p<0.001) and mean latency was reduced by 7 msec (p=0.14). No changes were noted in the control group.\"\n\n\"LLLT led to a significant improvement in visual acuity in adolescent and adult patients with amblyopia caused by ametropia or strabismus.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235969","PubMed",86,"Eyes","Amblyopia",[780]],["Intense Pulsed Light Combined with Low Level Blue and Red Light Therapy for Demodex-Associated Blepharitis","",4,"\"Symptoms' mean score improved significantly after treatment (from 12.00 ± 5.34 to 7.76 ± 4.92; p = 0.003). No patient reported TrAEs.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40792188/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Blepharitis",[]],["Clinical Efficacy of 830 nm LED Photobiomodulation Therapy on Postoperative Blepharoplasty Complications","830",5,"\"A total of 145 patients were included, including 73 in the novel care model group and 72 in the traditional care model group. The new care model based on 830 nm LED phototherapy could significantly improve the swelling, pain, wound healing, and anxiety self-assessment scale assessment of the patients compared with the traditional care model, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).\"\n\n\"Photobiomodulation using 830 nm LED can markedly reduce postoperative swelling and pain, promote effective wound healing, lessen postoperative patient anxiety, and have no negative side effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39443322/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Blepharoplasty",[830]],["Tear biomarker changes and ocular surface recovery with low-level light therapy after cataract surgery: a double-masked randomized controlled clinical trial","633",5,"\"In the LLLT group, 44.2% of subjects showed improvement, compared with 4.4% in the sham group (p < 0.0001). In contrast, a higher rate of clinical worsening was observed in the sham group compared with the LLLT group (28.9% vs 4.6%; Figure 4A).\"\n\n\"In DED patients, LLLT significantly increased GDF-15 (77.6 ± 7.2 to 95.5 ± 7.4 pg/mL; p = 0.0112) and PDGF-CC (711.4 ± 76.6 to 1024 ± 130.8 pg/mL; p = 0.0473). The LLLT-induced β-NGF increase was more pronounced in preclinical cases than in those with baseline DED (10.1 ± 3.02 vs. 5.8 ± 0.55 pg/mL; p = 0.0271). Biomarker profiles indicated inflammatory resolution post-LLLT, whereas sham-treated eyes showed persistent inflammation. Finally, integrative modeling of clinical and molecular data yielded a LASSO-adjusted AUC of 0.886, underscoring high discriminative performance.\"\n\n\"LLLT accelerates ocular surface recovery after cataract surgery by modulating reparative, neurotrophic, and inflammatory pathways. Tear biomarkers assessed at baseline and through one-month dynamics (GDF-15, PDGF-CC, β-NGF) and integrated with clinical parameters, may help predict treatment response and guide personalized postoperative management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42162158/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Cataract surgery",[633]],["Effect of Low-Level Light Therapy on Ocular Surface Parameters in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery: A Prospective Double-Masked Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","633",4,"\"Unlike controls, the LLLT group showed significant improvements from T0 to T1 and T2 for OSDI scores (respectively, from 26.62 ± 15.42 to 15.53 ± 12.04 and 13.36 ± 11.69; p < 0.001) and BUT values (respectively, from 5.76 ± 3.99 to 6.69 ± 4.48 and 8.38 ± 4.53; p = 0.002), and from T0 to T2 for tear osmolarity (respectively, from 300.69 ± 14.19 mOsm/l to 296.11 ± 12.30 mOsm/l; p = 0.048). No significant differences were found in Schirmer test values within or between the two groups. No adverse effects were reported.\"\n\n\"Perioperative LLLT is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for preventing iatrogenic DED in cataract surgery. Integrating LLLT into the routine perioperative care may enhance patient satisfaction and overall outcomes in the setting of cataract surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40849606/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Cataract surgery",[633]],["Low level light therapy for the treatment of recalcitrant chalazia: a sample case summary.","",4,"\"After a single 15 min LLLT treatment, followed by a standard pharmaceutical regimen, 46% of eyes (12/26) showed resolution of their chalazia. Resolution was noted from 3 days to one-month post-treatment. With a second treatment, the chalazia resolved in 92% of eyes (24/26). Only two eyes of the 26 (8%) required incision and curettage after LLLT treatment.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31564823","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Chalazia",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy with Low-Level Light in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Pilot Study","590, 625",4,"\"At 6 months, mean BCVA improved significantly from 67.12 (±4.96) to 77.87 (±7.77) ETDRS letters (p = 0.0053). SRF completely resolved in 70% of eyes, partially improved in 10%, and remained unchanged in 20%. Among five eyes with serous avascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED), two PEDs resolved, one partially regressed, and two were unchanged. No adverse events were reported.\"\n\n\"PBM may be beneficial in improving retinal anatomy and visual function in cCSC, with an excellent safety profile. These findings support PBM as a promising noninvasive treatment modality in patients with cCSC. Prospective controlled trials are warranted to validate its efficacy and durability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41198996/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Chorioretinopathy",[590,625]],["Improvement in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Following Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation Treatment - Case Report","",4,"\"The patient presented with blurred vision and a BCVA score of 65 letters in the left eye. After 3 weeks of observation, the patient's vision had further declined two lines on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart to 55 letters. Fluorescein angiography was performed, confirming CSCR diagnosis, and PBM was initiated. \n\nPBM treatment improved BCVA and fluid build-up in the RPE within 1 week of treatment (three treatment sessions). Following the full series of treatment (nine PBM treatment sessions), fluid was completely resolved and BCVA scored at 80 letters. \n\nThe patient had a repeat PBM treatment series ~ 6 months later and has shown stable vision and no fluid present on OCT scan. The patient was seen again ~ 1 year later with continued stable vision and no fluid detection.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38758517/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Chorioretinopathy",[]],["LED lighting (350-650nm) undermines human visual performance unless supplemented by wider spectra (400-1500nm+) like daylight","",4,"\"Here we supplement LED light with broad spectrum lighting (400–1500 nm+) for 2 weeks and test colour contrast sensitivity. We show significant improvement in this metric that last for 2 months after the supplemental lighting is removed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41577976/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Colour contrast sensitivity",[]],["Longer wavelengths in sunlight pass through the human body and have a systemic impact which improves vision","850",4,"\"Here we show that infrared wavelengths from sunlight can be measured after they pass through the human thorax. We then select a prominent transmitted solar wavelength range (830-860 nm) and deliver this to the thorax of subjects in the lab in controlled 15 min exposures with and without ocular involvement. Clothing reduced wavelength intensity but was not a barrier. \n\nThese exposures were associated with significantly improved visual function when measured 24 h later even in subjects in which light was blocked from the eyes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40628952/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Colour contrast sensitivity",[850]],["Weeklong improved colour contrasts sensitivity after single 670 nm exposures associated with enhanced mitochondrial function","670",4,"\"We show here that single 3 min 670 nm exposures, at much lower energies than previously used, are sufficient to significantly improve for 1 week cone mediated colour contrast thresholds (detection) in ageing populations (37–70 years) to levels associated with younger subjects. But light needs to be delivered at specific times.\"\n\n\"Time of exposure is critical, as 670 nm light is only effective in the morning. This time dependent effect is likely due to the demonstrated shift in mitochondrial function across the day, and light exposure is likely only effective when synchronised to an aspect of this process.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819619/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Colour contrast sensitivity",[670]],["Efficacy of non-invasive photobiomodulation for congenital color vision deficiency: A randomized controlled trial","524, 621",5,"\"Color vision recognition ability demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the PBM treatment group compared to the control group across various parameters (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40659301/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Color vision deficiency, congenital",[524,621]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for congenital color vision deficiency: results of a preliminary randomized clinical trial","524, 621",4,"\"After 4 weeks, in terms of Yu's and Ishihara's Plates, the patients in PBM group could identify increasing pieces (before: 1.6 ± 1.6, 2.3 ± 2.2; 4 weeks: 6.5 ± 4.4, 5.4 ± 2.9), while in control group, the number was before: 2.6 ± 3.4, 2.6 ± 2.5; 4 weeks: 3.3 ± 3.6, 2.9 ± 2.2. As for CBC scores, the patients in PBM also showed improved high scores (before: 2353.3 ± 700.0; 4 weeks: 2693.6 ± 642.5). Moreover, PBM treatment resulted in a significant reduction of FM-100 scores (before: 298.0 ± 211.3; 4 weeks: 202.1 ± 114.4).\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that PBM therapy holds promise as a potential treatment option for individuals with CVD.\"\n\nComment: The PBM treatment was administered as a virtual reality goggle video, with complete green screen and complete red screen alternating.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39748919/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Color vision deficiency, congenital",[524,621]],["Biological role of postoperative low level laser therapy in preventing hydroxyapatite orbital implantation exposure: A case report","650",4,"\"Overall, the present study demonstrated that LLLT promoted the survival of conjunctival grafts, stimulated conjunctival incision healing and promoted early vascularization of HA implants.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717257/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Conjunctival sac stenosis",[650]],["Low-level laser therapy combined with scleral graft transplantation in the treatment of contracted socket: a clinical study","650",5,"\"The laser group presented a significantly increased speed of conjunctival vascularisation compared with the control group (P = 0.003). The fornice depth of contraction percentage was more apparent in the control group than that in the laser group (P = 0.000).\"\n\n\"LLLT accelerates conjunctival vascularisation, stimulates conjunctival incision healing within a short period, shortens the tissue repair process, reduces the local inflammatory response, and causes no significant shrinkage of the conjunctival sac.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38044438/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Contracted sockets: scleral graft transplantation",[650]],["He-Ne low level laser therapeutic applications for treatment of corneal trauma [Proceedings article]","633",5,"\"For irradiated eyes by LLLT, we have found that the healing period is shortened significantly by 42 % (p<0,001). Our results revealed that LLLT application is appropriate and perspective for recovery therapy after corpus alienum corneae extraction.\"","http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=752472","SPIE",68,"Eyes","Corneal injury",[633]],["Non-Invasive Treatment of Early Diabetic Macular Edema by Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation with the Valeda Light Delivery System","590, 660, 850",4,"\"Reductions in central retinal thickness (CRT), resolution of intraretinal fluid (IRF) and improvement in diabetic retinopathy severity scale scores were observed following PBM treatment in select patients. Baseline BCVA remained stable over the follow-up observation period of 3 months post-PBM. Approximately 64% of patients reported subjective improvements in their ocular condition and decreased influence in everyday life. Detailed OCT evaluations confirmed no safety issues related to phototoxicity up to 16 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38026594/","PubMed",52,"Eyes","Diabetic macular edema",[590,660,850]],["A preliminary observation on rod cell photobiomodulation in treating diabetic macular edema","",4,"\"No fundus complication was observed during follow-up checks. \n\nIn baseline and 12-month follow-up checks, the best-corrected visual acuity was 71.75 ​± ​12.47 and 79.50 ​± ​10.85, maximal retinal thickness in macular area was 390.95 ​± ​77.12 ​μm and 354.13 ​± ​55.03 ​μm, average retinal thickness in macular area was 334.25 ​± ​36.45 ​μm and 314.31 ​± ​33.28 ​μm, foveal thickness was 287.00 ​± ​46.79 ​μm and 265.63 ​± ​67.14 ​μm. \n\nThe best-corrected visual acuity, average retinal thickness in macular area in consecutive follow-up results except that in the 1st month showed significant difference compared with baseline results.\"\n\n\"Obvious improvement could be observed in retinal fundus fluorescein angiography images.\"\n\n\"PBM is a safe and effective treatment of DME, which deserves further investigation.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37846386/","PubMed",52,"Eyes","Diabetic macular edema",[]],["Long-Term Outcome of Photobiomodulation for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Case Report","670",4,"\"After PBM, his vision improved and macular edema resolved on optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings without adverse events. In 16 months follow-up, visual acuity remained stable and OCT showed no evidence of recurrence of edema.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36395083/","PubMed",52,"Eyes","Diabetic macular edema",[670]],["Non-invasive Treatment of Early Diabetic Macular Edema by Multi-Wavelength Photobiomodulation with the Valeda Light Delivery System","",3,"\"A total of 28 eyes from 18 DME patients (67% male; 57.3±14.0 yrs) with good vision but OCT evidence of macula edema were assessed for functional (BCVA), anatomical (CRT, RV, presence of IRF, SRF and HE), and safety outcomes (integrity of EZ, IZ, ELM and RPE) following one series of PBM treatments (3x per week for 3-4 weeks) with the Valeda Light Delivery System.\"\n\n\"After initial treatment with PBM, 28.6 % and 40 % eyes showed a resolution of inner retinal fluid and hard exudates, respectively. Retinal thickness (CRT) remained stable, from 302±58 µm at BL to 296±47 µm after 9th treatment. In all eyes, photoreceptors and RPE remained intact during the treatment and up to 6 months follow-up. At the same time, visual acuity remained stable at 0.1±0.1 logMAR. \n\nMost patients noted a considerable improvement in their subjective vision and reported less problems in everyday life and were more confident and more positively biased towards the development of the disease even up to 6 months.\"","https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2774919","PubMed",52,"Eyes","Diabetic macular edema",[]],["Preclinical and clinical studies of photobiomodulation therapy for macular oedema","670",4,"\"LED-delivered PBM enhanced photoreceptor mitochondrial membrane potential, protected Müller cells and photoreceptors from damage and reduced retinal vascular leakage resulting from induced Müller cell disruption in transgenic mice.\n\nPBM delivered via the retinal laser enhanced mitochondrial function and protected against oxidative stress in cultured Müller cells.\n\nLaser-delivered PBM did not damage the retina in pigmented rat eyes at 100 mW/cm2.\n\nThe completed clinical trial found a significant reduction in [central macular thickness] at 2 months by 59 ± 46 μm (p = 0.03 at 200 mW/cm2) and significant reduction at all three settings at 6 months (25 mW/cm2: 53 ± 24 μm, p = 0.04; 100 mW/cm2: 129 ± 51 μm, p < 0.01; 200 mW/cm2: 114 ± 60 μm, p < 0.01). Laser-delivered PBM was well tolerated in humans at settings up to 200 mW/cm2 with no significant side effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661752/","PubMed",52,"Eyes","Diabetic macular edema",[670]],["Photobiomodulation in the treatment of patients with non-center-involving diabetic macular oedema.","670",4,"\"Daily PBM treatment for only 80 s per treatment twice daily caused a significant reduction in focal retinal thickening in all 4 treated eyes. No adverse effects attributable to therapy were noted by the patients or study investigators during the study period.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682183","PubMed",52,"Eyes","Diabetic macular edema",[670]],["Low-level light therapy as an adjunct to intense pulsed light for lipid layer thickness improvement in meibomian gland dysfunction: A randomized trial","",2,"\"Adjunctive LLLT was associated with a sustained increase in lipid layer thickness compared with IPL alone. However, this structural improvement did not translate into superior symptomatic or inflammatory outcomes, suggesting that adjunctive LLLT may enhance structural tear film parameters without providing additional short-term clinical or anti-inflammatory benefit.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41997531/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Analysis of tear inflammatory proteins following Low-Level light therapy in dry eye disease patients","",4,"\"Compared to baseline, there was a statistically significant fold change in clinical outcome measures after the last LLLT treatment including first and average NIKBUT (mean FC (SD): 1.6 (0.9), 1.4 (0.7)), TMH (1.2 (0.3)), TFLLT (1.3 (0.4)) and Schirmer's test (0.9 (0.5)), (all p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in MMP-9 levels post-LLLT treatment (mean Log2FC (SD): -0.7 (1.5), p = 0.005). \n\nNo significant differences were observed in the remaining analytes, and no correlations were observed between the Log2FC of MMP-9 and clinical measures (all p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41667355/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Effect of Bioptron light therapy on dryness of eyes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial","",5,"\"Between-group comparisons revealed significantly higher improvements in the BLT group: Schirmer's test (Schirmer I) improved by MD = 8.7 (95% CI: 7.64-9.76; p = 0.001), TBUT by MD = 2.97 (95% CI: 1.7-4.3; p = 0.007), and DEQS decreased by MD = - 24.1 (95% CI: -37 to - 17.1; p = 0.002). \n\nCompared with standardized education alone, adjunctive Bioptron light therapy significantly enhanced tear secretion, tear film stability, and patient-reported symptoms, suggesting its potential as an effective non-pharmacological option for managing dry eye in postmenopausal women.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41634440/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Low-level light therapy alone versus combination therapy with intense pulsed light in the treatment of dry eye disease with meibomian gland dysfunction: A randomised paired-eye and mechanism of action trial","625",4,"\"Symptom frequency rated with the Symptom Assessment Questionnaire in Dry Eye improved from baseline to final follow-up with combined therapy (mean difference - 21.6; 95 % CI - 38.5, -4.8; p = 0.005) and LLLT alone (-20.5; 95 % CI - 37.9, -3.1; p = 0.01), while symptom severity improved only with combined therapy (-18.5; 95 % CI - 34.5, -2.6; p = 0.01). \n\nBoth modalities improved meibum expressibility following 3 treatment sessions, although improvement remained at final follow-up only with LLLT alone (-0.5, 95 % CI - 0.8, -0.2; p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40494722/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[625]],["Comparison of Efficacy of Low-Level Light Therapy and Intense Pulsed Light Therapy in Patients with Dry Eyes","",4,"\"Thirty-five eyes from each group that were treated with IPL or LLLT were included in the analysis. OSDI and Meibomian gland disease (MGD) degree significantly decreased in both groups after treatment (p <0.001). Tear film break-up time increased in both groups after treatment (p <0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40055165/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Effect of low-level light therapy in individuals with dry eye disease","633",4,"\"Low-level light therapy treatment significantly improved signs and symptoms of dry eye in the early phases of treatment, suggesting its efficacy for dry eye management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39096028/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[633]],["Outcomes of low-level light therapy before and after cataract surgery for the prophylaxis of postoperative dry eye: a prospective randomised double-masked controlled clinical trial","",4,"\"Two sessions of LLLT performed before and after cataract surgery were effective in ameliorating tear film stability and ocular discomfort symptoms.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37890879/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Dry eyes (prevention)",[]],["A randomized controlled study evaluating outcomes of intense pulsed light and low-level light therapy for treating","",4,"\"The study group showed significant improvement in OSDI scores (P < 0.0001) compared to the control group and a significant improvement in TBUT (P < 0.005) compared to the control group. There was no change in schirmer’s test and an improvement in the meibomian gland expression but not significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37026310/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Therapeutic effects of low-color-temperature light-emitting diodes on dry eye","",4,"\"Low-color-temperature light-emitting-diodes prolonged tear film breakup time in patients with dry eye. Moreover, it increased tear secretion, decreased fluorescein sodium staining scores, corneal and conjunctival cell apoptosis, and inflammatory factor expression in rabbits and rats with dry eye.\"\n\n\"Low-color-temperature light-emitting-diodes phototherapy can be used as an effective treatment for dry eye, reducing its symptoms and related ocular surface damage in humans, rabbits and rats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654080/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Comparison of Light-Based Devices in the Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","",4,"\"Adding LLLT to IPL appears to have an additional long-term beneficial effect as well as positive effects on the lacrimal gland.\"\n\nComment: PBM parameters were inadequately reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37546127/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Thermal effect on eyelid and tear film after low-level light therapy and warm compress","633",3,"\"A single treatment of low-level light therapy increased eyelid temperature immediately after treatment, but the increase was not significantly different from warm compress. This suggests that thermal effects may in part contribute to the therapeutic mechanism of low-level light therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37156225/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[633]],["3-month post-procedural evaluation of a combined intense pulsed light and photo-biomodulation system in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","",5,"\"We found a significant improvement in OSDI scores at 1 month (-17.32; 95% CI (-25.84; -8.79), P<0.0001) and 3 months (-16.95; 95% CI (-25.26; -8.64), P<0.0001). The SPEED score, BUT, Oxford score, Meibomian gland atrophy and NIBUT were also statistically significantly improved. Tolerance to treatment was very good despite two cases of herpetic keratitis, which resolved on treatment.\"\n\n\"Treatment with the Eye-Light® in three sessions every two weeks significantly reduced symptoms and ocular surface damage in patients with MGD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37068975/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Serial Sessions of a Novel Low-Level Light Therapy Device for Home Treatment of Dry Eye Disease","625",4,"\"One week of serial sessions of a newly developed LLLT device for home use significantly improved tear film production and stability along with ocular discomfort symptoms in patients with DED owing to MGD. These findings open up a new scenario for patients with MGD who can enjoy the unique benefits of LLLT at home.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36484948/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[625]],["Low-Level Light Therapy Versus Intense Pulsed Light for the Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Preliminary Results From a Prospective Randomized Comparative Study","",4,"\"All patients completed regularly all the scheduled sessions, and no adverse events were reported in any of the groups. \n\nThe Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness score significantly decreased after both LLLT and IPL (P < 0.001) although the improvement was significantly greater in the LLLT compared with the IPL group (-9.9 ± 3.2 vs. -6.75 ± 4.5; P = 0.014). \n\nPatients in the LLLT group showed a significantly higher increase in tear meniscus height compared with those in the IPL group (0.06 ± 0.10 mm vs. -0.01 ± 0.014; P = 0.040). \n\nIn both groups, the noninvasive break-up time, redness score, meiboscore, and meibomian gland loss did not vary significantly after treatment (all P > 0.05).\"\n\nComment: A letter with some methodological critique was published by Ballesteros-Sánchez et al: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37405869/","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36582033/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Low-Level Light Therapy in Association with Intense Pulsed Light for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","",2,"\"Intense pulsed light seems effective and safe for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction, improving symptoms and the tear film lipid layer. This study shows no strong evidence of the benefit of low-level light therapy, but it shows weak evidence that it may further improve aqueous tear production.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36510598/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Optimized combined low level light therapy and intense pulsed light therapy for the treatment of dry eye syndrome caused by Meibomian glands dysfunction","",4,"\"A significant improvement in objective clinical signs was found, with an increase in TBUT from 6.98±1.41s. to 9.27±1.25s. (P<0.001) and a decrease in ME-CHECK-meiboscale (P<0.001). A reduction of severity level on the ME-CHECK-meiboscale classification was observed in 90%, along with a significant improvement in subjective clinical signs on the ME-CHECK questionnaire (P<0.001). No ocular or facial adverse events were noted.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36319526/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Combined intense pulsed light and low-level light therapy for the treatment of refractory Meibomian gland dysfunction","",5,"\"This study confirmed the efficacy and safety of combined IPL and LLLT demonstrating its superiority compared to topical treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36112864/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Effect of low-level light therapy in patients with dry eye: a prospective, randomized, observer-masked trial","590, 830",3,"\"The primary endpoint, the mean FCS score change (SD) at week 4 in the LLLT and placebo groups showed significant differences, being − 1.10 (1.07) and − 0.40 (1.16) respectively (p = 0.028), having a medium effect size (0.627).\"\n\n\"The LLLT group showed greater decrease in TBUT, lid debris, lid swelling, lid telangiectasia, meibomian gland quality, meibomian gland expressibility, and lower eyelid meibography score changes did not show significant differences.\"","https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-07427-6","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[590,830]],["Clinical and Molecular Outcomes After Combined Intense Pulsed Light Therapy With Low-Level Light Therapy in Recalcitrant Evaporative Dry Eye Disease With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","",4,"\"Combined light therapy (IPL + LLLT) demonstrated a marked improvement in the clinical metrics studied. Three months after treatment, Ocular Surface Disease Index showed a significant reduction in 95.6% (P < 0.0001), tear breakup time increased in 72.3% (P < 0.0001), and meibomian gland expressibility scoring increased in 80.8% (P < 0.0001) of the eyes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907942/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Combined Low-Level Light Therapy and Intense Pulsed Light Therapy for the Treatment of Dry Eye in Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome","",3,"\"BUT test showed an increase in tear film breakup time in patients with DED 1 month after the beginning of the treatment (T0 vs T1: p=0,01). This increase was even more statistically significant after 3 months of the IPL and LLLT treatment (T0 vs T3: p < 0.0001). Schirmer test values increased too, but there was not statistically significance between values at T0 and T1 or T3. The patients perceived an improvement in their condition, which resulted in a lower score on the OSDI survey. The OSDI score was lower at T1 than T0 (T0 vs T1: p=0.0003), while it tended to increase again after 3 months although it was still lower than baseline (T0 vs T3: p=0.02). No facial or ocular side effects were reported.\"\n\n\"The use of combined IPL/LLLT for the treatment of DED in patients affected by Sjögren's syndrome appears to be beneficial.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34221491/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Intense Pulsed Plus Low-Level Light Therapy in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","",4,"\"IPL combined with LLL was effective and safe, improving the lipid layer thickness in MGD and decreasing the level of symptoms.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34234402/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Intense Pulsed Light Therapy in Combination with Low-Level Light Therapy as Rescue Treatment","600, 633",4,"\"Combined light therapy improved several ocular surface outcome measures in our patients. This study demonstrates that this adjunctive treatment significantly improves the ocular surface and quality of life of patients with dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34198493/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[600,633]],["Combined Intense Pulsed Light and Low-Level Light Therapy for the Treatment of Dry Eye: A Retrospective Before-After Study with One-Year Follow-Up","600, 633",4,"\"Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of a combination of intense pulsed light and low-level light therapy (IPL/LLLT) for the treatment of dry eye.\"\n\n\"IPL/LLLT is safe and produces an important reduction in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease, still relevant one year after the end of treatment in a sample with high symptoms' severity. Therefore, it represents a promising treatment option for patients who do not improve with conventional treatment. Randomized trials are needed to determine the added benefit provided by LLLT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045848/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[600,633]],["Combined low level light therapy and intense pulsed light therapy for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction.","",4,"\"A total of 460 eyes of 230 patients were identified for inclusion in the data set. \n\nMean OSDI scores were significantly lower after treatment; 70.4% of patients had pretreatment OSDI scores indicative of dry eye; this dropped to 29.1% of patients after treatment. \n\nA 1-step or greater reduction in MGD grading was observed in 70% of eyes, with 28% of eyes having a 2-step or greater reduction. \n\nTear breakup time was ≤6 seconds in 86.7% of eyes pretreatment, dropping to 33.9% of eyes after treatment. \n\nThere were no ocular or facial adverse events or side effects related to the combined light treatment.\"\n\n\"The use of combined IPL/LLLT for the treatment of severe MGD appears to be beneficial in patients who have failed topical and/or systemic therapy.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31354233","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["Bioptron light therapy to dry eye caused by long-term topically applied antiglaucoma drug with benzalkonium-chloride","",4,"[Group 2 received Hylo-gel solution + Bioptron light therapy. This group also had the highest improvement of symptoms, compared to Hylo-gel group and control group]\n\nComment: The authors don't report the parameters properly, and they erraneously use the mW (milliwatts) unit to describe power density... However, entirely another article using the same device states: \"The physical parameters of the light output from this optical medical device were as follows: wavelength 480–3400 nm, light spot size 254 cm2 , and specific power density 40 mW/cm2 . During active light exposure, the energy output of the device (energy density) was 2.4 J/cm2 /min (that is, 24 J/cm2 /10 min session).\"","https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0365-4478/2018/0365-44781801109B.pdf","PDF",16,"Eyes","Dry eyes",[]],["GaAs laser treatment of bilateral eyelid ptosis due to complication of botulinum toxin type A injection.","890",4,"\"The result was complete recovery from ptosis after 10 sessions, but the cosmetic results persisted for several months. It appears that if this procedure has similar results in other case series, it will be an effective therapeutic option to treat this complication.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922092","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Eyelids",[890]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: A Pilot Study. [RETRACTED ARTICLE]","780",4,"\"Poor visual acuity (≤ 20/25), initially found in 24 of 63 eyes (38.1%), improved in 17 (70.8%) eyes and did not change in 7 eyes (29.2%).\"\n\n\"Mean IOP dropped from 24.9 ± 14.9 to 15.0 ± 6.5 mm Hg (-39.7%, p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"Visual fields were either fully restored, improved by at least 10 degrees, or remained unchanged in 32, 29, and 2 of 63 eyes (51%, 46%, and 3%), respectively.\"\n\n\"Mean M-VEP latency was reduced by 13.5 msec (-8%, p < 0.001); mean amplitude increased by +677 nV (+14%, p < 0.001). Adverse effects were not observed. No changes were noted in control eyes.\"\n\n\"This first small series of cases indicated that photobiomodulation might be a safe approach to lower IOP and to improve visual acuity and fields in eyes with POAG.\"\n\nRETRACTION NOTICE:\n\n\"The second author of the article, Dr. Tomislav Ivandic, notified the Journal that inaccuracies in the reported parameters were discovered after publication of the article as a consequence of the information being translated from German (the authors' native language) into English. As a very serious repercussion of this error, Dr. Ivandic states that, 'Further studies or application based on these false doses would probably harm the eye.'\n\nThe first-named author of the article, Dr. Boris Ivandic, disagrees with this declaration and states that, 'there is no mistake in the dose calculations using the parameters 10 mW power, 3 mm2 beam spot area as well as 30 or 90 sec time of irradiation, respectively.'\n\nPhotomedicine and Laser Surgery is dedicated to upholding the integrity of the science it publishes. As a result of this irreconcilable dispute between the authors, the editorial leadership of the Journal is officially retracting this article from the literature in an effort to reduce any potential for iatrogenic injury in the event that the erroneous information was used to study or treat other patients.\n\nThe authors regret this very unfortunate circumstance.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673826","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Glaucoma",[780]],["Effects of Low-Level LED Red-Light Therapy on Axial Elongation in Hyperopic Children: A Bidirectional Cohort Study","650",4,"\"The LED group showed a significantly faster rate of axial elongation than the comparison group (interaction β=+0.082 mm/year, 95% CI: 0.042 to 0.122; p < 0.001). \n\nIn the anisometropic subgroup, treated eyes elongated significantly faster than fellow eyes (mean difference = +0.167 mm/year, 95% CI: 0.109-0.226; p < 0.001), leading to a reduction in interocular axial length disparity. \n\nLMM confirmed a greater time-dependent increase in treated eyes (β = +0.151 mm/year, 95% CI: 0.102-0.199; p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"Low-level LED red-light therapy significantly accelerates axial elongation in hyperopic children and reduces interocular differences in anisometropic cases, suggesting that it may promote more balanced binocular refractive development.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41525919/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Hyperopia",[650]],["Photobiomodulation with 670 nm light increased phagocytosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.","",2,"\"Photobiomodulation reduced ROS production but did not affect cell viability or mitochondrial membrane potential.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321863","PubMed",68,"Eyes","In vitro",[]],["He-Ne low level laser therapeutic applications for treatment of acute iridocyclitis","632",4,"\"For irradiated eyes by LLLT, we have found that the healing period is shortened signicantly by 40 % (p<0,001)\"\n\nComment: The parameters were very poorly reported. Even treatment time is unknown.","http://nt-cmb.medun.acad.bg:8080/jspui/bitstream/10861/297/1/Koev-K_et-al_acta-medica-1-10.pdf","PDF",68,"Eyes","Iridocyclitis",[632]],["Perioperative low-level light therapy for ocular surface protection in patients undergoing Femto-LASIK: a prospective double-masked, randomized controlled study","633",4,"\"In the LLLT group, tear film parameters and subjective symptoms remained stable throughout follow-up, with no statistically significant changes over time. Conversely, the control group showed a significant decline in TMH (0.27 ± 0.05 mm to 0.20 ± 0.05 mm; p < 0.001), Schirmer test (20.39 ± 10.84 mm/5’ to 15.65 ± 9.02 mm/5’; p = 0.022), and a significant worsening in DEQ-5 scores (3.53 ± 4.10 to 5.94 ± 2.79; p = 0.005).\"\n\nComment: Treatment parameters were inadequately reported.\n\nComment: The full text doesn't clearly state whether this is laser of LED, but the manufacturer website talks about powerful LEDs: https://espansionegroup.it/technologies/lm-lllt/\n\nComment: The control group received also PBM: \"Sham-treated controls underwent the same procedure using the device’s demo light mode, which delivered <30% of the full treatment power\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42125262/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Laser eye surgery complications",[633]],["Low-Level Light Therapy as a Potential Adjunctive Approach in Mucus Fishing Syndrome: Report of Two Clinical Cases","",2,"\"Although improvement was observed, the contribution of LLLT cannot be determined based on these findings alone and further studies are needed to clarify its potential role in MFS management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41487120/","PubMed",16,"Eyes","Mucus Fishing Syndrome",[]],["A 9-Year-Old Boy With Strabismus, Anisometropic Amblyopia, and Myopia in the Left Eye, Associated With Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fibers Syndrome, Managed With Multimodal Therapy","650",3,"\"9-year-old boy with MRNF presented with left eye exotropia, high myopia, and amblyopia. After 3.5 years of limited improvement with part-time occlusion, an intensified multimodal treatment was initiated, including full-time occlusion, low-level red light therapy (650 nm), red flicker therapy (630 nm), accommodative training, eye-tracking training, and afterimage therapy. Following a 2-month period of therapy, the patient's left eye best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/80 to 20/30, with associated improvements in axial length and PVEP. Myopia progression was controlled and strabismus improved from 12° to 5°.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41947439/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Multiple diagnoses",[650]],["A natural experiment in school lighting: observational evidence linking far-red light exposure to slower myopia progression in Chinese Uyghur schoolchildren","",4,"\"After PSM, 82 participants (41 per group) were included. AL increase was significantly smaller in the FR/NIR-enriched group (0.19 ± 0.09 mm) than Conventional-lit group (0.34 ± 0.12 mm), with a mean difference of -0.15 mm (95% CI: -0.20 to -0.10; P < 0.001). \n\nSER myopic shift was also attenuated in the FR/NIR-enriched group (-0.12 ± 0.46 D vs. -0.52 ± 0.59 D), yielding a mean difference of 0.40 D (95% CI: 0.16 to 0.64; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested age-related differences.\"\n\n\"Over one year, children in classrooms with FR/NIR-enriched lighting showed slower eye growth and less myopic shift. With careful statistical adjustment, these findings suggest that changing classroom lighting could be a simple, passive way to help control myopia at the population level.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42218412/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Differences in Posterior Ocular Morphology Following Red Light Therapy Versus 0.01% Atropine for Myopia Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial Analysis","",4,"\"At 12 months, RLRL showed greater macular flattening than 0.01% atropine across all regions (mean differences, × 10-3 mm-1): central (9.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4-13.6, P < 0.01), temporal (9.7, 95% CI = 6.7-12.8, P < 0.001), inferior (8.4, 95% CI = 5.2-11.6, P < 0.001), superior (7.0, 95% CI = 4.0-9.9, P < 0.001), and nasal (3.7, 95% CI = 0.8-6.7, P < 0.05). The inter-group difference was most pronounced centrally and decreased with eccentricity. MOSH decreased superiorly and increased inferiorly in the RLRL group at 12 months, whereas the LDA group showed minimal change.\"\n\n\"Over 12 months, RLRL showed broader macular flattening and more region-specific MOSH changes compared with 0.01% atropine in this cohort.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42446481/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Comparison of posterior scleral reinforcement surgery and repeated low-level red-light therapy in controlling high and super high myopia in Chinese children","650",4,"\"PSR and RLRL effectively improve BCVA in children with HM and SHM. PSR slows AL and SE progression, whereas RLRL reduces AL and SE, with better BCVA and AL outcomes in SHM at 1 and 2y. Both interventions are safe without severe adverse events within 2y. As a non-surgical approach, RLRL has promising clinical value.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42382970/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Repeated low-level red light therapy for pathologic myopia: a case series of two adult patients","",3,"\"Preliminary observations revealed functional improvement in visual acuity for one patient, while the other demonstrated modest anatomical recovery, including reduced macular retinoschisis and slightly decreased axial length.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42320991/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Long-Term Effects of Repeated Low-Level Red Light Therapy With or Without Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segment Lenses on Axial Length and Fundus Structural Changes in Children With Myopia","",4,"\"RLRL therapy, either alone or combined with DIMS lenses, was associated with AL shortening and CT thickening, which were more pronounced with DIMS lenses. RNFL TI thickening was observed during the first 12 months. These findings support the potential long-term utility of RLRL-based myopia control strategies.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42315072/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Efficacy of Red Light for Myopia Control from Age 2 to 24 with Diverse Treatment Periods: A Real-world Study","650",4,"\"AL increased slightly in children aged 2-7 and 8-12 years, but remained stable in those aged 13-24 years. During the first 6 months, annual axial length (AL) changes reached -0.18, -0.29, and -0.72 mm for the 2-7, 8-12, and 13-24 group, and shifted to 0.14, 0.06, and -0.01 mm with 25-36 months of treatment. Multivariable analyses identified larger baseline AL (β=0.72, p<0.001) and the oldest age group (β=0.82, p=0.009) as independent predictors of AL shortening, while combining orthokeratology offered no additional benefit (p>0.05). Adverse events were infrequent (0.21%).\"\n\n\"RLRL therapy is an effective and well-tolerated approach for myopia control across a broad age range and up to 36 months, showing sustained efficacy and favorable safety in real-world clinical settings.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42009154/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Axial Length Control Using Repeated Low-Level Red Light Combined with Orthokeratology Compared with Orthokeratology Alone in Rapidly Progressing Myopic Children","",5,"\"At 12 months, the RLRL+OK group had significantly less elongation than OK-only (mean difference -0.298 mm; 95% CI -0.388 to -0.209; p<0.001), with significant group×time interactions from 3 months.\"\n\n\"Dose-response showed each 10% higher adherence reduced elongation by -0.148 mm (p<0.001). No clinically significant adverse events were detected.\"\n\n\"RLRL combined with OK significantly reduced axial elongation in rapid-progressing children compared with OK alone, with a clear adherence-dependent effect and reassuring short-term safety profile.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41858975/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Efficacy and Rebound Effects of Repeated Low-Level Red Light versus High-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Control in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",5,"\"At 12 months, RLRL showed superior efficacy: AL regressed by -0.014 mm (95% CI: -0.067 to 0.039) versus a 0.094 mm increase with HCA (95% CI: 0.046-0.141; p = 0.005). \"\n\n\"During the 3-month washout, AL elongation was slightly greater in RLRL (0.163 mm) compared to HCA (0.115 mm; p = 0.014).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41796439/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Early Changes in Ocular Biometry Predict Long-Term Treatment Outcomes Following Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy","",4,"\"RLRL therapy is effective and safe for controlling myopia progression in children. Early AL dynamics, combined with baseline ocular parameters, provide strong predictive power for long-term outcomes, supporting individualized myopia management and risk-stratified clinical decision-making.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41759803/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Myopia Control in Myopic Anisometropia Children and Adolescents","650",4,"\"Notably, eyes with greater degrees of myopia exhibit more pronounced benefits, including AL shortening and reversal of SER progression.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41664841/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of four myopia control interventions in children: a single-center retrospective study","650",5,"\"All active interventions significantly outperformed SVL in controlling AL elongation (SVL mean: 0.42 mm/year). \n\nRLRL exhibited the greatest efficacy (mean AL change: 0.06 mm; 86.0% relative to SVL), with 31% of participants showing axial shortening. \n\nOrtho-K (0.18 mm; 57.5% efficacy) and MCSL (0.23 mm; 45.2% efficacy) also demonstrated substantial benefits. \n\nMean annual direct medical costs were $140.93 (SVL), $429.44 (MCSL), $1,108.08 (Ortho-K), and $806.29 (RLRL). \n\nICER analysis identified MCSL as the most cost-effective active intervention ($151.69 per 0.1 mm AL saved), followed by RLRL ($184.13), while Ortho-K yielded the highest ICER ($400.42).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41691040/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Three-year efficacy and safety of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control: a multicentre real-world study","",5,"\"Among 362 participants, 90 were treated for ≥0.5-1 year (median 0.64 year), 91 for ≥1-2 years (median 1.40 years), 90 for ≥2-3 years (median 2.30 years) and 91 for ≥3 years (median 3.65 years). \n\nThe satisfactory myopia control rate (defined as annual axial elongation ≤0.10 mm) was 72.53% (95% CI 62.17 to 81.37) over ≥3 years of RLRL treatment, with annual axial length change of 0.06 mm/year (95% CI 0.03 to 0.08). \n\nNo subjective visual function damage was documented by best-corrected visual acuity, and no treatment duration-dependent changes in objective full-field electroretinogram were observed. \n\nA minimal, reversible optical coherence tomography change was noted in four eyes which did not impact visual function.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41558834/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Axial and Choroidal Changes as Key Predictors of Myopia Control in Red-Light Therapy: Evidence from Machine Learning Models","",3,"\"We developed and validated an interpretable machine learning model that accurately predicts short- and long-term outcomes of RLRL therapy in children. ChangeAL and ChangeChT serve as key dynamic biomarkers for treatment monitoring. These findings provide a foundation for personalized clinical decision-making in myopia management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41513206/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["The effectiveness of red-light therapy on myopia control depends on its direct effect: a mediation analysis","",3,"\"Mediation analysis revealed that changes in choroidal thickness and peripheral refraction accounted for 24.83% and 6.79%, respectively, of the effect on axial length inhibition, and 28.79% and 5.97% of the effect on spherical equivalent control. The remaining effects were attributable to the direct impact of red-light (68.39% for axial length and 65.24% for spherical equivalence).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41331814/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Effects on choroid after repeated low-level red-light therapy in preclinical and clinical myopic children: a randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"RLRL therapy induces a marked and sustained thickening of the macular choroid within 6000 µm, while its effects on choriocapillaris perfusion are transient. Moreover, the magnitude of SFCT increase at 6 months alone provides a reliable early predictor of 12-month myopia control efficacy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40449858/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Comparison of the efficacy and clinical applications of three different myopia control methods: repeated low-level red light, 1% atropine, and orthokeratology lenses in children and adolescent","",5,"\"RLRL, 1% atropine, and OK lenses were effective in controlling AL and SE increase compared with SVS, with RLRL and 1% atropine exhibiting better outcomes than OK lenses.\"\n\nComment: Large sample size!","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41212220/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Repeated low-level red-light therapy combined with orthokeratology for myopia control in Spain: a randomised controlled study","",5,"\"After 12 months, the adjusted mean AL change was -0.124 mm (95% CI -0.164 to -0.084) in the RCO group, whereas the ortho-k group continued to exhibit a modest axial elongation of 0.102 mm (95% CI 0.068 to 0.136). The adjusted mean difference in AL change was -0.226 mm (95% CI -0.279 to -0.174) between the groups (p<0.001). \n\nAdditionally, the adjusted mean change in MT showed no significant difference between groups at 12 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41266129/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Six-Month Interim Analyses of the Efficacy of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy Combined with Orthokeratology for Myopia Control in Spanish Children","",4,"\"All 26 children completed the 6-month follow-up visit. After 6 months, the adjusted mean AL change was -0.057 mm (95% CI, -0.078 to -0.037 mm) in RCO group, and 0.041 mm (95% CI, 0.029 to 0.054 mm) in OK group. In RCO group, 5 children (45.5%) achieved clinically significant axial shortening (defined as AL change ≤ -0.05 mm). The adjusted mean macular thickness change was 0.664 µm (95% CI, 0.468 to 0.859 µm) in RCO group, and 0.077 µm (95% CI, -0.048 to 0.203 µm) in OK group. No severe adverse events or significant corneal findings were observed.\"\n\n[RCO = red light + orthokeratology // OK = orthokeratology alone)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41165747/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Efficacy of 50 % vs. 100 % intensity repeated low-level red-light on choroidal thickness and vasculature: A randomized crossover trial","650",3,"\"This study demonstrates that both 50 % and 100 % RLRL produced similar choroidal thickening, suggesting that 50 % RLRL may offer comparable myopia control efficacy with reduced energy usage.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41057129/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Non-invasive low-level red-light therapy for axial length control in pediatric extreme myopia","650",4,"\"After treatment, significant improvements were observed: spherical equivalent error increased by 0.549D (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.430 to 0.668, p < 0.001), axial length shortened by 0.056 mm (95% CI: -0.087 to -0.025, p = 0.001), best-corrected visual acuity improved by 0.110 LogMAR, and choroidal thickness increased by 34.84 μm, with no adverse events. \n\nSubgroup analysis found comparable efficacy between the extreme and high myopia groups. \n\nThese results indicate RLRL is a safe, non-invasive option for managing extreme myopia in children, with meaningful clinical value.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41031369/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Exploration of correlated factors of axial length changes after repeated low-level red-light irradiation in the real world","650",3,"\"There was a statistical difference in the amount of AL changes during the follow-up (F = 16.12, P < 0.001), and the amount of AL changes was significant at the 6-month follow-up (△AL=-0.16 ± 0.18), and then gradually decreased with the extension of follow-up time. \n\nThere was a statistically positive correlation between baseline AL and baseline SER and changes in AL (P < 0.05). \n\nThe axial regression in high myopia group was significantly greater than that in mild and moderate myopia group (P < 0.05). \n\nThere was also a statistically positive correlation between age and changes in AL (P < 0.05). \n\nAt the follow-up of 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, combined with other myopia prevention and control was correlated with the change of AL (P < 0.05). \n\nBaseline corneal thickness, baseline corneal curvature and baseline IOP were not correlated with changes in AL (all P > 0.05).\"\n\n\"The longer the baseline AL, the higher SER, the thinner SFCT, the older the age and the combination of other myopia prevention and control measures, the more obvious the change of AL. However, the changes of AL were not affected by IOP, corneal curvature and corneal thickness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41034752/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Efficacy of Repeated Low-Level Red Light in the Prevention and Control of Myopia among Children and Adolescents","",5,"\"Follow-up showed that the RLRL group had significantly better AL control efficacy at three months, six months, and one year compared to the ortho-k lens group and the defocus spectacle lens group (***p <0.001). \n\nSubgroup analysis revealed no significant impact of gender, age, and myopia severity on the changes of AL (p >0.05), confirming the universal applicability of RLRL treatment in inhibiting AL elongation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40948170/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Structural OCT Changes Following Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Myopia Prevention","650",5,"\"The axial elongation increased by 0.05 mm in the RLRL group and 0.25 mm in the control group (between-group difference, 0.20 mm; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.28 mm; P < .001) (Table). \n\nThe SER progression was −0.20 D in the RLRL group and −0.61 D in the control group (between-group difference, −0.40 D; 95% CI, −0.62 to −0.19 D; P < .001).\"\n\n\"No severe treatment-associated adverse events occurred (Table). In the RLRL group, 3 eyes in 3 children (7%; 95% CI, 1%-15%) showed transient dome-shaped hyperreflectivity between the RPE layer and foveal ellipsoid zone on OCT (2 eyes at 1 month and 1 eye at 6 months). All 3 children had no visual symptoms, with preserved BCVA and normal fundus examination results. The hyperreflectivity resolved completely after RLRL therapy cessation (recovery time, 0.5-3 months) (Figure).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40839279/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Repeated low-intensity red light therapy for childhood myopia: a retrospective cohort study","650",4,"\"RLRL therapy significantly slowed myopia progression and improved visual and accommodative function in children over 12 months, with no major safety concerns. These findings support RLRL as a promising, safe intervention for pediatric myopia control.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41113016/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["A comparison of repeated low-level red light and low-dose atropine for myopia control: A two-year retrospective study","",5,"\"The SE progression and AL elongation were significantly less in the RLRL than in the LDA group at 6 months (P = 0.002, SE; P = 0.004, AL), 12 months (P < 0.001) and 24 months (P < 0.001). For patients with RLRL, the SE progression was greater during the second than the first year (P = 0.05). The proportion of patients with SE regression in the RLRL group was greater than that in the LDA group at 12 months (P = 0.003), and the AL shortening proportion was significantly greater in the RLRL group than in the LDA group at 6 months (P = 0.001), 12 months (P = 0.001), and 24 months (P = 0.049). Eight adverse events were reported in the RLRL group without irreversible structural damage.\"\n\n\"The present research demonstrates that RLRL treatment is more effective than 0.01 % atropine in delaying myopia progression and observes a greater percentage of patients with SE regression and AL shortening in myopic children over two years.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40780416/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Evaluation of Short-Term Color Vision Perception Changes After Using a Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy Myopia Management Device","650",3,"\"A significant reduction in color perception sensitivity was observed immediately after exposure to RLRL at each visit (p < 0.001 for all), which returned to baseline levels after 5 min. Three sessions of RLRL caused no change compared to baseline color perception (p = 0.054).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40619127/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy combined with defocus incorporated multiple segments spectacles for controlling childhood myopia","650",4,"\"After 12 months, the mean changes of AL were: 0.26 mm (95 % CI, 0.17 to 0.35 mm) for SVS, 0.16 mm (95 % CI, 0.11 to 0.21 mm) for DIMS, -0.21 mm (95 % CI, -0.45 to 0.02 mm) for RCS, and -0.14 mm (95 % CI, -0.27 to -0.01 mm) for RCD. Significant differences were observed between groups (F = 15.18, P < 0.001).\"\n\n\"RLRL therapy is a potentially effective and practical approach for myopia control, demonstrating comparable efficacy when combined with either SVS or DIMS spectacles.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40517989/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Early changes in choroidal thickness and ocular biometry in predicting who will achieve full myopia control with repeated low-level red light therapy","",3,"\"The rate of change in AL during the first three months emerged as the most important predictor for treatment outcomes at both 1-year and 2-year, rather than the change in sChT. Early monitoring of AL changes could be a valuable tool for identifying children most likely to benefit from this intervention.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40532774/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Effects on Choroid after Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Preclinical and Clinical Myopic Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial","650",4,"\"RLRL therapy induces a marked and sustained thickening of the macular choroid within 6,000 µm, while its effects on choriocapillaris perfusion are transient. Moreover, the magnitude of SFCT increase at 6 months alone provides a reliable early predictor of 12-month myopia control efficacy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40449858/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Three-Month Interim Analyses of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Myopia Control in Schoolchildren: A Pilot Multi-Ethnic Randomized Controlled Trial","",5,"\"The RLRL group demonstrated a significant shortening in AL ( - 0.06 ± 0.05 mm) compared to the SVS group (0.02 ± 0.06 mm, p < 0.001). Similarly, the RLRL group demonstrated a reversal in SE (0.23 ± 0.18 D), whereas the SVS group exhibited a smaller increase (0.04 ± 0.43 D). No severe adverse events were reported in either of the groups.\"\n\n\"The three-month interim analysis shows that RLRL therapy effectively controls myopia progression among multi-ethnic children without safety concerns, suggesting its potential as a globally applicable solution for myopia control.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40388203/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Establishment and validation of a prognostic model for controlling adolescents' myopia progression through repeated low-level red-light therapy","650",3,"\"After 6 months of treatment, significant differences were found between the two groups in myopia progression (-0.62 ± 0.24 D vs. -0.75 ± 0.36 D, t=2.621, P=0.010) and visual acuity (logMAR) (0.12 ± 0.06 vs. 0.15 ± 0.07, t=2.467, P=0.015) (Figure 1). However, no significant differences were observed in contrast sensitivity (t=1.495, P=0.137), corneal thickness (t=1.227, P=0.222), or anterior chamber depth (t=0.168, P=0.867) between the two groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40385039/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Effect of repeated Low-Level red light therapy on axial length in myopic individuals: predictors for a good response","650",3,"\"Longer baseline AL and lower SER are key predictors of a good response to RLRL therapy. Moreover, treatment compliance showed a trend toward significance, emphasizing its crucial role in achieving optimal outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40335964/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Cone Density Changes After Repeated Low-Level Red Light Treatment in Children With Myopia","650",2,"\"Results of this cohort study suggest that RLRL therapy for at least 1 year was associated with reduced cone density in the paracentral fovea and other subtle retinal abnormalities in some children receiving this therapy for myopia control. These findings support the need for further research to evaluate longer-term safety of RLRL therapy in similar individuals.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40272813/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red Light Versus 0.01% Topical Atropine on Myopia Progression: A Randomized Crossover-Controlled Trial","650",5,"\"Compared to 0.01% atropine, RLRL demonstrated superior effectiveness in slowing myopic progression and axial elongation in myopia children. Changes in SFCT may predict the retarding effects of RLRL on axial elongation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266603/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["One-year changes in axial length and refraction in children using low-level red light and distant-image screen for myopia control: a randomized controlled trial","650",5,"\"The median one-year changes in SER were 0.21D (inter-quartile range, IQR: -0.03D to 0.46D), -0.06D (-0.32D to 0.19D), -0.08D (-0.31D to 0.14D), and -0.30D (-0.51D to -0.09D), respectively, for the RL + DIT, RL, DIT, and the control group.\n\nThe median one-year changes in AL were 0.04 mm (-0.03 mm to 0.13 mm), 0.05 mm (-0.03 mm to 0.14 mm), 0.30 mm (0.22 mm to 0.37 mm), and 0.42 mm (0.35 mm to 0.49 mm), respectively, for the RL + DIT, RL, DIT, and the control group. Fundus photographs revealed no retinal changes across all groups.\"\n\n\"Participants who underwent daily 650-nm low-level red light therapy combined with distant-image screen intervention for 12 months demonstrated a significant deceleration in myopia progression, with 79.3% exhibiting potential for reversal of myopia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40201319/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Effects of repeated low-level red-light therapy on myopia control in children with intermittent exotropia","650",5,"\"Post-RLRL treatment, the IXT with RLRL Group exhibited significantly less AL elongation compared to the Control Group at various time points (P<0.001). After 6 months, the mean AL increase in the dominant eye was 0.005±0.130 mm for the IXT with RLRL Group, compared to 0.164±0.090 mm in the Control Group (difference = -0.159 mm; 95 % CI, -0.226 to -0.093 mm; P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the two groups in changes in exodeviation angles and near stereopsis (P>0.05). Additionally, no significant differences in AL and SER control were observed between the IXT with RLRL Group and the RLRL Group (P>0.05), and treatment efficacy was similar between the two eyes.\"\n\n\"RLRL is effective in controlling myopia progression in children with IXT without adversely affecting strabismus parameters. Its efficacy is comparable to that observed in children without strabismus, suggesting RLRL as a viable option for myopia management in this population.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39978611/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Short-term effectiveness and safety of photobiomodulation on low-to-moderate myopia","650",5,"\"After three months of treatment, the AL decreased by 0.07 ± 0.11 mm, and the SER decreased by -0.12 ± 0.39 D in the PBM group. However, both SER and AL increased in the control group. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences between the PBM and control groups (p < 0.01). The BCVA, RNFLT, GCLT, CPRT, and 3 mm-CRT remained almost unchanged in the PBM group; The SCP decreased from 0.37 ± 0.03 to 0.35 ± 0.02 in the PBM group with a statistically significant difference before and after treatment (p = 0.045). The CCT increased from 255 ± 41 µm to 274 ± 29 µm in the PBM group without any significant difference before and after treatment. \n\nThe administration of PBM significantly suppresses the elevation of AL and SER following a three-month duration. No significant adverse effects were observed on visual function and retinal morphology.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39954097/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Impact of repeated low-level red-light therapy on axial length, refraction, and macular retinal blood flow density in adolescents with mild to moderate myopia","650",3,"\"The spherical equivalent (SER) remained relatively stable over the first three months, but it significantly improved at six months, changing from -2.39 ± 2.21 D at baseline to -2.01 ± 2.12 D (P < 0.05). \n\nHowever, the axial length also showed minimal variation across follow-up visits, indicating stable eye growth with no substantial elongation throughout the study period. Furthermore, RLRL therapy resulted in stable measurements across primary and secondary outcomes (all P > 0.05), with no significant changes over the six months. There were no obvious side effects following the treatment.\"\n\n\"Low-energy red light therapy shows promise as a non-invasive approach for stabilizing myopia in adolescents, with no observed compromise to retinal blood flow density.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39889976/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Synergistic effect of defocus incorporated multiple segment glasses and repeated low level red light therapy against myopia progression","650",5,"\"By the end of the study, the adjusted mean yearly axial change with combination therapy was - 0.13 mm, -0.04 mm for the eyes with RLRL alone, and 0.16 mm for the eyes with DIMS lenses alone (p < 0.0001). \n\nCombination therapy of DIMS and RLRL has significantly greater effect size in controlling myopia progression than either RLRL alone (p = 0.0009) or DIMS alone (p < 0.0001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39893182/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Impact of repeated low-level red-light exposure on choroidal thickness and blood flow in pediatric patients: A SS-OCTA study","650",4,"\"RLRL therapy significantly increased subfoveal choroidal thickness (Baseline: 272.82 ± 64.01 μm; 1-month: 297.77 ± 72.94 μm; 3-month: 298.77 ± 77.17 μm, p = 0.001), reduced axial length (Baseline: 24.97 ± 1.47 mm; 3-month: 24.88 ± 1.38 mm, p = 0.002), and showed a marginal regression in spherical equivalent (p = 0.055).\"\n\n\"RLRL therapy shows promise in managing pediatric myopia by increasing choroidal vessel volume and thickness, potentially mitigating myopia progression.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39579842/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Changes in choroidal thickness in pre-myopic children after repeated low-level red-light therapy and their role in predicting myopia prevention and controlling myopic shift","",4,"\"A total of 463 eyes were analyzed. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, 176 participants in the RLRL group had treatment interrupted. The continued RLRL group, interrupted RLRL group and control group were well balanced in baseline characteristics. \n\nIn the continued and interrupted RLRL group, the average ChT increased significantly at 3-month visit (all P < 0.001) and the subfoveal ChT thickened evidently. \n\nThe area under the curve (AUC) for the models including gender and 3-month change in ChT to predict satisfactory myopia prevention at 12 months was 0.983. The efficacy of the models that also used the combined indicators of baseline age, gender and the 3-month change in ChT to predict AL progression control over 12 months reached 0.944.\"\n\n\"Continued RLRL intervention induced notable thickening of ChT in premyopic population, especially at the subfoveal sector. For participants received RLRL treatment, the 3-month change in ChT combined with other baseline factors have acceptable predictive discrimination of myopia prevention efficacy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39626798/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Axial Shortening Effects of Repeated Low-level Red-light Therapy in Children with High Myopia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial","650",5,"\"After 12-month treatment, AL and SE changes were -0.11 ± 0.25 mm and 0.18 ± 0.63 D for RLRL group and 0.32 ± 0.09 mm and -0.80 ± 0.42 D for control group. Axial shortening > 0.05 mm was observed to 59% in the RLRL and 0% in the control group at 12 months.\"\n\n\"RLRL could effectively shorten the AL and inhibit the progression of myopia in high myopic patients -6.00 D or worse. AL shortening is sustained over 12 months of treatment. These observed changes appeared to be associated with increases in ChT and RT.\"\n\nComment: As in many other papers as well, the light intensity is described as lux units (1600 lx).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39424029/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Effectiveness of low-level red light for controlling progression of Myopia in children and adolescents","650",5,"\"After 6 months of intervention, the experimental group's increase in SER (-0.01D; 95 % CI: -0.09, 0.06) was higher than that of the control group (-0.41D; 95 % CI: -0.51, -0.32), with a significance level of P < 0.001.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009205/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Safety of and chorioretinal circulation during repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopic children","",5,"\"Over 9 months of treatment, while the RLRL treatment demonstrated significantly less increases in refractive error and axial length compared with the SVS treatment (ps < 0.05), no abnormalities in fundus structure or visual function (mfERG, VEP and microperimetry) were detected (ps > 0.05).\"\n\n\"Nine months of continuous RLRL exposure does not cause toxic side effects on retinal or optic nerve functions, and there is a time-dependent cumulative response in choroidal and retinal circulation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39501548/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Axial Length Shortening after Combined Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Poor Responders of Orthokeratology in Myopic Children","650",5,"\"In the first year of ortho-k treatment (phase one), they experienced axial elongation of 0.30 mm or greater (defined as poor responders to ortho-k). Children were divided into two groups: the orthokeratology group (OK, n = 45) continued to receive ortho-k monotherapy and the combination group (OK-RLRL, n = 55) received RLRL in addition to ortho-k for the next year (phase two).\"\n\n\"During phase two, significant AL shortening was observed in the OK-RLRL group compared with children in the OK group (−0.10 ± 0.16 mm vs 0.30 ± 0.19 mm, P < 0.001). Among these 55 myopic children in the OK-RLRL group, 35 (63.6%), 25 (45.4%), 11 (20%), 6 (10.9%), and 3 (5.4%) of them had AL shortening over 0.05 mm/year, 0.10 mm/year, and 0.20 mm/year, 0.3 mm/year, and 0.4 mm/year, respectively.\"\n\n\"For poor responders of orthokeratology, RLRL could slow axial elongation in addition to the ortho-k treatment effect. Those who respond poorly to ortho-k with elder age might benefit more from combined therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39156880/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Efficacy comparison of repeated low-level red-light therapy and orthokeratology lenses for myopia control","635",4,"\"Over the 2-year period, the repeated low-level red-light therapy group exhibited significantly less axial length growth compared with the orthokeratology lenses group (0.17 ± 0.40 vs. 0.50 ± 0.27 mm, p<0.001).\"\n\n\"Repeated low-level red-light therapy demonstrated slightly superior efficacy in controlling myopia progression in children compared with orthokeratology lenses.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39485347/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[635]],["The Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy on Myopia Control and Choroid","650",4,"\"In the RLRL group, AL decreased at three and six months (both P < 0.05) and returned to pretreatment values at 12 months (P = 0.453). In contrast, AL increased significantly throughout the follow-up period (three, six, and 12 months) in the control group (all P < 0.001). \n\nThe SE increased significantly during the entire follow-up period in the RLRL group (all P < 0.001), whereas it decreased significantly in the control group (all P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"RLRL therapy significantly improved choroidal blood perfusion and circulation, which may explain the observed slowing or reversal of myopia progression in the RLRL group. Thus RLRL therapy may be a novel and effective method for controlling myopia. Furthermore, the short-term effect of photobiomodulation therapy (i.e., changes at three months) can be used to predict the long-term effects (i.e., changes at 12 months).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39432402/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy combined with optical lenses for myopia control in children and adolescents","635",4,"\"RLRL therapy combined with optical lenses is effective in controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39398555/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[635]],["Comparison of Changes in Retinal Vascular Density and Thickness After Using Low-Level Red Light and 0.01% Atropine in Premyopic Children","650",3,"\"SRVD increased similarly in the RLRL and 0.01% atropine groups, whereas DRVD increased only in the former group. There were no significant RT changes in either group after six months of treatment in premyopic schoolchildren.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38940757/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Myopia Control in High Myopia Children and Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",5,"\"After 12 months, the adjusted mean change in axial length was -0.06 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.10 to -0.02 mm) and 0.34 mm (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.39 mm) in the intervention and control groups, respectively.\"\n\n\"There were 48 participants (50.3%) of the intervention group were still experiencing axial shortening more than 0.05mm at 12-month follow-up. Furthermore, the mean spherical equivalent refraction change after 12 months was 0.11 D (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.19 D) and -0.75 D (95% CI: -0.88 to -0.62 D) in the intervention and control groups, respectively.\"\n\n\"RLRL demonstrates much stronger treatment efficacy among high myopia, with 50.3% experience substantial axial shortening. RLRL provides an excellent solution for the management of high myopia progression, a significant challenge in ophthalmology practice.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38849054/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Myopia Control Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy Combined with Orthokeratology: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial","",5,"\"A total of 47(97.9%) children were included in the analysis (30 in the RCO group and 17 in the Ortho-k group). The mean axial elongation rate before the trial was 0.60mm/year in the RCO group and 0.61mm/year in the Ortho-k group. After 12 months following the intended intervention, the adjusted mean AL changes were -0.02mm(95% CI, -0.08 to +0.03 mm) in the RCO group and 0.27mm(0.19-0.34 mm) in the Ortho-k group.\"\n\n\"The percentage of children achieving an uncorrected visual acuity greater than 20/25 was similar in the RCO (64.3%) and Ortho-k (65.5%) groups (Chi2 test, P=0.937).\"\n\n\"Combining RLRL therapy with Ortho-k may offer a promising approach to optimize axial elongation control among myopic children. This approach also potentially allows children to achieve satisfactory visual acuity, reducing the daytime dependence on corrective eyewear.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38763303/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["A retrospective study of cumulative absolute reduction in axial length after photobiomodulation therapy","",4,"\"342 myopic children were included with mean age 8.64 ± 2.20 years and baseline mean axial length of 24.41 ± 1.17 mm. There were 85.40%, 46.30%, 71.20% and 58.30% children with axial length shortening recorded at follow-up for 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months, respectively. With respect to the axial length shortened eyes, the mean axial length difference (standard deviation) was - 0.039 (0.11) mm, -0.032 (0.11) mm, -0.037 (0.12) mm, -0.028 (0.57) mm at 1, 3, 6, and 12-month follow-up, respectively. Greater AL shortening was observed among the older group who had longer baseline axial lengths than the younger group (P < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38664659/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy in the prevention and control of myopia in children","650",3,"\"Following three months of treatment, the average axial length of the eyes decreased by 0.031 mm. \n\nThe condition was better for the boys than for girls, but the difference was not statistically significant. As age increased (F = 8.112, P = 0.000) or as the absolute value of baseline myopia degree increased (F = 10.51, P = 0.000), axial lengths of the eyes tended to decrease. The spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of children decreased by an average of 0.012 ± 0.355D. The condition was better for the boys than for girls, but the difference was not statistically significant. SER increased in the direction of hyperopic drift as age increased (F = 2.48, P=0.031), or as the absolute value of baseline myopia degrees increased (F = 6.835, P = 0.000). There were no obvious side effects following the treatment.\"\n\n\"This study showed that RLRL therapy is a potential efficient, easily operable, and practically feasible method for the prevention and control of myopia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740318/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Safety of Repeated Low-level Red-Light Therapy for Children with Myopia","650",3,"\"Based on retinal function follow-up, RLRLT was safe within 12 months. However, rEZR and rPOSR increased, the effects of this phenomenon requires further observation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38729232/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Daily Low-Level Red Light for Spherical Equivalent Error and Axial Length in Children With Myopia: A Randomized Clinical Trial","650",5,"\"Mean (SD) changes in SER were 0.15 (0.16) D and -0.26 (0.21) D for the LLRL group and the control group, respectively (difference, -0.41 D; 95% CI, -0.48 to -0.34 D; P < .001), at 6 months and 0.24 (0.27) D and -0.65 (0.33) D for the LLRL group and the control group, respectively (difference, -0.89 D; 95% CI, -0.95 to -0.83 D; P < .001), at 12 months. \n\nMean (SD) changes in AL were -0.06 (0.08) mm and 0.13 (0.12) mm for the LLRL group and control group, respectively (difference, 0.19 mm; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.22 mm; P < .001), at 6 months and -0.11 (0.10) mm and 0.26 (0.16) mm for the LLRL group and control group, respectively (difference, 0.37 mm; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.40 mm; P < .001). \n\nMasked fundus photograph review did not identify retinal changes in either group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38662345/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Effects of short-term exposure to red or near-infrared light on axial length in young human subjects","620, 875",4,"\"Incoherent narrow-band red light at 620 nm induced axial shortening in 77% of non-myopic and 41% of myopic eyes. NIR light did not induce any significant changes in AL in either refractive group, suggesting that the beneficial effect of red laser light therapy on myopia progression requires visible stimulation and not simply thermal energy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38557968/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[620,875]],["Effects of repeated low-level red-light therapy on macular retinal thickness and microvascular system in children with myopia","650",3,"\"LLLT therapy was safe. The school-aged children exhibited macular thickening after LLLT therapy, which had no significant effect on macular microcirculation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38244655/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["The Effects of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy on the Structure and Vasculature of the Choroid and Retina in Children with Premyopia","650",4,"\"Our study demonstrated a significant increase in CT and flow in the RLRL-treated eyes throughout the 12-months of the study. Combined with its reduction in spherical equivalent progression and axial elongation, RLRL could be used as an effective therapy for preventing progression in premyopes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38198054/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Axial length shortening in myopic children with Stickler syndrome after repeated low-level red-light therapy","",4,"\"At the initiation of the RLRL therapy, the spherical equivalent (SE) of 6 eyes from 3 patients ranged from -3.75 to -20.38 D, axial length (AL) were from 23.88 to 30.68 mm, and BCVA were from 0.4 to 1.0 (decimal notation). Myopia progression of all six eyes slowed down after RLRL therapy. AL in five out of the six eyes shortened -0.07 to -0.63 mm. No side effects were observed.\"\n\n\"Three cases of STL whose progression of myopic shift and AL elongation are successfully reduced and even reversed after RLRL therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37854367/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Efficacy of different powers of Low-level Red Light in Children Myopia Control","650",4,"\"LRL effectively controlled myopia progression at 0.37 mW, 0.60 mW, and 1.20 mW. Despite no significant power differences, a trend indicates higher power's potential effectiveness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37634757/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Effect of red-light therapy on retinal and choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children","650",3,"\"After 4 weeks of treatment, a significant increase in SFCT was observed in the RLRLT group, with an average increase of 14.5 μm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.6-19.5 μm), compared with a decrease of -1.7 μm (95% CI: -9.1 to 5.7 μm) in the control group (p < 0.0001). \n\nHowever, no significant changes in retinal thickness or VD% were observed in either group (all p > 0.05). In the OCT images from the RLRLT group, no abnormal retinal morphology related to photodamage was observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37431143/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Longitudinal Changes in Choroidal Structure Following Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Myopia Control: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","",3,"\"Following RLRL therapy, the choroidal thickening was found to be accompanied by increases in both the vessel LA and SA, with the increase in LA being greater than that of SA. In the control group, with myopia progression, both the LA and SA decreased over time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37459381/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Effect of Repeated Low-level Red Light on Myopia Prevention Among Children in China With Premyopia: A Randomized Clinical Trial","650",5,"\"In this randomized clinical trial, RLRL therapy was a novel and effective intervention for myopia prevention, with good user acceptability and up to 54.1% reduction in incident myopia within 12 months among children with premyopia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37099298/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Axial Shortening in Myopic Children after Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial","",4,"\"Nearly a quarter of children had > 0.05 mm AL shortening following 12 months of RLRL therapy, whereas AL shortening rarely occurred among controls.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790672/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["A study on the effectiveness of a 650-nm red-light feeding instrument in the control and slow the progression of myopia","650",5,"\"41 were enrolled in the mild-to-moderate myopia group that received red-light feeding (RLMM group), 65 were enrolled in the mild-to-moderate myopia group that received single-vision spectacle treatment (SVSMM group), and 58 were included in the severe-myopia group that received red-light feeding (RLS group).\"\n\n\"As the primary outcome, the axial length changes in the right eye of the SVSMM group (0.08 ± 0.40 mm), the RLMM group (-0.03 ± 0.11 mm), and the RLS group (-0.07 ± 0.11 mm) were compared and showed a statistical result of P < 0.001.\"\n\n\"The study results verified that red light had a noticeable effect on the control of myopia and that low-level red-light therapy played a vital role in the treatment of severe myopia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36858031/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Photobiomodulation therapy retarded axial length growth in children with myopia: evidence from a 12-month randomized controlled trial evidence","650",5,"\"The mean difference in AL growth between the two groups at 12 months was 0.50 mm (PBM vs. Control, - 0.02 mm ± 0.11 vs. 0.48 mm ± 0.16, P < 0.001), and the mean difference in cycloplegic SER at 12 months was + 1.25 D (PBM vs. Control, + 0.28 D ± 0.26 vs. - 0.97 D ± 0.25, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in any of the other parameters (including SFChT, ACD, and CCP) between the two groups at any time point.\"\n\n\"PBM therapy is an effective intervention for slightly decreasing the AL to control myopia in children.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36849626/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Axial Length Shortening and Choroid Thickening in Myopic Adults Treated with Repeated Low-Level Red Light","650",3,"\"A linear mixed-effects model showed that the AL of the subjects in RLRL decreased from 24.63 ± 1.04 mm to 24.57 ± 1.04 mm, and the SChT thickened by 18.34 μm. CVI had a slight but significant increase in the 0–6 zone. However, all the anterior segment parameters did not change after RLRL treatment.\"\n\n\"Our study showed that the choroid's thickening is insufficient to explain the axial length shortening. The unchanged anterior segment and improved choroid blood flow suggest that the AL shortening in this study is mainly related to changes in the posterior segment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36556114/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Clinically Significant Axial Shortening in Myopic Children After Repeated Low-Level Red Light Therapy: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis","650",4,"\"More than a quarter of children had AL shortening > 0.05 mm following RLRL therapy, and the overall mean AL change was -0.142 mm/year. Further studies should explore the mechanisms underlying AL shortening.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36609829/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Investigation of the Efficacy and Safety of 650 nm Low-Level Red Light for Myopia Control in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial","650",4,"\"650 nm LLRL significantly slowed down the myopia progression in children aged 6-12 years, and there was no observable side effect in the short term.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36208391/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Low-intensity red-light therapy in slowing myopic progression and the rebound effect after its cessation in Chinese children: a randomized controlled trial","635",4,"\"LRL is an effective measure for preventing and controlling myopia, and it may also have the ability to improve the accommodative function. There may be a slight myopic rebound after its cessation. The effect of long-term LRL therapy needs to be further explored.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35976467/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[635]],["Efficacy Comparison of Repeated Low-Level Red Light and Low-Dose Atropine for Myopia Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial","650",5,"\"The mean 1-year change in AL was 0.08 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.14) in the RLRL group and 0.33 mm (95% CI, 0.27-0.38) in the LDA group\"\n\n\"In this study, RLRL was more effective for controlling AL and myopia progression over 12 months of use compared with 0.01% atropine eye drops.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36269184/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Longitudinal changes and predictive value of choroidal thickness for myopia control following repeated low-level red-light therapy","650",3,"\"This analysis from a multicenter RCT found RLRL therapy induced sustained choroidal thickening over the full course of treatment. Macular CT changes at 3 months alone can predict 12-month myopia control efficacy with reasonable accuracy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36240954/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Myopia Control Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Chinese Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial","",5,"\"The mean SER change over 6 months was 0.06±0.30 D in the RLRL group and -0.11±0.33 D in the sham device control group (P=0.003), with respective mean increases in AL of 0.02±0.11 mm and 0.13±0.10 mm (P<0.001).\"\n\n\"In myopic children, RLRL therapy in 100% power significantly reduced myopia progression over 6 months compared with those treated with a sham device of 10% original power. RLRL treatment was well tolerated without a treatment-related adverse effect.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049646/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[]],["Sustained and rebound effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy on myopia control: A 2-year post-trial follow-up study","650",4,"\"Continued RLRL therapy sustained promising efficacy and safety in slowing myopia progression over 2 years. A modest rebound effect was noted after treatment cessation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36054314/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Low-intensity, long-wavelength red light slows the progression of myopia in children: an Eastern China-based cohort","635",4,"\"At 9 months, the mean SER in the LLRT group was -2.87 ± 1.89 D, significantly greater than that of the control group (-3.57 ± 1.49 D, p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"Repetitive exposure to LLRT therapy was associated with slower myopia progression and reduced axial growth after short durations of treatment. These results require further validation in randomised controlled trials.\"\n\nComment: The output power in PBM treatment was very low, but it is possible that all of the output light goes inside pupil to the retina. The device design is not shown in the paper, though.\n\nComment: Though it is not clearly stated, it seems that during the 9-month period, patients were using the device twice every day. The treatment is similar to the Jiang et al. 2021 study.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34981548/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[635]],["Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Myopia Control in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial","650",5,"\"The RLRL treatment was provided by a desktop light therapy device which emits red light of 650 nm in wavelength, at an illuminance level of approximately 1600 lux and a power of 0.29 mW for a 4-mm pupil (Class I Classification), and was administered at home under supervision of parents, 3 minutes per session, twice per day with a minimum interval of 4-hours, five days per week.\"\n\n\"Among 264 randomized participants, 246 (93.2%) children were included in the analysis (n = 117 in the RLRL and n = 129 in the SVS group).\n\nAdjusted 12-month axial elongation and SER progression were 0.13 mm (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.17) and -0.20 D (95% CI: -0.29 to -0.11) for RLRL treatment, 0.38 mm (95% CI: 0.34 to 0.42) and -0.79 D (95%CI, -0.88 to -0.69) for SVS. The difference in axial elongation and SER progression were 0.26 mm (95% CI: 0.20 to 0.31) and -0.59 D (95% CI: -0.72 to -0.46) between the RLRL and SVS groups.\n\nNo severe adverse events (sudden vision loss by 2 lines or scotoma developed), functional visual loss indicated by BCVA, or structural damage seen on optical coherence tomography scans were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863776/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Irradiation on Accommodation and Visual Fatigue","830",3,"\"In a 30-min break, all participants underwent two tests of with (experimental group) and without (control group) low-level laser irradiation on the auricular points. Then, refractive error tests were conducted to evaluate the participants' eye accommodation.\"\n\n\"The results revealed that with treatment of the auricular points with and without low-level laser irradiation, the refractive error of the participants' binocular left and right eyes decreased by -0.12 D (-0.18 D) in the experimental grou and by -0.05 D (-0.02D) in the control group. For the amplitudes of accommodation (AA) examination, the AA of the participants' binocular in the experimental group became 7.98 ± 1.35 D (7.65 ± 1.37 D). The AA of participants' binocular can recover to the level before the class.\"\n\n\"The results indicated that low-level laser irradiation at auricular points restored the eye accommodation faster than did natural closing of the eyes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34408398/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[830]],["Orthokeratology and Low-Intensity Laser Therapy for Slowing the Progression of Myopia in Children","650",4,"\"Changes in axial length (AL) were 0.23 ± 0.06 mm for children wearing spectacles, 0.06 ± 0.15 mm for children wearing OK lens, and -0.06 ± 0.15 mm for children treated with LLLT for 6 months. Changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) observed at the 6-month examination were -16.84 ± 7.85 μm, 14.98 ± 22.50 μm, and 35.30 ± 31.75 μm for the control group, OK group, and LLLT group, respectively.\"\n\n\"Slightly better myopia control was observed with LLLT treatment than with overnight OK lens-wearing.\"\n\n(\"Orthokeratology (OK) is widely used to slow the progression of myopia.\")","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33575355/","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia",[650]],["[Effect of infrared low-intensity laser therapy on orbital blood circulation in children with progressive short sightedness]. [Article in Russian]","",3,"\"The study group (group 1) comprised 66 children with moderately severe progressive myopia (112 eyes), the control one (group 2) included 22 patients without visual disturbances (44 eyes). Patients of group 1 received physiotherapy for the treatment of significantly deteriorated hemodynamics in the orbital region. Indirect action of LIIRR on the orbital region promoted stabilization of short-handedness in 78.8% of the treated patients.\"\n\nComment: I think some of the Russian research on photobiomodulation and eyes isn't done by irradiation of eyes directly, but instead by irradiation of other parts of the head (transcranial photobiomodulation). This should be verified.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19886021","PubMed",51,"Eyes","Myopia (progressive)",[]],["The effect of infra-red light on intraocular pressure.","",4,"\"In [irradiation group] IOP from the second measurement (mean 15.27 mmHg; SD 1.87 mmHg) was significantly decreased than the IOP from the first measurement (mean 16.67 mmHg; SD 2.38 mmHg; p=0.03).\"\n\n\"In [control group] IOP from the second measurement (mean 15.21 mmHg; SD 3.26 mmHg) was not significantly diffe rent than the IOP from the first measurement (mean 15.71 mmHg; SD 2.42 mmHg; p=0.46)\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30652773","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Ocular hypertension",[]],["Early diagnosis of ocular hypertension using a low-intensity laser irradiation test.","780",4,"\"In this study of a case series we examined the potential use of LILI as a tool to determine the individual physiological IOP. The aim was to differentiate between normoand hypertensive eyes by classifying changes in IOP after irradiation of the limbus area of the eye with a weak laser.\"\n\n\"We report here for the first time that LILI of the limbus area of the eye may lower the IOP. The laser power used here does not cause thermal damage and may well reach the ciliary body and the trabecular meshwork as previously shown.\"\n\n\"A study limitation is the lack of long-term observations after LILI. It is currently unknown, how long the effects of a single LILI treatment last.\"\n\n\"The largest decrease in IOP (_x0001_26%) was observed in eyes with a pathological baseline IOP of >21 mm Hg which exhibited ocular hypertension without damage. However, LILI also decreased IOP in most eyes (73%) with a 'normotensive' baseline IOP reaching a mean level of 14.1 mm Hg in this group, which is in agreement with the accepted population-based normative IOP.\"\n\n\"The diagnostic 'LILI test' introduced here, may be particularly useful to detect latent ocular hypertension in eyes with apparently ‘‘normotensive’’ but potentially nonphysiological IOP, if ocular hypertension is associated with an open angle. Eyes with ocular hypertension may be at risk of developing glaucoma later on. Untreated ocular hypertension leads to glaucoma in 9.5% of cases.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19514814","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Ocular hypertension",[780]],["Photobiomodulation Increases Eye Movement Conjugation in Healthy Volunteers","",4,"\"Vertical and horizontal VRx after tPBM were significantly higher than before the procedure: 0.878 [0.843; 0.902] vs. 0.783 [0.702; 0.829], p < 0.001, respectively and 0.875 [0.834; 0.912] vs. 0.927 [0.921; 0.93], p < 0.001, respectively.\"\n\n\"Transcranial PBM causes a significant increase in vertical and horizontal vergence indices, which indicates an improvement in eye movement conjugation in healthy volunteers.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41577915/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Ocular vergence reactivity",[]],["Visual Perception Changes After Transcranial Photobiomodulation: Preliminary Eye-Tracking Study","",4,"\"Vertical vergence reactivity indexes (VRx) after t-PBM were significantly higher than before 0.881 [0.841; 0.914] vs. 0.784 [0.711; 0.832], p < 0.05, respectively. Horizontal VRx before t-PBM were significantly lower than after t-PBM 0.893 [0.822; 0.935] vs. 0.920 [0.917; 0.929], p < 0.05.\"\n\n\"Transcranial PBM improves visual perception in young, healthy volunteers, as reflected by a significant increase in both vergence reactivity indices.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41273549/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Ocular vergence reactivity",[]],["Near-infrared light-induced transcranial photobiomodulation enhances the visual pathway's function in healthy volunteers","810",4,"\"NIR-TPBM procedures led to a significant increase in both vertical and horizontal VRx values. Post-procedure vertical VRx was significantly higher than pre-procedure values (0.879 [0.761; 0.918] versus 0.774 [0.721; 0.929], p < 0.001 ). Similarly, horizontal VRx increased significantly after NIR-TPBM compared with baseline (0.943 [0.848; 0.969] versus 0.772 [0.651; 0.890], p < 0.001 ). No adverse effects were observed during or after the NIR-TPBM sessions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40873605/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Ocular vergence reactivity",[810]],["Helium-neon laser therapy in the treatment of hydroxyapatite orbital implant exposure: A superior option.","633",5,"\"In the human experiment, the rates for conjunctival wound healing were 97.14% in group A and 74.29% in group B, with a significant difference between the groups (χ2=5.71, P<0.05).\"\n\n\"Patients with mild exposure were healed after 7.22±2.11 days of helium-neon laser therapy and 14.33±3.20 days of drugs plus surgery.\"\n\n\"Patients with moderate to severe exposure were healed after 18.19±2.12 days of helium-neon laser therapy and 31.25±4.21 days of drugs plus surgery.\"\n\n\"These results, combined with pathological findings in animals, which showed that a helium-neon laser promoted vascularization and had anti-inflammatory effects, suggest that helium-neon laser irradiation is an effective method for treating hydroxyapatite orbital implant exposure, thereby avoiding secondary surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26622442","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Orbital implants",[633]],["Immediate effect in retina and choroid after 650 nm low-level red light therapy in children","650",2,"\"Although LLRLT has no effect on the choroid, it may cause a short-term transient increase in [retinal fovea perfusion density]. It will provide theoretical support for the role of LLRLT in myopia control.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36315988/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Other",[650]],["A pilot randomised clinical trial of 670 nm red light for reducing retinopathy of prematurity.","670",2,"\"Survival in 670 nm red light treatment group was 100% (41/41) vs 89% (40/45) in untreated infants (p = 0.057).\"\n\n\"Randomisation to receive 670 nm red light within 24-48 h after birth is feasible. Although no improvement in ROP or survivability was observed, further testing into the dosage and delivery for this potential therapy are required.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31430763","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Oxygen-induced retinopathy (RoP)",[670]],["A safety and feasibility study of the use of 670 nm red light in premature neonates.","670",3,"\"There were no skin burns or other documented adverse events. Entry into the study was readily achieved and treatment was well accepted by parents and nursing staff.\"\n\n\"670 nm red light appears to be a safe and feasible treatment for further research in respect to [retinopathy of prematurity]\"\n\n[There was 100% (21/21) survival of neonates with gestational age of 27-29 weeks.]","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25695843","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Oxygen-induced retinopathy (RoP)",[670]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for Serous Pigment Epithelium Detachment in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","590, 625",4,"\"A 55-year-old man complained a worsening of vision in the left eye (LE) over the last 18 months.\n\n(...) A diagnosis of cCSC was made, and patient underwent PBM with one session for week for four weeks, followed by one session bi-weekly for two months. \n\nSD-OCT of the LE showed a gradual flattening of the macular PED at 3 months, with a complete regression of the latter and of the SRF at 6- and 12-month follow up with no residual signs of chorioretinal atrophy on FAF. BCVA improved from 20/80 at baseline to 20/25 at the last follow up, and this functional improvement was further confirmed by MP.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39733268/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Pigment epithelium detachment",[590,625]],["Repeated low-level red-light therapy for improving asthenopic symptoms and accommodation in presbyopia","650",4,"\"Short-term treatment with RLRL significantly reduced asthenopic symptoms and improved accommodative amplitude in individuals with presbyopia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42046494/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Presbyopia",[650]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation in Patients Presenting with Reticular Pseudodrusen: A Retrospective Observational Case Series Study","590, 660, 850",3,"\"Changes in RPD distribution were observed before and after treatment with photobiomodulation. The number of stage 3 reticular pseudodrusen decreased while number of stage 1 reticular pseudodrusen increased after treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36422201/","PubMed",85,"Eyes","Reticular Pseudodrusen (RPD)",[590,660,850]],["Increases in central retinal artery blood flow in humans following carotid artery and stellate ganglion irradiation with 0.6 to 1.6 microm irradiation.","",3,"\"Irradiation to the [common carotid artery] produced a stronger effect than that to the SG in the ophthalmic artery (p=0.007) and central retinal artery (p=0.031).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17384474","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Retinal blood flow",[]],["Short-Term Effects of Low-Level Red-Light Therapy on Central Retinal Function: A Combined Pattern ERG and Photopic ERG Study","650",3,"\"Short-term exposure to RLRT, particularly at 3 min, enhances PERG and Photopic ERG responses in myopic subjects, suggesting transient improvements in retinal function with differential effects between refractive groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42201154/","PubMed",68,"Eyes","Retinal function",[650]],["Short-Term Results of Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation in Retinitis Pigmentosa","590, 660, 850",4,"\"In this short-term study, PBM appeared to have the potential to enhance BCVA and fundus automated perimeter in RP patients without causing significant adverse events. However, further assessment with a larger patient cohort and longer follow-up is warranted to ascertain the efficacy of this technique in these patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39691309/","PubMed",69,"Eyes","Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)",[590,660,850]],["Retinitis pigmentosa: significant improvement with photobiomodulation","",4,"\"We describe the case of a 38-year-old patient with retinitis pigmentosa. Diagnosed at the age of 20, she presented a progressive decrease in visual acuity and visual field, until she developed a shotgun barrel campimetry. \n\nAfter starting a photobiomodulation treatment of 9 sessions every other day, the patient reported improvement in visual acuity, night vision and quality of life. Clinical evaluation showed a visual acuity of 10/10 in both eyes and a substantial improvement in visual field.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37813185/","PubMed",69,"Eyes","Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)",[]],["Cone photoreceptor preservation with laser photobiomodulation in murine and human retinal dystrophy","670",2,"\"Combining groups, patients recovered a mean of 5.4 letters (SD 5.5) at the 8-week time point (4 weeks after completion of treatment, Figure 3A). \"\n\n\"Cone-derived photopic flicker responses were almost completely abolished in all participants with a large within- subject and between-subject variance (Figure 3B). No significant change in electroretinogram amplitude was observed (Figure 3D, F), but responses were essentially unrecordable in these patients due to advanced disease.\"\n\n\"The procedure had no significant effect on any of the measured ophthalmic parameters. There was a suggestion that the effect on visual acuity was tapering by 6 months (Figure 3E).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184381/","PubMed",69,"Eyes","Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)",[670]],["Aplication of low-level Laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) [Abstract]","633",5,"\"There was a statistically significant increase in visual acuity (p < 0.001, end of study versus baseline) for RP patients for the period of 3 years after the LLLT. The mid-peripheral absolute concentric scotoma in RP was reduced after LLLT. No side effects were observed during the therapy.\"\n\n\"This study shows that LLLT may be a novel long-lasting therapeutic option for RP. This is highly effective treatment that improves visual acuity for a long time.\"","http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0376/abstract","Wiley",69,"Eyes","Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)",[633]],["Low-level laser therapy improves vision in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa.","780",4,"\"After four initial treatments of LLLT, visual acuity increased to 20/20 in each eye. Visual fields normalized except for a mid-peripheral absolute concentric scotoma. Five years after discontinuation of LLLT, a relapse was observed. LLLT was repeated (another four treatments) and restored the initial success. During the next 2 years, 17 additional treatments were performed on an \"as needed\" basis, to maintain the result.\"\n\n\"LLLT was shown to improve and maintain vision in a patient with RP, and may thereby have contributed to slowing down blindness.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24527959","PubMed",69,"Eyes","Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)",[780]],["Effects of Photo-Biomodulation in Stargardt Disease","650",5,"\"BCVA improved from 0.7 [interquartile range (IQR)=0.6-0.9)] to 0.4 (IQR=0.2-0.5)] after treatment (95% CI=-0.3, -0.35; p=<0.001) and PERG negative wave at 35 ms (N35)-positive wave at 50 ms (P50) amplitude improved from 0.9 (IQR=0.74-1.21) to 2.12 (95% CI=1.11, 1.28; p<0.001).\n\nMP-1 Microperimetry improved from 26.5% (IQR=16.75-40) of median preferred retinal loci (PRL) within an area of 2° of diameter to 38% (IQR=29-50.25; 95% CI=10.50, 14.50; p=<0.001); on the other hand, PRL within 4° of diameter raised from 72% (IQR=51.5-80) to 80% (IQR=76-87) after photo-biomodulation (95% CI=4.50, 7.50; p<0.001).\n\nAlso, patients with an improvement of more than 1.205 PERG N35-P50 ratio amplitude at 3 months and more than 1.29 at 6 months tended to present an improvement of more than 0.2 logMar in BCVA at 12 months (p=0.28, AUC=0.630; p=0.30, AUC=0.636).\"\n\n\"BCVA, PERG, and MP-1 significantly improved 1 year after treatment. Also, improvement of PERG N35-P50 amplitude at 3 and 6 months was correlated to BCVA improvement at 1 year, suggesting that PERG could be useful in predicting visual outcome after photo-biomodulation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046633/","PubMed",69,"Eyes","Stargardt disease",[650]],["[The mechanism of action of laser stimulation of the eye]. [Article in Russian]","633",3,"\"The mechanism of action of helium-neon laser stimulation has been studied in 26 eyes of 15 patients with dystrophic diseases of the eye and on the ground of 63 lymphangiographic investigations of the same patients.\n\nIt was found that low-energy helium-neon laser stimulation (0.05-0.5 mWt/cm2) has a positive effect on restoration of visual functions. Lymphangiographic investigations have revealed a new biological phenomenon--activation of disturbed lymphatic flow under the action of a specially organized laser radiation. The results obtained confirm the earlier hypothesis (M. M. Krasnov et al., 1982) that under the action of laser radiation a normal physiologic system purifying the retina from disintegrated products is engaged into action.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2797693","PubMed",68,"Eyes","",[633]],["High-Intensity Laser Therapy - An Option for Managing the Pain in Anal Fissures","",4,"\"This study describes an alternative and minimally invasive technique for treating AFs using photobiomodulation and a high-power diode laser-fissure treatment (LFT) and highlights initial results pertaining to pain.\"\n\n\"Roughly two-thirds of the patients (66%; n=25) were male. The median age of the cohort was 49. Constipation was described by 32% of the patients, 13% were smokers, and 21% had recently used opioids. In 92% of the cases, the AF was localized posteriorly. Skin tags were present in 27% of the cases, and 26% had recently undergone a previous orificial surgery. \n\nA significant reduction in pain was observed over time in the intensity of postoperative pain measured by the VAS. Prior to surgery (D0), the patients' mean VAS score was 4.1; it progressively decreased to 0.1 on the 60th postoperative day (P<0.05). There was no significant change in fecal continence at the end of the 60-day follow-up period. \n\nMinor complications occurred in 7.9% of the patients (2.6% hemorrhoidal thrombosis, 2.6% skin tag, and 2.6% \"failure\").\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39650782/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Anal fissure",[]],["Modulation of the autonomic nervous system by one session of spinal low-level laser therapy in patients with chronic colonic motility dysfunction","660, 840, 825",3,"\"In conclusion, a single session of LLLT markedly affects autonomic nervous system activity reflected in changes in HRV which is only possible by generating activity in the spinal autonomic nerves. These results warrant a study into the effects of LLLT on restoring autonomic dysfunction in chronic refractory colonic motility disorders.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36117615/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Colonic motility dysfunction",[660,840,825]],["Clinical observation on 500 cases of diarrhoea in children treated with two helium-neon laser ‘light needles’","",3,"\"A study is presented involving 500 cases of infant diarrhoea treated by needleless acupuncture using two HeNe laser ‘light needles’, compared with 120 cases treated with conventional needle acupuncture.\"\n\n\"The ‘light needles’ method gave an overall effective rate of 95.6% , compared with 97.5% for the smaller needle acupuncture group.\"\n\nComment: China is a country with top1 statistics in research misconduct (1). There has been also some confusion about the fact that in China, 99% of the acupuncture studies have been positive (2) while other countries like USA report positive results in ~50% of the studies. Therefore I recommend being somewhat critical about the research published in China.\n\n(1) PMID 26987749 or DOI 10.1007/s11948-016-9766-1\n(2) PMID 9551280","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/2/3_91-SC-02/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",29,"Gastroenterology","Diarrhea",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Dysphagia Post Hormonal Therapy in a Breast Cancer Patient.","980",4,"\"In this case report, the protocol of PBM was proposed by experts in supportive care in cancer. Functional outcome swallowing scale for staging oropharyngeal dysphagia was used to assess the effectiveness of the treatment in pre-operative, per and post-operative stage. \n\nThis case reports that PBM is effective in the management of dysphagia, a side effect of hormonal therapy in a cancer patient.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31086017","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Dysphagia",[980]],["Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) overcomes swallowing disorders and hypersalivation - a case report.","",4,"\"Within 2 days with wIRA (one day with 4 to 5 hours with irradiation with wIRA at home) salivation decreased markedly and quality of life clearly improved: For the first time the patient slept without interruption and without the need for sleep-inducing medication. After 5 days with wIRA the patient could eat his first soft dumpling although drinking of fluids was still not possible. After 2½ weeks with wIRA the patient could eat his first minced schnitzel (escalope). Following the commencement of wIRA (with typically approximately 90-150 minutes irradiation with wIRA per day) the patient had 8 months with good quality of life with only small amounts of liquid saliva and mucus and without the necessity to spit out. During this period the patient was able to sleep during the night.\"\n\n\"The five main clinical effects of wIRA are: wIRA decreases pain, inflammation and exudation/hypersecretion, and promotes infection defense and regeneration, all in a cross-indication manner. Therefore there is a wide range of indications for wIRA.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28794695","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Dysphagia",[]],["Microbiome Changes in Humans with Parkinson's Disease after Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Retrospective Study","904",3,"\"Specifically, we have observed changes in the microbiome of Parkinson's patients after a 12-week treatment regimen with photobiomodulation to the abdomen, neck, head and nose. Noted were positive changes in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F:B) ratio, which is often interpreted as a proxy for gut health.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35055364/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Microbiome",[904]],["Modifying the Microbiome as a Potential Mechanism of Photobiomodulation: A Case Report","904",3,"\"The microbiome of the participant showed significant changes in diversity after PBM treatment, but not after cancer therapy, with an increase in the number of known beneficial bacteria (Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia) and decrease in the number of potentially pathogenic genera.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34962422/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Microbiome",[904]],["Photobiomodulation modulates inflammation and oral microbiome: a pilot study","970",4,"\"Most of the pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines resulted up-regulated by PBM. In addition, PBM influenced the composition of oral microbiome, by decreasing the amount of pathogenic species and promoting the growth of commensal bacteria. These changes were even more evident when separately analysing patients who clinically responded to PBM and the only patient who did not respond.\"\n\n\"PBM reduces inflammatory burden in patients affected by OM and positively influences the composition of the oral microbiome.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32960109/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Microbiome",[970]],["Antimicrobial photodynamic and photobiomodulation adjuvant therapies for the treatment of perianal abscess","",4,"\"Considering the debate on the role of postoperative antibiotic therapy for patients with perianal abscess and the significant discomfort caused by the infection, the present study aimed to report a clinical case in which antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) were used after incision and drainage of a simple perianal abscess. Within 5 days, there was no sign or symptom of both infection and inflammation, and after 3 months, no fistulous pathways or perianal collections were present. According to the current case report, the combination of aPDT and PBMT following incision and drainage of perianal abscess may be a smart strategy for infection resolution and prevention of late complications.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34260992/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Perianal abscess",[]],["Effectiveness of 808 nm Near Infrared (NIR) Laser Photobiomodulation for Accelerating Postoperative Wound Healing","808",3,"\"The use of NIR laser therapy in the treatment group resulted in a 35% reduction in wound length and a 46% reduction in wound width. In the control group, wound length decreased by 30%, while wound width decreased by 26%.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41255732/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Perianal fistula",[808]],["Effective Treatment of Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome by Using Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Case Report","635",4,"\"A 29-year Asian women, diagnosed for SRUS of 0.57 cm diameter, was treated by a laser at 635 nm through seven sessions. Laser fluence of 85 J/cm2 was delivered to ulcer lesion during each session for 10 min. Clinical results were valued by physician with sigmoid probe throughout PBMT sessions and no medicines were prescribed to the patient.\"\n\n\"After seven sessions, the lesion was completely healed with 100% clinical response. In follow-up, patient did not respond to any additional/recurring abnormality, and no side effects were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38301213/","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Rectal ulcer",[635]],["Reduce Adverse Effects of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Pulse Width Modulated LED Light (625 nm, 76 Hz, 23% Duty Cycle).","625",4,"\"The test group revealed significant reduction in postsurgery gain of levels of ALT, AST, and ESR compared with the control group.\"\n\n\"Treatment of the removed gallbladder bed and porta hepatis by red LED PWM radiation during LCE significantly reduces the adverse effects of surgery while increasing its time insignificantly and does not affect the surgical best practices deployed.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301292","PubMed",29,"Gastroenterology","Surgery",[625]],["Complex treatment of non-specific ulcerative colitis with low-level HeNe laser used transanally","633",4,"[\"81 patients (average age 42) with non-specific ulcerous colitis were treated with trans-anal HeNe laser. After 10-12 sessions 72% of the patients noted a reduction of pain and the stool became rare. Coloscopy showed that the mucous membrane regenerated repidly with an increased vascular picture.\"]","","",29,"Gastroenterology","Ulcerative colitis",[633]],["Effects of Near Infrared Radiation in Ambient Lighting on Cognitive Performance, Emotion, and Heart Rate Variability","735, 875, 960",3,"\"During a 2-hour laboratory session, participants were monitored at rest and while engaged in cognitively demanding tasks across two counterbalanced lighting conditions. Both included 3500 K white light generated by a light-emitting diode (LED) system, while one additionally included LEDs with peak wavelengths in the NIR (875 nm, 960 nm) and far-red (735 nm) spectrum. \n\nThe addition of NIR and far-red to the ambient lighting showed beneficial effects on resting high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), HF-HRV responses to cognitive demand, and feelings of pleasure, but reduced performance on a visual search task. \n\nThese findings reveal that the absence of NIR from architectural lighting influences humans at a psychological and physiological level, with implications for health and well-being that need to be balanced with energy-saving considerations.\"\n\nComment: Some methodological info mentioned here https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=2ccac052-fc08-438d-92bb-92a1c6d5ca47 // according to the \"lighting conditions\" table, the brightness and cone-related irradiance was similar between the groups","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494424002573","ScienceDirect",1,"General","Light, lighting and health",[735,875,960]],["Focal resolution of alopecia areata in response to potential smartwatch-mediated photobiomodulation","",3,"\"‌Dear Editor, These images depict the forearm of a 54-year-old man with alopecia universalis who developed a solitary patch of striking terminal hair regrowth beneath the site of a smartwatch. This smartwatch emits green light and red-to-infrared light, in order to track the wearer’s heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation levels, respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40728880/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Alopecia areata",[]],["Photobiomodulation With a Continuous Wave Red Laser (660 nm) as Monotherapy for Adult Alopecia Areata: A Case Presentation","660",4,"\"[T]he present paper aimed to report the first case in which photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with a continuous wave red laser (660 nm) was used as monotherapy for AA.\"\n\n\"An isolated round area of complete hair loss was subjected to daily PBMT sessions, resulting in significant regrowth (hair of normal coloration and thickness) within 7 days. On the 21st day, the patient's aesthetic concern was completely resolved.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37583500/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Alopecia areata",[660]],["Linear polarized infrared irradiation using Super Lizer is an effective treatment for multiple-type alopecia areata.","",5,"For irratiated lesions, the success was 7/15. For non-irratiated, 0/15.\n\n[See additional info for details about Super Lizer]","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12956694/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Alopecia areata",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy and 5% minoxidil in female pattern hair loss: a case series focusing on hair growth phases over a shorter timeframe","",4,"\"Both the MIN and PBMt + MIN groups showed significant improvements in QoL scores and hair density. Additionally, both groups experienced increased hair density and a higher percentage of hairs in the anagen phase. Remarkably, the PBMt + MIN group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in telogen-phase hairs.\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that PBMt may enhance MIN therapy for FPHL, particularly in reducing telogen-phase hair counts within a shorter treatment period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41369788/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[]],["Low-level light therapy versus topical 5% minoxidil in the management of androgenetic alopecia in males: A randomised controlled trial","633",4,"\"The mean hair density in the minoxidil group at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months was 97.6 ± 21.6, 116.4 ± 20.4, and 134.6 ± 24, respectively. The mean hair density in the LLLT group at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months was 104.8 ± 22.7, 117.3 ± 25.1, and 130 ± 25.7, respectively. \n\nThere was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in hair density and improvement in clinical photography from baseline at 3 months and 6 months in both groups. There was no significant difference in the two groups at 3 and 6 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40697690/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[633]],["Photobiostimulation Therapy (PBST) and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) in Hair Loss Treatment: Multicentric, Retrospective, Case-Control Study","423, 640",3,"\"The promising results in SG patients, represented by a hair count (HC) increase of 14 hairs/0.65 cm2 at T1 after 16 weeks in the targeted area, compared with the baseline results (41 ± 2 hairs/0.65 cm2 at T1 versus 27 ± 2 hairs/0.65 cm2 at baseline), were observed using computerized trichograms. There was a statistically significant difference in HR-G (p = 0.0325) compared with an HC increase of 11 ± 2 hairs/0.65 cm2 in the CG.\"\n\nComment: In this study, there is no group without PBM intervention, and the \"control group\" received PBM only.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39630190/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[423,640]],["Clinical Safety and Efficacy of Dual Wavelength Low-Level Light Therapy in Androgenetic Alopecia: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study","625, 660, 425, 425, 625, 660",3,"\"One hundred sixty subjects were randomized. Ninety-one subjects were excluded for the per-protocol analysis.\"\n\n\"Although the primary endpoint (mean change in non-vellus hair count from baseline to week 16) did not reach statistical significance in the individual study arms, in the pooled analysis (combining the 3 active study arms), there was a statistically significant (p = .033) difference versus sham. The pooled study cap group achieved 28.5 more hairs per cm2 when compared with sham.\"\n\nComment 1: It seems a lot of participants dropped out, largery due to noncompliance.\n\nComment 2: Queen and Avram published a commentary to the paper: \"(...) Interestingly, in this study, both red and blue light wavelengths appeared to show hair growth according to different measures (...)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39679573/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[625,660,425,425,625,660]],["Impact of Photobiomodulation on the Quality of Life of Men and Women With Androgenetic Alopecia","655",4,"\"Women had a large reduction in Skindex-29 total score after PBM (p<0.01; d=0.82) and lower scores in the emotions (p<0.01; d=0.89), psychosocial functioning (p<0.01; d=0.60), and symptoms domains (p=0.03; d=0.38). Men presented a moderate reduction in Skindex-29 total score after PBM (p<0.01; d=0.68), largely lower scores in the emotions domain (p<0.01; d=0.82) and a small reduction in the psychosocial functioning domain (p<0.01; d=0.47).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39221346/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["Red and Green LED Light Therapy: A Comparative Study in Androgenetic Alopecia","",4,"\"Both red and green LED therapies effectively enhanced hair growth, increasing density and thickness over 6 months. Red LED demonstrated superior improvements in specific measures. Consequently, both therapies present safe and viable alternatives for the management of AGA, expanding the repertoire of available treatment options.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39368074/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[]],["Effectiveness of 675-nm Wavelength Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia Among Indian Patients: Clinical Experimental Study","675",4,"\"The study findings demonstrate that the 675-nm laser system improved AGA in Indian patients, facilitating the anagen phase and improving hair density and other positive hair parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39312769/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[675]],["The efficacy of light-guiding microneedle patch for stimulating hair growth in androgenetic alopecia","522, 633",3,"\"The right side of the scalp was treated with green light and the left with red light\"\n\n\"Both red and green LED treatments with LMNP, significantly enhanced hair density and diameter. Satisfaction scores, as reported by both physicians and participants, increased over time. Comparative analyses revealed no statistically significant differences in average satisfaction scores or in changes in hair density and diameter between the groups by the end of the study. Additionally, no serious adverse effects were reported, highlighting the safety of the treatments. The combined Light sources which is portable LED helmet and LMNPs shows promise as a non-invasive, effective treatment for AGA, with similar efficacy between red and green wavelengths.\"\n\nComment: It seems that there was no meaningul difference between red and green light. Since there is no negative control group, we cannot make strong conclusions about either wavelength.\n\nComment: The study claims it was a \"randomized\" study, but it seems that there was no randomization of treatment arms.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39325239/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[522,633]],["Higher percentage of CD34+ stem cells and elevated efficacy in androgenetic alopecia treatment observed in CGF prepared from 640 nm laser-pretreated blood: A preliminary study","640",4,"\"All 10 (100%) patients participated in the follow-up visit, and a higher quantity of new hairs was observed on the side injected with 640CGF than N640CGF (p = 0.019). Additionally, fewer malnourished hairs were observed on the 640CGF pretreated side (p = 0.015). No serious adverse events were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38429917/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[640]],["Novel Application of 1064-nm Picosecond Nd:YAG Laser for Male Androgenetic Alopecia Treatment","1064",4,"\"The fractional picosecond laser (FPL), a novel non-thermal technology utilizing laser-induced optical breakdown (LIOB),14 is for skin rejuvenation and acne scar treatment to maintain epidermal integrity and generate microscopic intradermal lesions. It also prompts a wound healing response, new collagen formation, and subsequent skin remodeling, with rejuvenation effects and no open wounds. Whereas, the prevailing laser devices rely on selective photo thermolysis and linear absorption by skin constituents.\"\n\n\"This study aimed to investigate the potential of fractional picosecond laser (FPL) therapy for promoting hair regrowth.\n\n\"Clinical improvement was observed at 1 to 4 months after treatment, with a significant increase in expert panel assessment scores (p<0.001). Patient satisfaction with hair density and thickness also improved significantly at 1 and 4 months (p=0.038 and p=0.007, respectively). Adverse effects were minimal and resolved within a week. Dermoscopic analysis showed minimal petechiae with no hair shaft damage.\"\n\nComment: Not purely PBM, because it causes some minimal damage and a wound healing response?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38298748/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[1064]],["Comparative efficacy of 2% minoxidil alone against combination of 2% minoxidil and low-level laser therapy in female pattern hair loss-A randomized controlled trial in Chinese females","655",2,"\"In midscalp area, the combination group showed a lower increase in intermediate hair percentage than 2 % minoxidil group, which was statistically significant. Besides, the combination group had statistically significant increase than 2 % minoxidil group in mean hair diameter. \n\nReported relative adverse events included slightly hair loss (27.8 %), desquamation (19.0 %), pruritus (15.2 %), seborrhea (2.5 %) and hypertrichosis (2.5 %).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38211777/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["Assessment of Effects of Low-Level Light Therapy on Scalp Condition and Hair Growth","",5,"\"After 24 weeks of treatment, hair density and hair thickness were found to have significantly increased (P <.01 and P =0.013, respectively) and sebum secretion of vertex area had decreased significantly (P <.01). Of 49 participants, 73.47% of the participants showed improvement in the overall appearance of the scalp (n = 36).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822401/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[]],["Experience of Novelty Laser Therapy Emission with 675 nm Wavelength for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Male and Female Patients: A Case Series Study","675",4,"\"The results verified at epiluminescence stage, and at the third month of follow-up and at the end of treatment, showed a significant increase in the density of the hair shafts and a reduction of yellow dots and telangiectasias characteristic of alopecia androgenetica.\"\n\n\"The 675 nm laser showed excellent outcomes resulting in a 60% reduction of the miniaturization process in the treated areas without side effect.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37252772/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[675]],["The efficacy and safety of the combination of photobiomodulation therapy and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on androgenetic alopecia","660, 808",4,"\"The baseline hair density was 114.57 (±28.75)/cm2 and 113.31 (±30.07)/cm2 in both treatment and control groups. \n\nAfter 24 weeks of treatment, the mean hair density increased to 139.37 (±31.4)/cm2 in the treatment group but only to 119.78 (±31.92)/cm2 in the control group.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately described.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36345917/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[660,808]],["Photobiomodulation Effectiveness in Treating Androgenetic Alopecia","660",4,"\"The hair density evaluation showed a significant increase in hair count between T1 and T2 (p = 0.0004) and between T1 and T3 (p = 0.0285), however between T2 and T3 no statistical difference was found (p > 0.05).\"\n\n\"PBM provides a stimulus for hair density in 5 weeks. After this period, we observed that after five extra sessions, it does not increase hair density in the treated region. This study showed that the PBM is effective and promoted safe results with a reduced number of sessions for the AGA treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35749704/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[660]],["Efficacy assessment for low-level laser therapy in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a real-world study on 1383 patients","650",4,"\"The efficacy was assessed by participants first, double-checked by doctors with trichoscopy.\"\n\n\"The overall clinical effectiveness was nearly 80%. \n\nPSM analysis revealed that gender (P = 0.002), use period (P = 0.068), scalp conditions with dandruff, rash, and itchy symptoms were associated with the grading of efficacy assessment. \n\nMale users (ordinal OR: 1.35, CI: (1.01, 1.79)); use for more than 180 times or use period for 1 year (ordinal OR: 1.40, CI: (1.11, 1.96)); and those with scalp dandruff (ordinal OR: 1.34, CI: (1.01, 1.87)), rash (ordinal OR: 1.47, CI: (1.04, 2.07)), and itchy symptoms (ordinal OR: 1.51, CI: (1.12, 2.03)) had better efficacy assessments.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133519/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[650]],["Blue light-emitting diodes in hair regrowth: the first prospective study","417",4,"\"An increase in hair density and hair shaft width was recorded in 90% of patients after 10 weeks. Photographic improvement was noted in 80% of the patients.\"\n\n\" The only side effect consisted in a darkening of the hair, perhaps due to melanic stimulation due to blue light in 2 patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34101089/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[417]],["Low-Level Light Therapy Downregulates Scalp Inflammatory Biomarkers in Men With Androgenetic Alopecia and Boosts Minoxidil 2% to Bring a Sustainable Hair Regrowth Activity","590, 870",4,"\"In the first clinical study, whole-genome analysis of treated scalp biopsies showed downregulation of scalp inflammatory biomarkers, such as AP1/FOSB messenger RNA (mRNA) and mir21, together with the disappearance of CD69 mRNA, specific to scalp-infiltrating T cells of about 50% of the studied volunteers prior to the LLLT/GentleWaves® treatment.\n\nIn the second clinical study, we observed that LLLT/GentleWaves® was able to boost the hair regrowth activity of a Minoxidil 2% lotion to the extent of the highest concentration (5%) in terms of efficacy, number of responders, and perceived performance.\"\n\nComment: In the second study, it is quite clear from the results that GentleWaves didn't provide additional benefits. The positive conclusions by authors should possibly be labeled as spin.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33973663/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[590,870]],["Results of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of hair growth: An Egyptian Experience","655",3,"\"FPHL patients baseline hair counts were 222.3 ± 33.5 (N = 13), in TE patients baseline hair counts were 271.2 ± 39.0 (N = 7).\n\nPost-treatment hair counts were 255.3 ± 30.4 (N = 13) In FPHL patients (P = 0.007), and 294.2 ± 38.1 (N = 7) in TE patients (P = 0.143).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33713522/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["Comparison of low-level light therapy and combination therapy of 5% minoxidil in the treatment of female pattern hair loss","650",4,"\"The effectiveness of reducing oil-secretion in LLLT group and combination group was higher than minoxidil group (P < 0.05). For improving hair diameter and hair density, combination group was better than LLLT and minoxidil groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33068178/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[650]],["A randomized blinded retrospective study: the combined use of micro-needling technique, low-level laser therapy and autologous non-activated platelet-rich plasma improves hair re-growth in patients with androgenic alopecia","",4,"\"Interesting outcomes represented by a hair density increase of 81 ± 5 hairs/cm2 and 57 ± 7 hairs/cm2 respectively at T1 and T2 compared with baseline (173 ± 5 hairs/cm2 at T1 and 149 ± 9 hairs/cm2 at T2 versus 92 ± 2 hairs/cm2 at baseline) were observed using computerized trichograms.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters not reported. Also, the study reporting in general seems difficult to interpret.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678725/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[]],["Low-level light therapy using a helmet-type device for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: A 16-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled trial","655",5,"\"Comparing the results at baseline and week 16, the experimental group showed an increase in hair density of 41.90 hairs/cm and an increase in hair thickness of 7.50 μm, whereas the control group showed an increase of 0.72 hairs/cm and a decrease of 15.03 μm, respectively (P < .001).\n\nNo adverse events or side effects occurred.\"\n\n\"LLLT showed a significant effect on increasing hair density in patients with androgenetic alopecia. LLLT could be a safe and effective treatment for androgenetic alopecia in both sexes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32702878/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["Quantitative proteomic analysis of dermal papilla from male androgenetic alopecia comparing before and after treatment with low-level laser therapy.","655",4,"\"Proteomic analysis revealed 11 statistically significant up-regulated and 2 down-regulated proteins in LLLT treated DP compared with baseline (P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"We identified the proteome set of DP proteins of male patients with AGA treated with LLLT which implicates the role of LLLT in promoting hair growth and reversing of miniaturization process of AGA by enhancing DP cell function.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30843235","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["Low-level laser therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in Thai men and women: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled trial.","650",5,"\"Thirty-six subjects (19 in the laser group and 17 in the sham group) completed the study. At week 24, the laser helmet was significantly superior to the sham device for increasing hair density and hair diameter (p = 0.002 and p = 0.009, respectively) and showed a significantly greater improvement in global photographic assessment by investigators and subjects. Reported side effects included temporary hair shedding and scalp pruritus. \n\nIn conclusion, the novel helmet-type LLLT device appears to be an effective treatment option for AGA in both male and female patients with minimal adverse effects. However, the limitations of this study are small sample size, no long-term follow-up data, and use of inappropriate sham devices, which do not reflect the true negative control.\"\n\nComment: They used LEDs (with 10-fold smaller power output) as the sham devices. Authors apparently assumed LEDs would be ineffective: \"Regarding the light source, laser is selected over LED since laser beams are collimated and less divergent, supposing to have better light transmission to intended targets under the scalp surface.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30569416","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[650]],["Efficacy and Safety of a Low-Level Light Therapy for Androgenetic Alopecia: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Self-Comparison, Sham Device-Controlled Trial.","650, 660",5,"\"A significant increase in hair coverage from baseline was observed for the LLLT-treated side after a 24-week treatment (p < .001). \n\nIn contrast, the control side showed a decrease in hair coverage from baseline at the 24-week visit (p = .002)\"\n\nComment: Self-controlled studies might show less efficacy because of possible PBM systemic effects.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29957664","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[650,660]],["The effectiveness of adding low-level light therapy to minoxidil 5% solution in the treatment of patients with androgenetic alopecia.","785",5,"\"The percentage of recovery from androgenetic alopecia and the patients' satisfaction with their treatment were significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group.\n\nThe patients' mean hair density and diameter were found to be higher in the case group after the intervention compared to the control group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30027912","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[785]],["Comparison of the effects of 665 nm low level diode Laser Hat versus and a combination of 665 nm and 808nm low level diode Laser Scanner of hair growth in androgenic alopecia.","655, 655, 808",5,"\"Patients in laser scanner group had better results and showed a higher increase in terminal hair density compared with laser hat group (mean of 9.61 versus 9.16 per cm2). We found significant decrease in terminal hair density from baseline in control group (mean -1.8 per cm2, p<0.0001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28513251","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655,655,808]],["Low level light-minoxidil 5% combination versus either therapeutic modality alone in management of female patterned hair loss: A randomized controlled study.","655",4,"\"LLLT is an effective and safe tool with comparable results to minoxidil 5% in the treatment of FPHL. Owing to the significantly better results of combination therapy, its usage is recommended to hasten hair regrowth.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28489273","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["Novel Approach to Treating Androgenetic Alopecia in Females With Photobiomodulation (Low-Level Laser Therapy).","650",5,"\"The study demonstrates that low-level laser treatment of the scalp every other day for 17 weeks using the HANDI-DOME LASER device is a safe and effective treatment for androgenetic alopecia in healthy females between the ages of 18 to 60 with Fitzpatrick skin Types I to IV and Ludwig-Savin Baldness Scale I-2 to II-2 baldness patterns.\n\nSubjects receiving LLLT at 650 nm achieved a 51% increase in hair counts as compared with sham-treated control patients in this multicenter randomized controlled trial.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28328705","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[650]],["Efficacy and safety of a low-level laser device in the treatment of male and female pattern hair loss: a multicenter, randomized, sham device-controlled, double-blind study.","655, 635, 655",5,"\"We observed a statistically significant difference in the increase in terminal hair density between lasercomb- and sham-treated subjects. No serious adverse events were reported. Our results suggest that low-level laser treatment may be an effective option to treat pattern hair loss in both men and women. Additional studies should be considered to determine the long-term effects of low-level laser treatment on hair growth and maintenance, and to optimize laser modality.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24474647","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655,635,655]],["Use of low-level laser therapy as monotherapy or concomitant therapy for male and female androgenetic alopecia.","655",4,"\"LLLT represents a potentially effective treatment for both male and female AGA, either as monotherapy or concomitant therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25191036","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["The growth of human scalp hair in females using visible red light laser and LED sources.","655",4,"\"LLLT of the scalp at 655 nm significantly improved hair counts in women with androgenetic alopecia at a rate similar to that observed in males using the same parameters.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124964","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["\"Cold\" X5 Hairlaser™ used to treat male androgenic alopecia and hair growth: an uncontrolled pilot study","",4,"\"A statistically significant positive trend in hair growth was observed from this pilot study, to evaluate the efficacy of the novel cold X5 hairlaser device for treating male androgenic alopecia. From the repeated measures analysis of variance, difference in mean hair counts over time was statistically significant (F = 7.70; p-value < 0.0001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24559020/","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[]],["The growth of human scalp hair mediated by visible red light laser and LED sources in males.","655",4,"\"LLLT of the scalp at 655 nm significantly improved hair counts in males with androgenetic alopecia.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24078483","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["Low-level light therapy for androgenetic alopecia: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled multicenter trial.","630, 650, 660",4,"\"After 24 weeks of treatment, the LLLT group showed significantly greater hair density than the sham device group. Mean hair diameter improved statistically significantly more in the LLLT group than in the sham device group. \n\nInvestigator global assessment showed a significant difference between the two groups, but that of the subject did not.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551662","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[630,650,660]],["HairMax LaserComb laser phototherapy device in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia: A randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled, multicentre trial.","655",4,"\"The results of this study suggest that the HairMax LaserComb is an effective, well tolerated and safe laser phototherapy device for the treatment of AGA in males.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366270","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[655]],["The use of low-level light for hair growth: part I.","",2,"\"A total of seven patients were exposed to LLLT twice weekly for 20 minutes each time over a period of 3-6 months.\"\n\n\"The results indicate that on average patients had a decrease in the number of vellus hairs, an increase in the number of terminal hairs, and an increase in shaft diameter. However, paired i-testing indicated that none of these changes was statistically significant. Also, blinded evaluation of global images did not support an improvement in hair density or caliber.\"\n\n\"LLLT may be a promising treatment option for patients who do not respond to either finasteride or minoxidil, and who do not want to undergo hair transplantation. This technology appears to work better for some people than for others. Factors predicting who will most benefit are yet to be determined. Larger, longer-term placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings, and demonstrate statistical significance, or refute them altogether.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19466643","PubMed",10,"Hair","Androgenetic alopecia",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"The scalp coverage and hair thickness did not differ significantly between the two groups. Patients in the PBM group scored higher on global health (P = 0.043), physical functioning (P = 0.039), role functioning (P = 0.049), and social functioning (P = 0.038).\"\n\n\"The addition of PBM to SC did not increase its efficacy in preventing hair loss during chemotherapy. Patients in the PBM group did score their HRQL higher compared to the control group. Further research is required to establish the use of PBM in CIA prevention and to corroborate these findings.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40705170/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Chemotherapy-induced alopecia",[]],["The use of photobiomodulation therapy for the management of chemotherapy-induced alopecia: a randomized, controlled trial (HAIRLASER trial)","678",3,"\"Significantly higher NRS scores were observed in the PBM group at 1-month post-chemotherapy compared to baseline, whereas they remained constant in the control group. Patients allocated to the PBM group scored their global health significantly higher at all time points compared to the control.\"\n\nComment: The difference in hair growth was significant at month 1 but not month 2 or month 3. Slight benefit may be possible? \n\nComment: Interesting to see simultaneous improvement in global health.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37060420/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Chemotherapy-induced alopecia",[678]],["Novel Application of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy in the Treatment of Eyebrow Loss in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia","630",4,"\"After 10 irradiations, the total eyebrow hair count increased significantly, as did the number of thick hairs and mid-thick hairs (p = 0.002, p = 0.002, and p = 0.044, respectively). During the follow-up visit, the total number of eyebrow hairs remained significantly higher than before treatment (p = 0.002).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34502871/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Eyebrow loss",[630]],["Treatment-Resistant Fibrosing Alopecia in a Pattern Distribution Showing Clinical Improvement With Home Low-Level Light Therapy","",3,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42444065/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Fibrosing alopecia",[]],["A new path in defining light parameters for hair growth: Discovery and modulation of photoreceptors in human hair follicle.","453, 689",3,"\"Treatment with 3.2 J/cm2 of blue light with 453 nm central wavelength significantly prolonged anagen phase in hair follicles ex vivo that was correlated with sustained proliferation in the light-treated samples. In contrast, hair follicle treatment with 3.2 J/cm2 of 689 nm light (red light) did not significantly affect hair growth ex vivo.\"\n\n\"We provide the first evidence that (i) OPN2 and OPN3 are expressed in human hair follicle, and (ii) A 453 nm blue light at low radiant exposure exerts a positive effect on hair growth ex vivo, potentially via interaction with OPN3.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28418107","PubMed",11,"Hair","Hair growth",[453,689]],["Clinical Trial Comparing Three Wavelengths in Photobiomodulation Therapy for Hair Loss","650, 1550, 14000",4,"\"Hair density increased in the PBMT groups (100→114 hairs/cm2, 99→115 hairs/cm2, and 101→107 hairs/cm2), while the control group declined (100→98 hairs/cm2). Among the 68 participants, 42 had oily scalps initially. This condition improved in all treatment groups, with oily scalp cases nearly halved in each treatment group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40398915/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Hair loss",[650,1550]],["Preliminary Investigation on Micro-Needling with Low-Level LED Therapy and Growth Factors in Hair Loss Related to COVID-19","423, 640",2,"\"In the targeted area computerized trichograms showed encouraging results with a hair density increase of 11 ± 2 hairs/cm2 at T1 after 20 wks (20 wks vs. 0 wks) compared with baseline (58 ± 2 hairs/cm2 at T1 versus 47 ± 2 hairs/cm2 at baseline) with a not quite statistically significant difference in HR-G (p = 0.0690).\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36233626/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Hair loss (not AGA)",[423,640]],["Lichen Planopilaris and Low-Level Light Therapy: Four Case Reports and Review of the Literature About Low-Level Light Therapy and Lichenoid Dermatosis.","650, 660",4,"\"We report here four patients with LPP who show a dramatic response to LLLT, including a reduction of inflammation, disappearance of symptoms, and evident hair regrowth with no side effects. We review the possible role of LLLT in LPP and other lichenoid conditions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32060796","PubMed",11,"Hair","Lichen Planopilaris",[650,660]],["Effectiveness Of Low-Level Laser Therapy In Lichen Planopilaris.","630",4,"\"All patients responded with a global reduction of symptoms, erythema and perifollicular hyperkeratosis (Fig. 1a, Fig. 1b), with a mean decrease of 0.87 in LPPAI-score after six months of intervention (p=0.012) but not in the follow-up visit at three months. Terminal hair thickness after three months was greater than in the baseline (111.0 µm, p=0.018) as well as after six months (82.4 µm; p=0.035).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29198781","PubMed",11,"Hair","Lichen Planopilaris",[630]],["Low-level light therapy as a novel treatment for central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: An interventional cohort study","",4,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40976525/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Scarring alopecia & CCCA",[]],["Use of low-level light therapy in management of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: A case series of four patients","",4,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612840/","PubMed",11,"Hair","Scarring alopecia & CCCA",[]],["Application of superluminescent diodes (sLED) in the treatment of scarring alopecia - a pilot study.","630",4,"\"The therapy was well tolerated. Both Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index (LPPAI) and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Severity Score (FFASS) were significantly reduced after the therapy (p = 0.012, p = 0.017 respectively). Within the treated area, the number of thick hairs significantly increased after the therapy (p = 0.009), whereas the number of medium-sized hairs and thin hairs did not change significantly (p = 0.836, p = 0.675 respectively).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546043","PubMed",11,"Hair","Scarring alopecia & CCCA",[630]],["Red LED light therapy for telogen effluvium in the course of long COVID in patients with and without androgenetic alopecia","",4,"\"After 12 weeks, cessation of hair loss and a negative hair pull test were more common in TE LED+ and TE+AGA LED+ in comparison to the patients without LED therapy (p<0.001, p=0.035, respectively). An increased number of thick hairs and an increased number of hairs within follicular units were more common in patients treated with LED irradiation, regardless of the type of alopecia, compared to the patients without LED therapy.\"","https://www.aaem.pl/Red-LED-light-therapy-for-telogen-effluvium-in-the-course-of-long-COVID-in-patients,177238,0,2.html","AAEM",11,"Hair","Telogen effluvium in long COVID",[]],["Electroacupuncture and Low-Level Laser Therapy for the Management of Ménière's Disease-Case Report","",4,"\"After 9 sessions of electroacupuncture and LLLT treatments in 2 months, the patient's episodic vertigo attacks were eliminated.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42222210/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Meniere's disease",[]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in Ménière's disease: a pilot study of 10 patients.","650",3,"\"In our experience, LLLT seems to prevent vertigo spells in MD, although results indicate that it has a slower action than betahistine. Dose-dependent therapeutic effects could explain the last result. In our opinion, increased blood flow in the inner ear is the main mechanism leading to the therapeutic results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18665761","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Meniere's disease",[650]],["Effects of photobiomodulation associated with vestibular rehabilitation in the treatment of patients with vestibular symptoms and tinnitus: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial","808",4,"\"In the post-intervention comparison between groups, the RG showed significant improvement in VAS for tinnitus (p=0.046), and in the functional (p=0.003), emotional (p=0.002), and total (p=0.000) scores of the THI. \n\nThe Sensory Organization Test parameter showed a significant pre- and post-treatment difference (p=0.003) only in the RG. \n\nVAS for vestibular symptoms, DHI scores, and the Composite Equilibrium Score improved in both groups, with no significant difference between them.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41670118/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[808]],["Evaluation of the Photobiomodulation Treatment With the TINI Laser Device for Managing Chronic High-Frequency Tinnitus: A Randomised Controlled Trial","830",3,"\"The study indicates that intermittent PBM therapy using the TINI laser may be effective in managing chronic tinnitus. Further research is necessary to explore long-term efficacy and safety.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39943716/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["Photobiomodulation with near-infrared laser for tinnitus management: preliminary animal experiments and randomized clinical trials","830",2,"Preclinical: \"The animal model used sodium salicylate to induce tinnitus, followed by PBMT, which showed promising reductions in the behavioral evidence of tinnitus and a reversal of tinnitus-associated upregulation of vesicular glutamate transporters 2 expression in the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (p < 0.05).\"\n\nClinical: \"The results did not show a significant difference in tinnitus score at the final time point when compared to the sham group. However, questionnaires revealed significant improvements in tinnitus symptoms and psychological outcomes following treatment with the TINI device compared to before treatment (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39198335/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["The effectiveness of two types of low-level laser therapy in patients with persistent tinnitus","650, 660",3,"\"Two types of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) devices were used for patients. The first tool, a soft laser called a Tinnitool, has a wavelength of 660 nm and a power of 100 mW. The second tool is a Tinnitus Pen, which has a wavelength of 650 nm and a power of 5 mW. Seven females (77.7%) and two males (22.2%) participated in this study during one month.\"\n\n\"There was a significant improvement in the comparison of both types of therapy low-level laser before and after treatment, which reduced the tinnitus level among patients from 70% before treatment to 59% and 65.50%, respectively, after one month of treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37273123/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650,660]],["Effects of Red and Infrared Laser Therapy in Patients with Tinnitus: A Double-Blind, Clinical, Randomized Controlled Study Combining Light with Ultrasound, Drugs and Vacuum Therapy","660, 660, 808",2,"\"Our study has shown that LLLT was effective for the treatment of tinnitus.\"\n\nComment: Based on Figure 5, it seems that the efficacy is far from clear.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37108967/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[660,660,808]],["Effect of adding a supervised physical therapy exercise program to photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of cervicogenic somatosensory tinnitus: A randomized controlled study","650",3,"\"Adding a supervised physical therapy exercise program to PBMT showed positive and beneficial effects in the treatment of CST using VAS, THI, and Cervical ROM assessment tools.\"\n\nNote: No negative control group. Both groups received PBM.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35945770/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650]],["A preliminary study on the efficacy and safety of low level light therapy in the management of cochlear tinnitus: A single blind randomized clinical trial.","830",2,"\"The NRS measuring duration of tinnitus and psychoacoustical matches of tinnitus loudness significantly decreased over times in the TINI group (p<0.05). However, post-hoc analysis revealed that there was no significant decrease of tinnitus among different time points (baseline, during LLLT, immediately after LLLT, and two weeks after LLLT). There was no placebo effect in the Sham group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31469529+","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["Change of Tinnitus with Xenon Phototherapy of the Stellate Ganglion.","",5,"\"In conclusion, we demonstrated statistically significant improvements of both THI and NRS scores after XPSG for 3 months in patients with subjective tinnitus. Severe cases with high THI or NRS score showed greater improvements. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between before and after sham treatment in non-XPSG group. XPSG is a possible treatment modality for patients with tinnitus.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30096265","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[]],["Alterations in Auditory Electrophysiological Responses Associated With Temporary Suppression of Tinnitus Induced by Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Before-After Case Series.","630, 808",3,"\"LLL irradiation could cause a significant decrease in subjective tests scores consisting of VAS for loudness, PMT, P-TQ, P-THI, but did not result in a significant improvement of objective evaluating parameters except for compound action potential (CAP) amplitude.\"\n\n\"LLLT might be a subjectively effective treatment for short-term improvement of tinnitus. Defining a new protocol for optimizing LLLT parameters may be an option to improve parameters of objective tests.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071034","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[630,808]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Subjective Tinnitus Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders.","810, 1064",4,"\"The percentage improvement in tinnitus severity scores, according to the VAS and based on the median values, was 100% (group Nd:YAG), 30% (group diode), and 0% (placebo)\"\n\nComment: The baseline VAS was higher in the diode group, so the actual effect could have been less than 30% if the baseline had been same. \n\nComment: The 100% effect of Nd:YAG group is very interesting. Some experimental studies have shown that long wavelength photobiomodulation (with 980nm) might have good effects with quite low dosages compared to shorter wavelengths (810nm). [Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017 Feb;1861(2):441-449.]\n\nComment: Read further information about LLLT and tinnitus here: http://www.laserannals.com/2012/03/11/is-laser-therapy-a-useful-tool-for-treating-tinnitus/","http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/pho.2016.4240","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[810,1064]],["Combined central and peripheral stimulation for treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized pilot study.","808",2,"\"We found that combined stimulation was effective in tinnitus treatment. This effect remained for 4 weeks after the end of the treatment. However, each of rTMS and LLLT alone had no significant effect.\"\n\n\"Combined central rTMS and peripheral LLLT is more beneficial as a new method for management of tinnitus rather than these two used separately.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25030898","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[808]],["Low level laser effect in treatment of patients with intractable tinnitus due to sensorineural hearing loss.","650",3,"\"The VAS and THI mean differences after the treatment were statistically significant between the two groups but not statistically significant after 3 months of completion the study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25653802","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650]],["Medium-level laser in chronic tinnitus treatment.","830",2,"\"The results did show only very moderate temporary improvement of tinnitus. Moreover, no statistically relevant differences between laser and placebo group could be found. We conclude that medium-level laser therapy cannot be regarded as an effective treatment of chronic tinnitus in our therapy regime considering the limited number of patients included in our study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294604","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of tinnitus due to noise-induced hearing loss: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.","650",3,"\"This study found low-level laser therapy to be effective in alleviating tinnitus in patients with noise-induced hearing loss, although this effect has faded after 3 months of follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288494","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650]],["Low-level laser therapy in patients with complaints of tinnitus: a clinical study.","650",3,"\"Over half of the patients (56.9%) had some form of improvement in their tinnitus symptoms. Mild improvement was reported in 33.8% of patients, moderate improvement was reported in 16.9%, and full improvement was reported in 6.15%.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724264","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650]],["Low-level laser for treatment of tinnitus: a self-controlled clinical trial","650",3,"\"The VAS mean difference before and after the treatment was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The best treatment effect was in the youngest group and there were significant differences between this group and the middle age and older groups (p = 0.018 and 0.001, respectively).\"\n\nComment: The study claims to be \"self-controlled\", but they are just referring to pre- and post-testing instead of actually using a controlled design.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21448380/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650]],["Multimodal therapy for chronic tinnitus.","830",2,"\"None of the treatment modalities had an objective correlate of improvement, though improvement was reported by a visual analog scale.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18616089","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["Effectiveness of combined counseling and low-level laser stimulation in the treatment of disturbing chronic tinnitus.","650",4,"\"The THI scores improved in the entire sample after treatment but more significantly in the group receiving low-level laser stimulation. From the point of view of clinical classification, approximately 61% of irradiated patients had tinnitus severity decreased by one class, in comparison to 35% of the placebo group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19205171","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650]],["Effectiveness of transmeatal low power laser irradiation for chronic tinnitus.","650",4,"\"The loudness, duration and degree of annoyance of tinnitus were improved, respectively, in up to 48.8, 57.7 and 55.5 per cent of the patients in the active laser group. No significant improvement was observed in the placebo laser group.\"\n\nJan Tunér: \"A problem with most studies trying to treat tinnitus with laser light is the lack of proper diagnosis of the patients. Quite a few of these have a somatosensory background (the problem is basicly muscluar). Irradiation into the ear will then have no effect.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625032","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[650]],["Transmeatal cochlear laser (TCL) treatment of cochlear dysfunction: a feasibility study for chronic tinnitus.","635, 830",3,"\"After a follow-up period of six months tinnitus loudness was attenuated in 13 of 35 irradiated patients, while two of 35 patients reported their tinnitus as totally absent. Hearing threshold levels and middle ear function remained unchanged.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14505199","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[635,830]],["Combined laser-EGb 761 tinnitus therapy.","830",3,"\"EGb 761 was administered 3 weeks before starting soft laser therapy. Patients underwent 10 sessions of laser therapy, each lasting for 10 min. An improvement in tinnitus was audiometrically confirmed in 50.8% of patients: 10 dB in 18; 20 dB in 22; 30 dB in 10; 40 dB in 6; and 50 dB in 5.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11677752","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["The low-power laser in the treatment of tinnitus.","830",2,"\"The results showed only moderate (18%) subjective improvement with no statistically significant differences between the effects of the active laser and placebo treatments. Also, there were no statistically significant differences in prepost measurements of tinnitus loudness, VAS scores, THI scores, or TCSQ scores for patients treated with active laser compared with those treated with placebo. We conclude that low-power laser treatment is not indicated in the treatment of tinnitus. Reports of significant benefits of this treatment in previous, mostly uncontrolled or single-blinded studies may be explained by the placebo effect.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10472473","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["Efficacy of transmeatal low power laser irradiation on tinnitus: a preliminary report.","830",3,"\"Although only 26% of the patients had improved duration, loudness and degree of annoyance were relieved in up to 58 and 55%, respectively, without major complication. Laser therapy seemed to be worth trying on patients with intractable tinnitus.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9148726","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[830]],["Soft-laser/Ginkgo therapy in chronic tinnitus. A placebo-controlled study","633, 904",4,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7653340/","PubMed",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[633,904]],["Combined low power laser therapy and extracts of ginkgo biloba in a blind trial of treatment for tinnitus","633, 904",4,"\"Fifty percent of the experimental group was assessed to have a reduction in tinnitus of more than 10 dB, compared with 5% in the control group in both self-assessment and audiometric findings. Although only a preliminary report, the results are very encouraging, and the authors suggest that this combined photochemotherapy is a promising treatment for tinnitus.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/3/5_93-SC-01/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",8,"Hearing","Tinnitus",[633,904]],["Stellate Ganglion Phototherapy Using Low-Level Laser: A Novel Rescue Therapy for Patients With Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias","",3,"\"In healthy participants, serum adrenaline concentration significantly decreased after phototherapy, whereas low-frequency power/high-frequency power significantly decreased during phototherapy.\"\n\n\"In the clinical pilot study, 7 patients had a suppression of ES after SG phototherapy; however, without maintenance therapy, 2 patients had a recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore, it did not control ES in 4 patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34217659/","PubMed",47,"Heart","Arrhythmia, ventricular",[]],["Effects of intravenous and transdermal photobiomodulation on the postoperative complications of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a randomized, controlled clinical trial","405, 980",5,"\"Level of LDH and CPK was significantly lower in the PBM group (P < 0.05) in the 4th day postoperatively.\n\nThe PBM group also showed significantly lower post-surgery complications, including pericardial effusion, ejection fraction, pathologic ST changes, pathologic Q, rehospitalization, heart failure, and mediastinitis (P < 0.05). Likewise, the VAS pain score after surgery was significantly lower in patients in the laser group (P < 0.05). \n\nPBM seems a promising, safe, cost-benefit therapeutic modality to reduce postoperative complications of CABG.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33398614/","PubMed",27,"Heart","CABG surgery",[405,980]],["Application of Low-Level Laser Therapy Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery.","810",4,"\"It is concluded that low-level laser irradiation after CABG surgery could decrease cardiac cellular damage and help accelerate the repair of cardiac tissue post-operatively.\"\n\nComment: Parameters insufficiently reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25653805","PubMed",27,"Heart","CABG surgery",[810]],["Evaluation of Photobiomodulation on myocardial function of patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy, A case series","658, 810",3,"\"The findings from this study were highly promising as they revealed significant improvements in key cardiac evaluation parameters after just 15 sessions of transcutaneous and intravenous Photobiomodulation therapy. These improvements were especially evident in the six-minute walk test, where there was a notable increase in exercise capacity from 54.20±9.98 to 59.90±8.43 (p = 0.013). Although the systolic ejection fraction rate change from 20.75±7.91 to 24.50±9.98 did not reach the statistical significance (p = 0.197), it demonstrated a positive trend towards improving cardiac function. There was also a noteworthy trend towards improvement in the shortness of breath function class, with a change from 2.33±0.71 to 2.00±0.71 (p = 0.083). These results highlight the potential of Photobiomodulation therapy in enhancing patients' overall well-being.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38685548/","PubMed",47,"Heart","Heart failure",[658,810]],["Effect of low-level laser physiotherapy on left ventricular function among patients with chronic systolic heart failure","905",4,"\"Six-minute walk distance test was performed, and the results showed that the mean of 6MWT was less than 200 m (148.556 ± 39.092) before the study but increased to more than 300 after laser therapy (385.074 ± 61.740), \n\nleft ventricular ejection fraction before laser therapy was 26 ± 7.5 while after laser therapy it became 30 ± 8.6 but diastolic function did not change after low-level laser therapy, \n\nthe mean peak TR pressure was 40.0 ± 9.0 mmHg and 33.0 ± 7.0 before and after laser therapy respectively P < 0.001. \n\nA significant change was observed in NO level from 4.1 ± 1.4 IU/ml before laser therapy to 5.2 ± 1.7 IU/ml after laser therapy P < 0.001.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780088/","PubMed",47,"Heart","Heart failure",[905]],["Acute effects of low-level laser therapy irradiation on blood lactate and muscle fatigue perception in hospitalized patients with heart failure-a pilot study.","808",2,"LLLT was associated with decreased perceived exercion, but functional capacity wasn't improved.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250713","PubMed",47,"Heart","Heart failure",[808]],["Effects of Acute Photobiomodulation on Heart Rate Variability in Physically Active Individuals: A Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial","660",4,"\"Results showed a slight reduction (p = 0.011) in approximate entropy (ApEn) in the PBM group compared with controls, but no significant differences were observed in other HRV indices.\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that PBM applied to the vagus nerve induces minimal acute modulation of autonomic complexity. Further studies with different dosimetries and exercise protocols are warranted.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41810483/","PubMed",47,"Heart","Heart rate",[660]],["Adjunctive laser-stimulated stem-cells therapy to primary reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction in humans: Safety and feasibility study.","808",3,"\"The D2B time was not significantly different between the groups (41 ± 8 vs 48 ± 1 min; P = 0.73). Creatinine Phosphokinase area under the curve, was lower after LLLT (22 ± 10) compared to NLT (49 ± 12), but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). Troponin-T was significantly lower after LLLT (2.7 ± 1.4 ng/mL) in comparison to NLT (5.2 ± 1.8 ng/mL. P < 0.05). At 9 months, LVEF improved in both groups without a significant difference between LLLT (55 ± 9%) and NLT (52 ± 9%; P = 0.90).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29999208","PubMed",47,"Heart","Myocardial infarction",[808]],["Intravascular laser therapy of acute myocardial infarction","633",4,"\"Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring findings before and after laser irradiation suggested the possibility of preventing sudden death in the acute period of MI owing to the high anti-arrhythmic efficacy of the method with respect to high-grade ventricular arrhythmias. Precodial ECG mapping and serial determination of blood enzyme activities (CPK and MB-CPK) showed that irradiation performed within the first hours of MI development contributed to effective limitation of the infarction area and restricted the spread of the area of myocardial ischemic damage.\"\n\nComment: Full text not available.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2221480/","PubMed",47,"Heart","Myocardial infarction",[633]],["[Evaluation of the anti-arrhythmic effect of intracardiac laser therapy by 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring of patients with acute myocardial infarction]. [Article in Russian]","633",4,"\"Ventricular arrhythmias were studied by Holter's 24-hour ECG monitoring in 215 acute myocardial infarction patients within the first day of the disease. Twenty-five minutes sessions of blood irradiation by a 2-4 mW helium-neon laser (HNL) through a light guide, introduced into the right atrium via the subclavian vein, were conducted for 3-5 days in 180 patients. The HNL therapy showed a marked antiarrhythimic effect in acute myocardial infarction, significant for the prevention and treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. High antiarrhythmic activity was noted in patients with frequent ventricular extrasystoles and high-grade arrhythmias. Control patients showed no significant spontaneous reduction of the rate of ventricular arrhythmias over a comparable period of time.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2463392","PubMed",47,"Heart","Myocardial infarction",[633]],["Laser biostimulation in end-stage multivessel coronary artery disease--a preliminary observational study.","633",3,"\"An improvement of functional capacity and less frequent angina symptoms during exercise tests without a significant change in the left ventricular function were observed. Laser biostimulation in short-term observation was a very safe method. These encouraging results should be confirmed in a larger, placebo-controlled study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295156","PubMed",47,"Heart","Russian/Polish research",[633]],["[The effect of transvenous laser therapy on lipid peroxidation function in patients with ischemic heart disease].","633",4,"\"The therapy was highly effective in patients with lower functional classes and persons with normal circulation, resulting in a reduction in lipid peroxidation intensity.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1487878","PubMed",47,"Heart","Russian/Polish research",[633]],["Successful use of stellate ganglion phototherapy in refractory ventricular tachycardia in a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis","",4,"\"We introduced [stellate ganglion phototherapy] to suppress [refractory ventricular tachycardia] and anti-tachycardia pacing decreased from 371 to 25 events\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35863858/","PubMed",47,"Heart","Sarcoidosis",[]],["Efficacy of combination light-emitting diode (635 and 830 nm) therapy in treating local injection-site reactions after filler.","635, 830",3,"\"The inflammatory reaction gradually disappeared over the next 7 days (Fig. 1c,d)\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25266806","PubMed",79,"Immunity","Injection-site reaction",[635,830]],["The effects of daily irradiation with polychromatic visible polarized light on human lymphocyte populations.","",3,"\"The absolute count of total lymphocytes, CD3(+) lymphocytes, and CD3(+)CD4(+) lymphocytes increased by 7% (p = 0.023), 9% (p = 0.058), and 13% (p = 0.021), respectively. Yet the absolute count of WBCs, CD3(+)CD8(+), CD19(+), and CD16(+)56(+) lymphocytes did not change significantly.\"\n\n\"The application of polychromatic visible polarized light with the aforementioned features increases the CD3(+)CD4(+) lymphocyte population. It is suggested that this regimen may be useful for the promotion of natural defenses in cell-mediated immunity.\"\n\nComment: The power density is reported as \"3.0 E-10 W/cm2\". That doesn't seem plausible, if that would mean \"3.0 * 10^(-10) W/cm\". Maybe they mean 0.300 W/cm2 which would be quite likely?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647093","PubMed",79,"Immunity","Lymphocytes",[]],["One mechanism behind led phototherapy for wound healing and skin rejuvenation: key role of the mast cell","830",3,"\"Biopsies were taken before and two days after irradiation and routinely prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and compared between baseline, irradiated and unirradiated tissue. \n\nThe TEM in all postirradiated specimens, while clearly showing no damage to the irradiated tissue with all tissue components essentially morphologically normal, demonstrated a mild inflammatory response 48 hr after 830 nm irradiation with interstitial and perivascular oedema. A number of macrophages and leukocytes had been recruited into the irradiated tissue, and mast cells had increased in number and had either degranulated or were in the process of doing so. The unirradiated control tissue showed no such changes. \n\nThe TEM findings in the present study showed a clearly-visible inflammatory response similar to the first phase of wound healing, a ‘quasi-wound’, but created athermally and atraumatically following a single treatment with 830 nm light, thereby kick-starting the inflammatory stage of the wound healing process which is recognized as absolutely necessary in achieving good subsequent collagen synthesis in the second phase of proliferation, followed by good remodeling in the third phase. \n\nGood results in skin rejuvenation, both ablative and non-ablative, have been well-linked to establishing the wound healing process. The 830 nm-mediated ‘quasi-wound’ may well be an essential element in light-only LED photorejuvenation.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/17/3/17_3_141/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",79,"Immunity","Mast cells",[830]],["A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Vascular Photobiomodulation in Hospitalized Patients With Sepsis","660",5,"\"From the third day, the VPBMG group showed significant reductions in WBC, PCO₂, PaO₂, lactate, creatinine, SpO₂, and pH levels (p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"These findings suggest VPBM improves sepsis-related clinical and biomarker parameters, offering promise as a therapeutic option for managing this critical condition.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40801085/","PubMed",79,"Immunity","Sepsis",[660]],["Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine content in human peripheral blood after its transcutaneous (in vivo) and direct (in vitro) irradiation with polychromatic visible and infrared light.","",4,"\"A dramatic decrease in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IFN-gamma was revealed: at 0.5 h after exposure of volunteers (with the initial parameters exceeding the norm), the cytokine contents fell, on average, 34, 12, and 1.5 times. The reduced concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were preserved after four daily exposures, whereas levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 decreased five and 15 times. \n\nAt 0.5 h and at later times, the amount of anti-inflammatory cytokines was found to rise: that of IL-10 rose 2.7-3.5 times (in subjects with normal initial parameters) and of TGF-beta1 1.4-1.5 times (in the cases of its decreased level). A peculiarity of the light effect was a fast rise of IFN-gamma at 3.3-4.0 times in subjects with normal initial values. The content of IL-1beta, IL-2, IFN-alpha, and IL-4 did not change. \"\n\n\"Similar regularities of the light effects were recorded after in vitro irradiation of blood, as well as on mixing the irradiated and non-irradiated autologous blood at a volume ratio 1:10 (i.e., at modeling the events in a vascular bed of the exposed person when a small amount of the transcutaneously photomodified blood contacts its main circulating volume).\"\n\n\"Exposure of a small area of the human body to light leads to a fast decrease in the elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine plasma content and to an increase in the the anti-inflammatory factor concentration, which may be an important mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of phototherapy. These changes result from transcutaneous photomodification of a small volume of blood and a fast transfer of the light-induced changes to the entire pool of circulating blood.\"\n\n\"To conclude it should be noted the VIP light spectral range (480–3400 nm) as well as the energy ratio of its visible and IR components are similar to those of the terrestrial Solar radiation without its UV and blue rays. This means that exposures to Sun may result in human blood: a fast and gradual decrease of the elevated amount of pro-inflammatory mediators, and a significant increase of IFN-γ. As to the role of polarization in the biostimulating effects of the laser light, it has already being discussed for many decades, but our studies indicate that with equal power and energy density the polarized and non-polarized VIP lights induce rather similar effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16706691","PubMed",79,"Immunity","Systemic inflammation",[]],["Aeromonas wound infection in a healthy boy, and wound healing with polarized light.","",3,"\"Wound healing was aided with the use of polarized light, and with good effect. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of polarized light on the healing of infectious wounds.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29188066","PubMed",79,"Infections","Aeromonas",[]],["Management of Oral Lesions in Chikungunya Virus Disease Using Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Therapy Worth Exploring","660",4,"\"In 2023, Brazil recorded, until July 22, 209,489 cases of the Chikungunya virus disease (CHIKVD) (...) Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) may aid the management of oral manifestations of CHIKVD, especially given the negative impact of painful oral lesions (...)\n\n\"Against that background, we report the case of a 66-year-old patient with the clinical–epidemiological diagnosis of CHIKVD showing fever (i.e., 38.2°C max.) as well as pruritic maculopapular rash and edema on the trunk and extremities (...) \n\nAiming at analgesia and the healing of those lesions, PBMT with a diode laser (...) After 24 h, there was a significant reduction in pain (VAS = 5). In the third session, the patient denied pain (VAS = 0) and was eating solid foods. The ulcers on the oral floor were completely healed, whereas those at other sites showed no significant increase (Fig. 1C, D). On the patient's return 7 days later, remission of the mucocutaneous lesions was observed. Finally, the patient's perspective regarding the treatment received was highly positive, especially concerning pain relief.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37976237/","PubMed",79,"Infections","Chikungunya Virus",[660]],["Photobiomodulation for cognitive dysfunction (Brain Fog) in post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled pilot trial","810",2,"\"Active itPBM improved composite cognitive scores more than sham (mean difference 0.043, 95% CI -0.007 to 0.092, p = 0.088), with significant gains in participants <45 years (prespecified but exploratory, p = 0.028). \n\nAttention tasks improved consistently (p < 0.050 at multiple timepoints). Secondary outcomes mobility favored sham (p = 0.007), and fatigue also favored sham. \n\nNo serious adverse events occurred; compliance was high (median 55 days, interquartile range 2 days).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41768981/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19: post-covid symptoms",[810]],["Efficacy of the adjunctive use of photobiomodulation therapy in olfactory disorders in post-COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled trial","660, 780",5,"\"Compared to controls, patients undergoing infrared PBMT showed more improvement in UPSIT® scores (+4.6 points, 95% CI: 1.5-7.8, p = 0.004) and a tendency towards reporting a better subjective smell score at the three-month follow-up. \n\nResponse rates were 26.1% (95% CI: 6.7-45.5), 43.5% (95% CI: 21.6-65.4), and 68% (95% CI: 48.3-87.7) in the control, red and infrared groups, respectively. No major adverse events were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40147122/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19: post-covid symptoms",[660,780]],["Impact of Intravenous Laser Irradiation of Blood on Cognitive Function and Molecular Pathways in Long COVID Patients: A Pilot Study","",4,"\"MoCA and AIS scores significantly improved post-ILIB, suggesting enhanced cognitive function and sleep quality. RNA sequencing revealed 141 upregulated and 130 downregulated genes. Upregulated pathways were associated with mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, while immune response and inflammatory pathways were downregulated. Notably, the glutathione metabolism pathway was significantly altered, suggesting reduced oxidative stress.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39960888/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19: post-covid symptoms",[]],["Photobiomodulation, Transmucosal Laser Irradiation of Blood, or B complex as alternatives to treat Covid-19 Related Long-Term Taste Impairment: double-blind randomized clinical trial","660, 808, 660, 808, 660",3,"\"No intergroup statistical differences were observed at the final evaluation, despite the tendencies of better results with PBM and TLIB observed. PBM, TLIB, and B complex might be treatment options in the management of CRLTTI, despite the lack of total remission of taste and smell perception after 8 sessions (PBM and TLIB) or 30 days of B complex supplementation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37947919/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19: post-covid symptoms",[660,808,660,808,660]],["Diode laser in management of loss of taste sensation in patients with post-COVID syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","810, 940",4,"\"The results demonstrated a significant difference between both groups regarding taste restoration after one month (p = 0.041), with Group II having a significantly higher percentage of cases 7 (38.9%) with partial taste restoration. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of Group I 17 cases (94.4%) had complete taste restoration (p < 0.001).\"\n\nComment: Full text and preregistration claim 940 nm wavelength was used but abstract claims 810 nm. The sham group also received light but the parameters were not reported. In general, the writing quality is poor.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37149582/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19: post-covid symptoms",[810,940]],["Use of either Transcranial or Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Treatments improves COVID-19 Brain Fog","1070, 660, 850",4,"\"Each device for PBM delivery was associated with significant improvements in cognitive tests (p < 0.05 and beyond). Changes in WAVi supported the findings.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37018063/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19: post-covid symptoms",[1070,660,850]],["Photobiomodulation Treatment with a Home-Use Device for COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial for Efficacy and Safety","635, 810",3,"\"Those with 0-7 days of symptoms at baseline recovered significantly faster with PBMT. The median for Treatment group was 18 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 13-20] versus the Control group 21 days (95% CI, 15-28), p = 0.050. The treatment:control hazard ratio was 1.495 (95% CI, 0.996-2.243), p = 0.054. \n\nPatients with symptom duration ≥7 days did not show any significant improvement. \n\nNo deaths or severe adverse events (SAEs) occurred in the Treatment group, whereas there was 1 death and 3 SAEs requiring hospitalization in the Control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38940733/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[635,810]],["A randomized, controlled, feasibility study of RD-X19 in subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in the outpatient setting","425",5,"\"At the end of the study (day 8), the mean change in log10 viral load was -3.29 for RD-X19 and -1.81 for sham, demonstrating a treatment benefit of -1.48 logs (95% confidence internal, -2.88 to -0.071, nominal p = 0.040). \n\nAmong the clinical outcome measures, differences between RD-X19 and sham were also observed, with a 57-h reduction of median time to sustained resolution of COVID-19 signs and symptoms (log rank test, nominal p = 0.044).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35137532/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[425]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Lung Function and Inflammatory Factors in Patients with COVID-19 During Acute Stage","",4,"\"Findings indicated that the values of ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation ratio, CRP, IL-6, O2 saturation, and RR were significantly improved after the intervention in both groups (p < 0.05). \n\nIndependent T-test analyses also indicated significant differences in the CRP, IL-6, and O2 saturation in the photobiomodulation group compared with the control group after the five-session intervention (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Application of photobiomodulation is recommended for treatment of respiratory problems in patients with COVID-19 to improve clinical signs and control inflammatory factors.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37738370/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[]],["Can photobiomodulation restore anosmia and ageusia induced by COVID-19? A pilot clinical study","660, 660, 808",4,"\"Our results showed a significant functionality improvement of both olfactory and gustatory functionality.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36929335/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[660,660,808]],["Cardiopulmonary and hematological effects of infrared LED photobiomodulation in the treatment of SARS-COV2","940",4,"\"Post-treatment, the LED group showed a reduction in hospital discharge time and a statistically significant improvement for the following cardiopulmonary functions: Partial Oxygen Saturation, Tidal Volume, Maximum Inspiratory, and Expiratory Pressures, Respiratory Frequency, Heart Rate, and Systolic Blood Pressure (p < 0.05). \n\nRegarding blood count, it was observed that post-treatment, the LED group presented with significant differences in the count of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36495670/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[940]],["A Novel Approach of Combining Methylene Blue Photodynamic Inactivation, Photobiomodulation and Oral Ingested Methylene Blue in COVID-19 Management: A Pilot Clinical Study with 12-Month Follow-Up","660",4,"\"Although our pilot subjects had significant co-morbidities, extremely high viral loads and moderately severe symptoms during the Delta phase of the pandemic, the response to treatment was highly encouraging. Rapid reductions in viral loads were observed and negative PCR tests were documented within a median of 4 days. \n\nThese laboratory findings occurred in parallel with significant clinical improvement, mostly within 12-24 h of commencing the treatment protocol.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36358582/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[660]],["Analysis of the Potential of Blood Transvascular Sublingual with Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation in COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Clinical Study","660",4,"\"The surveillance of clinical improvement in moderate stage indicated that the daily PBMT was able to diminish oxygen supplementation within a short time, besides reducing the hospital stay length in the PBMT group, particularly, when compared with the Placebo group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36070590/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[660]],["Photobiomodulation Improves Serum Cytokine Response in Mild to Moderate COVID-19: The First Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Pilot Study","",5,"\"During the study period, in PBM group, there was a significant decrease in serum levels of IL-6 (-82.5% +/- 4, P<0.001), IL-8 (-54.4% ± 8, P<0.001), and TNF-α (-82.4% ± 8, P<0.001), although we did not detect a significant change in IL-10 during the study. The IL-6/IL-10 Ratio also improved in PBM group. The Placebo group showed no decrease or even an increase in these parameters. There were no reported complications or sequelae due to PBM therapy throughout the study.\"","","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for treatment olfactory and taste dysfunction COVID-19-related: a case report","",4,"\"In the present case report, the patient's olfactory and gustatory functions were re-established after 10 treatment sessions with photobiomodulation. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35445797/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[]],["Multi-Wavelength Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with Static Magnetic Field on Long-Term Pulmonary Complication after COVID-19: A Case Report","633, 850, 905",4,"\"A 53-year-old Mexican man who presented with decreased peripheral oxygen saturation, massive lung damage, and fibrosis after COVID-19 received PBMT-sMF treatment once a day for 45 days. The treatment was irradiated at six sites in the lower thorax and upper abdominal cavity and two sites in the neck area.\n\nWe observed that the patient was able to leave the oxygen support during the treatment, and increase his peripheral oxygen saturation.\n\nIn addition, the patient showed improvements in pulmonary severity scores and radiological findings.\n\nFinally, the patient presented with normal respiratory mechanics parameters in the medium-term, indicating total pulmonary recovery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833000/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[633,850,905]],["A Brazilian multicenter pilot case series on the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy for COVID-19-related taste dysfunction","660",3,"\"8 female and 2 male patients sought medical help for taste impairment (either partially or completely) after COVID-19 infection. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the tongue mucosa was then proposed but with 3 different protocols. Taste perception at baseline and before every laser session was evaluated using a visual analog scale. Irrespective of the PBMT protocol, taste recovery was noted in all cases but with varying degrees of improvement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34826638/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[660]],["Oral care and photobiomodulation protocol for the prevention of traumatic injuries and lip necrosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19: an observational study","660",3,"\"We retrospectively analyzed the records of 472 patients with COVID-19 in the ICU from May 2020 to February 2021.\n\n60/472 patients developed traumatic injuries and were managed with the oral care protocol and PBM, to prevent the progress to lip necrosis. When appropriated, in addition to oral care and PBM, other measures were taken to prevent further local trauma (lip hydration, changes in tube fixation).\n\nThe proposed oral care protocol associated with PBM successfully prevented the progress of traumatic lesions, ulceration, necrosis, and loss of tissue associated with IOT. The quality of life of patients in the ICU and after their recovery was preserved.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34816005/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[660]],["Whole-Organ Transdermal Photobiomodulation (PBM) of COVID-19: A 50-Patient Case Study","650, 850",4,"\"Acute conditions including fever, body aches, and respiratory distress comprising paroxysmal coughing; lung congestion, dyspnea and hypoxia; sinus congestion; acute eye inflammation; and extreme malaise were eliminated in 41/50 patients within 4-days of commencing PBM treatments with 50/50 patients fully recovering within three-weeks with no supplemental oxygen requirements.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34658147/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[650,850]],["Early cases of acute infectious respiratory syndrome treated with photobiomodulation, diagnosis and intervention: Two case reports","630, 660",3,"\"PBMT using 630 + 660 nm wavelengths transcutaneously at 7 cm above chest area irradiating lungs and heart regions of patients with acute, infectious respiratory syndrome alleviated their respiratory symptoms, mitigated pulmonary inflammation and hypoxia. PBMT could prevent more severe respiratory distress requiring emergency care and reduce the strain on healthcare. This case report's clinical experience can be the basis of future research evaluating oxygen saturation levels pre- and post-PBMT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33959281/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[630,660]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with Static Magnetic Field in Severe COVID-19 Patients Requiring Intubation: A Pragmatic Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","633, 850, 905",3,"\"Among severe COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, the length of ICU stay was not significantly different between the PBMT-sMF and placebo groups.\n\nIn contrast, PBMT-sMF was significantly associated with reduced diaphragm atrophy, improved ventilatory parameters and lymphocyte count, and decreased C-reactive protein levels and hemoglobin count.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34335043/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[633,850,905]],["Intranasal photobiomodulation therapy for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction: A Brazilian multicenter case series","660",3,"\"The present study aimed to report a series of cases in which three protocols of intranasal photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) were used for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Irrespective of the PBMT protocol, olfaction recovery was noted in all cases but with varying degrees of improvement. Although intranasal PBMT seems to be a promising therapeutic modality, more research is needed to better define effectiveness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34628071/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[660]],["Evaluation of Adjunctive Photobiomodulation (PBMT) for COVID-19 Pneumonia via Clinical Status and Pulmonary Severity Indices in a Preliminary Trial","808, 905",5,"\"PBMT-treated patients showed rapid recovery, did not require ICU admission or mechanical ventilation, and reported no long-term sequelae at 5 months after treatment.\n\nIn the control group, 60% of patients were admitted to the ICU for mechanical ventilation. The control group had an overall mortality of 40%. At a 5-month follow-up, 40% of the control group experienced long-term sequelae.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33776469/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[808,905]],["Adjunct low level laser therapy (LLLT) in a morbidly obese patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report","808, 905",4,"\"Following LLLT our patient showed improvement over a few days in respiratory indices, radiological findings, inflammatory markers, and patient outcomes. This report suggests that adjunct LLLT can be safely combined with conventional treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 and morbid obesity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33043132/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[808,905]],["A 57-Year-Old African American Man with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Who Responded to Supportive Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT): First Use of PBMT in COVID-19","808, 905",4,"\"This report has presented supportive PBMT in a patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Respiratory indices, radiological findings, oxygen requirements, and patient outcomes improved over several days and without need for a ventilator.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32865522/","PubMed",79,"Infections","COVID-19",[808,905]],["Low-level laser therapy for the treatment of early stage cutaneous leishmaniasis: A pilot study","635",4,"\"Disease assessment at 10 months follow-up revealed complete response in 91% and partial response in 9% patients of [low-grade disease group], while no response was observed in patients of [high-grade disease group]. LLLT offers a promising treatment modality for patients presenting with early-stage (ie, Grade I and II) CL lesions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32852075/","PubMed",79,"Infections","Leishmaniasis",[635]],["Treatment of neuropathic pain in leprosy patients with a physiotherapeutic protocol combined with photobiomodulation","",3,"\"In the SALSA, a reduction in the number of patients with severe limitation was observed in PPBMG (effect size, 0.24). In participation scale, there was an increase in the number of patients without restrictions in PPBMG. Regarding VAS, there was improvement in both groups (PPG, P = 0.0061; PPBMG, P = 0.041), with no difference between them. In relation to neurological evaluation by nerve palpation, there was improvement in the ulnar nerve condition (P = 0.0244) in PPG group, and in the fibular nerve (P = 0.0425) in PPBMG group. In the functional assessment, PPBMG patients showed statistical differences with improvement in the median (P = 0.0281) and tibial (P = 0.0267) nerves. In the SF-36, there was an increase in the domains of physical limitations (PPG, P = 0.0273; and PPBMG, P = 0.0078) and pain (PPG, P = 0.0156; and PPBMG, P = 0.0020; effect size, 0.34).\"\n\n\"This study provides relevant evidence for the efficacy of PPBMG in treating neuropathic pain in leprosy patients.\"\n\nComment: According to the abstract, it seems that the between-the-group differences are minor/nonsignificant.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40663207/","PubMed",79,"Infections","Leprosy",[]],["Application of a physiotherapeutic protocol associated with photobiomodulation for the treatment of leprosy patients","904",5,"\"Our results showed when evaluating functional capacity limitations with the SALSA scale, the PLG patients improved from moderate to mild limitations. On the other hand, the PPG remained as moderate limitations. \n\nAlso, the PLG showed a significant reduction in pain on the VAS scale. The neurological assessment showed that PLG improved palpation of the median, radial, and peroneal nerves. In the strength test, PLG patients improved in the 5th finger abduction and ankle dorsiflexion. \n\nAssessing sensitivity, it was identified an improvement in PLG for the ulnar nerve and tibial nerve. All those changes were statistically significant when compared to the PPG patients. Finally, the PLG patients improved disabilities, identified by the neurological assessment of the eyes, hands, and feet. \n\nIn conclusion, this study demonstrated that combining a physiotherapeutic protocol with PBM treatment effectively improved functional status and reduced pain in leprosy patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38133695/","PubMed",79,"Infections","Leprosy",[904]],["Phototherapies for the management of a large painful facial cutaneous lesion from human monkeypox infection","",4,"\"A 20-year-old Caucasian man presenting with a large, painful, grayish, rubbery, well-circumscribed, deep-seated, and umbilicated ulcer on his face was treated with four daily sessions of PBMT and two sessions of aPDT every other day.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36632872/","PubMed",79,"Infections","Monkeypox",[]],["Clarithromycin-based therapy with adjunctive photobiomodulation and microwave treatment for cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection","640",4,"\"The median treatment duration was 4.5 weeks. Clinical cure was achieved in 10 patients, while 2 patients showed marked improvement and 2 exhibited partial improvement. No clinical recurrence was observed during a follow-up period of up to 36 months.\"\n\n\"A clarithromycin-based regimen supplemented with PBM and microwave therapy appears to be safe and potentially effective for cutaneous M. marinum infection and may facilitate early clinical improvement with favorable tolerability. During follow-up, no clinical relapse was documented.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41812906/","PubMed",79,"Infections","Mycobacterium marinum",[640]],["Adjuvant Effect of Photobiomodulation in the Pain Relief and Healing of Ulcerative Lesions from Mammary Tuberculosis","660, 808",4,"\"This case report describes the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) as a complementary therapy in a 45-year-old patient with mammary tuberculosis (TB). \n\nThe patient received conventional treatment, including antibiotic therapy and analgesics. Three months after the diagnosis, breast pain persisted (Visual Analog Scale [VAS] score: 8), and the mammary lesions had not healed. \n\nAdjuvant treatment with PBM (660 nm and 808 nm lasers, 100 mW, 3,333 mW/cm2, 20 J per session) was performed over 12 sessions in 38 days. \n\nAfter four PBM sessions, the patient reported no pain (VAS score: 0) and stopped using analgesics. \n\nComplete healing of the mammary lesions was observed after 12 sessions. The use of PBM was associated with improvements in tissue repair, pain control, and healing of lesions resulting from mammary TB.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40036871/","PubMed",79,"Infections","Tuberculosis",[660,808]],["Case report: Rapid improvement of crossed cerebellar diaschisis after intravascular laser irradiation of blood in a case of stroke.","633",4,"\"We found that ILIB helped eliminate CCD, which was previously shown to be an untreatable condition using any intervention during the sub-acute post-stroke stage. Stroke patients could therefore greatly benefit from ILIB.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28079797","PubMed",14,"Intravascular LLLT","Stroke",[633]],["Blue or red: which intravascular laser light has more effects in diabetic patients?","405, 633",4,"\"Serum [blood sugar] decreased highly significant after ILIB with both red and blue lights (p < 0.0001), but we did not find significant difference between red and blue lights.\"\n\nComment: The full text is a little bit hard to understand. It might be that the same group of patients (single arm trial) received an alternating treatment of red or blue light on each session, and the before-after differences were measured on each session.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25304768","PubMed",87,"Intravascular LLLT","",[405,633]],["A metabolomic study on the effect of intravascular laser blood irradiation on type 2 diabetic patients.","405",3,"\"The results showed significant decrease in glucose, glucose 6 phosphate, dehydroascorbic acid, R-3-hydroxybutyric acid, L-histidine, and L-alanine and significant increase in L-arginine level in blood and blood sugar in the patients have reduced significantly (p < 0.05). This study clearly demonstrated a significant positive effect of ILBI on metabolites of blood in diabetic type 2 patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23358875","PubMed",87,"Intravascular LLLT","",[405]],["Efficacy of wIRA in the treatment of sacroiliitis in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its effect on serum VEGF levels.","",4,"\"BASDAI, pain VAS, and morning stiffness VAS scores decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after wIRA treatment and no-wIRA treatment (control group), and the difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.001). CRP declined and RI increased during the wIRA treatment as compared with the no-wIRA treatment (P < 0.001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31533751","PubMed",56,"Joints","Ankylosing spondylitis",[]],["LLLT for the management of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.","820",4,"\"The results suggested that after an 8-week treatment and after a follow-up, the combination of LLLT and passive stretching exercises decreased pain more effectively than placebo LLLT along with the same passive stretching exercises in patients with Αnkylosing spondylitis\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26796709","PubMed",56,"Joints","Ankylosing spondylitis",[820]],["Low-energy laser therapy application on knee joints as an auxiliary treatment in patients with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a dual-arm randomized clinical trial","903",4,"\"Per the mixed-model analysis of variance, the LLT group showed a statistically more favorable improvement in pain (P = .003, ηp2 = .014), fatigue perception (P = .004, ηp2 = .015), and functional status (P = .022, ηp2 = .09) across the three assessment occasions, as compared to the [exercise only] control group. However, no significant difference was demonstrated between both groups concerning peak concentric torque (all P > .05).\n\nIncorporation of LLT into the standard physical rehabilitation program for patients with JIA has the potential to induce more conducive improvements in pain, fatigue, and functional performance, but is not effective for improving muscle performance.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34599401/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Arthritis (juvenile)",[903]],["Innovations and Challenges by Applying Sublingual Laser Blood Irradiation in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis","405, 536, 635",5,"\"Evaluation was performed using American College of Rheumatology Pediatric criteria (ACR Pedi) at study enrollment and at 8, 16, 24, and 48 weeks. \n\nAt the end of study, there was an improvement of the ACR Pedi 30 by 86.11% in SLBI group compared to only 61.11% in Group II, respectively, and 60.6% in Group III (), with significant statistical differences. \n\nSLBI has reduced the pain, lowered the number of articulations with movement limitation, increased the quality of life, and made it possible to avoid the administration of biological agents.\"","https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/130417/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Arthritis (juvenile)",[405,536,635]],["Intravenous laser blood irradiation and tocilizumab in a patient with juvenile arthritis","405, 536, 630",3,"\"ILBI was performed in a 16-year-old male patient, with JIA and transient immunodeficiency. When ILBI was introduced, the patient was receiving disease-modifying drugs, steroids, tocilizumab, and physical therapy. Because the disease was not well controlled, ILBI was applied in addition to other ongoing therapies.\"\n\n\"The outcome was evaluated using Pediatric 50, 70, and 90 responses and compared to initial status, after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. At the end of study, the titre of IgA and IgG levels returned to normal.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24715926/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Arthritis (juvenile)",[405,536,630]],["Intravenous laser blood irradiation increases efficacy of etanercept in selected subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an innovative clinical research approach","405, 536, 630",5,"\"Fourteen patients (Group I) received ILBI and 9 patients (Group II) received placebo laser. ILBI was performed in addition to ongoing JIA medication, including etanercept.\"\n\n\"After 10 weeks, 85.7% of the patients in Group I fulfilled Pedi 30 criteria, compared to only 55.6% of the patients in Group II. \n\nAfter 20 weeks, all patients in both groups had a Pedi 30 response. In Group I, 92.8% of the subjects met the Pedi 50 response, compared to only 55.6% in the placebo group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23990845/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Arthritis (juvenile)",[405,536,630]],["Treatment of human cartilage defects by means of Nd:YAG Laser Therapy.","1064",4,"\"Ten patients affected by chondral lesions scheduled for ACI procedure, were enrolled into the study. During the chondrocyte expansion for ACI procedure, cartilage from five patients was treated by Nd:YAG High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT group). No laser treatment was performed in the remaining patients, who were used as controls. (...)\n\nA significant decrease in cartilage depth was noticed in the HILT group at T1. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations showed some regenerative processes in cartilaginous tissue in terms of high amount of proteoglycans, integration with adjacent articular cartilage and good cellular arrangement in the HILT group. \n\nBy contrast, a not well organized cartilaginous tissue with various fibrous features in the control group at T0 and T1 was observed. \n\nIn conclusion, the use of this new pulsed Nd:YAG HILT resulted promising in the treatment of moderate cartilage lesions markedly in the young patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23241120","PubMed",38,"Joints","Cartilage",[1064]],["Photobiomodulation of pain and inflammation in microcrystalline arthropathies: experimental and clinical results.","633, 904",5,"\"Fibrinogen, prostaglandin E(2), and TNF(alpha) concentrations in the rats injected with crystals and treated with laser decreased significantly as compared with the groups injected with crystals without treatment.\"\n\n\"Both laser therapy and diclofenac achieved rapid pain relief in patients with acute gouty arthritis without significant differences in efficacy. Laser therapy was more effective than diclofenac in patients with chronic pyrophosphate arthropathy and in patients with chronic apatite deposition disease.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16706692","PubMed",56,"Joints","Crystal arthropathy",[633,904]],["Efficacy of pulsed high-intensity laser therapy on pain, functional capacity, and gait in children with haemophilic arthropathy.","1064",4,"\"Children in the laser group showed significant improvement in pain, functional capacity, and gait parameters compared to those in the placebo group (p < 0.05).\"\n\nComment 1: Parameters were somewhat poorly reported. Even wavelength was not mentioned. \n\nComment 2: However, results are encouraging. This isn't the first time that Egyptian researchers report very good results for the diseases they are treating with \"HILT\".","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27976591","PubMed",56,"Joints","Haemophilic arthropathy",[1064]],["Low-level laser therapy in meniscal pathology: a double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.","904",5,"\"The pain decreased approximately by 65 % 4 weeks after LLLT and by 22 % in the placebo group.\"\n\n\"Treatment with LLLT was associated with a significant decrease of symptoms compared to the placebo group: it should be considered in patients with meniscal tears who do not wish to undergo surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23093133","PubMed",38,"Joints","Meniscus",[904]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Modulates Inflammatory and Cartilage Biomarkers in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Case Series","850",3,"\"PBMT demonstrates beneficial local and systemic effects on inflammatory and cartilage degradation pathways in KOA, supporting its potential as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy. Larger controlled clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings and establish standardized treatment parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41815690/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[850]],["Comparison of the effects of high-intensity laser therapy and low-level laser therapy in knee osteoarthritis","",4,"\"Both HILT and LLLT, when combined with ET, were found to be effective in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. However, HILT provided more pronounced improvements in pain, functionality, and flexion ROM. No difference was detected between the two methods in terms of cartilage thickness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41042410/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[]],["Effect Of Photobiomodulation (Low-Level Laser Therapy) In Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","790",5,"\"Significant reductions in pain (p < 0.05) were observed in the PBM group after treatment, compared to both the placebo and control groups. \n\nWOMAC scores showed significant improvements in pain, stiffness, and functional limitations within the PBM group (pre- vs. post-treatment) (p < 0.05), while no significant changes were found in the sham or control groups (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40545487/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[790]],["The effects of laser therapy on pain, functionality and biomechanical parameters in patients suffering from gonarthrosis: an observational study","808, 1064, 1120",4,"\"A significant difference was found in all three scales between T0-T1, VAS decreased by three points (p=0.002), KOOS increased by fifteen points (p=0.008) and WOMAC decreased by 8.5 (p=0.003)\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40525365/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[808,1064,1120]],["The efficacy of high-intensity laser and short-wave diathermy both combined with exercises in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized comparative study","1064",4,"\"Although the treatments applied with exercise were effective in both groups, HILT was more effective than SWD in terms of pain, physical, functional, and quality of life. HILT was recommended in the treatment plan of patients with stage 2-3 knee osteoarthritis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40232660/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[1064]],["Comparison of Short-Term Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy, Low-Level Laser Therapy and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Study","904",4,"\"Significant improvements were observed in all parameters post-treatment for all groups (p < 0.001). However, the improvements in the PEMF group were significantly lower than in the ESWT and LLLT groups, particularly for VAS, WOMAC pain, and SF-36 physical function scores (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between ESWT and LLLT (p > 0.05).\"\n\n\"In the short-term, ESWT, LLLT, and PEMF effectively reduce pain, improve physical function, and enhance quality of life in patients with knee OA, though PEMF showed less pronounced improvements.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39860600/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[904]],["The Effects of High-Intensity Laser Therapy vs. Low-Level Laser Therapy on Functional Ability and Quadriceps Architecture in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Single-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","808, 808",4,"\"Both HILT and LLLT may improve functional ability and VMO thickness in patients with knee osteoarthritis. After a one-month follow-up, functional ability was greater in the HILT group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39949479/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[808,808]],["The Effect of Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood on Serum Biomarkers and Clinical Outcome in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial","633",4,"\"The ILIB group showed a significant improvement in the WOMAC-pain score at one month of follow-up than the control group.\"\n\n\"L-1β levels reduced significantly on day three, one month, and three months, and IL-13 levels reduced on day three and three months during follow-up in the ILIB group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39769371/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[633]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on acupuncture points on knee pain and function in knee osteoarthritis","904",4,"\"The post-treatment Visual Analog Scale activity score and walking and stair climbing test results were statistically significantly lower in the low-level laser therapy (+) group than in the low-level laser therapy (-) group. There was no significant difference in post-treatment Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale scores between the two groups. In both groups, the Visual Analog Scale activity, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and walking and stair climbing test scores statistically significantly decreased after treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38126411/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[904]],["Comparison between Low-Level and High-Intensity Laser Therapy as an Adjunctive Treatment for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","830, 1064",4,"\"Post intervention, both groups showed improvements in their KOOS, NPRS, active knee flexion, and TUG scores compared to baseline (p < 0.01). The mean difference of change in KOOS, NPRS, and active knee flexion scores for the HL + EX group surpassed the minimal clinically important difference threshold. In contrast, the LL + EX group only demonstrated clinical significance for the NPRS scores.\"\n\n\"Incorporating HILT as an adjunct to usual KOA rehabilitation led to significantly higher improvements in pain, physical function, and knee-related disability compared to LLLT applied in scanning mode.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37511894/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[830,1064]],["Laser therapy versus pulsed electromagnetic field therapy as treatment modalities for early knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial","",3,"\"Six sessions of PEMFT and LLLT had immediate positive effects on pain and physical function in individuals with low-grade KOA, with PEMFT resulting in significantly better results.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength and most of the dose parameters were not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36922781/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[]],["Intra-Articular Laser Therapy May Be a Feasible Option in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis in Elderly Patients","658, 810",4,"\"The results revealed that after 3 LLLT, the Lequesne index significantly decreased, signifying improvement in the knee joint functional status. The volume of suprapatellar SF and SF proteins associated with inflammation also decreased significantly in the SF. These findings lasted up to a period of at least 3 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36457337/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[658,810]],["The effects of low-level laser therapy on muscle strength and functional outcomes in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial","660, 808",4,"\"In conclusion, both intervention groups improved muscle strength and functional performance as compared to the control group. The 808 nm wavelength group showed better results in knee extensor strength.\"\n\nComment: The control group had a 0.35 mW red LED light, dose being 0.0033 J over 15 minutes.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36599881/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[660,808]],["Customized Photobiomodulation Modulates Pain and Alters Thermography Pattern in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study","850",5,"\"The PBMT was applied using 850 nm with continuous wave and a total of 526-1402 J each session. Individualized dosimetry was chosen based on each patient's body mass index and skin color.\"\n\n\"Pain scores were reduced significantly in the 4th, 5th, and 10th sessions and remained lower 6 weeks posttherapy in the treatment group when compared to the placebo group. \n\nMoreover, the treatment group's results were improved in QOL questionnaires score, dopamine level, and in microcirculation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36286574/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[850]],["Short-Term Efficacy of High-Intensity Laser Therapy in Alleviating Pain in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Single-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial","808, 905",3,"\"At the end of the study, the overall analysis showed a significant decrease in VAS and T-WOMAC scores in both the groups; a greater decrease in scores was found in the HILT group than in the control group (p < 0.001). The between-group comparison also showed a significant difference in VAS, but not in the T-WOMAC score, favouring HILT (p < 0.05).\"\n\nComment: Only modest differences between the groups. The sham group improved quite significantly (pre-post).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36313402/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[808,905]],["Short- and Long-Term Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy Combined with Strength Training in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","904",4,"\"There were no significant between-group differences in the primary outcomes. \n\nHowever, in the laser group there was a significantly reduced number of participants using analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and increased performance in the sit-to-stand test versus placebo-control at week 52.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35743513/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[904]],["Effects of photobiomodulation and a physical exercise program on the expression of inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers and functional capacity in women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized blinded study","808",3,"\"An increase in the functional capacity was observed in the WOMAC total score for both treated groups (p < 0.001) and ESP presents a lower value compared to CG (p < 0.05) the 8-week post-treatment. \"\n\nComment: The authors do not clearly state if it is laser or LED.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34656170/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[808]],["A Comparison Between Low-Level Laser Therapy and Intra-articular Ozone Injection in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial","980",3,"\"In the middle and at the end of the treatment period in both groups, the joint pain decreased significantly. The same as pain, the self-administrated WOMAC score and the range of joint motion improved significantly in both groups. All of these variables exposed more improvement in the ozone group patients.\"\n\nComment: What is the irradiation mode? The author says the wave produces \"continuous wave pulses\".","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733767/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[980]],["Interferential current and photobiomodulation in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial","904",5,"\"Photobiomodulation reduced pain intensity at rest compared to placebo at all time points (P < 0.05) and compared to interferential current at six months follow-up (P < 0.05). Photobiomodulation reduced pain intensity during movement compared to placebo at six months follow-up (P < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33896234/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[904]],["A randomised controlled trial of laser acupuncture improves early outcomes of osteoarthritis patients' physical functional ability after total knee replacement","808",4,"\"ALLLT can facilitate the recovery of physical function, as evidenced by knee joint flexion and stiffness, in patients receiving total knee replacement.\"\n\nComment: The authors say the \"power density\" is \"≤300 mW\" but mW is the unit of power, not power density.\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately described.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33677172/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[808]],["Efficacy of high intensity laser therapy in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind controlled randomized study","1064",4,"\"No significant differences were detected in the VAS, WOMAC-pain, WOMAC-function, WOMAC-stiffness, and WOMAC-total values of both groups in the comparisons of the two groups at the end of the treatment (in the 2nd week)\"\n\n\"The VAS, WOMAC-pain, WOMAC-function, WOMACstiffness, and WOMAC-total values were significantly lower in the 6th week in HILT + ET group compared to the PL + ET group (p < 0.05)\"\n\nComment: The 25 cm2 is mentioned in a confusing matter in the middle of sentence, and it is not possible to know whether that refers to treated area or beam size or something else: \"A total of 300 J was applied as 12 J/m2 25 cm2 at a frequency of 25 Hz in these sessions\"\n\nComment: Inadequate parameter reporting.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33074393/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[1064]],["Efficacy of Acupoints Dual-Frequency Low-Level Laser Therapy on Knee Osteoarthritis","780, 830",5,"\"A total of 30 subjects with two-sided knee OA in both groups completed the experiment. Statistically significant decreases were observed in the Lequesne index (5.27 ± 3.26 vs. 10.83 ± 3.83), conscious VAS 4 weeks after treatment (moving: 2.87 ± 1.13 vs. 5.67 ± 1.72; resting: 0.33 ± 0.62 vs. 2.67 ± 1.29), and the increase was noted in PPT (21.23 ± 1.82 kg vs. 13.02 ± 1.46 kg) in the ALT group compared with the PLT group.\"\n\n\"It appears that the knee OA pain and disability can be decreased after a dual-frequency LLLT applied to acupoints (SP9, SP10, and EX-LE2).\"\n\nComment: The 80mW irradiation for 900 sec should equal to 72J, not the 216J that authors claim.\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029170/","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[780,830]],["The Efficacy of the Comprehensive Use of Naphthalan and Non-Selective Chromotherapy in the Treatment of Patients with Gonarthrosis.","",4,"\"64 patients aged 40-69 years with stage 1-3 knee osteoarthritis were examined and treated. It was shown that the combined use of naphthalan and non-selective chromotherapy in patients with gonarthrosis reduces pain, improves the functional state of the affected knee joints and improves the quality of life of patients in the absence of adverse effects.\n\nA comparative analysis of the study results showed that the efficacy of the combined use of naphthalan and non-selective chromotherapy is superior to the isolated effect of naphthalan.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not reported in paper, but it seems to always be 480-3400 for Bioptron.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32074648","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[]],["Immediate responses of multi-focal low level laser therapy on quadriceps in knee osteoarthritis patients.","808",5,"\"The multi-focal LLLT significantly improved knee joint pain as measured by the NRS (54% reduction), timed five-chair stands, and walking speed (P < .05). Knee extensor strength also increased in terms of peak torque and force of concentric and eccentric contraction as measured by isokinetic dynamometer (P < .05). \n\nIn conclusion, single-session multi-focal LLLT on quadriceps in knee OA patients has immediate beneficial effect on knee pain reduction, quadriceps strengthening and functional performance recovery. Long-term effect requires further investigation. \"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31390143","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[808]],["Efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in comparison with conventional physiotherapy and exercise therapy on pain and function of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial with 12-week follow up.","1064",5,"\"HILT was significantly more effective than the other groups in decreasing the VAS, increasing FROM and improving the scores of WOMAC (total and function subscale) both after treatment and after 12 weeks.\"\n\nComment: The authors mention 5W as \"peak power\" but according to other parameters it is likely to be the average power.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30178432","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[1064]],["Intra-Articular Laser Treatment Plus Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Significantly Reduces Pain in Many Patients Who Had Failed Prior PRP Treatment.","405, 658, 810",3,"\"Twenty-eight joints were available for re-evaluation: ≥ 40% improvement was seen in 46% (6 months), 32% (12 months) and 32% (24 months) post-treatment. Mean SANE scores improved significantly at 1 and 2 years.\"\n\nComment: Difficult to evaluate the effectiveness due to lack of a control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31315168","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis",[405,658,810]],["Photobiomodulation via a cluster device associated with a physical exercise program in the level of pain and muscle strength in middle-aged and older women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","808",3,"\"The main findings demonstrated that all treated volunteers presented a significant decrease in the level of pain after 8 weeks of intervention compared with the placebo-treated women.\"\n\n\"However, PBM did not have any extra effect along with the effects of exercise in improving the distance walked, the TUG, and the muscle strength of women with knee OA.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31144070","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[808]],["Efficacy of Quadriceps Muscle Strengthening Exercises and Infrared Radiation Therapy in the Management of Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis in a South- Eastern Nigerian Population: A Randomised Clinical Study","",5,"\"At the end of the seven weeks, there was a statistically significant reduction in knee joint pain intensity score (p<0.05), 30.4m walking time (p< 0.05) and a significant increase in quadriceps muscle strength (p< 0.05) in the study group. There was no statistically significant change (p>0.05) in any of the outcome measures in the control group.\"\n\nComment 1: In intervention group, pain intensity decreased from 7.74 to 4.84, while in the control group it decreased from 7.38 to 7.00. \n\nComment 2: Philips Infraphil lamp of 150W was used as the light source.\n\nComment 3: The journal is not indexed in PubMed.\n\nComment 4: The irradiation duration is not described. The author refers probably to William J. Shriber's book A Manual of Electrotherapy in the reference 19, but it may be mistyped.","http://journalajrimps.com/index.php/AJRIMPS/article/view/21874","JournalAJRiMPS",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy and physical exercise on pain, stiffness, function, and spatiotemporal gait variables in subjects with bilateral knee osteoarthritis: a blind randomized clinical trial.","808",4,"\"The EG showed significant improvement in pain (p = 0.006) and function (p = 0.01) according to WOMAC. Regarding gait variables, in intergroup analysis after 8 weeks all groups receiving intervention showed a significant increase in gait speed: LG versus CG (p = 0.03); EG versus CG (p = 0.04) and LEG versus CG (p = 0.005). Only the group treated with laser + exercise showed a significant increase (p = 0.009) in the cadence and duration of single right limb support (p = 0.04), and only the groups treated with exercise and laser + exercise showed significant decreases in the duration of right limb support (p = 0.035 and p = 0.003, respectively), compared to the CG.\"\n\nComment: Study completion rate only 53.58% ?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30324827","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[808]],["Incorporation of photobiomodulation therapy into a therapeutic exercise program for knee osteoarthritis: A placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial.","640, 875, 905",5,"\"The combination of phototherapy and an exercise program is effective at reducing pain intensity among individuals with knee osteoarthritis than exercise alone or exercise + placebo phototherapy in a short-term protocol.\"\n\nComment: The authors claim each session laster approx ~60 minutes. However, they also claim that treatment duration per knee quadrant is 60 seconds. This would imply ~4 minutes of irradiation per session. It could be that the 60 minutes refers to the duration of the exercise session including a brief PBM treatment.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29733117","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[640,875,905]],["Ultrasound plus low-level laser therapy for knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","808",4,"\"This study showed reduced pain and increased physical functionality after 3 months of US + LLLT with and without [therapeutic exercises].\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29480363","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[808]],["Long-term results of a randomized, controlled, double-blind study of low-level laser therapy before exercises in knee osteoarthritis: laser and exercises in knee osteoarthritis.","904",5,"\"We find that the immediate post-intervention improvements from LLLT plus strengthening exercises were maintained for six months.\"\n\n\"Daily consumption of rescue analgesics (paracetamol) was significantly lower in the LLLT group throughout the follow-up period, ending at a group difference of 0.45 vs. 3.40 units (P < 0.001) at six months follow-up.\"\n\nComment: Parameter data obtained from the Alfredo 2012 paper.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28776408","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[904]],["Efficacy of pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.","1064",5,"\"Overall, pulsed Nd:YAG laser combined with GCS and exercises was more effective than GCS + EX and exercises alone in the treatment of KOA patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28078503","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[1064]],["Radiological and biochemical effects (CTX-II, MMP-3, 8, and 13) of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in chronic osteoarthritis in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.","905",5,"\"After 4- and 8-week treatment, active laser group shows more significant difference (p < 0.001) in all the parameters than the placebo laser group (p > 0.05). Our results show that low-level laser therapy was more efficient in reducing pain and improving cartilage thickness through biochemical changes.\"\n\nStar: In this study, the improvement in LLLT versus placebo is huge. Maybe they found some good parameters for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27913970","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[905]],["Positive effects of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on Bouchard's and Heberden's osteoarthritis.","658, 785",5,"\"LLLT significantly reduced pain and ring size and increased range of motion after five and seven treatments (all P's < 0.001). The effects were very large (all η(2) 's > 0.14). No further significant change occurred between 7 and 10 treatments. The effects achieved after seven sessions persisted for 8 weeks.\"\n\n\"LLLT is a safe, non-invasive, efficient and efficacious means to reduce pain and swelling and to increase joint mobility in patients suffering from Heberden's and Bourchard's OA.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26833862","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (hand)",[658,785]],["Effectiveness of High Intensity Laser Therapy for Reduction of Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis.","1064",4,"\"Pain levels measured by VAS and dolorimetry decreased significantly in the therapeutic group after seven days of treatment (p< 0,001)\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28096711","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[1064]],["The effects of high intensity laser therapy on pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis.","",5,"\"The comparison of the two groups showed that the high intensity laser therapy group had statistically significant lower scores in both the visual analogue scale and the Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index than the conservative physical therapy group.\"\n\n\"High intensity laser therapy is considered an effective non-surgical intervention for reducing pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis and helping them to perform daily activities.\"\n\nComment: The important parameters were not reported (wavelength, power output, spot size etc).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942148","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[]],["Effect of Laser Therapy on Chronic Osteoarthritis of the Knee in Older Subjects.","880, 904",4,"\"It can be concluded that addition of LLLT to exercise training program is more effective than exercise training alone in the treatment of older patients with chronic knee OA and the rate of improvement may be dose dependent, as with 6 J/cm(2) or 3 J/cm(2).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27330707","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[880,904]],["Synergic effects of ultrasound and laser on the pain relief in women with hand osteoarthritis.","808",4,"\"Grip strength did not differ significantly for any of the groups (p ≥ 0.05). The average PPT between baseline and 3 months shows significant decrease of the pain sensitivity for both the US + LLLT group (∆ = 30 ± 19 N, p˂0.001) and the TE + US + LLLT group (∆ = 32 ± 13 N, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in average PPT for placebo group (∆ = -0.3 ± 9 N). There was no placebo effect. The new prototype that combines US and LLLT reduced pain in women with hand osteoarthritis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25239030","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (hand)",[808]],["Short-term efficacy of low-level laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.","904",5,"\"A significant improvement in pain and function was found in all the assessments applied to the laser group. On comparing the laser group with the placebo group, significant differences were found in the VNS-resting and Lequesne evaluations.\"\n\n\"Treatment with LLLT improves pain and function over the short term in patients with knee osteoarthritis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027049","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[904]],["Monochromatic Infrared Photo Energy versus Low Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.","850, 890",4,"\"There were statistically significant improvements in pain intensity and lower extremity functional scale scores (p<0.05) in each group. However, no significant differences were recorded between the groups (p>0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25653818","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[850,890]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on knee osteoarthritis: prospective, descriptive study.","810, 890",4,"\"In the current study, a significant reduction was observed regarding the nocturnal pain, pain on walking and ascending the steps, knee circumference, distance between the hip and heel, and knee to horizontal hip to heel distance at the end of the treatment course.\"\n\n\"In brief, the current study focuses on the fact that LLLT is effective in reducing pain in knee osteoarthritis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733283","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[810,890]],["High-intensity versus low-level laser therapy in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.","830, 1064",5,"\"The result showed that HILT and LLLT combined with exercise were effective treatment modalities in decreasing the VAS and WOMAC scores after 6 weeks of treatment. HILT combined with exercises was more effective than LLLT combined with exercises, and both treatment modalities were better than exercises alone in the treatment of patients with KOA.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24487957","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[830,1064]],["Effects of laser treatment on the expression of cytosolic proteins in the synovium of patients with osteoarthritis.","",3,"\"Eleven proteins showing altered expression due to laser irradiation were identified. There were three patients whose tissue samples demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in mitochondrial heat shock 60 kD protein 1 variant 1. The expression of the other proteins (calpain small subunit 1, tubulin alpha-1C and beta 2, vimentin variant 3, annexin A1, annexin A5, cofilin 1, transgelin, and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain precursor) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the control samples.\"\n\n\"A single diode laser irradiation of the synovial samples of patients with osteoarthritis can statistically significantly alter the expression of some proteins in vitro. These findings provide some more evidence for biological efficacy of LLLT treatment, used for osteoarthritis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909318","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy applied at acupuncture points in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised double-blind comparative trial.","830",4,"\"The results demonstrate that short-term application of LLLT to specific acupuncture points in association with exercise and advice is effective in reducing pain and improving quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24418801","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[830]],["Efficacy of low level laser therapy associated with exercises in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind study.","904",4,"\"Our findings suggest that low level laser therapy when associated with exercises is effective in yielding pain relief, function and activity on patients with osteoarthritis of the knees.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22169831","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[904]],["Influence of various laser therapy methods on knee joint pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis.","810, 808, 905",4,"\"One-wave laser irradiation at a dose of 8 J per point and two-wave laser irradiation with doses of 12.4 J and 6.6 J per point significantly improved knee joint function and relieved knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22764339","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[810,808,905]],["The effect of low-level laser in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","830",5,"\"In the group treated with active LLLT, a significant improvement was found in pain (before treatment [BT]: 5.75; 2 mo after treatment : 1.18); circumference (BT: 40.45; AT: 39.86); pressure sensitivity (BT: 2.33; AT: 0.77); and flexion (BT: 105.83; AT: 122.94). In the placebo group, changes in joint flexion and pain were not significant. Thermographic measurements showed at least a 0.5 degrees C increase in temperature--and thus an improvement in circulation compared to the initial values. In the placebo group, these changes did not occur.\"\n\n\"Our results show that LLLT reduces pain in KOA and improves microcirculation in the irradiated area.\"\n\nComment: Placebo was 0.5 mW (100x weaker than PBM)","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530911","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[830]],["Laser acupuncture in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized controlled study.","904",3,"\"Laser acupuncture was found to be effective only in reducing periarticular swelling when compared with placebo laser.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352632","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[904]],["Randomized controlled trial on low level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hand.","860",4,"\"Pain relief, morning stiffness, and functional status did not significantly improve for LLLT versus placebo. No significant differences were found in finger range of motion, except carpometacarpal opposition (P = 0.011), grip strength, and patient global assessment which improved for active LLLT participants (P = 0.041).\"\n\n\"LLLT is no better than placebo at reducing pain, morning stiffness, or improving functional status for OA-hand patients.\"\n\nNote: Jan Tunér commented on PubMed Commons:\n\n\"The conclusion of this study is questionable since only 0.12 J per finger joint was applied. Energy recommendation of the World Association for Laser Therapy for finger arthritis is 4 J, 1-2 points. The discussion also fails to discuss the great differences in dosage and treatment techniques in the references.\"\n\nNote: Hode&Tunér also published a comment titled \"Wrong parameters can give just any results\".","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704096","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (hand)",[860]],["Efficacy of different therapy regimes of low-power laser in painful osteoarthritis of the knee: a double-blind and randomized-controlled trial.","904",5,"\"Statistically significant improvements were indicated in respect to all parameters such as pain, function, and quality of life (QoL) measures in the post-therapy period compared to pre-therapy in both active laser groups (P < 0.01). Improvements in all parameters of the Group I and in parameters, such as pain and WOMAC of the Group II, were more statistically significant when compared with placebo laser group (P < 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14677160","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[904]],["Low-power laser in osteoarthritis of the cervical spine.","",3,"\"Pain improved after the first application of LPL in 9 out of 14 patients, but the difference was not significant. Pain improvement remained stable between the first assessment and the second assessment, which was performed after 20 days. In comparison with the first application, at the second application the number of patients with improved pain after LPL increased to 12 out of 14 (p < 0.01). An appreciable difference in the thickness of the subcutaneous soft tissue layer overlying the two superior trapezia was demonstrated in all patients at the first examination.\"\n\nComment: Full text not available.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15244318","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (cervical)",[]],["The clinical efficacy of low-power laser therapy on pain and function in cervical osteoarthritis.","830",5,"\"Pain, paravertebral muscle spasm, lordosis angle, the range of neck motion and function were observed to improve significantly in the LPL group, but no improvement was found in the placebo group. LPL seems to be successful in relieving pain and improving function in osteoarthritic diseases.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11434469","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (cervical)",[830]],["A new type of very low-power modulated laser: soft-tissue changes induced in osteoarthritic patients revealed by sonography.","635",3,"\"Patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the cervical spine were studied by ultrasound examination. The region of interest was the soft connective tissue layer above the right and the left superior trapezium that revealed a significant difference in thickness between the left and right side. The aching side was treated with a new type of very low-power, modulated laser for 3 min. Immediately after application, the sonographic examination revealed a significant symmetrization of the subcutaneous tissue.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11146897","PubMed",38,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (cervical)",[635]],["Low power Ga-Al-As laser treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the knee. A double-blind placebo-controlled study.","830",2,"\"No significant differences in any of the effect variables were found between the two groups before, during or after treatment. With regard to the patients' overall assessment there was a clearly demonstrable positive effect of treatment in both groups. This is likely to be due to a placebo effect.\"\n\nComment: In the Laser Phototherapy book by Tunér&Hode, it is mentioned that \"[a]lthough reported as negative, a closer analysis of the data submitted reveals a significant short-term effect, which is masked in the text. When these masked facts are revealed, this study presents a significant but short-term effect of [laser phototherapy] for these parameters\".\n\nComment 2: Looking at the full text, the active group pain scores (avg. daily) change 82 -> 61 -> 66 while in placebo group the pain scores change 71 -> 69 -> 61 (pre vs treatment vs post periods).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801065","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[830]],["Improvement of pain and disability in elderly patients with degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee treated with narrow-band light therapy.","",4,"\"Low-power light therapy is effective in relieving pain and disability in degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee.\"\n\nComment: I adjusted some of the parameters by the reported duty ratio (10% and 1% depending on wavelength).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1727843","PubMed",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[]],["Infrared diode laser in low reactive-level laser therapy (lllt) for knee osteoarthrosis","830",4,"\"Thirty-three patients (82%) reported significant removal of pain and recovery of articular joint mobility. The remaining seven patients felt there was no significant effect following LLLT, and returned to their original pretherapy medication. The side effects were minimal, LLLT is concluded to be a safe, effective and noninvasive alternative to conventional surgical and medical treatment modalities for DJD patients.\"\n\nComment: According to abstract, there were 16 sessions (2/week for 8 weeks), but according to full text, there were only 8 sessions.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/4/3_91-OR-20/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",21,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (knee)",[830]],["Effects of arthrocentesis and low-level laser therapy on patients with osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint","810",3,"\"In conclusion, although both techniques improved joint pain and function, a combination with LLLT seemed to have an additional benefit for myofascial components.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33280948/","PubMed",90,"Joints","Osteoarthritis (TMJ)",[810]],["The analgesic effect of 904 nm gallium arsenide semiconductor low level laser therapy (LLLT) on osteoarticular pain: a report on 938 irradiated patients","904",4,"\"The GaAs laser equipment used has a wavelength of 904 nm. The laser is pulsed, pulse width of 200 nsec, pulse frequency 10,000 Hz, a peak power of 20 W and an average power of 40 mW. The patients were treated five times a week on several points with doses of 6-10 J/cm2 on each point in the painful area or areas. The efficacy of the laser treatment at the end of 10 sessions was evaluated using a colour scale with a four grade estimation: excellent, good, little or no effect and poor. Laser efficacy was arrived at by combining the excellent and good responses.\"\n\n\"The overall effectiveness was 74.73%, but considering acute pain it was elevated to 88.20%, and in chronic pain it was 69.27%. \"\n\n\"In some specific locations such as acute cervical pain, acute lumbar pain and tenosynovitis the major statistical effectiveness was achieved (100%, 88.46% and 84%, respectively). In chronic knee and hip pain the response was poor (38.23% and 35.71%, respectively).\"\n\n\"These results suggest that GaAs laser therapy at the parameters as reported is an effective, easy to apply and side effect free treatment for osteoarticular pain. From the reported data, the efficacy of 904 nm GaAs LLLT is greater in acute pain therapy compared with chronic pain types, and some anatomical areas tend to respond better to GaAs diode LLLT than others.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/7/2/7_95-OR-11/_article","J-STAGE",38,"Joints","Osteoarticular pain",[904]],["Long-Term Effect of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser in the Treatment of Children with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","1064",5,"\"The VAS results significantly decreased post-treatment in the laser group relative to the placebo group and were still improved at the 12-week follow-up. Gait parameters significantly increased in the laser group after 4 weeks of treatment and after 12 weeks compared to the placebo group.\"\n\n\"HILT, when combined with an exercise program, appears to be more effective in children with JRA than a placebo laser procedure with exercises.\"\n\nComment: If the average power is 10.5W and treatment time is 8 minutes (480 seconds), the total energy should be 5040 J, but the authors claim it is 1500 J. Therefore, there seems to be something wrong with the parameter reporting. The results are really good, so the authors should focus on writing the paper in the highest possible quality.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30016193","PubMed",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[1064]],["Ex vivo soft-laser treatment inhibits the synovial expression of vimentin and α-enolase, potential autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis","809",3,"\"In the present study, changes in protein expression in 5 synovial membrane samples from participants with RA were studied after ex vivo LLLT irradiation.\"\n\n\"Laser irradiation (with physical parameters similar to those used previously) resulted in decreases in both α-enolase and vimentin expression in the synovial membrane in RA. Both proteins have been considered to be important autoantigens that are readily citrullinated and drive autoimmunity in RA.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21436364/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[809]],["Beneficial effects of laser therapy in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis onset","830",5,"\"The overall efficacy rate in these studies was 86% in the [laser] group, 50% in [placebo] group and 40% in the NSAIDs-treated third group. After four months of treatment, our investigations showed that 830 nm infrared laser therapy promoted the restoration of function, relieved pain and limited the complications of RA.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/11/2/11_2_79/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[830]],["Cortical photostimulation with filtered visible light as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis","",4,"Comment: Treatment-related parameters not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9855217/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[]],["Low Intensity Laser and Phototherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis","",2,"\"There were no significant differences observed between the active or placebo cohorts although range of movement at the knee improved slightly in the active treatment group. Combined low intensity laser and phototherapy, used under these conditions, does not appear useful for altering the course of rheumatoid arthritis.\"","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031940605668666","ScienceDirect",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[]],["Histological studies on the rheumatoid synovial membrane irradiated with a low energy laser.","790",3,"\"The histological findings of the irradiated synovial membrane showed flattening of epithelial cells, decreased villous proliferation, narrowed vascular lumen, and less infiltration of inflammatory cells compared with those of nonirradiated synovia. The evaluation of slides was done in a blinded manner, and significant differences was seen by Wilcoxon's t-test (P < 0.01). Histological findings suggested that the low energy laser irradiation induced suppression of inflammation in the synovial membrane of RA.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7830475","PubMed",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[790]],["Clinical application of GaAlAs 830 nm diode laser in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","830",4,"\"From July 1988 to June 1990, 170 patients with a total of 411 affected joints were treated using a GaAlAs diode laser system (830 nm, 60 mW C/W). Patients mean age was 61 years, with a ratio of males : females of 1:5.25 (16%:84%). \n\nEffectiveness was graded under three categories: excellent (remarkable improvement), good (clearly apparent improvement), and unchanged (little or no improvement), For pain attenuation, scores were: excellent-59.6% ; good-30,4% ; unchanged-10% , For ROM improvement the scores were: excellent-12.6% ; good-43.7% ; unchanged-43.7%. This gave a total effective rating for pain attenuation of 90%, and for ROM improvement of 56.3%.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/2/3_91-OR-11/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[830]],["Low-power laser therapy in rheumatoid arthritis","820",5,"\"In the laser group the grip strength and finger flexibility improved, the swelling of the joints declined, the morning stiffness and pain decreased. The sedimentation rate and the number of leukocytes showed a fall with a significant trend. In the placebo group there were no changes in these parameters except for the registration of pain, where a significant, less than with the laser, effect was observed. \n\nThus, low-power laser therapy, at the chosen wavelength and energy dose, appears to be effective against the classical complaints from rheumatoid arthritis.\"","https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02032435","Springer",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[820]],["A Double Blind Study of Low Power He-Ne Laser Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis","633",5,"\"The general assessment by the doctors showed significant clinical difference (P<0.01) in the intergroup comparison. In the assessment of the patients’ personal impression, significant improvement was recorded too (P<0.01).\"","https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-72870-9_184","Springer",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[633]],["Soft-laser therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.","633",2,"\"The laser therapy gave some pain relief, but no difference in morning stiffness or joint performance was obtained. It is concluded that the laser therapy is of limited value in rheumatoid arthritis.\"\n\nComment: The sham irradiation was given to the other hand of the same person.\n\nComment: The sham irradiation was given by a red 10W bulb. This might also have a beneficial effect.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3629205","PubMed",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[633]],["Laser therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.","1060",4,"\"Twenty-one patients noted improvement of both their MCP and PIP joints of both hands during laser therapy. Twenty-seven noted improvement of their PIP joints and 26 noted improvement of the MCP joints during therapy. \n\nHeat, erythema, pain, swelling, and tenderness all improved with time in both hands, but the lased hand had more significant improvement in erythema and pain. There was also significant improvement in grasp and tip pressure on the lased side. The level of circulating immune complexes as measured by platelet aggregation decreased during lasing.\n\nThe improvement may be related to laser exposure. The exact role that laser radiation has upon rheumatoid arthritis and its mechanism of action remain to be elucidated.\"\n\nComment: According to the paper it seems the light intensity was very high and the whole 15 J/cm2 dose was given during 30 nanoseconds (??).\n\nComment: Treatment parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7038361","PubMed",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[1060]],["Laser irradiation as a potential pathogenetic method for immunocorrection in rheumatoid arthritis","633",3,"\"A well-defined effect was found in patients with a low level of CIC and a normal count of functional-competent T-cells. ILIB provided some symptomatic but unstable relief in patients with a high level of CIC and a high functional activity of T-lymphocytes.\n\nThere was no effect in patients with a high level of CIC and decreased number of lymphocytes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11476971/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Rheumatoid arthritis",[633]],["Pulsed versus continuous wave low-level light therapy on osteoarticular signs and symptoms in limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome): a case report.","940",4,"\"The patient was treated two to three times a week for 13 weeks using a sequential pulsing mode on one elbow and a CW mode on the other. Efficacy assessments included inflammation, symptoms, pain, health scales, patient satisfaction, clinical global impression, and adverse effects monitoring. Considerable functional and morphologic improvements were observed after LLLT, with the best results seen with the pulsing mode. No adverse effects were noted. Pulsed LLLT represents a treatment alternative for osteoarticular signs and symptoms in limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25393970","PubMed",56,"Joints","Scleroderma",[940]],["Efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy on arthropathy of the hands in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial","1064",5,"\"After eight-weeks of intervention, the mean for handgrip strength, joint swelling counts, joint tenderness count, and pain score was 28.34 kg, 4.4, 5, and 35.6 mm in the study group, and 22.96 kg, 7.36, 9.08, and 58.8 mm in the control group, respectively.\"\n\n\"Adding HILT to the routine physical therapy program might be more effective than routine physical therapy program alone in improving handgrip strength, decreasing joint swelling counts, joint tenderness counts, and pain in patients with arthropathy of the hands.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638614/","PubMed",56,"Joints","Systemic lupus erythematosus",[1064]],["Intravenous Laser Therapy in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial","405",4,"\"All post-treatment parameters, except the hemoglobin value, significantly improved in both groups. Urine NGAL and serum NGAL show declines from the baseline in both groups; however, the reduction slope of these parameters occurred faster in the laser group in a statistically significant manner.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733772/","PubMed",29,"Kidney","Acute kidney injury",[405]],["Photobiomodulation therapy increases functional capacity of patients with chronic kidney failure: randomized controlled trial.","810",4,"\"As a result, there was an increase in the functional capacity (assessed through the six-minute walk test) for the IG compared with the CG [50.7 m (CI95% 15.63; 85.72), p = 0.01, large effect size, d = 1.12], as well as an improvement on lower limb muscle strength (assessed through the sit-and-stand test) [- 7.4 s (CI95% - 4.54; - 10.37), p = 0.00, large effect size, d = 1.99]. For other outcomes evaluated, no significant difference between-group was observed. \n\nFinally, PBM applied as monotherapy for 8 weeks in the lower limb improves functional capacity and muscle strength of CKF patients.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32333337","PubMed",29,"Kidney","Chronic kidney disease",[810]],["Acute effect of photobiomodulation therapy on handgrip strength of chronic kidney disease patients during hemodialysis.","850",4,"\"Significant strength increases occurred after PBMT application with doses of 60 J/arm (4.85%, p = 0.005, ES = 0.32) and 90 J/arm (4.45%, p = 0.013, ES = 0.25), while no changes were detected with placebo or 120 J/arm.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30056586","PubMed",29,"Kidney","Chronic kidney disease (muscle)",[850]],["Assessment of photobiomodulation in response to the microcirculation in arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis patient","830",3,"\"Among the patients <65 years old, there is an increase of 2.31% and 1.37% in the average velocity and flux in AVF, respectively. This increase is higher than those observed in patients aged >65 years old. Additionally, the cumulative effect of the 830 nm laser was observed for at least 10 min, resulting in continuous increases of 3.16% in velocity and 1.59% in flux for HD patients <65 years old. On the contrary, the average velocity and flux in AVF increased in patients who had undergone HD for <6 years.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40231166/","PubMed",29,"Kidney","Haemodialysis: arteriovenous fistula",[830]],["Effect of laser acupoint treatment on blood pressure and body weight-a pilot study","",3,"\"The mean systolic blood pressure was 129.6 +/- 14.7 mm Hg before the treatment and was reduced to 122.5 +/- 17.2 mm Hg (P < .001). The mean diastolic blood pressure was 85.6 +/- 8.0 mm Hg before treatment and was reduced to 77.2 +/- 8.7 mm Hg (P < .001).\"\n\n\"After comparing the 2 groups, subjects in the experimental group that received the actual treatment had a noticeable decrease on their blood pressure measurements.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength and many relevant parameters not reported. Also, there were no proper comparisons between the two groups.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19646375/","PubMed",47,"Laser acupuncture","Blood pressure",[]],["Effects of 36.5 Hz pulsed LASER acupuncture on pain and disease impact in fibromyalgia patients: A pilot randomized clinical trial","",5,"\"Compared with the Control Group, the Experimental Group showed significantly lower scores on the Pain Numeric Rating Scale (p < 0.05; effect size = 2.07; power = 0.99), Generalized Pain Index (p < 0.05; effect size = 1.88; power = 0.97), Symptom Severity Scale (p < 0.05; effect size = 2.55; power = 0.99), and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (p < 0.05; effect size = 2.76; power = 0.99).\"\n\n\"Laser acupuncture at 36.5 Hz pulsed frequency, applied to Ryodoraku electrodiagnostic points, demonstrated beneficial effects on pain intensity and functional impact in individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40993446/","PubMed",40,"Laser acupuncture","Fibromyalgia",[]],["Effects of Laser Acupuncture on Metabolic Functions of Sedentary People: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial","660",4,"\"The laser stimulated changes in serum lipid profile values and renal and hepatic functions. There was a significant (p = 0.014) reduction in LDL (\"bad\" cholesterol) from 105.75 ± 32.83 pre- to 84.32 ± 18.38 mg/dL postintervention, associated with cardioprotective function. Positive significant (p = 0.035) impacts were also observed in the reduction of creatinine (0.86 ± 0.12 mg/dL to 0.75 ± 0.12 mg/dL) and the enzyme AST/GOT (33.73 ± 12.95 U/L to 20.80 ± 4.99 U/L, p = 0.002).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39344803/","PubMed",28,"Laser acupuncture","Metabolic health",[660]],["Clinical observations on laser acupuncture in simple obesity therapy.","",4,"\"The mean reduction and mean percent reduction in body weight were 3.17 kg and 3.80% (p < 0.0001), respectively. The corresponding values for the body mass index were 1.22 kg/m2 and 3.78% (p < 0.0001), respectively. We concluded that laser acupuncture was found to exert a therapeutic effect on simple obesity by reducing both body weight and body mass index. Moreover, subjects showed good compliance with this comfortable and non-restrictive diet protocol.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821818","PubMed",28,"Laser acupuncture","Obesity",[]],["Effectiveness of Laser Acupuncture in Alleviating Chronic Insomnia: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.","",3,"All three groups showed an improved PSQI score. However, only Group A showed a significant reduction in the sleep onset latency and number of awakenings at night and a higher sleep efficiency and ESS score.\n\nComment 1: No between-group statistical analyses were made. It seems there was no clinically significant improvement in the active groups compared to the control group.\n\nComment 2: Many relevant PBM parameters (eg. wavelength) not stated in the article.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31312225","PubMed",6,"Laser acupuncture","Sleep",[]],["The Effect of Laser Therapy Along With Mediterranean Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet Only on Older Adults With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial","660",4,"\"Both study and control groups showed a significant reduction in the levels of liver enzymes, serum lipid profile, BMI, and WC (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively); however, the study group showed more significant results compared to the control group (P < 0.01).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733762/","PubMed",28,"Liver","Fatty liver",[660]],["Effect of intravenous low-intensity laser irradiation of the blood on clinical and laboratory parameters of hepatocellular insufficiency.","",4,"\"Patients with hepatocellular insufficiency received a course of intravenous laser irradiation of the blood. After the treatment, a positive dynamics of clinical and biochemical indices of the major hepatic syndromes was observed: alleviation of the major clinical symptoms and significant positive changes in biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total cholesterol).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23113277","PubMed",28,"Liver","Hepatocellular insufficiency",[]],["[Phototherapy of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer patients based on cell stimulation with low-intensity red light]. [Article in Russian]","",4,"LLLT was already being studied in humans in 1984.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6200998","PubMed",1,"LLLT: past and future","",[]],["Photobiomodulation in Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer-Related Chronic Lymphedema: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","904",5,"\"Compared to the control group, the active group demonstrated improvements at 8-week post-intervention in the severity of external LEF (P < .001), symptom burden (eg, Soft Tissue and Neurologic Toxicity subscale, Cohen's d = - 0.47), and neck range of motion (eg, extension, Cohen's d = 0.65).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42071320/","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Investigation of the effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on arm lymphedema in breast cancer patients: A noninvasive treatment for an intractable morbidity","658",4,"\"We noted that the average reductions in the circumference and volume of the affected limb, as compared with the unaffected limb, were about 16% and 21.7%, respectively, and improvement in the patient's mental symptoms was about 32%. Another notable observation was the great enthusiasm of most patients to continue their treatment, particularly from the second cycle onward.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37205934/","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[658]],["Patient Experience of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Head and Neck Chronic Lymphedema","",3,"\"Among 12 participants who consented for the study, 11 (91.7%) completed the PBM therapy. Participants described positive experiences and unique benefits about the PBM therapy, for example, decreased swelling, reduced tightness, increased range of motion, increased saliva production, and improved ability to swallow. \n\nSome participants (n = 5, 45.5%) delineated challenges related to traffic, travel time, and distance from study location. Many participants proposed suggestions for future research on PBM therapy, for example, research on internal edema and its relationship with swallowing, and indicated patients with severe lymphedema and fibrosis may be more likely to benefit.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37116057/","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Pilot Feasibility Study","904",4,"\"When comparing the baseline to 4-week post-intervention, we found statistically significant improvements in the severity of external lymphedema, symptom burden, and neck range of motion (all P < .05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34387119/","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Long-Term Effectiveness of Combined Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Plus Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Postmastectomy Lymphedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",3,"\"Both interventions [compression vs compression+PBM] have positive effects on lymphedema, grip strength, and pain. Long-term effects of combined therapy, especially on pain, are slightly superior to the pneumatic compression alone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33826415/","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["Kinesio taping and low-level laser therapy in breast cancer-related lymphedema in an arm with arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis","",4,"\"In this article, we report a 57-year-old female patient with breast cancer-related lymphedema and arteriovenous (AV) fistula for hemodialysis in the same arm. We performed low-level laser therapy treatment for 12 sessions, kinesio taping, and remedial exercises to the patient as the compression part of complex decongestive therapy was contraindicated in the AV fistula. Self-manual lymphatic drainage training and skin care education were also given. The arm volume difference was decreased from 691 mL to 454 mL after the treatments.\"\n\n\"Low-level laser therapy and kinesio taping should be kept in mind as alternative techniques for appropriate cases in the treatment of lymphedema.\"\n\nComment: Relevant parameters not reported. Authors claim they use Endolaser 422 device. According to the manufacturer, the device has 808 and 905 wavelengths.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32760900/","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Platelet-Rich Plasma, Low-Level Laser Therapy, and Complex Decongestive Physiotherapy in Patients with Lower Limb Lymphedema.","",3,"\"Significant differences in LYMQOL, LEC, NRS, and TDC values both before and after treatment were found in all groups; however, there were no statistically significant difference in values between the three groups. In the PRP+CDP group, LYMQOL values had a larger effect size than the other two groups. Significant differences in 6MWT values both before and after treatment were found in PRP+CDP and LLLT+CDP groups; however, there was no statistically significant difference in the CDP group.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32073990","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["Complementary low-level laser therapy for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.","904",4,"\"In comparison with the placebo group (83.3%), significantly fewer participants in the active laser group (55.6%) reported more than one lymphedema symptom (p = 0.012) at 12 months post-intervention. \n\nSignificantly, more patients in the active laser group (44.4%) reported less than two impaired limb mobility symptoms in comparison with the placebo group (33.3%) at 12 months post-intervention (p = 0.017). \n\nThe active laser group had statistically significant improvements in symptom distress of sadness (p = 0.005) from 73 to 11% and self-perception (p = 0.030) from 36 to 0% over time from baseline to 12-months post-intervention. \n\nThere was no significant reduction in limb volume. \n\nFindings of the trial demonstrated significant benefits of complementary LLLT for relieving symptoms and improvement of emotional distress in breast cancer patients with lymphedema.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Low level laser therapy for the management of breast cancer-related lymphedema: A randomized controlled feasibility study.","810, 980",3,"\"Retention rates were 88.9% for the laser group and 100% for the control group at both 6 and 12 weeks post-randomization. All participants who completed LLLT (PBM) treatment indicated that they were satisfied with the treatment. \"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29851090","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[810,980]],["Far infrared ray (FIR) therapy: An effective and oncological safe treatment modality for breast cancer related lymphedema.","",3,"\"Results demonstrated that after treatment with FIR, tumor marker (CA153, CA125) concentrations in both the FIR and control groups were not elevated. There was no statistically significant difference between FIR and control group marker expression (p>0.05). Furthermore, no patients were diagnosed with lymphadenectasis or newly enlarged lymph nodes in these two groups. Importantly, there were no adverse events in either group. The in vitro experiment indicated that FIR radiation does not affect viability, proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of fibroblasts, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.\"\n\n\"FIR should be considered as feasible and safe for the treatment of breast cancer related lymphedema patients 5years after mastectomy. FIR does not promote recurrence or metastasis of breast cancer and is a well-tolerated therapy with no adverse reactions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28535427","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["Efficacy and safety of far infrared radiation in lymphedema treatment: clinical evaluation and laboratory analysis.","",4,"\"A total of 32 patients affected by lymphedema in stage II and III were treated between January 2015 and January 2016 at our department. After therapy, a significant decrease of limb circumference measurements was noted and improving of quality of life was registered. Laboratory examination showed the treatment can also decrease the deposition of fluid, fat, hyaluronan, and protein, improving the swelling condition. We believe FIR treatment could be considered as both an alternative monotherapy and a useful adjunctive to the conservative or surgical lymphedema procedures. Furthermore, the real and significant biological effects of FIR represent possible future applications in wide range of the medical field.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127644","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["Complex decongestive physical therapy and low-level laser therapy for the treatment of pediatric congenital lymphedema: a case report.","",4,"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26180372","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["A pilot randomized trial evaluating low-level laser therapy as an alternative treatment to manual lymphatic drainage for breast cancer-related lymphedema.","904",3,"\"No statistically significant between-group differences were found in volume reduction; however, all groups had clinically and statistically significant reduction in volume. \n\nNo group differences were noted in psychological and physical symptoms or QOL; however, treatment-related improvements were noted in symptom burden within all groups. Skin improvement was noted in each group that received LLLT.\"\n\n\"LLLT with bandaging may offer a time-saving therapeutic option to conventional MLD. Alternatively, compression bandaging alone could account for the demonstrated volume reduction.\"\n\n\"Lasers may provide effective, less burdensome treatment for lymphedema.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were very poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803270","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Changes in tissue water and indentation resistance of lymphedematous limbs accompanying low level laser therapy (LLLT) of fibrotic skin.","904",4,"\"A [tissue indentation resistance; TIR] and [tissue dielectric constant; TDC] change-pattern similar to that obtained with the active LLLT was obtained, but sham-related reductions in TIR and TDC immediately post sham-treatment were significantly less than achieved with the prior active LLLT treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22458118","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["The short-term effects of low-level laser therapy in the management of breast-cancer-related lymphedema.","904",4,"\"Patients with BCRL received additional benefits from LLLT when used in conjunction with standard lymphedema treatment. These benefits include reduction in limb circumference, pain, increase in range of motion and scar mobility. Additionally, two cycles of LLLT were found to be superior to one in this study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445997","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema with laser therapy: double blind placebo control randomized study.","904",5,"\"Laser treatment was found to be effective in reducing the limb volume, increase shoulder mobility, and hand grip strength in approximately 93% of patients with postmastectomy lymphedema.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538293","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Managing postmastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy.","808, 905",4,"\"LLLT was effective in the management of PML, and the effects were maintained to the 4 wk follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878027","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[808,905]],["Efficacy of pneumatic compression and low-level laser therapy in the treatment of postmastectomy lymphoedema: a randomized controlled trial.","904",4,"\"Group II had better long-term results than group I. Low-level laser might be a useful modality in the treatment of postmastectomy lymphoedema.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19164399","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Low-level laser therapy in management of postmastectomy lymphedema.","890",3,"\"Reduction in limb circumference was detected in both groups, although it was more pronounced in the laser group up to the end of 22nd week. Desire to continue treatment at each session and baseline score in the laser group was greater than in the sham group in all sessions. Pain reduction in the laser group was more than in the sham group except for the weeks 3 and 9. No substantial differences were seen in other two parameters between the two treatment groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673054","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[890]],["Treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial.","904",4,"\"Two cycles of laser treatment were found to be effective in reducing the volume of the affected arm, extracellular fluid, and tissue hardness in approximately 33% of patients with postmastectomy lymphedema at 3 months after treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12973834","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[904]],["Treatment of chronic postmastectomy lymphedema with low level laser therapy: a 2.5 year follow-up.","",4,"\"The data suggest that laser treatment, at least initially, improved most objective and subjective parameters of arm lymphedema.\"\n\nComment: Full text not available.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9664272","PubMed",44,"Lymphatic system","Lymphedema",[]],["In vivo measurement of nitric oxide release from intact human skin post photobiomodulation using visible and near-infrared light: A chemiluminescence detection study","455, 660, 850",3,"\"Significant differences in NO release were observed among the wavelengths tested, indicating that PBM stimulates NO release from intact human skin.\"","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666469024000253","ScienceDirect",1,"Mechanisms","Original research",[455,660,850]],["Photobiomodulation at Different Wavelengths Boosts Mitochondrial Redox Metabolism and Hemoglobin Oxygenation: Lasers vs. Light-Emitting Diodes In Vivo","800, 810, 850, 1064",3,"\"Our results showed that\n\n(i) lasers at all three wavelengths enabled significant increases in Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxCCO] of the human forearm while the 1064 nm laser sustained the increases longer, and that \n\n(ii) the 810-nm LED with a moderate irradiance (≈135 mW/cm2) induced measurable and significant rises in Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxCCO] with respect to the sham stimulation on the human forearm.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35208178/","PubMed",1,"Mechanisms","Original research",[800,810,850,1064]],["Impact of heat on metabolic and hemodynamic changes in transcranial infrared laser stimulation measured by broadband near-infrared spectroscopy.","1064",3,"\"According to the broadband NIRS readings on the same subjects, significant differences in hemodynamic and metabolic responses (i.e., ΔHbO, ΔHbT, ΔHbD, and ΔCCO) were observed between the heat-induced and laser-induced effects on human foreheads.\"\n\n\"We concluded that the observed effects of [transcranial infrared laser stimulation] on cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism are not induced by heating the skin.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948191","PubMed",1,"Mechanisms","Original research",[1064]],["Up-regulation of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemodynamics by transcranial infrared laser stimulation: A broadband near-infrared spectroscopy study.","1064",3,"\"With respect to the placebo readings, we observed\n\n(1) significant increases in cerebral concentrations of oxidized CCO (Δ[CCO]; >0.08 µM; p < 0.01), oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HbO]; >0.8 µM; p < 0.01), and total hemoglobin (Δ[HbT]; >0.5 µM; p < 0.01) during and after TILS, and\n\n(2) linear interplays between Δ[CCO] versus Δ[HbO] and between Δ[CCO] versus Δ[HbT].\n\nRatios of Δ[CCO]/Δ[HbO] and Δ[CCO]/Δ[HbT] were introduced as TILS-induced metabolic-hemodynamic coupling indices to quantify the coupling strength between TILS-enhanced cerebral metabolism and blood oxygen supply.\n\nThis study provides the first demonstration that TILS causes up-regulation of oxidized CCO in the human brain, and contributes important insight into the physiological mechanisms.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178891","PubMed",1,"Mechanisms","Original research",[1064]],["Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation induced by near-infrared laser.","1064",3,"\"For the first time, we demonstrated that 1064 nm laser can induce significant increases of CCO and HbO concentrations in a dose-dependent manner over time, as compared with placebo treatment. In addition, Δ[CCO] and Δ[HbO] displayed a clear linear relationship as the dose of LLLT increased. \"\n\n\"These results demonstrate the tremendous potential of broadband NIRS as a non-invasive, in vivo means to study mechanisms of photobiomodulation and perform treatment evaluations of LLLT. \"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27484673","PubMed",1,"Mechanisms","Original research",[1064]],["Mast-cell degranulation induced by physical stimuli involves the activation of transient-receptor-potential channel TRPV2","640",3,"\"Here we have investigated the effects of various physical stimuli in the human mast-cell line HMC-1.\"\n\n\"Here we have shown for the first time that the application of light (at 48 mW for 20 min) induced an SKF96365-sensitive current. All three physical stimuli that led to activation of SKF96365-sensitive current also induced pronounced degranulation in the mast cells, which could be blocked by ruthenium red or SKF96365.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21574765/","PubMed",1,"Mechanisms","Original research",[640]],["Laser-induced photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin: Optical method of elimination of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency in biotissue)","633",3,"\"We proposed and developed an optical method of elimination of local hypoxia, which is based on the laser-induced photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin in blood vessels and capillaries.\n\nWe showed that the optical properties of the cutaneous tissue considerably narrow the spectral range of action of the laser radiation on blood oxyhemoglobin in vivo. We found that, upon the excitation of oxyhe moglobin into the maximum of the band at a wavelength of 585 nm of the action spectrum, the efficient extraction of molecular oxygen from the complex as a result of its photodissociation is achieved.\"","https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0030400X11080066","Springer",1,"Mechanisms","Original research",[633]],["Associations of wearable photobiomodulation device use with mitochondrial bioenergetics and fatigue in athletes and individuals with chronic fatigue","",4,"\"By Day 15, early bioenergetic shifts were observed. The chronic fatigue cohort demonstrated significant increases in baseline respiration (p = 0.0195) and mitochondrial potential (p = 0.0352), consistent with changes in mitochondrial reserve capacity. Athletes demonstrated significant increases in mitochondrial efficiency (p = 0.0195) and reduced glycolytic reliance (p = 0.0488), consistent with shifts in metabolic efficiency rather than increased total energy output. \n\nBy Day 30, these directional changes were largely maintained. Mitochondrial potential showed a non-significant trend toward increase across cohorts (p = 0.0774). No increases in reactive oxygen species or mitochondrial network instability were observed at any timepoint. Subjective fatigue scores decreased by 37% in the chronic fatigue cohort and 12% in athletes, with approximately 63% of total reduction occurring within the first 15 days. \n\nThirty days of wearable photobiomodulation use was associated with directional changes in selected bioenergetic parameters alongside reductions in perceived fatigue. These findings support further controlled studies to evaluate durability, dose-response relationships, and clinical relevance.\"\n\nComment: The improvement in the fatigue scores in chronic fatigue participants was quite notable!","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42465967/","PubMed",28,"Metabolic health","Mitochondrial function",[]],["Photobiomodulation Acutely Augments Resting Metabolism in Women with Obesity","",4,"\"Women with obesity showed a significant increase in REE post-PBM compared to pre-PBM (+9.3%, 1624 ± 314 vs. 1486 ± 327 kcal/day; p < 0.001), with no change in the respiratory exchange ratio. Additionally, RPE decreased and flexibility improved in both groups following PBM. Front and back skin temperatures increased significantly post-PBM, with greater changes observed in the back versus the front.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41228430/","PubMed",28,"Metabolic health","Resting energy expenditure",[]],["Effect of laser biostimulation and a low-calorie diet vs. a low-calorie diet alone on insulin resistance, inflammatory biomarkers, and depression among obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial","",5,"\"Using an intention-to-treat analysis for 60 women who completed the study, the body weight average reduction was -13.14% for the experimental group (p<0.001) vs. -6.36% for the control group (p<0.001). BMI, IR, inflammatory markers, and depression levels were also similarly changed.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported anywhere in the full text.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35587078/","PubMed",28,"Metabolic health","Weight loss",[]],["Muscle Function Recovery Following Botulinum Toxin Type A Facial Injections: A Case Managed With Photobiomodulation Therapy","808",4,"\"A fast improvement in both facial asymmetry and muscle function was noted within a few weeks. After nine weeks, almost complete recovery was achieved.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37041768/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Botulinum toxin-related muscle paralysis",[808]],["Short-term effects of low-level laser versus ultrasound therapy on children’s neck posture after long-term use of electronic devices","810",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy is the most effective method in treatment of straight neck syndrome and decreasing pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37831223/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Cervical spine / cervical straightening",[810]],["Near-infrared light therapy to attenuate strength loss after strenuous resistance exercise.","800, 970",4,"\"Applied to skeletal muscle before resistance exercise, NIR light therapy effectively attenuated strength loss. Therefore, NIR light therapy may be a beneficial, noninvasive modality for improving muscle function during rehabilitation after musculoskeletal injury. However, future studies using higher treatment doses are warranted.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25397864","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Energy metabolism",[800,970]],["Influence of photobiomodulation on energy contribution in normoxia and hypoxia conditions in amateur runners: a single-blinded and randomized crossover pilot study","850",2,"\"The PBMT does not promote additional benefits over time to exhaustion in NOR and HYP conditions, however PBMT during exhaustive efforts in HYP results in an increase in anaerobiosis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543005/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Aerobic exercise",[850]],["Response of Aerobic Capacity to Low-Level Laser Therapy in Burned Patients","808",5,"\"There was a statistically significant rise in the mean values of maximum oxygen usage and time to fatigue after 12 weeks of treatment in both groups. However, after comparison, the improvements in the study group were statistically significant than those in the control group with (p < 0.01), (p < 0.05) respectively.\"\n\n\"Low-level laser therapy has a beneficial therapeutic impact on promoting aerobic capacity, improving maximum oxygen consumption, and increasing treadmill time in burned cases when preceding aerobic exercises.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34520536/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Aerobic exercise",[808]],["Does the combination of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and static magnetic fields (sMF) potentiate the effects of aerobic endurance training and decrease the loss of performance during detraining? A randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.","640, 875, 905",5,"\"The percentage of change in time until exhaustion and in maximum oxygen consumption was higher in the PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF group than in the Placebo+Placebo group at all time-points (p < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of decrease in body fat at the 16th week was higher in the PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF group than in the Placebo+Placebo group (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"PBMT/sMF can potentiate the effects of aerobic endurance training and decrease performance loss after a 4-week detraining period. Thus, it may prove to be an important tool for both amateur and high-performance athletes as well as people undergoing rehabilitation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32308987","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Aerobic exercise",[640,875,905]],["Photobiomodulation before blood flow restriction exercises: a randomized clinical trial","",5,"\"Overall, the photobiomodulation therapy-blood flow restriction group promoted greater gains in muscle strength compared to the placebo-high-load exercise and placebo-blood flow restriction groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40250416/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Exercise: Blood-flow restriction",[]],["A randomised crossover trial comparing photobiomodulation therapy with other recovery strategies in CrossFit athletes","633, 850, 905",4,"\"There was no significant difference between interventions in CMJ height at 1-hour post-WOD. \n\nIn contrast, PBMT-sMF outperformed the other interventions in the secondary outcomes.\n\nPBMT-sMF significantly improved CMJ height at 24 and 48 hours compared with PR (p < 0.05) and led to greater reductions in LDH at both time points (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). PBMT-sMF also produced lower TBARS and carbonylated protein levels, with higher CAT and SOD activities at 24 and 48 hours (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively). CAT and SOD activities were also significantly elevated at 1 hour post-WOD compared with PR (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42172262/","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Crossfit",[633,850,905]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with a Static Magnetic Field Applied in Different Moments Enhances Performance and Accelerates Muscle Recovery in CrossFit® Athletes: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial","633, 850, 905",5,"\"PBMT-sMF enhanced the performance of functional tests, decreased the levels of biochemical markers of muscle damage and inflammation, decreased oxidative stress, and increased antioxidant activity in CrossFit® athletes when applied before or after WOD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35910832/","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Crossfit",[633,850,905]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Performance in Successive Time-to-Exhaustion Cycling Tests: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial","670, 850, 880, 950",4,"\"The PBMT applied before three successive TTE increased performance of the first and second TTE (~10-12%) tests, speed of VO2 and HHb kinetics during the first test, and increased peripheral muscle oxygenation (increase in HHb and tHb) in the first and second exhaustion tests. However, the PBMT effects were attenuated in the third TTE, as performance and all the other outcomes were similar to the ones from the PLA intervention.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37873903/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[670,850,880,950]],["Whole-body photobiomodulation improves post-exercise recovery but does not affect performance or physiological response during maximal anaerobic cycling","",3,"\"Implementing 20 min of wbPBM immediately prior to maximal bouts of anaerobic cycling did not improve performance (i.e., power output) or physiological responses (e.g., lactate). However, wbPBM elicited the ability to work at a higher heart rate throughout testing and seemed to enhance recovery through improved HRV the following morning.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37099210/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[]],["Photobiomodulation by light emitting diode applied sequentially does not alter performance in cycling athletes.","620, 940, 620, 940",2,"\"Photobiomodulation, when not associated with training, was not able to produce a cumulative effect on the performance of cycling athletes. However, the association of two wavelengths seems to be better for increased performance.\"","","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[620,940,620,940]],["Ergogenic Effects of Photobiomodulation on Performance in the 30-Second Wingate Test: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study","630",4,"\"We concluded that phototherapy improves performance in Wingate anaerobic exercise, possibly due to large effects on the anaerobic alactic metabolism.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32796413/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[630]],["Low-level laser therapy improves the VO2 kinetics in competitive cyclists.","810",4,"\"LLLT decreases tau and O2 deficit during time-to-exhaustion tests in competitive cyclists, and these changes in VO2 kinetics response can be one of the possible mechanisms to explain the ergogenic effect induced by LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29119418","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[810]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy Improves Performance and Reduces Fatigue in Competitive Cyclists.","810",5,"\"Increased performance in time-to-exhaustion tests was observed with the LLLT-135J (~22 s; p<0.01), LLLT-270J (~13 s; p=0.03) and LLLT-405J (~13 s; p=0.02) compared to placebo (149 ±23 s). Although LLLT-270J and LLLT-405J did not show significant differences in muscle activation compared to placebo, LLLT-135J led to an increased high-frequency content compared to placebo in both limbs at the end of the exhaustion test (p≤0.03). In conclusion, LLLT increased time-to-exhaustion in competitive cyclists, suggesting this intervention as a possible non-pharmacological ergogenic agent in cycling. Among the different dosages, LLLT-135J seems to promote the best effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28422520","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[810]],["Comparison between whole-body vibration, light-emitting diode, and cycling warm-up on high-intensity physical performance during sprint bicycle exercise.","850",2,"\"The findings of this study confirmed the effectiveness of a warm-up as a preparatory activity and demonstrated that LED + WBV and WBV were as effective as WU in improving cyclist performance during a sprint bicycle exercise.\"\n\nComment: LED alone didn't seem to have any effects, but it seemed to modestly augment the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV). The relevance appears unclear.\n\nStar: Parameters were nicely reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25764492","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[850]],["Acute effects of low-level laser therapy on physiologic and electromyographic responses to the cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy untrained adults.","850",4,"\"The LLLT acutely increases exercise performance in healthy untrained adults probably due to increased O2 extraction by peripheral muscles without causing a significant impact on muscle fatigue.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925070","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[850]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy (808 nm) on isokinetic muscle performance of young women submitted to endurance training: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","808",4,"\"The results suggest that an endurance training program combined with LLLT leads to a greater reduction in fatigue than an endurance training program without LLLT. This is relevant to everyone involved in sport and rehabilitation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870127","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Cycling",[808]],["Photobiomodulation therapy as a tool to prevent hamstring strain injuries by reducing soccer-induced fatigue on hamstring muscles.","880",5,"\"Players had lower reductions on hamstring eccentric peak torque [4.85% (ES = 0.31) vs. 8.72% (ES = 0.50)], hamstring-to-quadriceps torque ratio [3.60% (ES = 0.24) vs. 7.75% (ES = 0.50)], and CMJ height [1.77% (ES = 0.09) vs. 5.47% (ES = 0.32)] when treated with PBMT compared to placebo.\"\n\n\"In conclusion, PBMT applied before a simulated soccer match proved to be effective in attenuating the hamstrings' muscle fatigue. These findings support PBMT as a promising tool to prevent hamstring strain injury in soccer players.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30607719","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Football / futsal",[880]],["Photobiomodulation therapy before futsal matches improves the staying time of athletes in the court and accelerates post-exercise recovery.","640, 875, 905",4,"\"PBMT significantly increased the time of staying in the pitch and a significant improvement in all the biochemical markers evaluated. No statistically significant difference was found for the distance covered. \n\nPre-exercise PBMT can enhance performance and accelerate recovery of high-level futsal players.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30264178","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Football / futsal",[640,875,905]],["Photobiomodulation delays the onset of skeletal muscle fatigue in a dose-dependent manner.","810, 980",4,"\"The 240-J dose significantly extended TTF by 26 % (p = 0.032) compared with the sham dose. TTF for the 240-J dose was strongly associated with a decrease in muscle fatigue (R (2) = 0.54, p = 0.024). Our findings show that a 240-J dose of NIR light therapy is efficacious in delaying the onset and extent of muscle fatigue during submaximal isometric positioning tasks. Our findings suggest that NIR light therapy may be used as an ergogenic aid during functional tasks or post-injury rehabilitation.\"\n\nComment: The 480J dose was less effective.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27305924","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Hand / fingers",[810,980]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Strength Training Protocol on Hand Grip by Dynamometry.","660, 904",4,"\"In conclusion, LLLT (904 nm) applied before resistance training was effective in gaining grip strength when compared to LLLT (660 nm) and isolated strength training after 4 weeks.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29123629","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Hand / fingers",[660,904]],["Assessing the Therapeutic Effect of 630 nm Light-Emitting Diodes Irradiation on the Recovery of Exercise-Induced Hand Muscle Fatigue with Surface Electromyogram","630",4,"\"Our experimental results showed that active LEDT induced smaller increasing rate of ARV and decreasing rate of FD than passive rest over sustained contraction time during the refatigue task, which suggests that active LEDT recovers the muscle fatigue faster than passive rest. In the future, we will conduct a larger-scale study involving more subjects and search for other useful electrophysiological parameters.\"","https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2012/652040/","Hindawi",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Hand / fingers",[630]],["Innovative integration: optimizing performance through warm-up and photobiomodulation in high-intensity test","660, 850",4,"\"The performance in YYIIR1 was superior (p = 0.02) in the WU + PBMT condition (440.0 ± 59.0 m) compared to the WU + Placebo (353.3 ± 94.7 m), and placebo alone (no warm-up) (325.0 ± 67.2 m).\"\n\nComment: There was also a statistically non-significant slight improvement with PBM-only compared to placebo alone.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38304418/","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[660,850]],["Does photobiomodulation therapy is better than cryotherapy in muscle recovery after a high-intensity exercise? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","660, 850",5,"↓DOMS, ↓CK (serum), ↓TBARS (serum), ↓oxidative damage (serum), ↑MVC (post-exercise)\n\n\"The clinical impact of these findings is clear because they demonstrate that the use of phototherapy is more effective than the use of cryotherapy for muscle recovery, additionally cryotherapy decreases PBMT efficacy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28054262","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[660,850]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Improves Performance and Accelerates Recovery of High-Level Rugby Players in Field Test: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study.","640, 875, 905",5,"\"Photobiomodulation therapy significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the average time of sprints and fatigue index in BST. Photobiomodulation therapy significantly decreased percentage of change in blood lactate levels (p ≤ 0.05) and perceived fatigue (p ≤ 0.05).\n\nPre-exercise PBMT with the combination of super-pulsed laser (low-level laser), red LEDs, and infrared LEDs can enhance performance and accelerate recovery of high-level rugby players in field test.\n\nThis opens a new avenue for wide use of PBMT in real clinical practice in sports settings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27050245","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[640,875,905]],["Muscular pre-conditioning using light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) for high-intensity exercise: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a single elite runner.","850",4,"\"LEDT improved the speed of the muscular VO2 adaptation (∼-9 s), decreased O2 deficit (∼-10 L), increased the VO2 from the slow component phase (∼+348 ml min(-1)), and increased the time limit of exercise (∼+589 s).\"\n\nNote: A photograph is supplied, but it is black-and-white.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25585514","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[850]],["Infrared LED irradiation applied during high-intensity treadmill training improves maximal exercise tolerance in postmenopausal women: a 6-month longitudinal study.","850",5,"\"As expected, no significant differences were found in the sedentary group (p ≥ 0.05). The maximal time of tolerance (Tlim), metabolic equivalents (METs) and Bruce stage reached significantly higher values in the LED group and the exercise group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the HR, double product and Borg score at isotime were significantly lower in the LED group and in the exercise group (p < 0.05). \n\nHowever, the time of recovery showed a significant decrease only in the LED group (p = 0.003). Moreover, the differences between before and after training (delta values) for the Tlim, METs and HR at isotime were greater in the LED group than in the exercise group with a significant intergroup difference (p < 0.05). \n\nTherefore, the infrared LED irradiation during treadmill training can improve maximal performance and post-exercise recovery in postmenopausal women.\"\n\nComment: It seems the Paolillo et al. 2014 paper is a secondary publication with the same patient population as in this study.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382875","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[850]],["Effects of infrared-LED illumination applied during high-intensity treadmill training in postmenopausal women.","850",5,"\"Both groups improved the time of tolerance limit (Tlim) (p<0.05) during submaximal constant-speed testing. The peak torque did not differ between groups. However, the results showed significantly higher values of power [from 56±10 to 73±8 W (p=0.002)] and total work [from 1,537±295 to 1,760±262 J (p=0.006)] for the LED group when compared to the control group [power: from 58±14 to 60±15 W (p≥0.05) and total work: from 1,504±404 to 1,622±418 J (p≥0.05)]. The fatigue significantly increased for the control group [from 51±6 to 58±5 % (p=0.04)], but not for the LED group [from 60±10 to 60±4 % (p≥0.05)]. No significant differences in body composition were observed for either group.\"\n\n\"Infrared-LED illumination associated with treadmill training can improve muscle power and delay leg fatigue in postmenopausal women.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21749263","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[850]],["Comparison between cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in short-term skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise in athletes--preliminary results.","660, 850",3,"\"There were no significant differences in the work performed during the three Wingate tests (p > 0.05). All biochemical parameters increased from baseline values (p < 0.05) after the three exercise tests, but only active LEDT decreased blood lactate levels (p = 0.0065) and CK activity (p = 0.0044) significantly after treatment. There were no significant differences in CRP values after treatments.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21088862","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[660,850]],["Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes.","830",3,"\"LLLT irradiation before the Wingate test seemed to inhibit an expected post-exercise increase in CK level and to accelerate post-exercise lactate removal without affecting test performance.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19057981","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[830]],["Comparison between single-diode low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and LED multi-diode (cluster) therapy (LEDT) applications before high-intensity exercise.","810, 660, 850",3,"\"In this experimental set-up, only the active LEDT probe decreased post-exercise CK levels after the Wingate cycle test. Neither performance nor blood lactate levels were significantly affected by this protocol of pre-exercise LEDT or LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19302015","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: High-intensity",[810,660,850]],["Combined effects of photobiomodulation and osteopathic manipulation on the physical performance of young adults subjected to exercise-induced muscle damage: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","650",3,"\"A distinct recovery pattern was observed in the combined PBM + OM group, with increased CK levels only at 24 h, followed by a pronounced reduction at 72 h (p = 0.001). Only the PBM + OM group presented percentage values near to baseline within 48 h (-1.4%), in addition to a trend toward early improvement in the horizontal jump within 24 h. \n\nIn conclusion, PBM + OM may have contributed to improved CK kinetics and selected functional outcomes; however, strength recovery should be interpreted strictly as a non-significant and exploratory trend.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42271035/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Exercise: Jump",[650]],["Effects of photobiomodulation applied at different times on functional performance and ergogenic response of rugby athletes: Randomized clinical trial","850",3,"\"No differences were found between groups in CK, lactate, and performance in the functional tests between groups and times. Only the PBpre presented improved performance in the first Yoyo-1R1 test (p < 0.01), while the PBint improved in the second Yoyo-IR1 test and BST (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"The PBM did not change muscle damage markers or performance in the functional tests. For an ergogenic response, photobiomodulation applied before exercise improves performance, which can be maintained when PBM is performed in the exercise interval.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38763575/","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Mixed",[850]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on performance, inflammatory markers, and muscle damage in young water polo athletes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.","810",2,"\"In conclusion, LLLT resulted in a non-significant, but small to moderate effect on inflammatory and muscle damage markers and a moderate effect on performance in water polo players. In addition, the lack of positive results could be due to the small area covered by irradiation and this should be considered in future studies.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26873498","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Mixed",[810]],["Photobiomodulation therapy and NMES improve muscle strength and jumping performance in young volleyball athletes: a randomized controlled trial study in Brazil.","850",4,"\"This study found that, for volleyball athletes, photobiomodulation therapy and NMES both promoted benefits in terms of muscle-strength gain. In addition, these benefits were maintained for 2 weeks even after training was interrupted.\n\nDominant lower limb strength improved in the NMES group compared to the control group. Non-dominant lower limb strength increased in both the photobiomodulation therapy group and the NMES group compared to the control group, but the NMES group improved significantly more than the photobiomodulation therapy group; the NMES group also improved in global impression of jumps compared to the control group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31402432","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Mixed",[850]],["The Influence of Phototherapy on Recovery From Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage","650, 850",3,"\"Calf soreness was lower in PhT compared to CON (p = 0.02), but no other significant differences were observed between groups for vertical jump, agility, quadriceps, hamstring, and overall soreness (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35693867/","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Mixed",[650,850]],["Effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on fine motor skills in boccia para-athletes","660, 850",5,"\"Results showed significant improvements in manual dexterity for the t-PBM group compared to the placebo. Discrete vertical touch tests showed reduced time to perform movements, and continuous vertical touch tests showed increased movement frequency in the t-PBM group. No significant improvements were observed in the placebo group. t-PBM was shown to be a potentially effective treatment, with significant benefits in fine motor skills.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39838713/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Exercise: Para-athletes",[660,850]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on monocyte dynamics and cytokine levels following plyometric exercise in physically active men","904",3,"\"Plyometric exercise increases classic monocytes (CD14 + CD16-) at 72 h compared in the PBMT group (+ 2,38% p = 0.035). Intermediate monocytes (CD14 + CD16 +), increase immediately after (p < 0.001) and 72 h (PTBM + 21,43%; placebo + 36%; p = 0.023) after exercise in the both group; Non-classical monocytes (CD14-CD16 +) showed differences between groups at 72 h (11,11%; p = 0.002). Exercise increased TNF-α and MCP-1 levels immediately after (p < 0.01 for both groups). PBMT reduced TNF-α levels below baseline at 72 h (-12,50%; p = 0.035), while MCP-1 remained elevated in the placebo group (+ 27,78%; p < 0.035). Differences in MCP-1 changes (Δ%) were observed 72 h post-exercise (p = 0.03). \n\nThese findings suggest that PBMT attenuates inflammation and promotes immune recovery after exercise.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40064728/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Plyometric exercise",[904]],["Phototherapy Improves Muscle Recovery and Does Not Impair Repeated Bout Effect in Plyometric Exercise","630, 940",3,"\"The LEDT 630-nm group showed a significant increase in SJ [squat jump] at 24 hours (P < 0.05), whereas, at 48 hours, the LEDT 940 nm showed a significant increase compared with the placebo group (P < 0.05). The 2-way analysis of variance revealed an effect for treatment in the SJ (F = 7.12; P = 0.001). No differences were found between groups for DOMS and CMJ after the first bout. After the second bout of exercise, there was no effect of treatment. The results suggest that treatment with LEDT 630 nm and LEDT 940 nm before eccentric exercise attenuates [exercise-induced muscle damage] without impairing [repeated bout effect].\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33273302/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Plyometric exercise",[630,940]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy applied before or after plyometric exercise on muscle damage markers: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","810",2,"\"In summary, the LLLT protocol used in this study had no effect on strength fall induced by muscle damage; then, caution is needed for recommending phototherapy to reduce this functional impairment. However, LLLT applied both before and after plyometric exercise was able to reduce the muscular echo intensity, indicating a reduced inflammatory response mediated by phototherapy. In addition, our findings suggest a slight effect (not statistically significant) on muscle soreness, which might seem too small for most individuals but can make a crucial difference for high-performance athletes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27655326","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Plyometric exercise",[810]],["Effects of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field on training adaptations and detraining responses: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","640, 875, 905",5,"\"PBMT-sMF significantly preserved muscle strength (MVC and 1RM) and structural features (volume and anatomical cross-sectional area) during detraining compared with placebo (p<0.05). The group that received PBMT-sMF during both the training and detraining phases demonstrated the greatest preservation across all outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41393334/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[640,875,905]],["Impact of Photobiomodulation Therapy Dosing Strategies on Strength, Clinical Outcomes, and Metabolic Responses: A Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","940",2,"\"No significant differences were observed between the groups in isokinetic strength parameters (P>0.05), although small to moderate effect sizes favored the Incremental and Maximal Dose groups. Similar patterns were found for psychophysiological responses and training loads across the groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40851926/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[940]],["Therapeutic Photobiomodulation Before Strenuous Exercise Attenuates Shoulder Muscle Fatigue","810, 980",5,"\"During the last block of exercise (sets 9-12), all performance measures for the active PBMT condition were 6.2% to 10% greater than the sham PBMT values (p < 0.02 to 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38015822/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[810,980]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy Facilitates Post-Contraction Recovery with Ischemic Preconditioning","",5,"\"At T2, the LLL group exhibited a higher normalized MVC (T2/T0) (86.22 ± 12.59%) than that of the sham group (71.70 ± 13.56%)(p = .001).\"\n\n\"Low-level laser expedites post-contraction recovery with ischemic preconditioning, manifesting as superior force generation capacity and force precision control for activation of MUs with a higher recruitment threshold and lower discharge variability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36878185/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[]],["Immediate effects of photobiomodulation therapy combined with a static magnetic field on the subsequent performance: a preliminary randomized crossover triple-blinded placebo-controlled trial","640, 875, 905",3,"\"PBMT-sMF decreased the fatigue index compared to the placebo PBMT-sMF at second set of the exercise protocol (MD = -6.08, 95% CI -10.49 to -1.68).\n\nin addition, PBMT-sMF decreased the blood lactate levels post-intervention, and after the second set of the exercise protocol compared to placebo (p<0.05).\n\nThere was no difference between PBMT-sMF and placebo in the remaining outcomes tested.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34858690/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[640,875,905]],["Using a single dose of photobiomodulation (laser + LED) to improve performance of lower limbs in functional test: Randomized clinical trial","617, 830",4,"\"A PBM single dose irradiation may improve motor performance and there is specificity of the irradiated muscle group, although it does not depend on the moment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34776149/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[617,830]],["The influence of photobiomodulation on the temperature of the brachial biceps during muscle fatigue protocol","808",2,"\"The laser group presented a less accentuated decrease in muscle strength, evidencing a lower rate of muscle fatigue (p > 0.05) in relation to the other groups. In the temperature analysis, the control group exhibited the highest average temperature, with a significant difference only for the placebo. The results indicate that the control displayed the greatest physical degeneration and the PMB group had a positive effect on MF attenuation and body thermoregulation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34255219/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation/Laser Therapy Combined With Resistance Training on Quadriceps Hypertrophy and Strength, and Postural Balance in Older Women: A Randomized, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study","808",2,"\"Significance statistical analysis revealed a similar improvement (time P = .003) from pre- to posttraining for muscle hypertrophy and strength, and postural balance between active and placebo laser conditions. However, clinical interpretation for muscle hypertrophy showed a moderate effect (effect size [ES] = 0.58) for the active laser and a small effect (ES = 0.38) for the placebo laser. Clinical difference was not noticed between conditions for other analyzed variables.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34054079/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Dose-Response Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscle Performance and Fatigue During a Multiple-Set Knee Extension Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","670, 850, 880, 950",3,"\"The knee extension exercise performance (total work performed during exercise) was not affected by PBMT (135, 270, and 540 J) compared with placebo treatment. However, all PBMT treatments (135, 270, and 540 J) led to lower percentage drop compared with placebo and control conditions on isometric peak torque (IPT), concentric peak torque (CPT), and concentric work (W). All PBMT doses led to possibly positive or likely positive effects on IPT, CPT, and W compared with placebo.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33232629/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[670,850,880,950]],["Photobiomodulation Before Eccentric Fatigue Protocol in the Control of Pain and Muscle Damage Markers: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study","670, 850, 950",3,"\"The PBM applied before eccentric fatigue protocol showed no significant results on DOMS, although there was a positive effect to control muscle damage.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332233/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[670,850,950]],["Acute Photobiomodulation Effects Through a Cluster Device on Skeletal Muscle Fatigue of Biceps Brachii in Young and Healthy Males: A Randomized Double-Blind Session","630, 850",2,"\"There was no difference between red and infrared PBM in reduction of biceps brachii fatigue. However, the EMGFI delta value was greater in the IPG compared with the CG, suggesting that infrared can be more effective in reducing biceps brachii fatigue.\"\n\nComment: The 100mW/diode * 14 diodes * 40 seconds equals 56J. This does not match the claimed 24 joules.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332234/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[630,850]],["Does photobiomodulation therapy combined to static magnetic field (PBMT-sMF) promote ergogenic effects even when the exercised muscle group is not irradiated? A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial","640, 875, 905",5,"\"Ten volunteers were randomized per group and analysed for all outcomes. Compared to the placebo and non-local groups, irradiation with PBMT-SMF led to statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) with regard to all variables in the local group. The outcomes observed in the non-local group were similar to those in the placebo group with regard to all variables.The volunteers did not report any adverse effects.\"\n\n\"Our results support the current evidence that local irradiation of all exercised muscles promotes ergogenic effects. PBMT-sMF improved performance and reduced muscle fatigue only when applied locally to muscles involved in physical activity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32864144/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[640,875,905]],["What is the optimal time-response window for the use of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field (PBMT-sMF) for the improvement of exercise performance and recovery, and for how long the effects last? A randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","633, 850, 905",5,"\"Sixty patients were randomized and analyzed to each sequence. The outcomes in absolute values show that all active PBMT-sMF groups increased (p < 0.05) MVC from immediately after to 1 h after eccentric exercise, and decreased (p < 0.05) CK activity at all time points. However, PBMT-sMF 5 mins, 3 h and 6 h groups showed better results in MVC and CK analysis from 24 h to 48 h, and also to DOMS (p < 0.05) at all time points. Participants did not report any adverse events.\"\n\n\"PBMT-sMF can be used from 5 min to 6 h before exercise, and the effects can last up to 54 h after treatment. However, the effects start to decrease when a 1-day (24 h) time-response window is used.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33088573/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[633,850,905]],["A Novel Blue-Red Photobiomodulation Therapy Patch Effects on a Repetitive Elbow Flexion Fatigue Task.","450, 645",3,"\"Overall, fatigue occurred between the two exercise bouts (pre-treatment= 44.1 ± 12.3 and post-treatment= 37.4 ± 9.6 repetitions, P= 0.015). However, less fatigue was noted in the number of participants of the active treatment group over the sham treatment group. 29.4% of participants in the active treatment group improved during the post-treatment fatigue task compared to 0% in the sham treatment (P= 0.045).\"\n\n\"Nearly 30% of participants had an increase benefit during a repeated bout fatigue task due to the blue/red LED photobiomodulation light patch.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30676234","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[450,645]],["Are the ergogenic effects of photobiomodulation therapy age-dependent? A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.","850",3,"\"The main finding of the study was that the application of PBMT dose of 120 J generated a clinically relevant ergogenic effect on the number of repetitions in young women, but not in elderly women; while 240 J dose did not change exercise performance in any group.\"\n\nComment: The only observed effect (120J in young women) was very modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31025208","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[850]],["Cardiac autonomic responses and number of repetitions maximum after LED irradiation in the ipsilateral and contralateral lower limb.","660, 850",4,"\"It was observed that active LEDI promoted an increase in maximal number of repetitions (LEDI = 44.4 ± 9.0 vs placebo = 39.9 ± 11.4; p < 0.05) and decreases the fatigue index (LEDI = 34.3 ± 21.8% vs placebo = 50.0 ± 26.6%; p < 0.05) comparing to placebo situation, only in the ipsilateral application. There were no differences on [Lac] and in HRV parameters comparing LEDI vs placebo on post-exercise recovery in both applications (p > 0.05).\n\nThe LEDI improves performance only in the ipsilateral application, but there were no differences on [Lac] and cardiac autonomic responses after exercise for both the applications.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29177980","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[660,850]],["Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy at 904 nm mitigates effects of exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in young women.","904",4,"\"Compared to placebo, LASER photobiomodulation significantly reduced muscle fatigue across a range of indicators including reduced ratings of perceived exertion (P = 0.0139), and increased electromyographic fatigue index (EFI) (P = 0.005). The isokinetic dynamometer performance analysis demonstrated that LASER photobiomodulation increased peak torque (P = 0.04), time to peak torque (P = 0.042), total work (P = 0.032), average power (P = 0.0007), and average peak torque (P = 0.019) between both experimental conditions. \n\nNo significant difference was observed for work fatigue index (P = 0.29) or for lactate concentration (P > 0.05). \n\nPhotobiomodulation at 904 nm was effective in reducing fatigue levels and increasing muscle performance in young active women but had no effect on lactate levels.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29455305/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[904]],["Time Response of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in Humans.","670, 850, 880, 950",4,"\"For MIVC there was no treatment*time interaction for all variables. Time effect was observed for peak torque (PT), RMS, and MF. While treatment effect was identified for MIVC, which the 6h before + immediately before presented higher PT pre than control (p=0.004) and placebo (p=0.044). The immediately before presented higher PT values than control (p=0.047). Regarding PT post, 6h before + immediately before presented higher values than control (p=0.001) and placebo (p=0.004). PT during MIVC (pre to post) was reduced in 6h before + immediately before treatment (26%) compared to control (33%), placebo (29%), and immediately before (32%). \n\nThe application of PBMT 6h + immediately before and immediately before exercise protocol is able to reduce the fatigue.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385005","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[670,850,880,950]],["Phototherapy for Improvement of Performance and Exercise Recovery: Comparison of 3 Commercially Available Devices.","905, 640, 875, 810, 980",3,"\"Low-powered pulsed laser/light demonstrated better results than either low-powered continuous laser/light or high-powered continuous laser/light in all outcome measures when compared with placebo.\"\n\nComment: The low-powered groups had very good results, but the last group (980nm, 9000mW) had worse outcome than the placebo group. This finding clearly requires further investigation to avoid bad outcomes.\n\nSince the second group had a decent result even with very high power density and energy density, the negative result cannot be explained solely by these parameters. Since 980nm wavelength has been shown to have its' effect via calcium channels (TRPV1 / TRPC) instead of cytochrome c oxidase, this could explain the different results in the muscular performance. Also, it might be safer to aim for a lower power density and longer treatment time.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28319422","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[905,640,875,810,980]],["Preconditioning by light-load eccentric exercise is equally effective as low-level laser therapy in attenuating exercise-induced muscle damage in collegiate men.","808",4,"\"The muscle soreness was reduced in both groups (p = 0.024); however, soreness was attenuated more in LLLT group at 48 hours (33.5 vs. 42.7, p = 0.004). There was no significant difference between the effect of 10% EEC and LLLT groups on other markers of muscle damage like a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (p = 0.47), range of motion (p = 0.16), upper arm circumference (p = 0.70), creatine kinase (p = 0.42), and lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.08). Within-group analysis showed both interventions provided similar protection over time.\"\n\n\"This study indicated that light-load eccentric exercise confers similar protective effect against subsequent maximal eccentric exercise as LLLT. Both the treatments could be used reciprocally based on the patient preference, costs, and feasibility of the equipment.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28979160","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Identifying Dosage Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in Quadriceps.","660, 850",4,"\"There was significant increase in the number of repetitions performed between the placebo treatment and 60 seconds (p = 0.023), as well as placebo and 120 seconds (p = 0.004) of irradiation on each point. There were no significant differences in blood lactate levels between any of the 4 trials. In conclusion, LEDT had a positive effect on performance when irradiating 6 points on the superficial quadriceps for 60 and 120 seconds before an eccentric leg extension.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27359205","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[660,850]],["What is the best moment to apply phototherapy when associated to a strength training program? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial : Phototherapy in association to strength training.","640, 875, 905",5,"\"Volunteers from group treated with phototherapy before and placebo after training sessions showed significant (p < 0.05) changes in MVC and 1-RM tests for both exercises (leg extension and leg press) when compared to other groups.\"\n\n\"Finally, we conclude that application of phototherapy leads to better results in order to enhance strength gain when it is applied before exercise.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27371449","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[640,875,905]],["Effects of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Muscle Hypertrophy, Gene Expression, Performance, Damage, and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: Case-control Study with a Pair of Identical Twins.","850",5,"\"Compared with placebo, LEDT increased the maximal load in exercise and reduced fatigue, creatine kinase, and visual analog scale.\n\nGene expression analyses showed decreases in markers of inflammation (interleukin 1β) and muscle atrophy (myostatin) with LEDT. \n\nProtein synthesis (mammalian target of rapamycin) and oxidative stress defense (SOD2 [mitochondrial superoxide dismutase]) were up-regulated with LEDT, together with increases in thigh muscle hypertrophy.\"\n\n\"Light-emitting diode therapy can be useful to reduce muscle damage, pain, and atrophy, as well as to increase muscle mass, recovery, and athletic performance in rehabilitation programs and sports medicine.\"\n\n\"There was an increase in the volume in thigh muscles measured by MRI when LEDT was combined with the training program (+20%, from 2937 to 3523 cm3), whereas placebo therapy gave a smaller increase in muscle volume (+5%, from 3152 to 3316 cm3)\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088469","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[850]],["Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and/or cryotherapy in skeletal muscle restitution, what is better? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","905, 875, 640",5,"\"We conclude that PBMT used as single treatment is the best modality for enhancement of post-exercise restitution, leading to complete recovery to baseline levels from 24 h after high-intensity eccentric contractions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27624781","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[905,875,640]],["Effect of pre-exercise phototherapy applied with different cluster probe sizes on elbow flexor muscle fatigue.","670, 880, 950",4,"\"In both large and small cluster probes (according parameters tested in this study) led to reduced fatigue in elbow flexor muscles, without difference between them.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272518","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[670,880,950]],["Pre-Exercise Infrared Low-Level Laser Therapy (810 nm) in Skeletal Muscle Performance and Postexercise Recovery in Humans, What Is the Optimal Dose? A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.","810",3,"\"Pre-exercise LLLT, mainly with 50 J dose, significantly increases performance and improves biochemical markers related to skeletal muscle damage and inflammation.\"\n\n\"However, LLLT had no effect in decreasing DOMS. No differences (p > 0.05) were found for 30 J dose in any of the outcomes measured.\"\n\nComment: Since six sites were irradiated, 50J group refers to the 300J total dose.\n\nComment: In the investigation of MVC, the 10J and 50J groups had a positive effect, while the middle group with 30J had a negative result (worse than placebo)!","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575834","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[810]],["Low level laser therapy associated with a strength training program on muscle performance in elderly women: a randomized double blind control study.","808",2,"LLLT seemed a little bit better than the control, but is it clinically/statistically relevant (between-the-group)?","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250715","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Light-emitting diode phototherapy improves muscle recovery after a damaging exercise.","630",5,"\"Our results showed that the muscle soreness, muscle strength loss, and ROM impairments were significantly reduced up to 96 h after a damaging eccentric exercise bout for the LEDT group compared with the PLACEBO group.\n\nA single LEDT (630 nm) intervention immediately after a damaging eccentric exercise bout was effective in terms of attenuating the muscle soreness and muscle strength loss and ROM impairments.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24258312","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[630]],["Phototherapy in skeletal muscle performance and recovery after exercise: effect of combination of super-pulsed laser and light-emitting diodes.","905, 875, 670",5,"\"Pre-exercise phototherapy with combination of low-level laser and LEDs, mainly with 30 J dose, significantly increases performance, decreases DOMS, and improves biochemical marker related to skeletal muscle damage.\"\n\nComment: The parameters are quite complex in this study - read the full text for further information.\n\nStar: An interesting paper with parameters well reported and good outcome!","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942380/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[905,875,670]],["Effects of pre- or post-exercise low-level laser therapy (830 nm) on skeletal muscle fatigue and biochemical markers of recovery in humans: double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","830",3,"\"The number of repetitions (p=0.8965), RM (p=0.9915), and duration of fatigue (p=0.8424) were similar among the groups. Post-fatigue laser treatment significantly decreased the serum lactate concentration relative to placebo treatment (p<0.01) and also within the group over time (after 5 min vs. after 10 and 15 min, p<0.05 both). The CK level was lower in the post-fatigue laser group (p<0.01).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24456143","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[830]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy (808 nm) on markers of muscle damage: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","808",3,"\"In conclusion, the LLLT attenuated CK activity 72 h after the muscle damage protocol but did not have a positive effect on the recovery of strength performance.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005882","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on muscle adaptation to knee extensor eccentric training.","810",4,"\"Subjects from [training + LLLT group] reached significantly higher percent changes compared to subjects from [training group] for sum of muscles' thicknesses (15.4 vs. 9.4%), isometric peak torque (20.5 vs. 13.7%), and eccentric peak torque (32.2 vs. 20.0%).\"\n\nStar: Interesting results. A topic worth investigating.\n\nComment: LLLT spot size or energy density was not reported.\n\nComment: Fritsch et al. published another study on muscle hypertrophy (in elderly) with null results.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25417170","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[810]],["Use of low-level laser therapy (808 nm) to muscle fatigue resistance: a randomized double-blind crossover trial.","808",4,"\"LLLT group increased RM (52%; p=0.002) with a small EFI for the vastus medialis (p=0.004) and rectus femoris (p=0.004).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25496083","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Phototherapy effect on the muscular activity of regular physical activity practitioners.","780",3,"\"It was observed that \n\n(a) a significant torque increase (p < 0.05) post-LLLT compared to the values after placebo therapy at the beginning of resistance exercise, \n\n(b) both muscle torque (isokinetic) and median frequency (EMG) showed a faster decay of the signals collected after placebo and laser treatment when compared to control values, \n\n(c) no significant change in torque in the strength test of five repetitions, \n\n(d) a significant muscle activity decrease (p < 0.05) after laser therapy compared to control values, and \n\n(e) an increase in lactate levels post-LLLT (p < 0.05) after 30 min of exercise. \n\nIt is concluded that the LLLT increased the muscle torque at the beginning of the exercise and maintained the levels of lactate after resistance exercise. Therefore, the LLLT with the parameters used in this study can be utilized in rehabilitation to improve muscle performance in elite athletes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288083","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[780]],["Effect of 808 nm low-level laser therapy in exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in elderly women.","808",3,"\"The results showed no difference in the slope comparing placebo LLLT and active LLLT groups (p = 0.293). However, a significant difference was observed in the number of repetitions between groups, after active LLLT, subjects demonstrated significantly higher number of repetitions (p = 0.047). In this study,\n\nLLLT was efficient in increasing the mean number of repetitions during knee flexion-extension exercise, although results have not shown delay electromyographic fatigue.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23296713","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Red (660 nm) and infrared (830 nm) low-level laser therapy in skeletal muscle fatigue in humans: what is better?","660, 830",4,"\"The mean peak force was significantly greater (p < 0.05) following red (12.14%) and infrared LLLT (14.49%) than following placebo LLLT, and the mean average force was also significantly greater (p < 0.05) following red (13.09%) and infrared LLLT (13.24%) than following placebo LLLT. There were no significant differences in mean average force or mean peak force between red and infrared LLLT.\n\nWe conclude that both red than infrared LLLT are effective in delaying the development skeletal muscle fatigue and in enhancement of skeletal muscle performance.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21814736","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[660,830]],["Effects of low level laser therapy (808 nm) on physical strength training in humans.","808",4,"\"The TLG subjects showed an increase of 55% in the 1RM leg-press test, which was significantly higher than the increases in the TG subjects (26%, P = 0.033) and in the CG subjects (0.27%, P < 0.001).\n\nThe TLG was the only group to show an increase in muscle performance in the isokinetic dynamometry test compared with baseline.\n\nThe increases in thigh perimeter in the TLG subjects and TG subjects were not significantly different (4.52% and 2.75%, respectively; P = 0.775).\n\nStrength training associated with LLLT can increase muscle performance compared with strength training only.\"\n\nComment: In the paper they report beam area as 0.0028 cm2, but since many other papers from Brazil have been 0.028, it is possible that they are misreporting something here.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21086010","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[808]],["Low level laser therapy before eccentric exercise reduces muscle damage markers in humans.","810",4,"\"In conclusion, LLLT treatment before eccentric exercise was effective in terms of attenuating the increase of muscle proteins in the blood serum and the decrease in muscle force.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20602109","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[810]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the development of exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and changes in biochemical markers related to postexercise recovery.","810",5,"\"Active LLLT increased the number of repetitions by 14.5% (mean +/- SD, 39.6 +/- 4.3 versus 34.6 +/- 5.6; P = .037) and the elapsed time before exhaustion by 8.0% (P = .034), when compared to the placebo treatment.\n\nThe biochemical markers also indicated that recovery may be positively affected by LLLT, as indicated by postexercise blood lactate levels (P<.01), creatine kinase activity (P = .017), and C-reactive protein levels (P = .047), showing a faster recovery with LLLT application prior to the exercise.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20436237","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[810]],["Effect of light-emitting diodes therapy (LEDT) on knee extensor muscle fatigue.","660, 850",3,"\"LEDT treatment produced a smaller maximal isometric torque decrease after high-intensity concentric isokinetic exercise, which is consistent with an increase in performance.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626264","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[660,850]],["Effect of cluster multi-diode light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and skeletal muscle recovery in humans.","660, 850",5,"\"Active LEDT increased the number of biceps humeri contractions by 12.9% (38.60 [SD +/-9.03] vs. 34.20 [SD +/-8.68], P = 0.021) and extended the elapsed time to perform contractions by 11.6% (P = 0.036) versus placebo.\n\nIn addition, post-exercise levels of biochemical markers decreased significantly with active LEDT: Blood Lactate (P = 0.042), Creatine Kinase (P = 0.035), and C-Reative Protein levels (P = 0.030), when compared to placebo LEDT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731300","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[660,850]],["Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy in exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans.","830",4,"\"After active LLLT the mean number of repetitions was significantly higher than after placebo irradiation [mean difference 4.5, standard deviation (SD) +/- 6.0, P = 0.042], the blood lactate levels increased after exercises, but there was no significant difference between the treatments.\n\nWe concluded that 830 nm LLLT can delay the onset of skeletal muscle fatigue in high-intensity exercises, in spite of increased blood lactate levels.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18649044","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[830]],["Effect of phototherapy on delayed onset muscle soreness.","660, 880",4,"\"The experimental group exhibited a significant decrease in pain associated with DOMS compared to the control (p=0.01) and sham groups (p=0.03) based upon the VAS at the 48-h period. The McGill Pain Questionnaire showed a significant difference in pain scores at the 48-h period between the experimental and the sham groups (p=0.01). There were no significant differences day to day and between the groups with respect to girth and RANG.\"\n\n\"The results of this study provide scientific evidence that phototherapy as used in this study provides a beneficial effect to patients who may experience DOMS after a novel exercise session.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875447","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[660,880]],["Effect of 655-nm low-level laser therapy on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans.","655",5,"\"Compared to the first session (on day 1), the mean number of repetitions increased significantly by 8.5 repetitions (+/- 1.9) in the active LLLT group at the second session (on day 8), while in the placebo LLLT group the increase was only 2.7 repetitions (+/- 2.9) (p = 0.0001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18817474","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[655]],["Pain reduction by infrared light-emitting diode irradiation: a pilot study on experimentally induced delayed-onset muscle soreness in humans.","950",2,"\"Statistical analysis (a general linear model followed by post hoc least significant difference) revealed no apparent significant analgesic effects of LED at the above-described light parameters and treatment procedure for none of the three outcome measures. However, as the means of all VAS and MPT variables disclose a general analgesic effect of LED irradiation in favour of the experimental group, precaution should be taken in view of any clinical decision on LED. Future research should therefore focus on the investigation of the mechanisms of LED action and on the exploration of the analgesic effects of LED in a larger randomised clinical trial and eventually in more clinical settings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538423","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[950]],["Low intensity monochromatic infrared therapy: a preliminary study of the effects of a novel treatment unit upon experimental muscle soreness.","840",3,"\"Despite trends in favour of the Treatment group, analysis failed to show any significant differences between the LIMIRT treatment and Placebo groups for all variables except mechanical pain threshold points 3-6 on day 2.\"\n\n\"The results of the current study suggest that LIMIRT is ineffective in the management of DOMS at the parameters investigated.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11430440","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Exercise: Resistance exercise",[840]],["Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on performance and running economy in runners: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial","880",4,"\"The PBMT pre- and post-conditioning enhanced the 3000 m running performance and improved RE 24 h following the 3000 m test. However, no changes on ratings of perceived exertion and metabolic cost with the application of PBMT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33459175/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[880]],["Infrared Low-Level Laser Therapy (Photobiomodulation Therapy) before Intense Progressive Running Test of High-Level Soccer Players: Effects on Functional, Muscle Damage, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Markers-A Randomized Controlled Trial.","810",5,"\"PBMT increased the VO2 max (both relative and absolute values-p < 0.0467 and p < 0.0013, respectively), time until exhaustion (p < 0.0043), time (p < 0.0007) and volume (p < 0.0355) in which anaerobic threshold happened, and volume in which aerobic threshold happened (p < 0.0068). \n\nMoreover, PBMT decreased CK (p < 0.0001) and LDH (p < 0.0001) activities. Regarding the cytokines, PBMT decreased only IL-6 (p < 0.0001). \n\nFinally, PBMT decreased TBARS (p < 0.0001) and carbonylated protein levels (p < 0.01) and increased SOD (p < 0.0001)and CAT (p < 0.0001) activities. \n\nThe findings of this study demonstrate that preexercise PBMT acts on different functional aspects and biochemical markers. Moreover, preexercise PBMT seems to play an important antioxidant effect, decreasing exercise-induced oxidative stress and consequently enhancing athletic performance and improving postexercise recovery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31827687","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[810]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy on Physiological and Performance Parameters During Running Tests: Dose-Response Effects.","670, 850, 880, 950",4,"\"All PBMT doses positively affected physiological and/or performance parameters; however magnitude-based inference reported that PBMT applied with 30 J led to more beneficial effects than 15 J and 60 J.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29481447","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[670,850,880,950]],["Effects of light-emitting diode irradiation on time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed.","660, 850",3,"\"In this study, it was observed that after applying LED irradiation, there was a tendency to an increase on Tlim and the smallest worthwhile changes presented a high chance of a beneficial effect (82.1%). Furthermore, the LED irradiation improved the HR response during the constant load exercise in comparison with the placebo situation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28466196","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[660,850]],["When is the best moment to apply photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) when associated to a treadmill endurance-training program? A randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","640, 875, 905",5,"\"Our outcomes show that PBMT applied before and after endurance-training exercise sessions lead to improvement of endurance three times faster than exercise only.\"\n\nComment: The results are very remarkable. However, it's interesting that the results were published in such a moderate-impact journal (2.5).\n\nNote: \"Professor Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior received research support from Multi Radiance Medical (Solon, OH, USA), a laser device manufacturer. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29185134","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[640,875,905]],["Dose-response effect of photobiomodulation therapy on neuromuscular economy during submaximal running.","670, 850, 880, 950",4,"\"According to magnitude-based inference, PBMT with dose of 15 J per site showed possibly and likely beneficial effects on neuromuscular economy during running at 8 and 9 km h-1, respectively. On other hand, PBMT with doses of 30 and 60 J per site showed possible beneficial effects only during running at 9 km h-1. We concluded that PBMT improve neuromuscular economy and the best PBMT dose was 15 J per site (total dose of 420 J).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29101708","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[670,850,880,950]],["Using Pre-Exercise Photobiomodulation Therapy Combining Super-Pulsed Lasers and Light-Emitting Diodes to Improve Performance in Progressive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests.","640, 875, 905",4,"\"The combination of lasers and LEDs increased the time, distance, and pulmonary ventilation and decreased the score of dyspnea during a cardiopulmonary test.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26942660","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[640,875,905]],["Phototherapy during treadmill training improves quadriceps performance in postmenopausal women.","850",4,"\"Peak torque did not differ amongst the groups. However, the results showed significantly higher values of power and total work for the LED group (∆ = 21 ± 6 W and ∆ = 634 ± 156 J, p < 0.05) when compared to both the exercise group (∆ = 13 ± 10 W and = 410 ± 270 J) and the sedentary group (∆ = 10 ± 9 W and ∆ = 357 ± 327 J). Fatigue was also significantly lower in the LED group (∆ = -7 ± 4%, p < 0.05) compared to both the exercise group (∆ = 3 ± 8%) and the sedentary group (∆ = -2 ± 6%).\"\n\n\"Infrared-LED during treadmill training may improve quadriceps power and reduce peripheral fatigue in postmenopausal women.\"\n\nComment: A high 33% dropout rate (30 of 45 participants were analyzed), reasons were reported in Figure 1.\n\nCommnet: The participants trained on a treadmill, while quadriceps performance was measured separately using isokinetic exercise testing.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23895414","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[850]],["Thermography applied during exercises with or without infrared light-emitting diode irradiation: individual and comparative analysis.","850",3,"\"The LED group showed an increased cutaneous thigh temperature during the exercise (from 33.5±0.8°C to 34.6±0.9°C, p=0.03), whereas the exercise group showed a reduced cutaneous temperature (from 33.5±0.6 to 32.7±0.7°C, p=0.02). The difference between the groups was significant (p<0.05) at t=35, t=45, and t=50.\"\n\n\"These data indicate an improved microcirculation, and can explain one possible mechanism of action of phototherapy associated with physical exercises.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23819505","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[850]],["Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in human progressive-intensity running: effects on exercise performance, skeletal muscle status, and oxidative stress.","810",5,"\"Compared to placebo, active LLLT significantly increased exercise performance (VO(2 max) p = 0.01; time to exhaustion, p = 0.04) without changing the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. LLLT also decreased post-exercise lipid (p = 0.0001) and protein (p = 0.0230) damages, as well as the activities of SOD (p = 0.0034), CK (p = 0.0001) and LDH (p = 0.0001) enzymes. LLLT application was not able to modulate CAT activity.\n\nThe use of LLLT before progressive-intensity running exercise increases exercise performance, decreases exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage, suggesting that the modulation of the redox system by LLLT could be related to the delay in skeletal muscle fatigue observed after the use of LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21739259","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise: Running",[810]],["Effects of photobiomodulation on sport performance in swimming para-athletes - a case series","660, 850",4,"\"All athletes improved time in 50 ms swimming. On average, time decreased 4 s after PBM and 1.5 s after placebo. Also, the peak heartbeat was 10% lower after PBM.\n\nA muscular pre-conditioning using PBM with an infrared LED could modulate upper musculature and cardio-respiratory function, leading to better swimming performance in parathletes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33622119/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Exercise: Swimming",[660,850]],["Light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) before matches prevents increase in creatine kinase with a light dose response in volleyball players.","630, 850",3,"\"LEDT prevented significant increases of CK in blood in athletes when applied before official matches with a light dose response of 210-315 J, suggesting athletes might consider applying LEDT before competition.\"\n\nNampo et al published a brief criticism of this paper:\n\n\"Due to the fragilities we pointed above, we agreed that the validity of this paper does not allow safe conclusions. To produce valid and meaningful results, we recommend to increase sample size, evaluate functional outcomes to establish clinical relevance, evaluate better established indicators of muscle damage (i.e., imaging), and do better data reporting.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25722067","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Exercise: Volleyball",[630,850]],["Full Body Photobiomodulation Therapy to Induce Faster Muscle Recovery in Water Polo Athletes: Preliminary Results","660, 850",3,"\"The parameters of the full body PBMT of this study did not induce faster recovery of inflammatory, muscle damage (excepting LDH), testosterone, cortisol, HRV, and neuromuscular responses during repeated days of water polo matches.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332232/","PubMed",76,"Muscle","Exercise: Water polo",[660,850]],["Obesity Indices and Ventilatory Function Responses to High-Level Laser Therapy in Subjects with Abdominal Obesity","",4,"\"Utilizing the pulsed Nd:YAG HILT as an adjunctive therapeutic modality proved to be effective in improving the anthropometric indices and ventilatory functions in subjects with AO.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780575/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[]],["Effect of exercise training with laser phototherapy on homeostasis balance resistant to hypercoagulability in seniors with obesity: a randomized trial","650",5,"\"So, in comparison to aerobic exercise alone, combined aerobic exercise and laser phototherapy had superior positive effects on coagulation biomarkers and decreased the risk of thromboembolism throughout a three-month intervention period in senior obese persons. Therefore, we suggest adopting laser phototherapy for individuals with a greater risk of hypercoagulability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36869148/","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[650]],["Effects of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments during aerobic exercise and glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial.","850",3,"\"The LEDT decreased the glucose levels after the exercise compared with values before LEDT (173.7±61.0 to 143.5±53.5 mg/dl, P=0.02) and it did not affect the cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments in exercise, as well as lactate levels in both groups. \n\nIn conclusion, the LEDT in combination with moderate exercise acutely decreased the glucose levels in men with T2DM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670240","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[850]],["The effects of exercise training associated with low-level laser therapy on biomarkers of adipose tissue transdifferentiation in obese women.","808",4,"\"Only the Phototherapy group showed a reduction in interleukin-6 and an increase in WNT5 signaling. In addition, it was possible to observe a higher magnitude change for the fat mass, insulin, HOMA-IR, and FGF-21 variables in the Phototherapy group. In the present investigation, it was demonstrated that exercise training associated with LLLT promotes an improvement in body composition and inflammatory processes as previously demonstrated. The Phototherapy group especially presented positive modifications of WNT5 signaling, FGF-21, and ANP, possible biomarkers associated with browning adiposity processes. This suggests that this kind of intervention promotes results applicable in clinical practice to control obesity and related comorbidities.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29473115","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[808]],["Effects of Phototherapy Plus Physical Training on Metabolic Profile and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women.","850",3,"\"Physical training with or without phototherapy may improve metabolic profile. In addition, phototherapy together with treadmill training prevented an increase in subcutaneous fat and facilitated improved quality of life in postmenopausal women.\"\n\nComment: This appears to be a secondary publication with same patients as in two other papers, but this is not explicitly mentioned in this paper (?).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28489465","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[850]],["The potential of phototherapy to reduce body fat, insulin resistance and \"metabolic inflexibility\" related to obesity in women undergoing weight loss treatment.","808",5,"\"Comparing the magnitude of effects between groups (ET-PHOTO vs. ET-SHAM), we observed that physical training plus phototherapy was more effective than physical training in reducing the delta of percentage of fat mass (%; -5.60 ± 1.59 vs. -4.33 ± 1.5; P < 0.04); fat mass (kg; -11.26 ± 2.82 vs. -5.80 ± 2.82; P < 0.0002); HOMA-IR index (-38.08 ± 9.23 vs. -20.91 ± 14.42; P < 0.0001). In addition, we observed an increase in delta (%) of total skeletal muscle mass (kg; 0.60 ± 1.09 vs. -1.38 ± 1.70; P < 0.003), adiponectin concentration (ng/ml; 1.08 (0.04-3.62) vs. -0.42 (-3.15 to 2.26); P < 0.03) in the same comparison.\"\n\n\"Our results demonstrated for the first time that phototherapy enhances the physical exercise effects in obese women undergoing weight loss treatment promoting significant changes in inflexibility metabolic profile.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26220050","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[808]],["Can low-level laser therapy (LLLT) associated with an aerobic plus resistance training change the cardiometabolic risk in obese women? A placebo-controlled clinical trial.","808",5,"\"LLLT associated with aerobic plus resistance training was effective in decrease neck (P=0.0003) and waist circumferences (P=0.02); percentual of fat (P=0.04); visceral fat area (P=0.02); HOMA-IR (P=0.0009); Leptin (P=0.03) and ICAM (P=0.03). Also, the reduction in leptin (P=0.008) and ICAM-1 (0, 05) was much more expressive in the phototherapy group in comparison to placebo group when analyzed by delta values.\"\n\n\"LLLT associated with concurrent exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) potentiates the exercise effects of decreasing the cardiometabolic risk factors in obese woman.\n\nThese results suggest the LLLT associated with exercises as a new therapeutic tool in the control of obesity and its comorbidities for obese people, targeting to optimize the strategies to control the cardiometabolic risk factors in these populations.\"\n\nComment: Abstract reports that the energy (per treatment) was only 50J. This is in disagreement with the full text.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26398817","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[808]],["New treatment of cellulite with infrared-LED illumination applied during high-intensity treadmill training.","850",4,"\"The current study combines the benefi ts of physical training with the therapeutic effects of phototherapy. These positive effects lead to an improvement of body aesthetics with a reduction of saddlebag and thigh circumference as well as the treatment of cellulite, possibly due to the increased metabolic activity as observed in the thermal images, as well as also preventing the increase of body fat in both young and middle-aged women.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21740089","PubMed",59,"Muscle","Exercise-related health improvements",[850]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Restriction of Wrist Extensor Blood Flow on Grip: Randomized Clinical Trial","660, 830",4,"\"A statistically significant increase was obtained for handgrip strength for the 660 nm group [27.36 ± 2.61 kilogram force (kgF)] compared with the 830 nm group (23.04 ± 3.06 kgF) (p = 0.010) and for wrist extensor strength in the 660 nm (7.77 ± 0.58 kgF) and BFR (7.54 ± 0.92 kgF) groups compared with the control group (5.33 ± 0.61 kgF) (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The RMS value for the 660 nm group was significantly higher than control (p < 0.0001), BFR (p < 0.0001), and the 830 nm group (p = 0.0009).\"\n\n\"The association of PBMT (660 nm) and BFR was effective for increasing handgrip strength of the wrist extensors, associated with an increase in RMS.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32744919/","PubMed",42,"Muscle","Handgrip strength",[660,830]],["Acute physiological responses to combined blood flow restriction and low-level laser.","905",4,"LLLT pre-conditioning can minimize the [blood flow restriction]-related decline in muscle oxygen saturation, leading to force gradation and [motor unit] discharge in a cost-effective and complex manner.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32318813/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Hypoxia",[905]],["Muscle fiber conduction velocity and EMG amplitude of the upper trapezius muscle in healthy subjects after low-level laser irradiation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.","820",2,"\"In conclusion, the 820 nm LLLT, with energy total of 18 J, did not alter the [muscle fiber conduction velocity] but significantly reduced the sEMG signal amplitude of the upper trapezius muscle in healthy subjects to a level of up to 30% of maximal voluntary contraction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29204914","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Muscle activity",[820]],["Effects of photobiomodulation on the fatigue level in elderly women: an isokinetic dynamometry evaluation.","808",3,"\"Muscle performance was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. The results showed that photobiomodulation was able of reducing muscle fatigue by a significant increase of electromyographic fatigue index (EFI) (p = 0.047) and decreasing significantly lactate concentration 6 min after the performance of the fatigue protocol (p = 0. 0006) compared the placebo laser session. However, the photobiomodulation was not able of increasing muscle performance measured by the isokinetic dynamometer.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26714981","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Muscle activity",[808]],["Effect of low-power gallium-aluminum-arsenium noncoherent light (640 nm) on muscle activity: a clinical study.","640",3,"\"It was concluded that LED can be used as a clinical tool to increase muscle activity (1.044 J per point) and to prevent fatigue (2.088 J per point), without change in the muscle force.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961231","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Muscle activity",[640]],["Fatigue Alleviation by Low-Level Laser Pre-Exposure in Ischemic Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation","850",4,"\"The LLLT group exhibited a smaller normalized difference in MVC decrement (-4.01 ± 4.88%) than the control group (-23.85 ± 7.12%) (P < .001). The LLLT group demonstrated a smaller decrease in muscle stiffness of the ECRL compared to the control group, characterized by the smaller normalized changes in frequency (P = .002), stiffness (P = .002), and relaxation measures (P = .011) of mechanical oscillation waves.\"\n\n\"LLLT pre-exposure reduces fatigue after combined NMES and BFR, preserving force generation, muscle stiffness, and force scaling. The functional benefits are achieved through fatigue-resistant activation strategies of motor unit recruitment and rate coding.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38689440/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Muscle fatigue",[850]],["Low-level laser therapy reduces the fatigue index in the ankle plantar flexors of healthy subjects.","808",4,"\"The group receiving the laser application showed significantly lower dynamometric fatigue index (p = 0.036) when compared to control and placebo groups. In relation to the median frequency during the fatigue test, there was a decrease in all groups, however with no differences between them. We suggest that LLLT being applied prior to exercise can reduce the fatigue index in the ankle plantar flexors of healthy subjects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27638148","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Muscle fatigue",[808]],["Pulsed Red and Blue Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Thigh Contusions and Soft Tissue Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",5,"\"We found the active photobiomodulation treatment significantly increased over the placebo group, quadriceps peak torque during the 180°/s test (P = .030), and average power during both the 60°/s (P = .041) and 180°/s (P ≤ .001) assessments. The mean peak torque and average power of 180°/s, at day 4, exceeded the baseline levels by 8.9% and 16.8%, respectively.\"\n\n\"The red and blue photobiomodulation light patch improved muscle strength and power during the acute healing phase of a human thigh contusion injury model.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37917978/","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Muscle injury (contusion)",[]],["Laser in the department of traumatology","632, 10600",4,"\"This paper presents the results of a study on soft tissue injury treated with laser therapy. Sixty patients (40 males and 20 females. whose ages range 32-68 years) with sacrospinal muscle strain, external humeral epicondylitis, or lumbar muscle strain were selected for this study. After laserr therapy was received in these patients. their condition all bud an improvement immediately The results showed that the rate of recovery, very good, and good were 50%, 31.7%, and 15% respectively. We believe that the laser therapy for some soft tissue injury is an effective treatment.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/2/3/2_90-OR-10/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",43,"Muscle","Muscle strain",[632,10600]],["Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on trunk flexor performance after incisional hernia repair: a randomized controlled trial","660, 830",4,"\"After 4 weeks, pre-and post-fatigue trunk flexor strengths in both laser groups were significantly increased compared to pre-and post-fatigue trunk flexor strength in the placebo group, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two laser groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34052928/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Muscle weakness",[660,830]],["The effect of low level laser irradiation on oxidative stress, muscle damage and function following neuromuscular electrical stimulation. A double blind, randomised, crossover trial.","830",2,"\"LLLT may protect from impairments in enzymatic antioxidant system and may shorten inflammation induced by a single NMES session in moderately active, healthy men. However, the effects of LLLT on redox state and inflammatory processes do not seem to affect muscle damage and recovery of muscle function after NMES.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31890228","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Neuromuscular electrical stimulation -induced impairments",[830]],["Training Benefits and Motor Unit Remodeling after Ischemic Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation with Low-Level Laser Pre-Exposure","850",4,"\"Pre-exposure to LLLT enhances force output after BFR-NMES training and improves neuromuscular efficiency by increasing motor synergy flexibility, thereby preserving force scaling during submaximal contractions.\"","","",25,"Muscle","Rehabilitation",[850]],["Photobiomodulation and physical exercise on strength, balance and functionality of elderly women","808",2,"\"In Figure 2, data analysis demonstrated that both groups showed a significant increase of 21.7% (PG) and 24.8% (AG) in 1-MR after the strength-training program (p = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the experimental groups (p = 0.633).\"\n\n\"After the experimental period, the intragroup evaluation demonstrated a significant increase of 26.6% (PG) and 40.3% (AG) in the distance walked in 6MWT (p = 0.001). However, post-training program evaluations showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.175) (Figure 3A).\"\n\nComment: The trend is positive for active vs placebo, but there's no statistical significance.","http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-51502018000100206","SciELO",25,"Muscle","Sarcopenia / Muscle function in aging",[808]],["Effects of photobiomodulation on pain, lactate and muscle performance (ROM, torque, and EMG parameters) of paretic upper limb in patients with post-stroke spastic hemiparesis-a randomized controlled clinical trial","780",4,"\"In conclusion, Photobiomodulation (PBM) demonstrated significant improvements in muscle performance, reducing fatigue and pain levels, and enhancing range of motion in post-stroke patients with spastic hemiparesis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38453765/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Spasticity",[780]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy associated with cardiorespiratory rehabilitation in spastic subjects","680, 808",3,"\"In conclusion, both CR and tPBMG demonstrated improvements in ET. However, tPBMG specifically showed promising effects on HRV modulation and peripheral muscle electrical activity, providing additional benefits compared to CR alone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37910318/","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Spasticity",[680,808]],["Long-term analyses of spastic muscle behavior in chronic poststroke patients after near-infrared low-level laser therapy (808 nm): a double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial.","808",3,"\"We could observe significant increases in range of elbow motion after PBMT from 57.7 ± 14 to 84.3 ± 27.6 degrees (p < 0.001). The root mean square (RMS) values also increased after PBMT + exoskeleton from 23.2 ± 15 to 34.9 ± 21 μV (p = 0.0178). Our results suggest that the application of PBMT may contribute to an increased range of elbow motion and muscle fiber recruitment, increases in muscle strength, and, hence, to increase signal conduction on spastic muscle fibers in spastic patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31823135","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Spasticity",[808]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT 808 nm) on lower limb spastic muscle activity in chronic stroke patients.","808",4,"\"After the real LLLT intervention, we observed significant reduction in the visual analogue scale for pain intensity (p = 0.0038), increased time to onset of muscle fatigue (p = 0.0063), and increased torque peak (p = 0.0076), but no significant change in the root mean square (RMS) value (electric signal in the motor unit during contraction, as obtained with surface electromyography).\n\nOur results suggest that the application of LLLT may contribute to increased recruitment of muscle fibers and, hence, to increase the onset time of the spastic muscle fatigue, reducing pain intensity in stroke patients with spasticity, as has been observed in healthy subjects and athletes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299571","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Spasticity",[808]],["Immediate effects of low-intensity laser (808 nm) on fatigue and strength of spastic muscle.","808",4,"\"After application of LILT, we found increased torque as well as decreased in lactate level in patients with spasticity.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25614133","PubMed",25,"Muscle","Spasticity",[808]],["Effects of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on spasticity caused by cerebral vascular accidents (CVAS)","830",4,"\"At the end of the week, we recognized LLLT effects in 11 cases out of 15. The other 4 patients had little or no effect but were in their fifties, and had successive bouts of ankle clonus. \n\nLLLT is a promising medical treatment for the attenuation of CVA-related spasticity of the triceps surae muscle spasticity, and facilitate voluntary movements in such patients. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which LLLT can attenuate spasticity.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/17/2/17_2_95/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",25,"Muscle","Spasticity",[830]],["830 nm light-emitting diode (led) phototherapy significantly reduced return-to-play in injured university athletes: a pilot study.","830",4,"\"Over a 15-month period, a total of 395 injuries including sprains, strains, ligament damage, tendonitis and contusions were treated\"\n\n\"The average LED-mediated RTP in the 65 subjects was significantly shorter at 9.6 days, compared with the mean anticipated RTP of 19.23 days (p = 0.0066, paired two-tailed Student's t-test). \n\n\"A subjective satisfaction survey was carried out among the 112 students with injuries incurred from January to May, 2015. Eighty-eight (78.5%) were either very satisfied or satisfied, and only 8 (7.2%) were dissatisfied.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27141153","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sports injuries",[830]],["Five-day, low-level laser therapy for sports-related lower extremity periostitis in adult men: a randomized, controlled trial.","850, 670, 880, 950",3,"\"Balance function, including postural stability testing (PST) and limits of stability (LOS), was also performed to evaluate the function outcome. Patients experienced a significant improvement in pain by day 2 or day 5 after starting LLLT, but here was no significant difference in pain scale between the measurements before (baseline) and after LLLT. Comparing the PST, the group differences of dynamic vs. static testings ranged from -18.54 to -50.22 (compared 12, 8, 4, 3, 2, 1 to 0, all p < 0.0001), and the PST after LLLT were 3.73 units (p = 0.0258) lower than those of before LLLT. Comparing the LOS, the group differences of dynamic vs. static testing were similar to those in PST, and the relationship between LOS and groups only varied with the direction control during dynamic testing in direction at backward/right vs. right (p < 0.0001). \n\nLLLT had a positive effect on proprioception in patients with lower limb periostitis. Larger, better controlled studies are needed to determine what specific effects LLLT has on the function of proprioception.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622816","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sports injuries",[850,670,880,950]],["Low level laser therapy for sports injuries.","830",4,"\"A score of 2 to 5 after treatment was regarded as very good, 6 to 8 as good, and 9 to 10 as poor. A PRS score of less than 5 was regarded as effective. RESULTS: The rate of effectiveness (PRS of 5 or less) after LLLT was 65.9% (27/41 patients).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155545","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sports injuries",[830]],["A near-infrared LED-based rehabilitation system: initial clinical experience","830",4,"\"Twenty-eight subjects were enrolled in the study with a variety of conditions: Joint Pain and Dysfunction (n=8), Tendinopathies (n=7), Muscle Pain and Dysfunction (n=4), and Back Pain (n=9). \n\nIn 17 of the 28 subjects the results were excellent, and varied in the others. \n\nHowever, prudent doses of 54 and 108 J/cm2 (5 and 10 min exposure times, respectively) were chosen. Higher doses may give better effects. \n\nBoth acute and chronic pain types responded well to IR LED therapy. There were no adverse side effects, and all subjects were happy with the treatment. \n\nPractitioners were also pleased with the ease of use of the system, and found it safe and effective.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/14/1/14_1_29/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",43,"Muscle","Sports injuries",[830]],["Fractionated irradiation in photobiomodulation therapy of ankle sprain.","635",3,"\"Reflectance data analysis showed significant changes in group 1 (p = 0.027). There was also an ankle function score improvement more in group 1 than in group 2, with a significant short-term effect (p = 0.011) but without significant long-term effects (p = 0.178). Compared with group 2, group 1 had an immediate effect on pain reduction, but no long-term effect (p = 0.074).\"\n\n\"Combined with standard treatment, fractionated irradiation photobiomodulation therapy has been shown to have favorable short-term effects on the recovery of patients with ankle sprains, but its long-term effects should be improved.\"\n\nNote: This single study seems to have two PubMed entries for some reason, possibly because of a mistake! (The other one: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31318750 )","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882395","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sprain injuries",[635]],["Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of led (λ627 ± 10 nm) on the initial phase of ankle sprain treatment: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.","627",5,"\"The group treated with LED showed statistically decreased pain compared to the placebo group in both the VAS (85.79 vs 55.73%) and McGill questionnaire (83.33 vs 52.52%). The reduction of oedema in the LED group on the 3rd and 6th days after therapy was statistically superior to that in the placebo (p < 0.0001). \n\nBased on the results of this study, treatment with LED, using the tested dose, is effective for pain and oedema in the initial phase of ankle sprains.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29423840","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sprain injuries",[627]],["The use of Bioptron light (polarized, polychromatic, non-coherent) therapy for the treatment of acute ankle sprains","",4,"\"The test group showed the largest magnitude of improvement for all evaluations at treatment five, and the between-group differences observed were statistically significant (p < 0.0005 for each).\"\n\n\"These data provide preliminary evidence of the efficacy of Bioptron light therapy supplemented with cryotherapy for the treatment of acute ankle sprains; however, larger studies are required to confirm these results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939828","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sprain injuries",[]],["High power laser therapy treatment compared to simple segmental physical rehabilitation in whiplash injuries (1° and 2° grade of the Quebec Task Force classification) involving muscles and ligaments","780",4,"\"Final VAS score was 20 for [PBM group] and 34.8 for [control group] (...) Patients of [PBM group] were able to go back to work after 54.2 days from the accident, versus 82.0 days for [control group]\"\n\nComment: Great results, but the parameters are very inadequately (and strangely) reported...","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888293","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sprain injuries",[780]],["Low-level laser treatment can reduce edema in second degree ankle sprains.","820",5,"\"A three by three repeated measures ANOVA with a follow up post hoc test revealed that the group treated with the RICE and an 820-nm GaA1As diode laser presented a statistically significant reduction in the volume of the edema after 24 h (40.3 +/- 2.4 mL, p < 0.01), 48 h (56.4 +/- 3.1 mL, p < 0.002), and 72 h (65.1 +/- 4.4 mL, p < 0.001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165387","PubMed",43,"Muscle","Sprain injuries",[820]],["Effects of anodyne treatment on local blood flow and cutaneous sensation of the foot in a patient with peripheral neuropathy secondary to acromegaly","890",3,"\"We report here of a 48-year-old male with a defined diagnosis of acromegaly and surgical excision of a pituitary adenoma 20 years ago. Recently he reports feet stepping on, and not feeling, objects under foot and balance problems starting 10 years ago. This study used a single-subject A-B-A design to show that behavioral changes are evident only in the presence of an intervention.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31294674/","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Acromegaly-related neuropathy",[890]],["Photobiomodulation After Neurotization (Oberlin Procedure) in Brachial Plexus Injury: A Randomized Control Trial.","808",4,"\"After 3 months postoperatively, more patients in the PBM group had demonstrated signs of reinnervation and the mean muscle power was significantly higher in the PBM group. No adverse effects resulted from the administration of PBM.\"\n\n\"PBM is a treatment modality that can improve nerve regeneration after neurotization with the Oberlin Procedure.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301668","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Brachial plexus injury",[808]],["A case series of low-level laser therapy treatment in patients with peripheral facial palsy","808",3,"\"These findings suggest that LLLT, combined with Vitamin B1, B6, and B12 supplementation, may effectively improve facial muscle function and symmetry in PFP patients. The non-invasive nature and ease of application make LLLT a viable option for PFP treatment. Further studies with larger sample sizes and standardized protocols are necessary to confirm these results and establish LLLT as a standard treatment for PFP.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39181489/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy / peripheral facial palsy",[808]],["Laser acupuncture and photobiomodulation therapy in Bell's palsy with a duration of greater than 8 weeks: a randomized controlled trial","808, 905",5,"\"After treatment, House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.30; P < 0.001), and the pathologic numbers of electroneuronography were statistically different between the laser acupuncture group and control group, including orbicularis oculi (OR,0.08; 95% CI, 0.02-0.21; P < 0.001), Frontalis muscle (OR,0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.39; P < 0.001), Orbicularis oris (OR,0.13; 95% CI, 0.04-0.36; P < 0.001), Ala nasi muscle (OR,0.06; 95% CI, 0.02-0.18; P < 0.001).\"\n\n\"The findings suggest that laser acupuncture relieve symptoms for patients with Bell's palsy with a duration of greater than 8 weeks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38216803/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[808,905]],["Efficacy of 1064 nm Photobiomodulation Dosimetry Delivered with a Collimated Flat-Top Handpiece in the Management of Peripheral Facial Paralysis in Patients Unresponsive to Standard Treatment Care: A Case Series","1064",4,"Case 1: \"The results showed an improvement in facial muscles' functionality (FMF) by week two, whereas significant improvement was observed after 11 weeks of PBM, after which the House-Brackmann grading scale (HBGS) of facial nerve palsy dropped to 8 from 13 prior to the treatment.\"\n\nCase 2: \"Significant improvements in FMF and sustainability over a 6-month follow-up were observed.\"\n\nCase 3: \"By week 12, the patient showed a significant FMF improvement, and by week 20, complete FMF had been restored.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37834941/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy (and other paralyses)",[1064]],["A Nonrandomized Trial of the Effects of Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation Therapy on Bell's Palsy with a Duration of Greater Than 8 Weeks","808, 905",4,"\"After 6 months, the House-Brackmann grading system [risk difference, -0.59, confidence interval (95% CI), -0.81 to -0.38, relative risk, 0.27, 95% CI, 0.13-0.56, p < 0.001], Sunnybrook facial grading system (21.14, 95% CI, 11.71-30.58; p < 0.001), and FaCE (-0.20, 95% CI, 0.41-0.02; p = 0.07) had significant difference between the two groups.\"\n\n\"Latency of ala nasi muscle (10.92, 95% CI, 5.58-16.27; p < 0.001) was not statistically significant after treatment compared with the control group; however, most of the electrophysiological examinations have significant difference between the two groups, respectively.\"\n\n\"The results of this study suggest that PBMT may relieve symptoms for patients with Bell's palsy with a duration of greater than 8 weeks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37738368/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[808,905]],["Effectiveness of multiwave locked system laser on the treatment of patients with idiopathic Bell's palsy: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial","808, 905",4,"\"Scanning technique combined with facial massage and exercises had a more significant effect than the point application group or the placebo group in improving FDI and HBS scores after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881208/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[808,905]],["A Study on the Effect of 850 nm Low-Level Diode Laser versus Electrical Stimulation in Facial Nerve Regeneration for Patients with Bell's Palsy","850",4,"\"There was statistically significant difference between the three groups in favor of the LLLT group regarding the nerve action potential amplitude and latency, in addition to signs of nerve regeneration and improved SBGS.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35259753/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[850]],["\"At-Home\" Photobiomodulation: A New Approach for Bell's Palsy Treatment","808",4,"\"Two weeks after PBM treatment, performed at home twice a day by the patient herself without any kind of pharmacological therapy, the complete disappearing of the disease was noticed with no side effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34557318/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[808]],["Effects of Laser Acupuncture Therapy for Patients With Inadequate Recovery From Bell's Palsy: Preliminary Results From Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study","810",3,"\"A significant difference was shown in the HB score (P=0.0438) between baseline and week 3 and borderline significance was observed in both SB and stiffness scores from baseline to week 6 (P=0.0598 and P=0.0980 respectively). There was no significant difference in the FDI score between baseline and week 6.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35155155/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[810]],["Recovery from Idiopathic Facial Paralysis (Bell’s Palsy) Using Photobiomodulation in Patients Non-Responsive to Standard Treatment: A Case Series Study","808",4,"\"Eleven patients out of 14, who experienced BP a maximum of 6 months, completely recovered through PBM. The three patients that did not show improvement were those who had experienced BP for years.\"","https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/8/8/341","MDPI",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[808]],["The Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Bell's Palsy in Diabetic Patients","830, 980",4,"\"In the present study, 30 cases with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (18 females and 12 males) were studied. After 12 sessions of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), we could observe complete recovery in 18 patients and partial recovery in 6 patients after 3 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32802293/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[830,980]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Facial Paralysis of 8 Years: Case Report","660, 808",4,"\"The House-Brackmann and electroneuromyography tests showed improvements in the movement of the facial muscles when tested in the middle and at the end of the treatment with LLL.\"\n\nNote: The facial paralysis in this case might not be related to Bell's Palsy. Categorized to the Bell's Palsy section in the spreadsheet because of probable similarity between the conditions.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32716761/","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[660,808]],["Complete and Fast Recovery from Idiopathic Facial Paralysis Using Laser-Photobiomodulation.","808",4,"\"After the fifth session, the patient's recovery was remarkable, and she was both cooperative and satisfied. It should be pointed out that no other form of therapy was performed.\"\n\nComment: The reported power output (100 mW) and energy per point (3.3 J from 10 seconds of irradiation) do not match. With 100 mW output, 10 seconds of irradiation should only yield 1 joule of energy, not 3.3 joules.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32231809","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[808]],["Bell's palsy treated with photobiomodulation in an adolescent: Rare case report and review of the published literature","830",4,"\"The patient presented complete regression of paralysis, improvement of speech and chewing, and absence of muscular pain.\"\n\n\"Photobiomodulation was effective to treat Bell's palsy in a pediatric patient, being a true noninvasive approach and with no side effects, although there is still no established definitive protocol.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30218464","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[830]],["Role of low-level laser therapy added to facial expression exercises in patients with idiopathic facial (Bell's) palsy.","830",4,"\"Improvements in FDI scores were significantly greater at weeks 3 and 6 in the laser group than those in the exercise group (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that combined treatment with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and exercise therapy is associated with significant improvements in FDI when compared with exercise therapy alone.\"\n\nComment: Not sure whether the follow-up weeks 3 and 6 are during the 6-week PBM treatment regimen or after it.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28337563","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[830]],["Treatment of Bell's Palsy Using Monochromatic Infrared Energy: A Report of 2 Cases.","890",2,"\"The acute case received 19 treatments in 6 weeks. He reported an improvement of 95%. The chronic case received a total of 45 treatments in 9 months. She rated an improvement of 50%.\"\n\n\"These 2 patients seemed to respond to a different degree to the MIRE therapy. As 71% of patients with Bell's palsy recover uneventfully without any treatment, the present study describes the course of care but cannot confirm the effectiveness of MIRE therapy in the management of Bell's palsy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25685117","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[890]],["Efficacy of high and low level laser therapy in the treatment of Bell's palsy: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial.","830, 1064",5,"\"The result showed that both HILT and LLLT significantly improved the recovery of patients with Bell's palsy. Moreover, HILT was the most effective treatment modality compared to LLLT and massage with exercises.\"\n\nComment: In this study it seems there is 6-week treatment and then a 6-week follow-up period and the measurements are on the 3th and 6th week of the follow-up period (?).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23709010","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[830,1064]],["Chiropractic management of Bell palsy with low level laser and manipulation: a case report.","910",4,"\"The patient was treated with low-level laser therapy and chiropractic manipulation 2 times in 4 days. The laser was applied along the course of the facial nerve for 30 seconds at each point and for 1 minute at the stylomastoid foramen. The laser used was a GaAs class 4 laser with a wavelength of 910 nm. The patient perceived a 70% to 80% improvement of facial movement after the first treatment. After the second treatment, the patient reported full control of his facial movements.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24396332","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[910]],["Low-level laser therapy in pediatric Bell's palsy: case report in a three-year-old child.","660, 780",4,"\"The three-year-old boy recovered completely from BP after 11 sessions of LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140111","PubMed",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[660,780]],["A preliminary clinical study comparing the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) and corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of facial palsy","830",4,"\"Those patients who had received LLLT showed a very similar overall recovery from the palsy when compared to those treated with corticosteroid, however those patients who had received the combination therapy showed the best recovery in the shortest period. No clinically significant adverse effect resulting from the LLLT was noted. \n\nOur results suggest that LLLT would be a suitable alternative treatment for those facial palsy patients for whom corticosteroid is not manageable, and furthermore that LLLT would be an ideal adjunctive treatment for those facial palsy patients for whom corticosteroid therapy is manageable.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group. The combination group had somewhat faster healing than other groups.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/7/4/7_95-OR-19/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[830]],["Helium Neon And Diode Laser Therapy Is An Effective Adjunctive Therapy For Facial Paralysis","633, 904",4,"\"Based on our experience, the patients who are more inclined to attend treatment sessions are those who have been suffering from paralysis for more that a month and who have submitted to other kinds of treatments with negative results. They were even offered surgery. For these patients, we have required up to a maximum of 30 sessions and we have achieved 100% recovery, even with patients who have had the lesion for three or six months.\n\nPatients who attended therapy within two weeks after suffering the paralysis recovered 100% with no additional medication-only laser therapy. With these patients we needed a maximum of 15 sessions.\n\nLLLT is presented as a safe, noninvasive, easy to apply and comparatively side-effect-free modality offering a complementary and effective tool in the treatment of facial paralysis.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/2/5_93-OR-09/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[633,904]],["Diode low reactive level laser therapy and stellate ganglion block compared in the treatment of facial palsy","830",3,"\"Those patients who received only LLLT or the combination of LLLT with SGB showed a similar overall recovery from the paralysis compared to those treated with SGB alone. The group who received LLLT only also demonstrated a slightly better initial improvement in paralysis scores. No serious side effects were reported in the LLLT group, Taking the above data into consideration, the authors recommend diode laser therapy as a suitable single or adjunctive therapy for facial paralysis which is relatively easy and painless to apply, requires less technical skill, compared with SGB, and has no side-effects.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/3/5_93-OR-15/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",31,"Nervous system","CNS: Bell's palsy",[830]],["Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy as an adjunct to surface spinal stimulation and activity-based therapy in compressive cervical myelopathy: a parallel group, non-blinded randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"H-Amplitude at 15th day and JOACMEQ-QoL at 7th day demonstrated significant difference (p < 0.05) between the groups. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed within experimental group while compared to the control group in H-amplitude, m-CTSIB, JOACMEQ and NDI. \n\nIndividuals with compressive cervical myelopathy receiving PBMT as an adjunct to SSS and ABT experienced significantly better outcomes (e.g., improved function, reduced pain, improved QOL) compared to those receiving only SSS and ABT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40974428/","PubMed",7,"Nervous system","Compressive cervical myelopathy",[]],["The effect of delayed photobiomodulation on neurosensory disturbance recovery after zygomatic trauma: A parallel controlled clinical trial","810",2,"\"In this study, Photobiomodulation with a wavelength of 810 nm and energy density of 27 J/cm2 accelerated the improvement of VAS scale general sensibility, pain discrimination, and two-point discrimination in patients with ZMC fractures with a sustained neural disturbance. \"\n\nComment: The changes in symptom scores seem almost identical in both groups. I'm not sure whether the effect is real, even though the authors claim the result is positive.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33640829/","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Cranial nerves: Zygomatic trauma",[810]],["Effectiveness of low-power laser therapy and low-frequency ultrasound in reducing pain in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy: A randomized controlled trial","808, 905",3,"\"Post-intervention, all groups showed reductions in MNSI scores, but between-group differences were not significant (p = 0.292). \n\nThe LPLT group exhibited the largest mean reduction (-2.39) in patient-reported MNSI scores, though the change only approached significance (p = 0.057). \n\nFor QOL-DN, the LPLT group showed the greatest improvement in symptom scores (Mean=-2.55, p = 0.023) and problem scores (Mean=-7.05, p < 0.001). \n\nANCOVA confirmed a significant group effect for QOL-DN problem scores (p = 0.007), with the LPLT group showing significantly greater improvement than controls (p = 0.006).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41320698/","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[808,905]],["Photobiomodulation with or without ILIB in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized pilot trial","660, 660, 660",3,"\"Neuropathic pain intensity decreased across the five assessment points (p < 0.001), with significant intragroup reduction in the local PBMT group (p = 0.007). Improvements were observed in selected symptoms, including numbness, cramps, and dry skin with fissures. The mixed-effects model showed a significant effect of time on pain reduction (beta = -0.78; p = 0.001), although no significant group x time interaction was detected. \n\nLocal PBMT, administered alone or combined with ILIB, was feasible in this outpatient pilot trial and was followed by preliminary short-term reductions in neuropathic pain and selected neuropathic symptoms. However, no definitive between-group superiority was demonstrated, and the findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the pilot design, small sample size, heterogeneity in baseline pain intensity, potential placebo effects, and short follow-up period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42430054/","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[660,660,660]],["A single blinded randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of photobiomodulation therapy on neuron specific biomarkers in type II diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral neuropathy","633",4,"\"Reduced neuropathic symptoms, improved protective sensation of foot and quality of life, and reduced neuropathic pain was observed in intervention group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40090424/","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[633]],["Development of a near infrared region based non-invasive therapy device for diabetic peripheral neuropathy","890",4,"\"Novelty of the proposed work is to develop a Near Infrared Region (NIR) based non-invasive therapy device called 'DPNrelief-1.0V'developed with a 890 nm wavelength diodes. DPNrelief-1.0V delivers a total dosage of 6.174 J/cm2 with heat absorption by tissue of 61.74 Joules at 30 minutes. The device was tested by carrying out a pilot study with 8 patients where 4 were treatment group and control group. \n\nThe DPNrelief-1.0V is validated by Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) test. The degenerated nerves pre-therapy showed less amplitude, Conduction Velocity (CV) and latency which was improved post-therapy by 100% in amplitude of nerve signal, 100% in CV and a decrease of 36.2% in latency.\"\n\nComment: Study methods and treatment parameters were reported in a very hard-to-understand way.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543326/","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[890]],["Effects of Monochromatic Infrared Light on Painful Diabetic Polyneuropathy: Randomized Controlled Trial","890",4,"\"Lower levels of pain were observed for the EG after 6 weeks of intervention (p < .001) and 30 days after the intervention ended (p < .001). Pain intensity was lower and sleep quality improved (p < .001) for the experiment group, especially in people with severe pain.\"\n\nComment: Wrong terminology in parameter description? Difficult to comprehend.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39322522/","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[890]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation With Two Wavelengths of 630 and 810 nm on Diabetic Neuropathy","630, 819",4,"\"This study showed that the visible and infra-red LLLT significantly improved the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy without any side effects.2\n\nComment: The paper claims this is a randomized study, but since the results of control group are not shown and full text only contains pre-post analyses of PBM group, I describe the paper as a single-arm study including 30 participants (would be 60  if control group is included too).\n\nComment 2: The study reports two wavelengths but not how much output power is ascribed to each wavelength.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37583505/","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[630,819]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Serum Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) Among Patients With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy - A Pilot Study","633, 660, 850",4,"\"A significant reduction in serum NSE levels (0.006) after 4 weeks of laser therapy was observed in 42 patients when compared with baseline. A significant reduction in the vibration perception threshold (p = 0.003) and Numeric pain rating scale (p = 0.004) were observed.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters very insufficiently reported (only in abstract).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32645648/","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[633,660,850]],["Effect of Modified Laser Transcutaneous Irradiation on Pain and Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy.","660",4,"\"The ILIB group presented significantly lower pain levels and a better quality of life compared with the control and SILIB groups.\"\n\nComment: The table says the radiant exposure is 3.000 but when dividing the radiant energy of 180 J by the aperture of 0.06 cm2 the result is 3000, so it is assumed the radiant exposure is 3000.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32195640","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[660]],["Effect of deep tissue laser therapy treatment on peripheral neuropathic pain in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized clinical trial.","810, 980",4,"\"Deep tissue laser therapy significantly reduced pain and improved the quality of life of older patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31405365","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[810,980]],["Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy on serum vitamin D and magnesium levels in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy - A pilot study.","633, 660, 850",4,"\"There was a significant increase in Vitamin D and Magnesium levels after LLLT. We observed a considerable improvement in the quality of life after LLLT demonstrated by a decrease in VPT and MNSI and a reduction in NPRS in DPN patients.\"\n\nComment: A single-arm study","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31336449","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[633,660,850]],["Efficacy of low level laser therapy on painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","633, 660, 850",4,"\"The result analysis showed significant reduction in Pain using VAS scale (6.47 ± 0.84 to 1.21 ± 0.78 (p<0.001), MNSI (5.52 ± 1.26 to 2.71 ± 0.97 (reduction in Vibration perception threshold (32.68 ± 6.08 to 24.84 ± 4.29 (<0.001) and a significant increase in the temperature from baseline to post intervention (30.01 ± 2.11 to 31.75 ± 1.03 (p<0. 001).\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported. The article had interesting results but wasn't very well written...\n\nComment: The first authors surname might be \"Kumar\" instead of \"Cg\".","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26557734","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[633,660,850]],["Evaluation of low level laser therapy in reducing diabetic polyneuropathy related pain and sensorimotor disorders.","",4,"\"Laser therapy resulted in improved neuropathy outcomes in diabetic patients who received it relative to the group that received sham therapy, evaluating before and after LLLT assessments.\"\n\nComment: A poorly written paper. The paper says the wavelength is 78 nm which is not plausible. Most of the treatment parameters were not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24026991","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[]],["Effect of low level laser therapy on neurovascular function of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","850",4,"\"Pain was significantly decreased (p ⩽ 0.05) and electrophysiological parameters and foot skin microcirculation were significantly improved (p ⩽ 0.05) in the laser group, while no significant change was obtained in the control group.\n\nLow level laser therapy within the applied parameters and technique could be an effective therapeutic modality in reducing pain and improving neurovascular function in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported. The abstract says wavelength is 850 nm, but full text says 850 and 905 nm.","http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123211000361","ScienceDirect",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[850]],["Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy: effect of low-intensity laser therapy.","808, 905",4,"\"At the end of the study, the subjects showed a significant increase in neural potential amplitudes (p < 0.05). This study clearly demonstrated a significant positive effect of LILT on improvement of nerve conduction velocity on diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP).\"\n\nComment: The parameters were insufficiently reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21853320","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[808,905]],["A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of photon stimulation on pain, sensation, and quality of life in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","870",3,"\"No differences, over time, in any pain intensity scores (i.e., pain intensity immediately post-treatment, average pain, worst pain) or pain relief scores were found between the placebo and treatment groups.\"\n\n\"Four treatments with photon stimulation resulted in significant improvements in some pain qualities, sensation, and QOL outcomes in a sample of patients with a significant amount of pain and disability from their diabetes. A longer duration study is needed to further refine the photon stimulation treatment protocol in these chronically ill patients and to evaluate the sustainability of its effects.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were quite shortly reported, some relevant parameters were not reported. These studies on diabetic neuropathy weren't done by \"photobiomodulation\" researchers.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896325","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[870]],["[Influence of low-intensity laser therapy on spatial perception threshold and electroneurographic finding in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy]. [Article in Serbian]","",3,"\"In this study we registered significant decrease of SPT and increase of NMMCV after LILT and that indicated a favourable effect of this treatment in analysed patients with painful DPN. In our opinion these results need further investigation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17633309","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[]],["Reversal of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with phototherapy (MIRE) decreases falls and the fear of falling and improves activities of daily living in seniors.","",4,"\"Incidence of falls and fear of falling decreased within 1 month after reversal of peripheral neuropathy and remained low after 1 year. Likewise, improved ADL were evident soon after reversal of peripheral neuropathy and showed further improvement after 1 year. Overall, reversal of peripheral neuropathy in a clinician's office and subsequent use of MIRE at home was associated with a 78% reduction in falls, a 79% decrease in balance-related fear of falling and a 72% increase in ADL (P < 0.0002 for all results).\"\n\nComment: Parameters were not reported at all.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16303775","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[]],["The restorative effects of pulsed infrared light therapy on significant loss of peripheral protective sensation in patients with long-term type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.","650, 880",4,"\"PILT improved peripheral protective sensation (PPS) even in patients with long-standing chronic neuropathies whose initial pre-study sensation was not measurable with a 200-g SWM. PILT significantly improves PPS.\n\nWhile the exact mechanism of action is not understood, infrared light may improve peripheral neuropathies by improving foot perfusion by stimulating nitric oxide production.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710647","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[650,880]],["Low-intensity laser therapy for painful symptoms of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: a controlled trial.","905",2,"\"Although an encouraging trend was observed with LILT, the study results do not provide sufficient evidence to recommend this treatment for painful symptoms of DSP.\"\n\nJan Tuner's comment: \"Unfortunately, this study cannot be evaluated since the documentation of the actual laser parameters is poor. The only information given about these essential facts is \"The LILT device had a wavelength of 905 nm and an average power of 0-60 mW. All LILT treatments were for 5 min per site.\" Which output was actually used? Pulse repetition rate? Dose? Power density?\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15047649","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[905]],["Reversal of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and new wound incidence: the role of MIRE.","",4,"\"After reversal of diabetic peripheral neuropathy following treatment with monochromatic near infrared photo energy, only 1 of 68 patients developed a new diabetic foot wound, for an incidence of 1.5%. Comparatively, the incidence previously reported in the Medicare-aged population with diabetes was 7.3%.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were not reported at all.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15289717","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[]],["Restoration of sensation, reduced pain, and improved balance in subjects with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with monochromatic near-infrared treatment.","890",4,"\"ATS treatments improve sensation in the feet of subjects with DPN, improve balance, and reduce pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14693984","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[890]],["Symptomatic reversal of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes.","",4,"\"On the basis of Semmes-Weinstein monofilament values, 48 subjects (98%) exhibited improved sensation after 6 treatments, and all subjects had improved sensation after 12 treatments. Therefore, MIRE may be a safe, drug-free, noninvasive treatment for the consistent and predictable improvement of sensation in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy of the feet.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11904323","PubMed",13,"Nervous system","Diabetic neuropathy",[]],["Evidence of changes in sural nerve conduction mediated by light emitting diode irradiation.","950",3,"\"Statistical analysis (general regression nodel for repeated measures) of NCV and NPL difference scores, revealed a significant interactive effect for both NCV (P=0.003) and NPL (P=0.006). Further post hoc LSD analysis showed a time-related statistical significant decreased NCV and an increased NPL in the experimental group and a statistical significant difference between placebo and experimental group at various points of time.\"\n\n\"Based on these results, it can be concluded that LED irradiation, applied to intact skin at the described irradiation parameters, produces an immediate and localized effect upon conduction characteristics in underlying nerves. Therefore, the outcome of this in vivo experiment yields a potential explanation for pain relief induced by LED.\"\n\nNCV = nerve conduction velocity\nNPL = negative peak latency","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15895289","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Electrical activity",[950]],["The Influence of Low Intensity Infrared Laser Irradiation on Conduction Characteristics of Peripheral Nerve: A Randomised, Controlled, Double Blind Study on the Sural Nerve","830",3,"\"One way analysis of variation with repeated measurements of the data collected within 15 min postirradiation showed a significant decrease in conduction velocity and increase in negative peak latency in treatment B. Those results could explain possible laser-mediated pain relief.\"","https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/PL00011317","Springer",32,"Nervous system","Electrical activity",[830]],["Effects of Nd: YAG low power laser irradiation on the ulnar nerve.","",2,"\"In our previous study, we have shown that low power laser irradiation of the stellate ganglion produces a rise in temperature in the bilateral facial skin. To clarify the mechanism behind this phenomenon, irradiation was performed on the ulnar nerve at the elbow joint. The sensation felt during irradiation was reported by the subjects. Changes in temperature of the hand dorsum were thermographically recorded. The evoked peripheral autonomic surface potentials (PASP) were also recorded. 77.3% of the subjects reported sensation changes in the hand; the temperature rose in both hands in 3 out of 5 subjects. The PASPs did not show marked changes in latency or amplitude. It is suggested that the effects of the irradiation are brought about mainly through the stimulation of the central nervous system.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2641430","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Electrical activity",[]],["Effect of helium-neon laser irradiation on peripheral sensory nerve latency.","633",3,"\"The Laser Group showed a statistically significant increase in latency that corresponded to a decrease in sensory nerve conduction velocity. Short-duration He-Ne laser application significantly increased the distal latency of the superficial radial nerve. This finding provides information about the mechanism of the reported pain-relieving effect of the He-Ne laser.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3340661","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Electrical activity",[633]],["Effect of low intensity laser (830 nm) irradiation on skin temperature and antidromic conduction latencies in the human median nerve: relevance of radiant exposure.","830",2,"\"Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in negative peak latency difference scores (NPLDs) and skin temperature over a 20 min period post-irradiation demonstrated a significant decrease in skin temperature following irradiation at the lowest radiant exposure (1.5 J/cm2) coupled with a significant increase in NPLDs (P < 0.05). While no such (significant) changes were found in the other laser groups, it was found that observed changes (increases and decreases) in NPLDs were inversely related to changes in skin temperature. \n\nThese findings demonstrate measurable peripheral neurophysiological effects of laser radiation concomitant with changes in skin temperature; however, further studies are indicated to establish the precise relationship between the observed effects on skin temperature and nerve conduction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8127206","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Neural activity / stimulation or inhibition",[830]],["Effects of low intensity infrared laser irradiation upon conduction in the human median nerve in vivo.","830",3,"\"Analysis of negative peak latency differences using analysis of variance showed small (approximately 0.4 ms) but significant increases in latencies as a result of direct laser irradiation, and, where two-site recording was used, distal to the site of irradiation. No such differences were seen in the other experimental groups. These results show that laser irradiation applied to intact skin at the parameters used here may produce a direct, localized effect upon conduction in underlying nerves.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8003306","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Neural activity / stimulation or inhibition",[830]],["Effects of 830 nm continuous wave laser diode irradiation on median nerve function in normal subjects.","830",3,"\"Analysis of the results reveals that motor and sensory distal latencies were decreased in the treated limbs of the laser-treated group relative to the control group by 3-4% (P < .016 and .046, respectively, rank sum test). No significant differences in these quantities were found between the limbs within either group. Similarly, no alterations of action potential amplitudes, action potential areas, forearm conduction velocities, or skin temperatures were detected within or between the groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8295467","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","PNS: Median nerve function",[830]],["Laser phototherapy (780 nm), a new modality in treatment of long-term incomplete peripheral nerve injury: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.","780",4,"\"The analysis of motor function during the 6-month follow-up period compared to baseline showed statistically significant improvement (p = 0.0001) in the laser-treated group compared to the placebo group. No statistically significant difference was found in sensory function. Electrophysiological analysis also showed statistically significant improvement in recruitment of voluntary muscle activity in the laser-irradiated group (p = 0.006), compared to the placebo group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17975958/","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","PNS: Peripheral nerve injuries",[780]],["Low reactive-level 830 nm gaalas diode laser therapy (lllt) successfully accelerates regeneration of peripheral nerves in human","830",3,"\"This was an uncontrolled clinical study of LLLT on perioral nerve injuries and demonstrated the effectiveness of GaAlAs laser on the nerve involved when applied to the nerve trunk and terminal endings.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/3/5_93-OR-14/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",32,"Nervous system","PNS: Peripheral nerve injuries",[830]],["Low Level Laser Therapy for Radial Nerve Palsy Patients : Our Experience.","830",3,"\"The present study demonstrated that LLLT was an effective form of treatment for radial nerve palsy. In addition, patients were advised to avoid any incorrect posture which might induce radial nerve palsy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29795972","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","PNS: Radial nerve palsy",[830]],["Effects of early photobiomodulation therapy on motor recovery in patients with incomplete acute cervical spinal cord injury: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","810",4,"\"PBM patients had significantly higher ASIA motor scores at 0.5 months (mean difference, 8.13; 95 % CI, 5.62 to 10.22; P < 0.001) and 3 months (13.33; 95 % CI, 11.01-15.26; P < 0.001), with no significant between-group difference at 6 or 12 months. \n\nThe PBM group showed higher-but not statistically significant-independent ambulation rates at 3 and 6 months; rates were similar at 12 months. \n\nAt day 7, CSF levels of GFAP, Tau, S100β, NSE, and NFH were lower with PBM; exploratory proteomics suggested enrichment of synaptic plasticity and repair-related pathways. \n\nScores on SCIM, SF-36, and EQ-5D favored PBM at 3 and 6 months (all P < 0.001), converging by 12 months. \n\nFewer complications occurred with PBM, and no device-related serious adverse events were observed.\"\n\n\"Early PBM adjunctive to decompression may improve short-term neurological and functional recovery and reduce CSF markers of neural injury in acute incomplete cervical SCI.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836566/","PubMed",7,"Nervous system","Spinal cord",[810]],["Clinical safety study of photobiomodulation in acute spinal cord injury by scattering fiber","810",3,"\"The study aimed to design a reliable and straightforward PBM method by implanting a medical scattering fiber above surgically exposed spinal cord in SCI patients.\"\n\n\"In a limited sample size, our study concluded that direct PBM at the site of SCI would not produce adverse effects within the appropriate irradiation parameters. The method is safe, feasible, and does not add additional trauma to the patient. Our preliminary study might provide a new methodology for the clinical PBM treatment of acute SCI.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35816215/","PubMed",7,"Nervous system","Spinal cord",[810]],["Sensory and motor responses after photobiomodulation associated with physiotherapy in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: clinical, randomized trial.","808",3,"\"The results of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire revealed a significant difference in general quality of life favoring the active PBM group over the sham group after treatment. Physiotherapy combined with PBM leads to better sensory-motor recovery in patients with SCI as well as a better perception of health and quality of life.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32337679","PubMed",7,"Nervous system","Spinal cord",[808]],["Photobiomodulation improves motor response in patients with spinal cord injury submitted to electromyographic evaluation: randomized clinical trial.","808",3,"\"In the active phototherapy group, median frequency values of the brachial biceps and femoral quadriceps muscles were higher at rest and during isotonic contraction 30 days after photobiomodulation (p = 0.0258). No significant results were found regarding the rest and isotonic conditions in the pre-photobiomodulation period (p = 0.950) or immediately following photobiomodulation (p = 0.262). The data provide evidence that phototherapy improves motor responses in individuals with spinal cord injury, as demonstrated by differences in the EMG signal before and after treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29441450","PubMed",7,"Nervous system","Spinal cord",[808]],["Effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood in mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in adults with chronic spinal cord injury.","633",4,"\"At day 15 of therapy, the study group revealed a significantly higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, white blood cell adenosine triphosphate (WBC ATP) synthesis, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), than did the sham group.\"\n\nStar: The results are quite intriguing. This is interesting work.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891782","PubMed",7,"Nervous system","Spinal cord",[633]],["Intraoperative clinical use of LLLT following surgical treatment of the tethered spinal cord","633",3,"\"This study represents our first clinical results in the treatment of four patients with tethered spinal cord resulting from fibrous adhesions at the site of previous myelomeningocele and lypomyelomeningocele repair, thickened filum terminale and spinal lipoma. After surgical release of the tethered spinal cord, stable evoked responses were recorded and the conus medullaris was subjected to direct laser irradiation (CW He-Ne laser, 632.8 nm, 7 J/cm2). We found that intraoperative laser treatment increases evoked responses from 15-52% (mean 26.7%). \"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/3/3_91-OR-16/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",7,"Nervous system","Spinal cord",[633]],["Evaluation of the efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow in terms of symptoms and clinical and electrophysiological findings: a randomized, prospective, double-blind clinical trial","808",4,"\"The LLLT group showed improvement in symptoms, clinical findings, motor NCV, and MDL at both post-treatment evaluations and sensory NCV on the post-treatment 15th day (p < 0.05). \n\nThe comparison of post-treatment changes between the two groups revealed that the LLLT group had greater improvement in VAS day and night pain scores at both post-treatment evaluation times, QuickDASH scores at the third month, and sensory NCV on the 15th day (p < 0.05) compared to the SL group. \n\nThere were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the post-treatment changes in VAS weakness scores, grip strength and electrophysiological findings (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327309/","PubMed",32,"Nervous system","Ulnar neuropathy",[808]],["Analgesic Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy before Heel Lance for Pain Management in Healthy Term Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",4,"\"These findings suggest that the analgesic effect of LLLT is similar to that of BM during heel lance in healthy term neonates.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38136103/","PubMed",26,"Obstetrics & nursing","Heel lance",[]],["Evaluating the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a pilot trial (NEUROLIGHT trial)","808, 905",3,"\"The NEUROLIGHT trial revealed a significant improvement in CIPN symptoms and mobility. PBM applied with a fluence of 6 J/cm² could be more capable of soothing the pain caused by CIPN. No improvements could be detected in HRQL. Future research is necessary to support these findings.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41831101/","PubMed",15,"Oncology","Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy",[808,905]],["Influence of photobiomodulation on sensory symptoms, balance, and gait speed in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy","630, 850",4,"\"Sensory symptoms improved, as evidenced by the results of the DN-4 (p < 0.0001) and the FANPIQ (p = 0.0031), but not in the LEFS (p = 0.2379). \n\nThere was also a significant improvement in the amplitude of the anteroposterior displacement (APD) and in the amplitude of the mediolateral displacement (MLD) (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), in the velocity of the APD and MLD (p = 0.0431 and p = 0.0016), and in the displacement area (p = 0.0001). \n\nOn the deformable surface, significant reductions were also observed in the APD and MLD (p = 0.0314 and p = 0.0008), as well as in the velocity of the MLD (p = 0.0091) and displacement area (p = 0.0029). GS showed improvement (p = 0.0315).\"\n\n\"PBM proved to be a promising low-cost resource for the management of sensory symptoms of CIPN, with positive clinical repercussions on balance and gait speed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40186772/","PubMed",15,"Oncology","Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy",[630,850]],["Evaluating laser photobiomodulation for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomised phase II trial","658",2,"\"In the laser and control groups, CIPN response rates were − 48% and 53% at 6 weeks and 45% and 33% at 12 weeks, respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36526802/","PubMed",15,"Oncology","Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy",[658]],["The use of photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial (NEUROLASER trial)","808, 905",3,"\"The mTNS score increased significantly over time in both the control and the PBM group. A significantly higher score for FACT/GOG-Taxane was observed in the PBM group during chemotherapy compared to the control group. Questions of the FACT/GOG-Taxane related to sensory peripheral neuropathy symptoms showed a significant increase in severeness over time in the control group, whereas they remained constant in the PBM group. At follow-up, a (borderline) significant difference was observed between both groups for the 6MWT and patients' pain level, in benefit of the PBM group.\"\n\nComment: Dosing parameters were inadequately reported. For example, the article or the supplementary file doesn't tell the power output for each wavelength.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35312857/","PubMed",15,"Oncology","Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy",[808,905]],["The effect of photobiomodulation on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial.","",4,"LLLT improved the status of patients approximately by 40-50%, while sham treatment didn't have any effect.\n\nComment: Parameters were very inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27887804","PubMed",15,"Oncology","Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy",[]],["Laser acupuncture attenuates oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a pilot prospective cohort study","780",4,"\"PQAS, CINQ, and OSNS scores, as well as touch-detection threshold and cold-trigger pain withdrawal latency all improved significantly after LA in the cancer patients with OIPN (p<0.05).\n\nLA significantly relieved both oxaliplatin-induced cold and mechanical allodynia and also decreased the incidence and severity of neurotoxicity symptoms in the patients' upper and lower extremities and impact on their daily activities (all p<0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27613370/","PubMed",15,"Oncology","Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy",[780]],["Photobiomodulation minimizes taste changes during hematopoietic cell transplantation: A randomized clinical trial","660",4,"\"PBM significantly reduced hypogeusia, ageusia, and parageusia at T1 and T2, and also successfully prevented papillae atrophy during all the analyzed HCT periods.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38850248/","PubMed",98,"Oncology","HSCT-induced taste changes",[660]],["Use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM) for the management of the hand-foot syndrome (HSF) or palmo-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPED) associated with cancer therapy.","660",4,"\"We found a significant benefit from PBM in comparison with sham treatment (p < 0.03) and a decrease of pain in 49% of the patients. No adverse reactions were observed. We concluded that PBM might represent a useful approach for the management of PPED.\"\n\nComment: Results were reported quite scarcely, in a strange way. Also, they claim to use 69-diode LED probe with 34 red diodes, so it remains unclear if the other 35 LEDs were also used. They also claim that the intensity was \"500 mU\", but what does the U stand for?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31754836","PubMed",63,"Oncology","HSF / PPED",[660]],["A long-term follow-up of early breast cancer patients treated with photobiomodulation during conventional fractionation radiotherapy in the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis","",3,"\"Results suggest that using PBM in breast cancer patients undergoing [conventional fractionation radiotherapy] does not influence the locoregional recurrence, the development of new primary tumors, or [overall survival].\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36183377/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Human research",[]],["Does Low-Level Laser Therapy Affect the Survival of Patients With Head and Neck Cancer?","660",3,"\"126 HNC patients who had received LLLT including the tumor region and 126 matching HNC patients without LLLT (controls) treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, were identified. The overall survival was compared using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Fuzzy matching yielded 2 patient samples well comparable in terms of risk of death. The survival did not significantly differ between patients with and without LLLT (p = 0.18).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32583188/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Human research",[660]],["Results of treatment of patients with second- to third-stage breast cancer by combination of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and surgery: ten-year experience","890",5,"\"86.9% (76.19% in control group) of patients with stage II breast cancer survived 10 years after LLLT treatment. For patients with stage III breast cancer treated by LLLT the rate was 83.3% (68.4% in control group).\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923398","SPIE",63,"Oncology","Human research",[890]],["Preoperative activation of the immune system by low reactive level laser therapy (LLLT) in oncologic patients : a preliminary report","890, 633",3,"\"It was seen from the data that the total immunoresponse actually increased following LLLT, with no visible increase in tumoural remnant size.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/4/3_91-OR-23/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",63,"Oncology","Immune system",[890,633]],["Polychromatic light (480–3400 nm) similar to the terrestrial solar spectrum without its UV component in post-surgical immunorehabilitation of breast cancer patients","",2,"\"Therefore, a 7-day course with polychromatic light prevented the development of immunosupression in the BC patients at the early post-mastectomy period.\"\n\nComment: It seems that the authors might strongly exaggerate the magnitude and significance of their findings. They conclude the results as clearly positive, but looking at the actual data, it seems that this study doesn't give enough evidence for such interpretations.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865134","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Immunosuppression",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy approach to a rare phenomenon of radiation recall reaction triggered by cisplatin in a cervical cancer patient: a case report and scoping review","",4,"\"A 36-year-old woman with cervical cancer developed intense hyperpigmentation in the inguinal, vulvar, and anal areas, along with anal and labial fissures, dry desquamation in the inguinal region, and vaginal stenosis, 3 days after cisplatin. The diagnosis was RRR affecting mucosa and skin in the intimate region. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) was initiated using lasers emitting wavelengths of 660 and 808 nm for tissue repair in the vulva, anus, and groin, and LEDs emitting 450 nm for vaginal stenosis and 590 nm for hyperpigmentation. Following the first PBMT session, the patient showed an excellent clinical response after 1 week, with a significant reduction in the severity of RRR.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704470/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Radiation Recall Reaction",[]],["Retrospective evaluation of the safety of low-level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in patients with head/neck cancer.","630",3,"\"The patient's characteristics were equally distributed between the two groups. For overall survival, time to local recurrence, and progression-free survival, there was no statistical evidence for a difference in prognosis between patients with and without PBM. In a multivariate analysis, after adjusting for known prognostic factors, we found no statistical evidence that PBM was related to overall survival, progression-free survival, or local recurrence.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31502227","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Safety",[630]],["Impact of photobiomodulation for oral mucositis on body weight and BMI of patients with head and neck cancer","660",4,"\"All patients had significant differences in weight and BMI throughout the study period. Patients in the PBM group lost less weight (p < 0.01) and had a reduced BMI loss (p < 0.01) in comparison to patients in the SHAM group.\n\nAlthough PBM did not prevent oral mucositis, it decreased its severity (p < 0.01).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35169872/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Supportive care",[660]],["Supportive care of cancer patients with a self-applied photobiomodulation device: a case series","808",4,"\"The treatment was found effective for resolving OM with rapid pain relief and accelerated healing in post-operative wounds and dermatitis, without reported adverse events. Patients found routine easy to follow and painless, and the protocol was easily integrated as an adjuvant treatment to standard care at the clinic or home while not requiring additional time from the staff.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33517481/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Supportive care",[808]],["Phase I trial of an infrared pulsed laser device in patients with advanced neoplasias.","904",3,"\"The [infrared pulsed laser device] treatment studied is safe for clinical use and may have potential effects on [Karnofsky performance status], [Spitzer quality of life index], and antitumor activity in patients with advanced neoplasias.\"\n\nComment: The IPLS may not be PBM.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12374675","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Supportive care",[904]],["Application of low intensity laser radiation in extravasal infiltrates caused by cytostatics in children with acute leukemia","",4,"\"We found that the extravasal infiltrates rapidly decreased the local inflammatory response and the pain was relieved. The strong anti-inflammatory effect can be accounted for by the nonspecific action of the LIRR on the tissues, which is manifested by better microcirculation, removal of toxic substances and stimulated regeneration capabilities of the cells.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10462932/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Supportive care",[]],["Long-term survival of cancer patients after photobiomodulation therapy for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis","",4,"\"PBMT increased survival by 55.14%, from 1.07 (Without PBMT) to 1.66 years (With PBMT) for the total population and more significantly in Group 41 (stages III and IV, radiation therapy/chemotherapy, with more than five PBMT sessions), the median survival value of 1.83 years, which represents a 66.36% higher survival rate. \n\nIn all the analyzed populations, the larger number of sessions was associated with better survival. In terms of survival, advanced stages III and IV almost equated with stages I and II in the absence of PBMT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38944404/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Survival",[]],["Regulatory systemic effect of postsurgical polychromatic light (480-3400 nm) irradiation of breast cancer patients on the proliferation of tumor and normal cells in vitro.","",3,"\"The results suggest an effect at the systemic level where pVIS + pIR light may stimulate growth of human skin cells and simultaneously downregulate the proliferation of tumor cells, including BC cells. This argues in favor of the oncological safety of PT for BC patients postsurgically.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436466","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Tumor cells",[]],["Management of Combined Therapy (Ceritinib, A. cinnamomea, G. lucidum, and Photobiomodulation) in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report","830",3,"\"This case report presents clinical evidence on the efficacy of combined therapy in advanced NSCLC patients, including computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and blood tests.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35743893/","PubMed",63,"Oncology","Tumor growth",[830]],["Laser Decontamination and LED Photobiomodulation Promote Bone Regeneration and Wound Healing by Secondary Intention, in Alveolar Ridge Preservation-Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation: A Pilot Experience","",4,"\"All alveolar ridge preservation surgeries were successful, with minimal bone resorption after 9 months. Closure of gingival tissue healed by secondary intention was achieved after 14 days for all patients, except one, who showed wound closure after 21 days.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35255233/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Alveolar ridge preservation",[]],["A Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Depth of Anaesthesia During Endodontic Treatment of Teeth with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis-A Prospective Clinical Trial","980, 2780",5,"\"Both laser groups demonstrated significantly lower VAS scores compared to the placebo group. The diode laser showed the most significant reduction in pain during the procedure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40655670/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Analgesia",[980,2780]],["Assessment of the onset of analgesia and length of analgesia following the use of PBM with different wavelengths: a clinical study","660, 808, 904",4,"\"All PBM devices caused a significant elevation in EPT at 5 min, with an earlier onset at 2 mins for 904 nm and LED. The LED was the only light source that elevated scores at 20 min. Across 2-20 min, when ranked by effectiveness, the greatest EPT elevations were seen for LED, followed by 904 nm, then 660 nm and finally 808 nm. Discomfort during PBM was most common with 904 nm, followed by 808 nm. No discomfort occurred from the LED. \n\nAmong the light sources utilized, the LED multi-wavelength system demonstrated the largest increase in EPT readings, suggesting its potential as a non-pharmacological alternative for achieving dental analgesia compared to diode lasers.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39297993/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Analgesia",[660,808,904]],["Evaluation of the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy as an alternative method to local anesthesia injection in pediatric dentistry","980",3,"\"The PBM-based anesthesia group recorded a mean pain score of 2.27 ± 1.28. The conventional LA group recorded a mean pain score of 1.73 ± 0.7. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.168).\"\n\n\"PBM-based anesthesia may be an optional alternative to LA injection for conventional restorative treatments in children with dental anxiety, needle phobia, or special needs, and it deserves further studies and improvement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37861636/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Analgesia",[980]],["Pulsed Nd: YAG laser induces pulpal analgesia: a randomized clinical trial.","1064",4,"\"The trial confirmed that the pulsed Nd:YAG laser effectively induced pulpal analgesia, by suppression of intradental nerve responses to electrical and mechanical stimuli. Such a laser provides an alternative for dental pain management.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699673","PubMed",97,"Oral","Analgesia",[1064]],["Effect of 810-nm diode laser photobiomodulation on the reversal of maxillary and mandibular soft tissue local anaesthesia in children: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial","810",5,"\"Recovery time was significantly shorter in the PBMT group than in the sham group (p < 0.001). At 20 and 30 min, recovery rates were significantly higher in the PBMT group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.035, respectively). Soft tissue trauma incidence was lower in the PBMT group (p = 0.020).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42443404/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[810]],["Effectiveness of Low-level Laser Therapy on Reversing Soft-tissue Local Anesthesia among 5- to 8-year-old Children: A Randomized Split-mouth Clinical Trial","810",5,"\"In the pFAB test, the reversal of soft tissue anesthesia for the maximum number of patients in the low-level laser group began by the end of 61–75 minutes, whereas for the sham laser group, the reversal occurred for the majority of the patients by the end of 106–120 minutes.\n\nThe mean difference in the duration of soft-tissue anesthesia reversal time between the sham laser and low-level laser groups was 31 minutes.\"\n\nComment: The parameters are inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42291654/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[810]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Reversal of Soft Tissue Local Anesthesia in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial","650",4,"\"LLLT at 650 nm accelerated anesthesia withdrawal compared to standard conditions, with enhanced effects observed at higher V.C. concentrations. LLLT effectively reduces anesthesia duration by inducing vasodilation and improving blood flow to the irradiated area.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789282/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[650]],["Enhanced Recovery of Local Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients: The Impact of Photobiomodulation on Reversing Anesthesia Effects","635, 808",4,"\"After 15 minutes, in the laser group the return to normal sensations in the palpation test showed 88% (808 nm) and 68% (635 nm), and only 20% in the control group (P=0.04123). After 45 minutes, all the participants from the PBM group returned to normal sensations (P=0.21458).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38787794/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[635,808]],["Assessment of photobiomodulation by a 660-nm diode laser on the reversal of soft tissue anesthesia in children: A randomized controlled clinical trial","660",5,"\"The test group showed significantly faster recovery to normal sensation following exposure to laser than the control group which did not undergo any reversal (p < .0001), with a median time of 115 and 60 min according to lip tapping and CPT tests, respectively. The test group also showed significantly faster recovery to normal function (p = .016). The incidence of STI in the form of redness was significantly higher in the control group (p = .022).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38812122/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[660]],["Expediting the reversal of inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia in children with photobiomodulation therapy","808",4,"\"The laser group exhibited a mean lip anesthesia duration of 122.78 ± 2.26 min, while the sham laser group experienced 134.44 ± 21.8 min, indicating an 11.66-minute reduction in anesthesia duration for the laser group. (P < 0.001)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38829548/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[808]],["Comparative evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy at 660 and 810 nm wavelengths on the soft tissue local anesthesia reversal in pediatric dentistry: an in-vivo study","660, 810",5,"\"A significant reduction of 55.5 min (27.6%) in the mean soft tissue local anesthesia reversal time was observed after the application of 810 nm wavelength PBM and 69 min (34.7%) after 660 nm wavelength LASER irradiation.\"\n\n\"PBM with a 660 nm wavelength was more effective in reducing the mean soft tissue local anesthesia reversal duration, and thus can be used as a reversal agent for soft tissue local anesthesia in pediatric dentistry.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37559668/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[660,810]],["Assessment of photobiomodulation therapy by an 8l0-nm diode laser on the reversal of soft tissue local anesthesia in pediatric dentistry: a preliminary randomized clinical trial.","810",5,"\"The mean duration of anesthesia expressed in minutes was equal to 145.15 ± 23.27 and 188.82 ± 12.31 for the laser group and sham laser group, respectively. There was a significant difference in duration of anesthesia between two groups (P < 0.001). \n\nConsidering the results and limitations of the present study, photobiomodulation therapy by 810-nm diode laser can be proposed as a non-invasive method in order to reduce the duration of anesthesia in pediatric patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31376016","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia duration",[810]],["Effect of photo-bio-modulation on pain perception with inferior alveolar nerve block among children: A split mouth study","940",4,"\"Results show that photobiomodulation using a 940-nm laser reduced pain during injection of IANB in children between 8 to 12 years of age.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40822776/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[940]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain perception and anxiety levels in conventional local anesthesia injection","",5,"\"Statistical comparison showed that Group I had significantly lower mean VAS (1.72 ± 0.659) and WBFRS (1.36 ± 0.487) scores than Group II (VAS: 2.25 ± 0.439; WBFRS: 2.42 ± 0.500), with both results being statistically significant (P < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40787133/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[]],["Comparison of efficacy of photobiomodulation and topical anesthetic spray in reducing the injection pain in children aged 6-12 years - A randomized clinical trial","810",5,"\"PBM with 810 nm laser, 0.6 W for 40 s is more effective in reducing the injection pain compared to topical anesthetic spray and PBM for 3 min.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40586469/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[810]],["Evaluation of the efficacy of photobiomodulation for the reduction of dental injection pain: a split-mouth placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial","980",5,"\"Persons in the photobiomodulation group reported significantly less pain compared to the other group (P-value = 0.0001).\"\n\n\"Based on this study's findings, low-level laser light therapy (LLLT) using a 980-nm diode laser before local infiltration anesthesia has been shown to reduce injection pain in adults. It can be used as an effective adjuvant treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39951173/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[980]],["Use of Three Pre-Injection Procedures to Reduce Pain Perception of Intraoral Injections in Eight- to 12-Year-Old Children: Randomized Controlled Trial","",4,"\"Objective assessment of pain perception using FLACC scores demonstrated that Buzzy® resulted in the highest comfort levels; 60 percent of the subjects treated with Buzzy®, 40 percent treated with laser phototherapy, and 6.7 percent treated with lignocaine topical anesthetic were judged to be relaxed and comfortable or exhibiting mild discomfort, respectively.\"\n\n\"Subjective pain assessment (self-reported using the VAS) was significantly lower in Buzzy® (0.67±0.82 standard deviation) followed by laser phototherapy (1.00±1.13) and Lignocaine gel group (2.13±1.51).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39420491/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[]],["The use of laser photobiomodulation as pre-anesthetic tissue management technique in reducing injection pain in children","660",4,"\"The mean HR scores were significantly lower in the laser PBM group during buccal and palatal infiltration injections. The SEM mean scores were significantly lower in the laser PBM group during both injections. For the FPS scale, the number of children who recorded satisfaction during injection was significantly higher in laser PBM group. There was no statistically significant difference in mean HR as well as in SEM and FPS scores between the two groups during pulpotomy and SSC procedures.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909229/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[660]],["The prophylactic effect of photobiomodulation therapy on pain perception due to infiltration injection: a randomized clinical trial","940",4,"\"The study showed a significant effect of photobiomodulation on reducing pain perception during infiltration injection.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38170234/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[940]],["Low-level Laser Therapy to Alleviate Pain of Local Anesthesia Injection in Children: A Randomized Control Trial","980",4,"\"Photobiomodulation (PBM) was found to be effective means of reducing injection pain, demonstrating much better efficacy than other tested methods.\"\n\nComment: Weird methodology? Assigning participants in 3 groups and each of the groups had their intragroup comparison of PBM vs another method?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38268643/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[980]],["Use of photobiomodulation (880nm) for anesthesia puncture pain reduction: a split-mouth case report","808",4,"\"There was a 50% reduction in pain levels on the PBM-treated side compared to the PBM-sham side, as measured by the visual analog scale. Sensitivity tests revealed that anesthesia was more effective on the PBM side.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38031986/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[808]],["Evaluation of the effects of photobiomodulation with different laser application doses on injection pain in children: a randomized clinical trial","940",5,"\"The mean (± std) PRS scores were 1.35 ± 1.075, 1.37 ± 1.05, 1.07 ± 1.04, and 2.07 ± 1.09 for Groups 1, 2, and 3 and the placebo group, respectively.\"\n\n\"PBM delivered by a 940-nm diode laser plus 10% lidocaine topical anesthetic before the application of LA decreased injection pain regardless of the applied laser dose in this study.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36538177/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[940]],["Evaluation of the effect of the photobiomodulation therapy on the pain related to dental injections: A preliminary clinical trial","940",3,"\"The mean VAS pain scores were 21.2 ±15.7 for the laser quadrant and 27.9 ±18.9 for the control quadrant; this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.030), but did not seem to be clinically relevant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36196515/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[940]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy with 915 nm Diode Laser on Pain Perception During Local Anesthesia of Maxillary Incisors: A Randomized Controlled Trial","915",5,"\"The mean scores of pain for the active laser and sham laser groups were 2.5±2.19 and 4.34± 2.52, respectively with a statistically significant higher NRS in the sham laser group (P˂0.05).\n\nIn this study's condition, diode PBMT reduced pain during infiltration on maxillary incisors.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35546299/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[915]],["Evaluating the Preemptive Analgesic Effect of Photo-biomodulation Therapy on Pain Perception During Local Anesthesia Injection in Children: A Split-mouth Triple-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","808",5,"\"Results demonstrated that PBMT could significantly decrease the injection pain perception and heart rate alternations compared to the topical anesthetic gels (P=0.000).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35122442/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[808]],["Effect of Low-level Laser on LI4 Acupoint in Pain Reduction during Local Anesthesia in Children","980",5,"\"The average heart rate, Wong-Bakers pain rating scale, and Sound Eye Motor scale were significantly lower in the group having low-level laser when compared with the group having placebo low-level laser therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34824496/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[980]],["The Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on Injection Pain and Anesthesia Efficacy During Local Anesthesia in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial","810",4,"\"The 'no pain' and 'severe pain' rates in [Pain Rating Scale] were 41.7% and 3.3% for LG and 21.7% and 11.7% for CG, respectively, during the injection.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34738278/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[810]],["Painless injections-a possibility with low level laser therapy.","660",3,"\"In our study, we observed that LLLT reduced pain during injection of local anesthesia. Further multi-centric studies with a larger sample size and various modifications in the study design are required.\"\n\nComment: Paper somewhat inadequately written.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31338422","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[660]],["Low intensity laser for reducing pain from anesthetic palatal injection.","790",2,"\"The median of pain scores of the LILT, 20% benzocaine, pressure, and light touch groups were 11, 23, 27, and 31 mm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in VAS among the groups, using Kruskal-Wallis test (p=0.385).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372219","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia injection pain",[790]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Depth of Local Anesthesia during Endodontic Treatment of Teeth with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis","980",5,"\"During dentin cutting and pulp dropping, the group receiving the laser therapy presented with less mean pain score than the placebo group which was statistically significant. Additionally, it was observed that the need for supplementary injection was less frequent in the laser-treated group than in the placebo group (p = 0.01).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37622619/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia success",[980]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on the efficacy of anesthesia in maxillary permanent molar teeth with molar incisor hypomineralization: A randomized clinical trial","940",4,"\"The no-pain scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group (29% vs. 20%). Moderate-to-high pain was more frequent in the control group than in the experimental group (43% vs. 20%). While 31% of the experimental group required supplemental anesthesia, 49% of the control group required supplemental anesthesia during pulpotomy of the tooth with MIH.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37688333/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia success",[940]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve blocks in mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: A randomized clinical trial","940",5,"\"Whilst the anaesthesia success rate was 34% in the group where only IANB was applied, it was 57% in the group in which LLLT was applied in addition to IANB. There was a significant difference between the groups (p = .032).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34241896/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Anesthesia success",[940]],["Non-Thermal Plasma vs. Low-Level Laser Therapy for Recurrent Oral Ulcers: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","810",3,"\"[P]atients in the LLLT group, who started with a score of 7.2 ± 2.7, experienced an initial decrease to 3.4 ± 2.4 at 1 h, but their pain increased again on day 2, reaching a mean of 4.8 ± 2.6. Moreover, 70% of them still reported pain on day 7. \n\nIn the placebo group, the pain reduction was minimal and transient, with the mean decreasing only from 7.2 ± 2.7 to 6.3 ± 2.1 at 1 h after sham treatment, and with a slight reduction to 5.8 ± 2.6 on day 2. Fifty per cent of these patients continued to report pain on day 7.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41595679/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[810]],["Effectiveness of combination the photobiomodulation therapy and triamcinolone acetonide on managing oral major aphthous ulcer in Crohn's disease: A case report","650",4,"\"The patient presented with an extremely painful ulcer, 3 cm in diameter, on the tip dorsum of the tongue (Fig. 1). Due to its sensitive location, the ulcer interfered with eating, drinking, and speaking, leading to weight loss and a decreased QoL.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40696693/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[650]],["Photobiomodulation in recurrent aphthous stomatitis management using three different laser wavelengths. A randomized clinical trial","635, 660, 808",5,"\"Mean pain scores in the laser groups decreased to zero by day 7, whereas the control group had a slower reduction (p < 0.001). Ulcer size was significantly smaller in the 808 nm group on days 3 and 7 (p < 0.05). Erythema was significantly reduced by day 7 (p < 0.05). The 808 nm laser also resulted in the highest patient satisfaction, with no recurrences observed in any group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39557704/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[635,660,808]],["Impact of Photobiomodulation on IL1β and TGFβ-1 concentrations in patients with aphthous stomatitis","980",4,"\"The intervention involved a single session of four 30-second applications of a QuickLase dual-wavelength laser operating at 980 nm. Results show significant reductions in IL1β and TGFβ-1 levels after 7 days of treatment, indicating a time-dependent effect of PBM therapy on these inflammatory markers.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38976032/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[980]],["Combined treatment of dexamethasone mouthwash and low-level laser therapy in the management of aphthous-like ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: A case report","980",4,"\"A case of major aphthous-like ulcer was described in a 50-year-old patient. The patient showed the main signs of aphthous stomatitis painful ulcer, 1-2 cm in diameter, located on the ventral of the tongue, buccal mucosa, and the palate. These ulcers persisted for more than 3 weeks. The patient's self-administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was suggested as the leading cause of aphthous-like ulcers in this case. ulcers were treated with dexamethasone mouthwash and low-level laser therapy (LLLT).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38550731/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[980]],["A Novel Therapeutic Approach of 980 nm Photobiomodulation Delivered with Flattop Beam Profile in Management of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis in Paediatrics and Adolescents-A Case Series with 3-Month Follow-Up","980",4,"\"At T1, significant immediate pain intensity relief was reported. 33.33% recorded “4” and 66.67% reported “5” on the quantitative numeric pain intensity scale (NPIS), and this continued to improve significantly (83.33%) at T2. All the subjects reported “0” on the NPIS at T3, T4, T5 and T6. There was a significant reduction in the lesion surface area (>50% complete healing) at T3 compared to T0. Complete healing (100%) with no evidence of scarring and lesion recurrence observed at T4, T5 and T6. Very good patients’ satisfaction was reported at all timepoints.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610772/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[980]],["Management of recurrent aphthous ulcers with therapeutic Nd:YAG laser, using two different methods","1064",5,"\"Photobiomodulation showed a significantly more efficient pain relief as compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001) and also significantly better results in decreasing pain duration (p < 0.001). Besides, the diameter of the lesions in the exposed cases decreased during the 3 consecutive days of the study, while an increase in the diameter of the lesions was noticed in the placebo group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37796053/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[1064]],["Treatment of recurrent minor aphthous stomatitis using diode laser (940 nm)","940",5,"\"In this randomized, controlled, clinical study, LLLT using Diode LASER causes reduction in pain intensity due to RAUs, thereby reducing morbidity. There is also reduction in the diameter and healing time of the ulcer as compared to Anginovag spray medication and the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35213109/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[940]],["Comparative assessment of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) vs. topical application of amlexanox + lidocaine to treat recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAUs): A randomized controlled trial","976",4,"\"LLLT was more effective than amlexanox + lidocaine in the management of RAU. It is a cost-effective therapy for treating RAU.\"\n\nComment: Parameters insufficienetly reported.\n\nComment: The paper says study duration is 12 weeks, but actually the outcomes are from a 3-day period.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33927835/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[976]],["Effect of different treatments on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: laser versus medication","810",4,"\"Spontaneous and functional pain level on the third day of treatment was significantly less in the laser group. Significant difference was observed with respect to healing time; however, the order of difference is small albeit of statistical significance.\n\nDiode laser with the chosen parameters had better effects on pain relief and no distinct advantage on wound healing comparing with medication.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33140267/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[810]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in children: clinical effectiveness and parental satisfaction.","645",4,"\"The difference in the reduction of ulcers diameters between the two groups resulted statistically significant at T1 and at T2 (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference in pain reduction between two groups was found at T1 (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference between the two groups of parents was found as concerns the parental acceptance of the procedure and the discomfort for the need of multiple appointments.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32388522","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[645]],["Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) - a promising treatment option: A report of two cases.","635",3,"\"This report describes 2 cases of adult patients with RAS treated with LLLT to relieve pain and promote the healing of the ulcers. The clinical presentations with the signs and symptoms are discussed and illustrated, along with the treatment algorithms and outcomes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31577077","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[635]],["Clinical Evaluation of 660 nm Diode Laser Therapy on the Pain, Size and Functional Disorders of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.","660",4,"\"[D]iode laser 660 nm treatment showed more remarkable improvements in reduction of healing time, pain and lesion size.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31198466","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[660]],["Low laser therapy as an effective treatment of recurrent aphtous ulcers: a clinical case reporting two locations.","915",4,"\"At the end of the treatment, the patient reported that ulcers were free of pain and mildly sensitive to the touch. The patient was sent home and instructions were given to avoid hard, acidic and salty food. The patient was followed-up over a period of 5 days after laser therapy and showed a complete remission of the lesions, with no signs of pain and discomfort.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574224","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[915]],["Effect of laser irradiation on aphthae pain management: A four different wavelengths comparison","450, 635, 808, 2940",3,"\"Diode lasers 808 nm and 450 nm defined almost the same results with an improvement starting already after the application and gradually improving until 7 days after treatment without any statistically significant difference between them. Diode 635 nm was the device gaining the earliest effect reducing the pain already during the treatment and maintaining it at low level immediately after the laser application and after 3 and 7 days with levels of pain comparable with them obtained with 808 nm and 450 nm lasers. Er:YAG laser with the used parameters obtained a pain relief only during the treatment.\"\n\nComment: No control group. Best results with 635 nm.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30268950/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[450,635,808,2940]],["Low-level laser therapy versus 5% amlexanox: a comparison of treatment effects in a cohort of patients with minor aphthous ulcers.","810",4,"\"Both amlexanox and LLLT were equally effective in relieving pain associated with minor aphthous stomatitis. Both groups showed significant reduction in ulcer sizes and in pain scores.\"\n\nNote: Lack of negative control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868469","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[810]],["Evaluation of a Newly Developed Laser Pen as a Home Care Device for Pain Reduction of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (Preliminary Study)","660",5,"\"The results show that the laser pen and triamcinolon in orabase ointment have similar results and both have better results than placebo in the control of the recurrent aphthous stomatitis pain (p value: 0.001).\"\n\nComment: The paper has been published via a predatory publishing company (SCIRP). I know one of the authors (Jan Tuner) so I suspect the paper is still valid despite the publisher.","https://www.scirp.org/html/3-2100974_53198.htm","SCIRP",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[660]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers - a sham controlled, split mouth follow up study.","500",5,"\"Complete resolution of the ulcers in the active group was 3.05 ± 1.10 days as compared to 8.90 ± 2.45 days in the sham control group. Immediately, post the LLLT application, complete pain relief was observed in 28 of the 30 patients of the active group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24701539","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[500]],["Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and pain management with low-level laser therapy: a randomized controlled trial.","809",5,"\"VAS rating decreased (day 0 until day 2) from 84.7 to 31.5 (LLLT) and from 81.7 to 76.1 (placebo) (P < .0001). LLLT also relieved the difficulty of drinking, eating, and brushing teeth.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24725989","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[809]],["Clinical assessment of the therapeutic effect of low-level laser therapy on chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis.","658",5,"\"In 5 days, 75.6% of [LLLT group] patients showed complete epithelization, while in [pharmacotherapy group] the process was completed in only 37.8% of patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26019580","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[658]],["Low level laser therapy in the treatment of aphthous ulcer.","940",4,"\"Two patients diagnosed with minor RAS were treated in a single sitting with low level laser therapy using 940-nm diode laser. The lesions healed completely within 3-4 days and a follow-up for 1 showed no recurrence in these patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965460","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[940]],["940 nm diode laser therapy in management of recurrent apthous ulcer.","940",3,"\"In this paper one patient with RAS was treated using a 940 nm diode laser for symptomatic relief of pain and burning sensation and healing of ulcer.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23598930","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[940]],["Assessment of immediate pain relief with laser treatment in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.","10600",5,"\"Mean pain scores in the laser group were significantly reduced immediately after treatment (0.68 ± 0.6) compared with pretreatment (8.48 ± 0.71; P < .001).\n\nIn contrast, the placebo group showed little difference in pain scores between pretreatment (8.08 ± 0.70) and immediately after treatment (7.96 ± 0.84).\n\nIn the laser group, significant improvements in healing times were observed (4.08 ± 0.81 vs. 7.84 ± 0.90 days; P < .001).\"\n\nComment: Interesting results with 10600nm CO2-laser! This cannot be explained by cytochrome oxidase, because wavelength is too long.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622766","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[10600]],["Promoting wound healing in minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis by non-thermal, non-ablative CO(2) laser therapy: a pilot study.","10600",4,"\"The healing period was significantly shorter in ulcers treated by NACLT than in those treated with placebo (p=0.02). The process was not painful and anesthesia was not required.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23113511","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[10600]],["Laser Therapy of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer in Patient with HIV Infection.","660",3,"\"The patient was treated with laser therapy with the objective to help reverse the damage and decrease the symptoms. After one week there was remission of the lesions. The laser showed to be an important alternative therapy that promoted analgesic, healing effects and improving the quality of life of patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23346114","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[660]],["Clinical evaluation of low-level laser treatment for recurring aphthous stomatitis.","670",4,"\"The results revealed that 75% of the patients reported a reduction in pain in the same session after laser treatment, and total regression of the lesion occurred after 4 days. Total regression in the corticoid group was from 5 to 7 days.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950190","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[670]],["An evaluation of different treatments for recurrent aphthous stomatitis and patient perceptions: Nd:YAG laser versus medication.","1064",4,"Methods: \"After applying a topical anesthetic gel to the area, articain 4% with 1:200,000 epinephrine (Ultracain D-S Forte; Aventis Pharma, Istanbul, Turkey) was infiltrated around the lesion. The laser’s handpiece was then brought into contact with the entire lesion, which was exposed to laser energy until the surface epithelium was ablated. The typical lesion bled slightly, and then coagulated within 5 sec. The laser was used to remove as much necrotic tissue as possible, including the inflamed red halo\"\n\nResults: \"The results indicated that patients treated with the Nd:YAG laser had less post-treatment pain and fewer functional complications, and reported immediate relief of pain and faster healing (p +/- 0.05). However, only after 5 d was there a significant reduction in the pain levels of the patients treated with medication.\"\n\nComment: The results are quite remarkable.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687056","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[1064]],["Relieving pain in minor aphthous stomatitis by a single session of non-thermal carbon dioxide laser irradiation.","10600",5,"\"The reduction in pain scores was significantly greater in the laser group than in the placebo group.\n\nThe procedure itself was not painful, so anesthesia was not required. Powermetry revealed the CO(2) laser power to be 2-5 mW after passing through the gel, which caused no significant temperature rise or any visual effect of damage to the oral mucosa.\"\n\n\"Our results showed that a low-intensity, non-thermal, single-session of CO(2) laser irradiation reduced pain in miRAS immediately and dramatically, with no visible side effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18408986","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[10600]],["CO2-laser treatment of ulcerative lesions.","10600",3,"\"The patients, presenting stress-related, chemoradiotherapy-induced, and immuno-related oral aphthosis, reported immediate pain relief and rapid recovery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15024356","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[10600]],["Managing aphthous ulcers: laser treatment applied.","10600",3,"\"Carbon dioxide laser therapy was used to treat a minor form of the ulcer (canker sore); the laser therapy reduced or eliminated the pain and inflammation with normal wound healing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2066520","PubMed",95,"Oral","Aphthous stomatitis",[10600]],["Management of alveolar osteitis: new regenerative techniques in patients with type 2 diabetes","",4,"\"After the 5th treatment session, 91% of patients in the 1st group had a VAS score of 0 (no pain), whereas in 9% of patients, the VAS score was 1-3. \n\nIn group 2, a similar result of the VAS score was recorded but only on the 8th day of treatment.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters insufficiently reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40198407/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Alveolar osteitis",[]],["Evaluation of diode laser versus topical corticosteroid in management of Behcet's disease-associated oral ulcers: a randomized clinical trial","980",5,"\"A statistically significant difference was detected between laser and corticosteroid groups favoring laser on comparing composite index and VAS scores on the first and third days and on comparing number of ulcers on the third and fifth days.\"\n\n\"Diode laser is efficient safe treatment modality for management of BD-associated oral ulcers. Diode laser was more efficient than triamcinolone acetonide in controlling pain and reducing oral ulcer activity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34212234/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Behcet's disease",[980]],["Low Level Laser Therapy to Reduce Recurrent Oral Ulcers in Behçet's Disease","980",2,"\"The present paper describes a case report of Behçet's syndrome where aphthous stomatitis was treated with low level laser therapy.\"","","PubMed",95,"Oral","Behcet's disease",[980]],["Does photobiomodulation before or after in-office dental bleaching influence sensitivity reduction? A randomized clinical trial","",4,"\"PBM reduced dental sensitivity, with better results when applied after bleaching, without compromising color change.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40694223/","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[]],["The Use of Diode Low-Power Laser Therapy before In-Office Bleaching to Prevent Bleaching-Induced Tooth Sensitivity: A Clinical Double-Blind Randomized Study","810",3,"\"The results obtained show an increase in VAS values for both groups (290 and 490 vs. 224 and 234 of baseline time of test and placebo group, respectively); afterward, the VAS value seemingly decreases at 1 h after the end of bleaching, approaching the baseline VAS for the test group (274) in comparison to the placebo group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37504242/","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[810]],["Effectiveness of sodium fluoride varnish and/or diode laser in decreasing post-bleaching hypersensitivity: A comparative study","",3,"\"The desensitizing methods exhibited a notable reduction in tooth sensitivity post-bleaching with no significant difference among the following therapies (p = 0.544).\"\n\nComment: No negative control","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35068900/","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[]],["LED photobiomodulation effect on the bleaching-induced sensitivity with hydrogen peroxide 35%-a controlled randomized clinical trial","940",4,"\"LED irradiation decreased the occurrence of sensitivity at all studied evaluation times as well as its intensity, with the exception of the 72-h data when both groups presented no difference. Teeth affected by bleaching-induced sensitivity were significantly greater in the PG. Color measurements presented no differences between the groups in the recently after and later measures.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34997849/","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[940]],["Combination of strontium chloride and photobiomodulation in the control of tooth sensitivity post-bleaching: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial","808",3,"\"The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test indicated that the groups Placebo + PBM, STRONTIUM, and STRONTIUM + PBM did not differ statistically (p ≥ 0.05) in the first and third weeks of treatment The group PLACEBO exhibited the greatest TS in the first three days after each bleaching session.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33909659/","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[808]],["Effect of photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy combined with potassium nitrate on controlling post-bleaching tooth sensitivity: clinical, randomized, controlled, double-blind, and split-mouth study.","808",4,"\"PBM-LLLT and KNO3 are effective at reducing pain sensitivity after tooth bleaching, but no synergistic effect between these treatments was observed for the different evaluation periods.\"\n\n\n\"The effect of PBM-LLLT combined with KNO3 on post-bleaching tooth sensitivity is similar to their individual use alone.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361793","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[808]],["Efficacy of diode laser irradiation during dental bleaching in preventing enamel damage caused by bleaching.","810, 980",3,"\"Within the limitations of this qualitative study, it seems that the application of diode laser at both wavelengths of 810 and 980 nm might reduce the extent of enamel surface alteration that happens during bleaching. This phenomenon was observed not only in the case of the laser-activated bleaching gel but also in the case of the conventional bleaching agent.\"\n\nComment: How? The result seems strange since enamel doesn't even consist of living cells.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30233651","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[810,980]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy combined with 5000 parts per million fluoride dentifrice on postbleaching sensitivity: A clinical, randomized, and double-blind study.","808",3,"\"Teeth treated with laser therapy in combination with the topical use of sodium fluoride at each bleaching session demonstrated less sensitivity compared with the application of sodium fluoride only.\"\n\nComment: Very high intensity treatment was used. They used very strange scales for the pain levels, that make it seem that the benefit was probably modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30079637","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on tooth sensitivity induced by in-office bleaching.","660, 810",4,"\"At 48 h after bleaching, VAS scores in the LLIL and LLRL groups were comparable to each other (p > 0.05) and both were significantly lower than that of the placebo group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of tooth whitening among groups (p > 0.05). LLLT with an infrared diode laser could be recommended as a suitable strategy to reduce the intensity of tooth sensitivity after in-office bleaching.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26964798","PubMed",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[660,810]],["Effects of LED–laser hybrid light on bleaching effectiveness and tooth sensitivity: a randomized clinical study","",4,"\"The use of LED–laser hybrid light, as a catalyst of the bleaching agents, showed a significant decrease of provoked tooth sensitivity and a treatment time reduced by 53%, with the same aesthetic results as without a light source.\"","http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1612-2011/10/8/085601/meta","IOP",109,"Oral","Bleaching",[]],["The Radiological and Stereological Analysis of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Mandibular Midline Distraction Osteogenesis.","830",3,"\"A higher bone mineral density rate was found in the laser group (P < 0.05). A higher newly formed immature bone rate was found in the control group (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that more mature bone may also have a greater mineral organization than that of immature newly formed bone, which is shown by HR-CT and stereological results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26468834","PubMed",102,"Oral","Bone repair (oral)",[830]],["Evaluation of the effect of low-level diode laser therapy applied during the bone consolidation period following mandibular distraction osteogenesis in the human.","905",4,"\"The use of LLLT on distracted bone was found to increase the quality and quantity of bone and to shorten the consolidation period, allowing early removal of the distractor and resulting in decreased morbidity and relapse.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25979190/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Bone repair (oral)",[905]],["Photobiomodulation in the Postoperative of Bichectomy Surgeries: Case Series.","660, 660",4,"\"The efficacy of the PBM protocol on the postoperative period of bichectomy surgeries was evidenced by the decrease of edema and pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29920150","PubMed",95,"Oral","Buccal fat removal",[660,660]],["Long-term efficacy of photobiomodulation in burning mouth syndrome: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","",3,"\"PBM + [oral cryotherapy] combination therapy showed a lower recurrence rate (45.0 %, 9/20) and longer recurrence-free duration (5.33 ± 2.96 months), while PBM alone demonstrated comparable efficacy (22.2 % complete remission; 33.3 % recurrence in PBM responders).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41338367/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[]],["Long-term efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy on pain reduction in burning mouth syndrome: A 3-5-year retrospective analysis","",4,"\"PBM produced significant immediate pain relief, with median NRS scores decreasing from 8 to 1 (P < 0.001). At long-term follow-up, pain partially recurred (median NRS = 6) but remained significantly lower than baseline (P = 0.013).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40854472/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[]],["Efficacy and safety of photobiomodulation combined with oral cryotherapy on oral mucosa pain in patients with burning mouth syndrome: a multi-institutional, randomized, controlled trial","633",5,"\"After 7 weeks of treatment, the PBM + OCT group achieved a high overall response rate for pain reduction (81.25%). This difference in pain reduction trends between the groups resulted in a nearly fivefold greater mean change in the VAS score at the 12-week assessment for the PBM + OCT group than for the DT group (p < 0.0083). \n\nFurthermore, anxiety symptoms were also significantly alleviated by PBM combined with OCT, resulting in a nearly tenfold greater mean change in the GAD-7 score at the 7-week assessment in the PBM + OCT group than in the DT group (p < 0.0083). No severe adverse events were reported during the study period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40189502/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[633]],["Comparative efficacy of low-level diode laser therapy with different wavelengths in burning mouth syndrome: a randomized, single-blind trial","660, 810, 975",4,"\"Statistically significant pain relief was observed in all groups (median reduction of 40%).\n\nThe improvement of numbness in the 810 nm and 975 nm groups (median reduction of 40%) was also significant (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in efficacy were noted among the three groups (p > 0.05). \n\nThese results suggested that LLLT with three different wavelengths effectively reduced pain and that the 810 nm and 975 nm wavelengths also significantly alleviated numbness in BMS patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40163198/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[660,810,975]],["The immediate pain relief of low-level laser therapy for burning mouth syndrome: a retrospective study of 94 cases","635",4,"\"After standardized LLLT session, 71.3% of patients reported an immediate pain decrease. Compared to pre-LLLT treatment, the VAS immediately post-LLLT was significantly reduced (P < 0.001). Mean post-LLLT VAS reduction was 2.2 ± 2.0, equivalent to 39.9% of the initial pain level. \n\nMeanwhile, low VAS before treatment, history of smoking or alcohol, xerostomia, and gingival lesions correlated with worse LLLT efficacy. There were no side effects or adverse reactions were noticed by the practitioner or reported by the patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39744416/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[635]],["Long-Term Benefits of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Health-Related Quality of Life in Burning Mouth Syndrome Patients: A Prospective Study","660",4,"\"The results indicated a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001) in four of the five dimensions of the health-related quality of life questionnaire, namely self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, along with the patients' perceived health level. A total of 13 participants reported suspending or reducing their intake of medications for Burning Mouth Syndrome.\"\n\nComment: The reporting of parameters is inadequate. Does the \"60 s\" in the full text refer to the total duration of PBM application or only a single point?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064312/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[660]],["Burning Mouth Syndrome Treated with Low-Level Laser and Clonazepam: A Randomized, Single-Blind Clinical Trial","",4,"\"A significant decrease in the VAS scores was observed after treatment in group 1 (laser + clonazepam) (p = 0.029) and group 3 (laser) (p = 0.005).\"\n\n\"The low-level diode laser is a good treatment option in BMS, resulting in a decrease in patient symptoms and in salivary biomarkers. However, standardization of the intervention protocols and laser intensity parameters is needed in order to draw more firm conclusions.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38791010/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[]],["Photobiomodulation alleviates Burning Mouth Syndrome pain: Immediate and weekly outcomes explored","940",4,"\"Immediate mean VAS score decreased from a starting score of 7.80 ± 1.83 to 2.07 ± 2.55 (p < 0.001). The mean weekly VAS score for the week after the final treatment session was higher (5.73 ± 2.80, p < 0.001) than the immediate response, but still significantly lower than the starting score (p = 0.017). \n\nWe observed a trend of pain improvement with more treatments, but this was only statistically significant up to the third treatment. Male gender and unilateral pain correlated with better PBM efficacy (p = 0.017, 0.022, respectively).\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38396381/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[940]],["Comparative analysis of photobiomodulation therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for burning mouth: a randomized clinical trial","808",3,"\"TENS and PBM were effective in reducing the symptoms of burning mouth during and after treatment. The PBM group showed a better response during follow-up.\"\n\nComment: On the other hand, TENS was slightly better at the end of treatment.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37656286/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[808]],["Outpatient Oral Neuropathic Pain Management with Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Prospective Analgesic Pharmacotherapy-Paralleled Feasibility Trial","810",5,"\"Our results showed that despite the severe and persistent nature of the symptoms of 57.50 ± 47.93 months at baseline in the PBM group, a notably rapid reduction in PISmax on VAS from 7.6 at baseline (T0) to 3.9 at one-month post-treatment (T3) could be achieved. On the other hand, mean PISmax was only reduced from 8.2 at baseline to 6.8 at T3 in the MED [pharmacotherapy] group.\"\n\nStar: The parameters were clearly reported!","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35326183/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[810]],["Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS)-Treatment with Verbal and Written Information, B Vitamins, Probiotics, and Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial","685",2,"Comment: Hard to interpret the study since the baseline symptom score was different in the passive group (information only) compared to active groups.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35323246/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[685]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Management of Burning Mouth Syndrome: Morphological Variations in the Capillary Bed","800, 805",5,"\"We observed that in the group of patients who underwent laser therapy, there was a lasting improvement in symptoms.\n\nThe capillary oral bed of patients in the placebo group did not show any statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). In the laser group we observed the following: in the buccal mucosa the diameter of the capillary had a reduction of 3 μm; in the upper lip mucosa, there was a reduction of 3 μm; in the lower lip mucosa, there was a reduction of 3 μm; and in the dorsal lingual surface, there was a reduction of 2 μm. An increase in capillary length was also obtained in all irradiated regions in the laser group patients (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"PBM induces microcirculatory changes that are still present over a long period of time, such as an improvement in the clinical picture. The improvement in the symptoms has been correlated to the reduction of the capillary diameter. The placebo effect only led to a temporary improvement in symptoms that were unrelated to changes in the microcirculatory pattern.\"\n\nComment: Abstract says 800 nm, full text says 805 nm wavelength.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32882863/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[800,805]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation With Low-Level Laser Therapy in Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial","810",4,"\"Photobiomodulation seems to be effective in reducing pain in patients with BMS, as well as, having a positive impact on the psychological state of these patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32460396/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[810]],["Efficacy of the photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of the burning mouth syndrome.","",4,"\"Patients treated with PBMT showed a significant decrease in symptoms ( p=0.0008) and improved quality of life related to oral health ( p=0.0002).\"\n\nComment: The differences between the groups became significant after the 6th session. It's positive that this study measured the outcomes after each session.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31655841","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[]],["Low-level laser therapy in patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.","808",2,"\"The initial VAS score mean was 8.9 for the LG and 8.3 for the CG (p >0.05). After the eighth session the VAS score was 5.5 and 5.8 respectively, and at two months it was 4.7 and 5.1 respectively.\"\n\n\"The improvement was marginally significant in the multivariant analysis of: dry mouth, dysgeusia, pain and the treatment (p=0.0538).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30805121","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[808]],["Evaluation of laser therapy and alpha-lipoic acid for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.","660",4,"\"The results of this study suggest that LLLT and ALA are efficient therapies in reducing burning mouth symptoms, with LLLT being more efficient than ALA.\"\n\nComment: Uneven randomizing: \"BMS/laser (n = 10), BMS/ALA (n = 5), SOB/laser (n = 15), and SOB/ALA (n = 14).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29502160","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[660]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on burning mouth syndrome.","815",3,"\"Overall improvements in VAS scores from baseline to the end of treatment were: Group I 15.7%; Group II 15.6%; Group III placebo 7.3%.\"\n\nComment: It's not clear whether they mean \"4\" and \"6\" OR \".4\" and \".6\" joules.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27893167","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[815]],["Low Intensity laser therapy in patients with burning mouth syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.","790",3,"\"According to the protocol used in this study, low intensity laser therapy is as beneficial to patients with BMS as placebo treatment, indicating a great emotional component of involvement in BMS symptomatology. Nevertheless, there were positive results in some statistical analyses, thus encouraging further research in BMS laser therapy with other irradiation parameters.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737361","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[790]],["A randomized pilot study to assess the safety and the value of low-level laser therapy versus clonazepam in patients with burning mouth syndrome.","980",4,"\"Comparing the two groups, LLLT appeared to be superior in improving pain perception, but statistically only at 8 weeks after the end of the protocol proposed (P = 0.026).\"\n\nComment: No negative control group, but a positive control group (clonazepam).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26873501","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[980]],["Evaluation of the efficacy of low-level laser in improving the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome","630",4,"\"Burning sensation severity and quality of life in the two groups after intervention were different significant statistically, (p= 0.004, p= 0.01 respectively) .Patients in laser group had better results.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26535101/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[630]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial.","685, 830",4,"\"There was significant reduction of the symptoms in all groups at the end of the treatment, which was maintained in the follow-up. The scores of the IR1W and IR3W laser groups differed significantly from those of the CG.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26359814/","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[685,830]],["Phototherapy on the Treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Prospective Analysis of 20 Cases.","660",4,"\"All volunteers reported reduced burning intensity in all sessions when compared to the previous one and reduction in VAS scores by up to 49% in the last clinical session when compared to the first session.\"\n\nComment: What is the number of irradiated points?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138316","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[660]],["Treatment of burning mouth syndrome with a low-level energy diode laser.","800",4,"\"The results showed an average reduction in pain of 47.6% (ranging from 9.3% to 91.8%).\"\n\nNote: A comment on this paper was published by Vukoja (et al).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20969436","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[800]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: a case series.","660",4,"\"All patients reported improvement in all sessions, with reduction in VAS scores by up to 58% in the tenth session.\"\n\nComment: The abstract says the dose is 0.8 J/point but full text and the Table 1 say it is 0.4 J/point.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150094","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[660]],["The low level laser therapy in the management of neurological burning mouth syndrome. A pilot study.","650, 910",3,"\"Seventeen patients (68%) had relevant benefits from the treatment with valid reduction of NRS ratings. In 8 cases the differences of NRS rates were not relevant being under the limit of reliability established in study design. In no case there was a worsening of the symptoms.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238700","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[650,910]],["Low-level laser therapy in burning mouth syndrome patients: a pilot study.","790",4,"\"Burning intensity at the end of the laser therapy was statistically lower than at the beginning (p < 0.01). Patients reported an 80.4% reduction in the intensity of symptoms after laser treatment. There was no statistical difference between the end of the treatment and the 6-week follow-up, except for the tongue site.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21142725","PubMed",100,"Oral","Burning mouth syndrome",[790]],["The impact of photobiomodulation of major salivary glands on caries risk.","625, 660, 850",5,"\"At the end of treatment, the following findings were obtained: In the group irradiated with polarized polychromatic light and in the group irradiated with continuous LED light, the Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts decreased and salivary buffering capacity increased (p < 0.05). \n\nIn the group irradiated with pulsed LED light, Streptococcus mutans counts decreased and unstimulated salivary flow and salivary buffering capacity increased (p < 0.05). In all three experimental groups, caries risk was lower (p < 0.05). \n\nIn the placebo control group, there were no statistically significant differences between parameters before and after therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31325124","PubMed",94,"Oral","Caries",[625,660,850]],["Effect of photobiomodulation and selective caries removal in deep cavities on postoperative sensitivity, pulp vitality and dentin neoformation: randomized clinical trial and tomographic evaluation","660, 810",3,"\"All teeth remained vital, and the sensitivity mean scores were not significantly different among groups (p < 0.05)\"\n\n\"Selective removal of infected dentin followed by mild self-etch adhesive application and composite restoration was effective in maintaining pulp vitality, attenuating postoperative sensitivity, and dentin neoformation after 6 months. PBM therapy improved the mineralization density and area of neoformed dentin.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40106016/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Caries removal, deep caries",[660,810]],["Effectiveness of low-level diode laser therapy on pain during cavity preparation on permanent teeth.","",5,"\"All subjects scored a pain reduction in the test group compared with the control group (P< 0.0001), with a reduction of 42% and 16%, respectively, compared to pain felt during the PTPT. The use of LLLT prior to mechanical preparation of a cavity by lowering pain intensity might reduce the quantity of drugs used for pain control required during restorative procedures.\"\n\nNote. Full text not available online?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346674","PubMed",94,"Oral","Cavity preparation",[]],["The effect of low level laser therapy on pain during dental tooth-cavity preparation in children.","2940",4,"\"VAS Median (min-max) scores were 1(0-2) for LLLT and 3(1-4) for the non-LLT treated children. Between LLLT and non- LLLT groups results were statistically significant (p<0.01).\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21473840","PubMed",94,"Oral","Cavity preparation",[2940]],["Photobiomodulation and Miescher's cheilitis granulomatosa: case report","635, 980",4,"\"Our experience describes a clinical case of MCG treated with PBM and effectively resolved with a reduction of the lip swelling. The real success of the treatment emerged over time, showing that the tissue healing was stable. In absence of any collateral phenomena, this confirms the effective and documented therapeutic potential of PBM for chronic inflammatory infiltrates.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33102396/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Cheilitis",[635,980]],["Laser light may improve the symptoms of oral lesions of cicatricial pemphigoid: a case report.","660",3,"\"Concomitant use of systemic steroids and LPT showed a positive effect on controlling oral CP lesions and on improving both oral health and the quality of life of the patient.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878031","PubMed",95,"Oral","Cicatricial pemphigoid",[660]],["Treatment of Ulcerative Lesions with Low-level Laser Therapy in a Patient with SARS-CoV-2","660",4,"\"The patient diagnosed with COVID-19 was admitted to the intensive care unit, on mechanical ventilation, and on a nasogastric tube diet that persisted due to oral lesions. Painful ulcerated lesions, clinically diagnosed as viral ulcer, were found on the tongue, palate, labial commissure, and oropharynx during the oral evaluation. An antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue and red laser (high energy) was performed, followed by treatment with LLLT with red laser. Significant clinical improvement of the lesions was observed after seven sessions of LLLT, with the oral diet being reestablished.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39206239/","PubMed",95,"Oral","COVID-19 / oral symptoms",[660]],["Conservative treatment with mouthwashes followed by tongue photo biomodulation therapy in Covid-19: a case report","",4,"\"The patient used the mouth rinse therapy for 1 month and experienced a 90% improvement in her oral lesions and tongue sensitivity. However, she had repeated flares every 3 weeks over a 6-month period, and the steroid mouthwash achieved incomplete resolution. After three sessions of photobiomodulation therapy, she had no further flares or tongue sensitivity and the lesions healed.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36203211/","PubMed",95,"Oral","COVID-19 / oral symptoms",[]],["Management of orofacial lesions with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation protocols in patients with COVID-19: A multicenter case series","660, 808",4,"\"Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) alone or in combination with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be used to manage orofacial lesions in confirmed cases of COVID-19. Here, we sought to describe the clinical presentation and specificities of three cases in which aPDT and PBMT were used to manage orofacial lesions in patients with COVID-19. The laser protocols were effective with improvement of the orofacial lesions within a few days.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35101621/","PubMed",95,"Oral","COVID-19 / oral symptoms",[660,808]],["Photobiomodulation and antimicrobial photodynamic therapies for orofacial lesions in patients with COVID-19: a case series","660",4,"\"[T]he present study aimed to report a series of cases in which a combination of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) was used for orofacial lesions in patients suffering from COVID-19. It was noted, in all cases, a marked improvement in tissue repair and pain relief within a few days; moreover, the patients recovered their orofacial functions satisfactorily.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33813018/","PubMed",95,"Oral","COVID-19 / oral symptoms",[660]],["Effects of ILIB on anxiety and physiological parameters during third molar surgery: a pilot randomized trial","",3,"\"There was no significant difference in anxiety status between the ILIB and placebo groups. However, the ILIB group demonstrated a statistically significant HR stability after local anesthesia compared to the placebo group. All parameters remained within normal limits throughout the procedure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41460388/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Dental anxiety",[]],["Laser acupuncture and intravascular laser irradiation of blood for management of pediatric dental anxiety","660",3,"\"In the Sham group, there was no significant difference in any variable except CDAS score, which showed a significant increase in anxiety after treatment (P = 0.0285).\n\n[Intravascular laser] and [laser acupuncture] were associated with a significant reduction in HR after treatment (P = 0.0012 and P = 0.0042, respectively). For the other variables of interest, neither [intravascular laser] nor [laser acupuncture] was associated with a significant difference in comparisons of values before and after treatment (P > 0.05, Table 3).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34408110/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Dental anxiety",[660]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on healing after sinus floor augmentation using allograft and xenograft bone materials","635",3,"\"In the present study, a positive effect of LLLT on trismus was observed, whereas no statistically significant effects on pain levels or swelling following sinus lift surgery were found.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42397101/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: bone augmentation",[635]],["A randomised trial of the bone formation after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with bovine hydroxyapatite (Cerabone®) and Photobiomodulation: histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis","660, 808",4,"\"In the PBM group, there was greater bone formation and newly formed tissue in an advanced state of bone maturation. The immunostaining of OCN was greater at 30 days in the PBM group than in the control. There was no significant difference in TRAP immunostaining at 30 days between the groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37519317/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: bone augmentation",[660,808]],["Radiographic Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Therapy-Enhanced Maxillary Sinus Augmentation with Simultaneous Dental Implant Placement.","",5,"\"The LLLT side showed better results than the control side according to the densitometry results. Increase in the bone density at all the postoperative intervals was statistically significant (P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"LLLT enhances bone regeneration in sinus augmentation with simultaneous dental implant placement.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31293929","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: bone augmentation",[]],["Bone Formed After Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation by Bone Autografting With Hydroxyapatite and Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Histomorphometrical and Immunohistochemical Analyses.","830",3,"\"Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in vital bone presence and immunohistochemical analysis between the groups. There was no reduction in bone marrow or fibrous tissue in the AB/HA group and AB/HA-LLLT group. There was a decrease in the amount of remaining biomaterial between the groups (P = 0.0081).\"\n\n\"LLLT did not increase the formation of new bone; instead, it accelerated the bone remodeling process.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30059390","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: bone augmentation",[830]],["Evaluation of the Effects of Photobiomodulation on Bone Density After Placing Dental Implants: A Pilot Study Using Cone Beam CT Analysis","808",4,"\"The study demonstrated results with statistical significance regarding the mineral bone density improvement of patients who underwent laser PBM treatment.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were insufficiently reported.\n\nComment: No control group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40136600/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: bone density",[808]],["Assessment of healing of dental implant surgical site following Low-Level Laser Therapy using Bio-Clinical parameters: An Exploratory Study","",4,"\"The test group showed significantly higher implant stability quotient compared to the control group at 2 weeks (57.93±3.95 and 35.67±3.08; p<0.01) and 3 months (58.86±3.75 and 67.06±3.78; p<0.01).\"\n\n\"Within the limitations of the study, the study suggests that the healing of peri-implant hard and soft tissues may be enhanced with the use of LLLT as an explicit modality during the post-operative period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32662840/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: healing after surgery",[]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy's effectiveness in reducing pain and bone loss around dental implants","",5,"\"The test group's average crestal bone loss at 3 and 6 months was 0.65 and 0.79, whereas the control group's was 1.24 and 1.29. Crestal bone loss varied significantly across the test and control groups (Table 1 - see PDF). The VAS pain levels of the two groups differ appreciably on 2nd and 4th days (Table 2 - see PDF).\"\n\nComment: PBM parameters not reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41657598/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: marginal bone loss",[]],["Low intensity pulsed ultrasound versus low-level laser therapy on peri-implant marginal bone preservation and soft tissue healing following dental implant surgery: a randomized controlled trial","850",4,"\"LIPUS significantly reduced marginal bone loss at 6 weeks and 3 months post-implant compared to LLLT and control groups (p < 0.05). LLLT demonstrated superior soft tissue healing at 7-, 14-, 21-, and 30-days post-implant (p < 0.05). Both interventions significantly decreased pain intensity and improved OHRQoL at various time points compared to the control group (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40269949/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: marginal bone loss",[850]],["Colour Doppler Ultrasonographic Tissue Perfusion Analysis in Peri-Implant Mucosa with and Without Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial","650",4,"\"This study showed that there was a statistically significant increase in vascular channels and Doppler velocity rates and improved bleeding score in group B (p < 0.001) when compared to group A.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41306236/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: mucosal perfusion",[650]],["Effect of 940 nm diode laser adjunct to mechanical debridement on S100A8 levels and clinical parameters in peri-implantitis treatment","940",2,"\"Although there was no statistically significant difference among the groups in probing depth and clinical attachment gain, the greatest numerical improvement was observed in the combined group. Despite clinical improvement, no significant change in total S100A8 levels was detected between groups or over time (p > 0.05).\"","","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: peri-implantitis",[940]],["Rare clinical case report of a contralateral effect of laser biostimulation on the bone regeneration","810",3,"\"This paper describes a unique clinical case of peri-implantitis treated by a laser biostimulation in one side of maxilla and the effect extended to contralateral side in the maxilla. \n\nThis indicates that low level laser therapy treatment may have some degree of bilateral effects within the orofacial region.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35356167/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: peri-implantitis",[810]],["Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis with Standard of Care and Bioptron Hyperlight Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"Group differences were assessed using Student's t-test and Pearson's Chi-squared test of homogeneity. PI and PPD decreased in the Study Group at the [T0; T1] time interval and during the overall time of observation significantly more than in the Control Group; BoP and pain on VAS decreased significantly faster in the Study Group than in the Control Group. Differences in Salivary Antioxidant Test (SAT) changes were not significant at any time interval.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35565077/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: peri-implant mucositis",[]],["Comparison of photobiomodulation and photodynamic therapy as adjuncts to mechanical debridement for the treatment of peri-implantitis","660, 940",3,"\"PBMT and PDT seem to be useful adjuncts to MD for the treatment of peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation among patients with peri-implantitis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34250918/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: peri-implant mucositis",[660,940]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical mechanical debridement in the treatment of peri-implantitis.","940",4,"\"At 3 and 6-months' follow-up, peri-implant PI (P<0.05), BUP (P<0.05) and PrD (P<0.05) were significantly higher among patients that underwent NSMD alone compared with individuals that underwent NSMD with adjunct LLLT. There was no significant difference in CBR in all patients up to 6-months' follow-up. \n\nIn the short-term, NSMD with adjunct LLLT is a useful treatment protocol for the treatment of peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation.\"\n\nComment: The 940nm wavelenght and intervention duration of a single session are not explicitly mentioned in abstract, but parameters appear to be the same as in the Alhumaidan 2022 paper.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32369570","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: peri-implant mucositis",[940]],["Analgesic outcomes of 650 nm versus 810 nm diode laser photobiomodulation after dental implant placement in a randomized controlled trial","650, 810",3,"\"At 2 hours, both PBM groups reported significantly lower pain scores compared to the sham group (p < 0.05), with no severe pain observed in the PBM groups. \n\nThe 650 nm group exhibited significantly reduced analgesic consumption at 2 and 6 hours (p < 0.05), indicating a superior early analgesic effect. \n\nPain scores and medication use converged across groups after Day 1, with no significant differences observed by Day 2 and Day 3, indicating that the analgesic effect was transient and limited to the acute phase. \n\nWhile overall OHRQoL scores did not differ significantly, the 810 nm group showed improvement in the “physical disability” domain. \n\nThese results suggest that PBM, particularly at 650 nm, may serve as an effective adjunct to improve early postoperative outcomes in minimally invasive implant procedures.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42014421/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[650,810]],["Evaluation of local and systemic photobiomodulation in only single-implant insertion: a randomized clinical trial","808, 660",4,"\"The combined use of local and systemic PBM-T decreased the need for postoperative analgesics, enhanced postoperative healing, and improved quality of life for patients undergoing single-tooth implant placement in healed sites.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40531278/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[808,660]],["Evaluation of effect of low-level laser therapy on alleviation of pain in patients with implant-supported mandibular overdenture: A pilot study","810",4,"\"The results showed that on intergroup comparison, the experimental side exhibited significantly reduced VAS pain scores relative to the control side (P<0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40227938/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[810]],["Effect of postoperative 660-nm low-level laser therapy on the radiographic crestal bone loss of fresh-socket dental implants","660",4,"\"This study showed a statistically significant difference in mean bone resorption between the mesial and distal aspects of the two groups, with lower bone resorption in the laser group compared to the no-laser group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39386130/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[660]],["Low-level laser therapy on soft tissue healing after implantation: a randomized controlled trial","1064",5,"\"On the first 3 days after surgery, the pain score of the LLLT group was significantly lower than that of the control group. On the 7th and 14th day after surgery, the PICF volume, mSBI, GI, and TNF-α levels of the LLLT group were lower than those of the control group. The VEGF levels in the LLLT group were significantly higher than that in the control group.\"\n\n\"LLLT can promote the healing of the soft tissue after implantation, effectively relieve postoperative pain, improve clinical indicators, reduce TNF-α, and increase the expression level of VEGF, which is worthy of clinical application.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39639276/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[1064]],["Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in reducing postoperative pain after dental implant surgery: A randomized clinical trial","660, 808",3,"\"Within the limitations of this study, a single dose of 22.5 J LLLT per implant helps to decrease postoperative pain in dental implant surgery at 24 h for partially edentulous patients and at 24 and 72 h for fully edentulous patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39098624/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[660,808]],["Can combining low level laser therapy with computer guided flapless piezosurgical osteotomy achieve a painless implant surgery? Findings of split mouth randomized controlled trial","980",4,"\"Pain scores were found to be significantly lower in the LLLT side after 2, 6, 24, 48 hour of implant insertion (P < .05). \n\nMoreover, Sweling scores were also found to be significantly lower in the LLLT side after 2, 6, 24, 48 hour, and at day 3 of implant insertion (P < .05). However, day 4 and day 7 showed very minimal if any pain and swelling with insignificant differences between the 2 sides (P > .05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36162887/","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[980]],["Efficacy of photo bio-modulation therapy for pain relief and soft tissue wound healing after dental implant surgery: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","660, 810",5,"\"Wilcoxon test showed that the wound healing score on the laser side at 3 (p < 0.001), 7 (p < 0.001), and 14 (p = 0.03) days was significantly better than that on the placebo side. \n\nPaired t-test showed that at all the intervals of 12 h (p < 0.008), 24 h (p < 0.04), 48 h (p < 0.008), and 72 h (p < 0.02), the mean pain score on the laser side was significantly lower than that on the placebo side.\"","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666469021000476","ScienceDirect",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[660,810]],["Evaluation of effectiveness of photobiostimulation in alleviating side effects after dental implant surgery. A randomized clinical trial.","470, 525, 620",5,"\"Pain in the experimental group was less compared to controls and placebo group, at each time intervals (p < 0.001) as well as the maximum pain score (experimental group: median = 2, interquartile range 2-3; control group: median = 8, interquartile range 3,75-9; placebo group: median = 8, interquartile range 6,25-9).\n\nSwelling was almost insignificant in the experimental group (maximum value = 1, interquartile range 0-2,75, at 24 hours) compared with control (maximum value = 6, interquartile range 5-8,75, at 24 hours) and placebo (maximum value = 6, interquartile range 5-8, at 24 hours).\n\nSubjects in the experimental group assumed less analgesics compared to both controls and placebo groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31967979","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[470,525,620]],["The Impacts of Low-Level Laser Therapy - A Complementary Treatment in the Management of Side Effects After Implant Surgery.","830",5,"\"Our results showed that at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the surgery, the pain level was reduced in the laser group compared with the placebo group (P<0.05). Swelling of the face was also significantly reduced 7 days after surgery in the laser group (P<0.05). The investigation on the recovery conditions of the surgical site showed that on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days after the surgery, higher levels of wound healing have been achieved (P<0.05). \"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30809333","PubMed",106,"Oral","Dental implants: postoperative complications",[830]],["Effect of diode laser biostimulation on implant stability, post-surgical inflammation, and bone healing in immediate implant in the maxillary premolars. A randomized double-blind trial","660",4,"\"Implant stability analysis showed a significant difference in the reported secondary stability values in the irradiated group. \n\nThe healing index quantitative assessment of wound healing, reported significantly higher scores compared to the control group at all follow-up points. \n\nRadiographic bone density and labial plate thickness showed statistically insignificant differences.\"\n\nComment: The reported power (100W) does not sound plausible.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41979685/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[660]],["Photobiomodulation in dental implant stability and post-surgical healing: A clinical study","810",5,"\"PBM significantly improved ISQ values at all post-operative time points (p < 0.01). Soft tissue healing scores were also superior in the PBM set (p < 0.05). No adverse events occurred. \n\nPBM significantly enhances early implant stability and accelerates soft tissue healing, supporting its use as an adjunct in dental implant therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41393496/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[810]],["Effect Of Laser Photobiomodulation on Post-Surgical Healing, Implant Stability and Crestal Bone Levels around Implants: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","810",5,"\"At the three-month follow-up, stability was markedly higher in the test group as compared to the control group (p = 0.007*). Healing was also notably better in the test group (p = 0.045*). On comparison of mean crestal bone levels, the test group demonstrated noticeably lower marginal bone levels at 3 months on mesial side in contrast to the control group. By six months, however, significant differences in crestal bone levels were recorded at the mesial and distal aspects surrounding the implants.\"\n\n\"Photobiomodulation demonstrated enhanced outcomes, including greater implant stability, improved healing, and decreased crestal bone loss relative to implants placed without its application.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41042811/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[810]],["Comparative analysis of osteointegration in photostimulated dental implants: 650-976 nm diode lasers versus growth factors","650, 976",5,"\"There was a significant increase in stability after three months, particularly with 650 nm laser photobiomodulation followed by L-PRF application. The differences in ISQ among the three groups were statistically significant. After three months, implant stability was significantly higher both buccally and lingually in Group A, using powers of 75 mW and 100 mW, respectively, compared to the control (P <0.01).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539434/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[650,976]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Crestal Bone Density Around Dental Implants: A Case Report","940",3,"\"This case study details the implant loading in a patient treated with photobiomodulation to achieve implant stability and who has compromised bone type or D4.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39086791/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[940]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Osseointegration of Immediately Loaded Implants with a Connective Tissue Graft: A Randomized Clinical Trial","940",2,"\"No significant difference was found in secondary ISQ between the laser and control groups (P>0.05). In the intervention group, a significant difference was found between the primary and secondary ISQ in the buccolingual dimension (P<0.05) but not in the mesiodistal dimension (P>0.05). The two groups had no significant difference in gingival thickness or vertical bone gain (P>0.05). All implants were successful with no complications.\"\n\n\"LLLT had a significant positive efficacy for the enhancement of secondary stability of implants in the buccolingual dimension. CTG showed optimal efficacy for the treatment of buccal bone dehiscence.\"\n\nComment: It seems that the result is null, but authors conclude that the finding is positive.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39050993/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[940]],["Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation With Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Implant Stability Quotient at Different Time Intervals: A Randomized Clinical Trial","940",5,"\"The repeated-measures ANOVA analysis showed significant differences in the ISQ values between the LLLT group and the control group at two weeks and three months post-implant placement. The LLLT group exhibited higher ISQ values, indicating greater implant stability and improved osseointegration compared to the control group. These findings suggest the potential benefits of LLLT in enhancing dental implant outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38344646/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[940]],["Photobiomodulation in dental implant stability and post-surgical healing and inflammation. A randomised double-blind study","630, 808",3,"\"No differences were found in terms of the mean values of implant stability between the test and control groups over time. \n\nOnly two of the implants (18.2%) from the PBM- group were classified with the maximum healing index (HI = 5), whereas in the PBM+ group, nine implants (45%) were classified with the aforementioned index (P < 0.0001). \n\nUsing the logistic regression, it was determined that the non-application of the laser in the PBM- group caused an OR of 4.333 times of presenting inflammation (IC95% 1.150-16.323; P = 0.030).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36541106/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[630,808]],["Rehabilitation of Atrophic Mandible with Ultrashort Implants Combined with Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Split-Mouth Design Study","660",3,"\"PBM doses A and B were comparable in all evaluated parameters.\"","","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[660]],["Effect of Light Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation on the Stability of Dental Implants in Bone Grafted Cases: a Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial","618",5,"\"The ISQ value [implant stability quotient] was 37.54 on the non-irradiated side immediately after surgery; it decreased to 35.09 one month postoperatively and increased to 46.45 at three months after the operation. The ISQ value was 36.73 on the irradiated side immediately after surgery and it increased to 47.36 and 71.18 at one month and three months postoperatively, respectively.\"\n\nComment: The PBM parameters were not mentioned in the paper, but they mentioned that the device was OsseoPulse which apparently has 618nm wavelength and 20 mW/cm2 power output.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34621344/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[618]],["Effect of low level laser therapy on crestal bone levels around dental implants-A pilot study","980",4,"\"At T3 time interval, the mean change in crestal bone levels around all anatomical implant sites measured was 0.81 (SE 0.04) mm for irradiated group and 0.97 (SE 0.04) mm for nonirradiated group. Intergroup analysis revealed statistically significant (P = .020) less crestal bone loss in group that received LLLT.\"\n\n\"Under the conditions of this study, LLLT reduced the crestal bone resorption surrounding dental implants.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33063461/","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[980]],["Can Low-Level Laser and Light-Emitting Diode Enhance the Stability of Dental Implants?","632, 830",4,"\"The results of this study showed that simultaneous use of LLL and LED increased the stability of the implants after 9 weeks of follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32346244","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[632,830]],["Effect of Combined Application of Growth Factors and Diode Laser Bio-Stimulation on the Osseo Integration of Dental Implants.","808",3,"\"All the groups showed improvement in comparison with Normal group, where L-PRF group showed the best result followed by (L-PRF+LLLT) group, while the LLLT group showed the least improvement in comparison with bothL-PRF group and (L-PRF+LLLT) group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31666858","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[808]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Irradiation on stability and marginal bone of narrow implants retaining overdentures in moderately controlled diabetic patients.","940",3,"\"Within the limits of this study, LLLI has no effect on marginal bone around immediately loaded small diameter implants retaining overdentures in moderately controlled diabetic patients. However, it was beneficial in improving implant stability 6 months after overdenture insertion.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31389750","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[940]],["Photobiomodulation by a 635nm Diode Laser on Peri-Implant Bone: Primary and Secondary Stability and Bone Density Analysis-A Randomized Clinical Trial.","635",4,"\"The application of the 635 nm diode laser enhanced secondary implant stability and bone density. However, to assess the impact of the LLLT on peri-implant bone with different bone densities, further well-controlled long-term trials on larger study groups are needed.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31143771","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[635]],["Effect of Laser Therapy on the Osseointegration of Immediately Loaded Dental Implants in Patients under Vitamin C, Omega-3 and Calcium Therapy.","904",5,"\"Independent student t-test was used to compare means of variables between the laser and the non-laser group while repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare bone densities at different times for the same group. \n\nSignificant increased differences were observed at the mesial, distal and apical sides surrounding the implants of both groups per time. However, the rate of increase was significantly higher in the laser group. \n\nThe mean difference at the mesial side after 6 months was 21.99 ± 5.48 in the laser group and 14.21 ± 4.95 in the non-laser group, while it read 21.74 ± 3.56 in the laser group and 10.78 ± 3.90 in non-laser group at the distal side and was 18.90 ± 5.91 in the laser group and 10.39 ± 3.49 in non-laser group at the apical side. Significance was recorded at P = 0.004, P = 0.0001, and 0.001 at the mesial, distal and apical sides respectively.\"\n\n\"The low-intensity laser irradiation significantly promoted bone healing and speeded up the osseointegration process emphasising the laser's biostimulatory effect.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30159079","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[904]],["The effect of low-level laser 810 nm and light-emitting diode photobiomodulation (626 nm) on the stability of the implant and inflammatory markers interleukin-1 beta and prostaglandin E2, around implants.","626, 810",3,"\"The amounts of Periotest significantly increased 3rd week after surgery in the control group (P < 0.001). However, the laser group and LED group were associated with minimal changes, which indicates lower stability of implant in 3rd week in control group but no changes in stability of test groups (laser and LED). Laser and LED had no effect on the level of IL-1β and PGE2 in 4 and 8 weeks.\"\n\n\"The use of LLL or LED has a positive effect on the stability of the implants 3 weeks after surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30123306","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[626,810]],["Is Low-level laser therapy and gaseous ozone application effective on osseointegration of immediately loaded implants?","830",3,"\"The implant stability quotient values were found significantly higher in Group 1 (LLLT group) and Group 3 (different protocol of ozone therapy group) than the other groups (P < 0.05).\"\n\nComment: The difference was small. No other outcomes were affected.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29888715","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[830]],["The effect of light-emitting diode photobiomodulation on implant stability and biochemical markers in peri-implant crevicular fluid.","626",4,"\"In the control group, significant reduction of ISQ values from week 2 to week 12 were demonstrated. In the LED group, baseline ISQ values were maintained during the study and no significant changes were observed.\"\n\n\"LED application to surgical area has a positive effect on the osseointegration process, and implant stability can be maintained.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24552468","PubMed",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[626]],["Combined New Technologies to Improve Dental Implant Success and Quantitative Ultrasound Evaluation of NIR-LED Photobiomodulation","660, 840",3,"\"Almost 71% of the 294 treated sites demonstrated improvement of at least one QUS grade level, with most of those, 43.4%, dropping by one grade (...) Of interest is the fact that 17.7% of treated sites showed no change whatsoever and, perhaps most intriguing of all, 7.1% of sites actually showed an increase in the QUS grade after treatment.\"\n\n\"After all is said and done, and always remember the previously mentioned caveats, our preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that this combination of new technologies has the potential to significantly impact dental implant success rates. NIR-LED photobiomodulation appears to enhance bone health in vivo by increasing bone density and/or hydration, which accords with published in vitro experimentations.\"","https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-71809-5_18","Springer",102,"Oral","Dental implants: stability",[660,840]],["Evaluation of the Preventive Effect of Photobiomodulation on Orofacial Discomfort in Dental Procedures: A Randomized-Controlled, Crossover Study and Clinical Trial","786",5,"\"The results showed a significant lower pain and tiredness in the laser group. Also, the results showed a statistically significant valid temperature change between the groups at times: T1, T40, and T50.\"\n\n\"According to our results, photobiomodulation showed a positive effect on the face musculature in patients submitted to the treatments, reducing pain and improving the subjective perception of exertion.\"\n\nComment: The treatment procedure apparently was keeping the mouth open for 50 minutes to stimulate a long-duration dental procedure.\n\nComment: It is a little bit unclear whether this is truly a crossover study, the description in the full text seems a little bit odd.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33337926/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Dental treatment comfort",[786]],["Comparing Diode Laser (660 nm) & 8% Arginine Toothpaste vs. Laser Alone for Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial","660",3,"\"The 660-nm diode laser with 8% arginine-containing toothpaste showed a notable and sustained reduction in mean VAS scores and SCASS scores 15 minutes post-application and on days 15 and 30, compared to the diode laser (660 nm) alone.\"\n\nComment: No control group. Both groups received PBM.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789273/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660]],["Comparison of the Effectiveness of Grape Seed Extract and Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial","810",3,"\"The GSE + LLLT group demonstrated the greatest reduction in pain sensitivity, showing a 72.8% decrease for air spray and 59.51% for the cold test at Day 3, compared to the LLLT or GSE groups alone. However, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in pain score reduction among the groups at any time point.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41696662/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Effect of 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser or 15% calcium sodium phosphosilicate prophy paste on dentin hypersensitivity over six months: a double-blind randomized clinical trial","1064",4,"\"Both treatments were efficient in reducing CDH over 6 months and Nd:YAG laser group showed the lowest pain levels.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41369796/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[1064]],["In vivo comparative analysis of low-level laser therapy, sodium fluoride varnish and desensitizing paste for treating dentinal hypersensitivity","",5,"\"Intergroup comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference at later time points (15 days, 1 month, and 3 months), with LLLT demonstrating superior efficacy in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity compared to the other two interventions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41357443/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[]],["Clinical evaluation of the effect of 980 nm diode laser and fluoride varnish on dentin hypersensitivity","980",5,"\"The varnish group showed a reduction in DH up to 30 days, whereas the laser and laser + varnish groups showed a reduction in DH up to 180 days ,with no difference between them.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40638425/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[980]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial","660",5,"\"In both 7 and 30 days, pain values were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group (P = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). No differences were observed between the groups regarding analgesic usage. The experimental group also showed a significant improvement in the impact of oral health on participants' quality of life (P < 0.001), with lower OHIP-14 scores at all time points (P = 0.008).\"\n\n\"These results suggest that photobiomodulation significantly reduces pain at 7- and 30-days following scaling and root planing.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39853488/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660]],["Effect of selective caries removal and photobiomodulation on postoperative sensitivity in deep cavities: randomized clinical trial","660, 810",5,"\"The control group presented a significant increase in spontaneous sensitivity at 12 h (p < 0.05), which decreased to the preoperative level after 14 days. In both IR and R groups, the sensitivity levels remained stable over time (p > 0.05). \n\nAt both 7- and 14-day follow-ups, the spontaneous sensitivity for the IR group was significantly lower than the other groups (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39903323/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660,810]],["Effect of low-level diode laser on dentin topography and symptomatic noncarious cervical lesions prior to composite restorations: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial","445, 660, 970",4,"\"Prior to composite restoration in symptomatic NCCLs, diode lasers with a wavelength of 660 nm showed the highest reduction in sensitivity, followed by 970 nm, whereas 445 nm diode lasers showed the least reduction. Additionally, diode lasers with wavelengths of 660 and 970 nm reduced the width of the dentinal tubules (DT) without inducing melting, as viewed under SEM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38821658/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[445,660,970]],["Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Dentin Hypersensitivity in Periodontally Compromised Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomised Controlled Trial","940",3,"\"LLLT alone was not substantially effective (p = 0.376) on DH alleviation, but it had interaction effects with treatment timepoints (p < 0.001)\"\n\n\"Teeth in the LLLT group were estimated to have a significantly lower VASDH score (mean = 15.06; 95% CI: 10.55–21.49) than that for the non-LLLT group (mean = 21.89; 95% CI, 15.72–30.48) at the third month of orthodontic treatment (T3m, p = 0.011).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36835953/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[940]],["Twelve-Month Follow-Up of Different Dentinal Hypersensitivity Treatments by Photobiomodulation Therapy, Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP Lasers","660, 1064, 1340",5,"\"Within groups, a statistically significant reduction was obtained when the mean value of VAS at T0 was compared with T5. At T5, the PBM group had the highest reduction of VAS (with mean value of 0), while the Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP groups had scores of 1.065 ± 0.674 and 4.665 ± 0.674, respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36556361/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660,1064,1340]],["Photobiomodulation therapy and 3% potassium nitrate gel as treatment of cervical dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial","808",4,"","","",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[808]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy for Management of Hypersensitivity in Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: Case Report","808",4,"\"It was concluded that LLLT can be indicated in the management of hypersensitivity in an adolescent with severe MIH to control pain and to improve his OHRQoL.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35533226/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[808]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for hypersensitivity associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization: a case report","",4,"\"Desensitizing treatment included 4 applications of photobiomodulation therapy (infrared diode laser) and 4 applications of fluoride varnish. After desensitization, the maxillary central incisors received direct composite resin restorations, while the maxillary left first molar, which had an amalgam restoration and recurrent caries, received a resin-modified glass ionomer cement restoration. At the conclusion of the treatment, the patient completed the CPQ11-14 again and reported less difficulty with consuming hot and cold foods and beverages, indicating that treatment had reduced hypersensitivity and its negative impact on her quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34678743/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[]],["Low level laser therapy, Er,Cr:YSGG laser and fluoride varnish for treatment of dentin hypersensitivity after periodontal surgery: A randomized clinical trial","660, 810",5,"\"There was a significant reduction in DH after treatment by low-level lasers, Er,Cr:YSGG laser, or fluoride varnish compared to the baseline data (P<0.05), but the placebo group displayed no significant alteration in DH (P=0.069). At 1 week, the VAS score in the Er,Cr:YSGG laser group was significantly lower than that of the LLLT (P= 0.043) and placebo (P<0.001) groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33881673/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660,810]],["Low-power Laser and Potassium Oxalate Gel in the Treatment of Cervical Dentin Hypersensitivity-A Randomized Clinical Trial","808",3,"\"Potassium oxalate was more effective in reducing immediate CDH. After four applications, all groups showed similar results for the reduction of CDH.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32382926/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[808]],["Effect of Nanohydroxyapatite Associated With Photobiomodulation in the Control of Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","",4,"\"The use of nHAP and application of PBM to laser are effective in the control of dentin hypersensitivity. However, their association did not enhance the desensitizing effect.\"\n\nComment:: Full text not available?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470239/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[]],["The effectiveness of home-use photobiomodulation toothbrush for treating dentin hypersensitivity: A pilot study.","660",4,"\"A significant reduction in dentin pain and hypersensitivity was observed in all three groups. However, the reduction was significantly greater in the combination group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32009733","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660]],["Low-level Laser Therapy in Combination with Desensitising Agent Reduces Dentin Hypersensitivity in Fluorotic and Non-fluorotic Teeth - A Randomised, Controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial.","810",3,"\"Statistically, LLLT+PN was more effective in alleviating DH at all time intervals compared to baseline.\"\n\nComment: Difficult to interpret the results without the full text (not accessed).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31825027","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Effect of the casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) and photobiomodulation (PBM) on dental hypersensitivity: A randomized controlled clinical trial","808",5,"\"The intragroup comparison showed a significant reduction in DH (p < 0.05) with both stimuli after one-month follow-up. The intergroup comparison with the evaporative stimulus showed that CPP-ACPF+PBM significantly reduced DH when compared to the rest of treatments, after one-month follow-up. CPP-ACPF+PBM group statistically differed from the other treatment groups in the DHEQ evaluation after one-month follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31790452","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[808]],["Efficacy Comparison of Nd:YAG laser, diode laser and dentine bonding agent in dentine hypersensitivity reduction: a clinical trial.","810, 1064",4,"\"The efficacy of Nd:YAG laser in reduction of dentin hypersensitivity was significantly superior to that of other modalities at 3 and 6 months.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31182901","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810,1064]],["Comparative evaluation of a low-level laser and topical desensitizing agent for treating dentinal hypersensitivity: A randomized controlled trial","904",4,"\"[LLLT group] showed a significant decrease in mean VAS scores when compared with [control group] at both the one week and three month follow ups (P = 0.04, P = 0.03, respectively).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30294109/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[904]],["Photobiomodulation versus direct restoration in a patient presenting with dentinal hypersensitivity: a 6-month follow-up.","808",4,"\"After 6 months of clinical evaluation, both sets of teeth showed scores of 0.0 (no pain). Based on the results presented, it can be concluded that both treatments provided satisfactory outcomes when applied for the appropriate indication.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29513240","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[808]],["Evaluation of the effectiveness of the photobiomodulation in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity after basic therapy. A randomized clinical trial.","660",5,"\"There was significant difference (p<0.01) in discomfort to thermal and mechanical stimulation between the control and diode laser treatment sites at all evaluation periods. The level of discomfort decreased immediately following diode laser therapy, and continued to demonstrate a decrease for the duration of the study. All teeth remained vital after laser treatment, without adverse reactions or complications.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28512549","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660]],["Evaluation of different treatment protocols for dentin hypersensitivity: an 18-month randomized clinical trial.","810",4,"\"The treatments performed with low-power laser at a low dose and low-power laser at a high dose were both equally effective in decreasing pain in the long-term evaluation\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28391435","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity using low-level laser therapy and 5% potassium nitrate: A randomized, controlled, three arm parallel clinical study.","810",4,"Comment: LLLT seemed to be better than the toothpaste alone or the combination of the toothpaste and LLLT.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251111","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Evaluation of the effect of low level laser therapy toothbrush in treatment of dentin hypersensitivity","650",3,"\"Both sensodyne and laser tooth brushes improve dentin hypersensitivity, although the laser toothbrush led to better results in short.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25987974/","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[650]],["Clinical evaluation of low-power laser and a desensitizing agent on dentin hypersensitivity.","810",4,"\"For low-level lasers, it was observed that there were distinct effects for the different doses; however, both were efficient in reducing pain up to the 6 months of clinical follow-up. Therefore, it could be concluded that all the desensitizing protocols were effective in reducing dentin hypersensitivity, but with different effects. The combination of protocols is an interesting alternative in the treatment of cervical dentin hypersensitivity.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24197517","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Treatment of dentin hypersensitivity with a low-level laser-emitting toothbrush: double-blind randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety.","635",5,"\"In the test group, pain intensity scores decreased from 5.8 ± 1.2 to 2.3 ± 1.6, and in the control group, the scores decreased from 6.4 ± 1.3 to 5.5 ± 2.0 (P < 0.05). This decrease was significantly greater in the test group.\"\n\n\"It was concluded that the use of the low-level laser emitting toothbrush is a safe and effective treatment option for the management of DH.\"\n\nComment: The device is very interesting.\nComment: The parameters were very poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717149","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[635]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity and pain following periodontal flap surgery.","660",5,"\"There was statistically significant decrease in both DH and pain in the laser-irradiated site on the 7th day following periodontal flap surgery, as compared with the control site (p<0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25496085","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660]],["Effect of the clinical application of the diode laser (810 nm) in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity.","810",4,"\"The study concluded that application of diode laser (810 nm) was effective for the reduction of dentine hypersensitivity.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24411005","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Clinical evaluation of two desensitizing treatments in southern Brazil: A 3-month follow-up.","780",2,"\"This study showed that both tested therapies were efficacious in controlling painful symptoms associated with dentin hypersensitivity over the entire 90-day follow-up period. The treatments were able to reduce the painful symptoms caused by dentin hypersensitivity, including placebo.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24180588","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[780]],["Clinical evaluation of Er,Cr:YSGG and GaAlAs laser therapy for treating dentine hypersensitivity: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","810, 2780",4,"\"Based on these findings, it may be concluded that both Er,Cr:YSGG and GaAlAs lasers were effective in the treatment of DH following a single application.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21238531","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810,2780]],["Long-term effect of diode laser irradiation compared to sodium fluoride varnish in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity in periodontal maintenance patients: a randomized controlled clinical study.","810",5,"\"GaAlAs laser and NaF varnish treatments resulted in a significant reduction in the VAS scores immediately after treatments that were maintained throughout the study when compared to the baseline and placebo treatments.\"\n\n\"Within the limits of the study, GaAlAs laser irradiation was effective in the treatment of DH, and it is a more comfortable and faster procedure than traditional DH treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21668343","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Dentinal hypersensitivity following scaling and root planing: comparison of low-level laser and topical fluoride treatment.","",5,"\"Complete absence of pain was achieved in 86.6% of patients treated with laser and only in 26.6% in the fluoride treated group, after the third visit. \n\nBased on our findings, we conclude that low-energy biostimulative laser treatment can be successfully used for treatment of dental hypersensitivity following scaling and root planing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19484401","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[]],["Dentin hypersensitivity clinical study comparing LILT and LEDT keeping the same irradiation parameters","630, 660",4,"\"LILT and LEDT were equally effective to treat dentine hypersensitivity, a 3rd treatment session was not necessary/two sessions are enough.\"","https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lapl.201010060","Wiley",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[630,660]],["Effects of the combined desensitizing dentifrice and diode laser therapy in the treatment of desensitization of teeth with gingival recession.","808",4,"\"The immediate and late therapeutic effects of the diode laser were more evident compared with those of desensitizer toothpaste.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20863237","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[808]],["Clinical evaluation of a 3% potassium oxalate gel and a GaAlAs laser for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.","660",2,"\"No significant differences among the three groups could be detected in their efficacy at either the immediate or 3 month evaluations irrespective of the stimulus.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19715434","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660]],["Immediate efficacy of diode laser application in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity in periodontal maintenance patients: a randomized clinical trial.","810",4,"LLLT appeared to be clearly beneficial for dentin hypersensitivity.\n\nComments: Parameters were inadequately reported.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19519874","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[810]],["Laser therapy in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity.","660, 830",4,"\"The 660 nm red diode laser was more effective than the 830 nm infrared laser and a higher level of desensitization was observed at the 15 and 30 minute post-irradiation examinations. The immediate and late therapeutic effects of the 660 nm red diode laser were more evident in 25-35-year-old patients compared with those of the 830 nm infrared diode laser, in terms of the different age groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15776198","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660,830]],["Clinical evaluation of low-level laser therapy and fluoride varnish for treating cervical dentinal hypersensitivity.","660",3,"\"Data were submitted to analysis and no statistically significant difference was observed between fluoride varnish and laser. Considering the treatments separately, there was no significant difference for the fluoride varnish at the three examination periods, and for laser therapy, significant difference (P < 0.05) was found solely between the values obtained before the treatment and 30 days after the first application. It may be concluded that both treatments may be effective in decreasing cervical dentinal hypersensitivity. Moreover, the low-level GaAlAs laser showed improved results for treating teeth with higher degree of sensitivity.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14641661","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[660]],["Treatment of hypersensitive teeth using neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet lasers: a comparison of the use of various settings in an in vivo study.","1064",4,"\"Faced with the already successful effort of the Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of exposed tooth necks, the effectiveness of the use of different settings of the Nd:YAG laser on exposed dentine was examined in this clinical study. In the case of comparison of the therapy success of the laser settings amongst one another, no significant difference could be found. This leads us to a conclusion, that laser irradiation is therapeutically effective at very low settings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9612165","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[1064]],["Low level laser therapy for dentinal tooth hypersensitivity.","830",5,"\"The mean value of thermal sensitivity decreased 67 per cent (p < 0.001) compared with placebo (17 per cent) and tactile sensitivity decreased 65 per cent (p = .002) compared with placebo (21 per cent) at eight weeks. Results demonstrate that the GaAlAs laser is an effective method for the treatment of both thermal and tactile dentinal hypersensitivity. There were no reported adverse reactions or instances of oral irritation.\"\n\nComment: It seems that the exact wavelength wasn't mentioned in the full text, but it can be assumed it might have been 830nm, because they used GaAlAs laser. Those are in wavelength range of 790-880 nm.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7832682","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[830]],["The effectiveness of the Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of dental hypersensitivity.","633, 633, 1064",4,"\"He:Ne and He:Ne + Nd:YAG laser treatment can be used to reduce dentin hypersensitivity without detrimental pulpal effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8472213","PubMed",94,"Oral","Dentin hypersensitivity",[633,633,1064]],["The soft laser: therapeutic tool or popular placebo?","633",2,"\"Clinical trails demonstrated no advantage in augmenting or replacing conventional treatment of these conditions with soft laser therapy, despite its positive effect on patient attitude toward treatment.\"\n\nIn their commentary, Merritt and Burns wrote that: \"We would guess that the author has used a subminimal dose and then claimed, in error, that low-power laser therapy is of no use.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3205555","PubMed",95,"Oral","Dentistry",[633]],["Salivary levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in patients with denture stomatitis before and after laser phototherapy.","685",4,"TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased significantly more in LLLT group.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19795993","PubMed",95,"Oral","Denture stomatitis",[685]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on Candida albicans growth in patients with denture stomatitis.","685, 830",3,"\"Our observations indicate that LLLT might be valuable in the treatment of denture stomatitis.\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15954824","PubMed",95,"Oral","Denture stomatitis",[685,830]],["Fungicidal effect of diode laser irradiation in patients with denture stomatitis.","685, 830",5,"\"A fungicidal effect was achieved in the laser treated and antimicotic treated groups, whereas most subjects in the placebo group were found to have unchanged conditions\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15493034","PubMed",95,"Oral","Denture stomatitis",[685,830]],["Effect of low-energy laser application in the treatment of denture-induced mucosal lesions.","904",5,"\"The results revealed that lesions in the group treated with laser irradiation were clinically superior in healing when compared with the other groups. Histologic evidence of the therapeutic effect of lasers in healing denture-induced mucosal lesions was demonstrated. \"\n\n\"These findings suggest the effect of therapeutic laser treatment on both soft tissue and bone with subsequent improvement of denture foundation after treatment of denture-induced mucosal lesions.\"\n\nComment: Only the peak power (12W) is given. According to pulse duration (2.82 Hz) and frequency (200 nsec), it appears that the average output power is only about 0.007 mW. If that is true, I wonder how a 904nm light can have any effects. Though, Karu has shown in cell monolayers that pulsing might improve the effect and also, some research with 980nm light has shown that the dose response curve is different with some of the higher wavelengths.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9069080","PubMed",95,"Oral","Denture stomatitis",[904]],["Effectiveness of photobiomodulation in the treatment of xerostomia in type II diabetic patients","980",5,"\"In the test group, unstimulated salivary flow rose from 0.13 ± 0.04 mL/min at baseline to 0.25 ± 0.06 at week 12, and stimulated flow from 0.51 ± 0.09 to 1.00 ± 0.27 (p < 0.001 for both). \n\nUnstimulated flow in the control group increased from 0.12 ± 0.05 to 0.14 ± 0.05, and stimulated flow from 0.48 ± 0.10 to 0.54 ± 0.11, with significance detected only at week 12. \n\nSubjective xerostomia scores also improved in the test group, decreasing from 12.19 ± 2.02 to 8.48 ± 1.83 (p < 0.001), while no significant change was noted in the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42474921/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[980]],["Photobiomodulation for restoring salivary flow after radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","830",4,"\"Compared with the placebo group, the PBM group presented a nearly significant increase in the SFR (0.22 ± 0.29 vs. 0.05 ± 0.15 ml/min, p = 0.051; effect size d = 0.75) after the intervention. A responder analysis revealed that five patients in the PBM group shifted from hyposalivation (SFR < 0.25 ml/min) to normal salivary flow, whereas no such change was observed in the placebo group (p = 0.048). Both groups reported similar levels of satisfaction and adherence, and no adverse events were recorded.\"\n\n\"PBM therapy demonstrated potential benefits in improving salivary flow among oncological patients with chronic RT-induced xerostomia, suggesting possible regenerative effects on the salivary glands.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41013422/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[830]],["Low-level laser and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on salivary glands impact type 2 diabetes mellitus oral microbiome: an interim analysis of a randomized trial","",2,"[Abstract doesn't mention about between-groups differences. Haven't accessed full text yet.]","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40973840/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[]],["Increased Salivary Flow Using Photobiomodulation Therapy in a Patient With Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report","",4,"\"A significant improvement in salivary flow was observed, increasing from 0.4 to 1.64 mL/min post-therapy, with results maintained 6 months after the final application. In addition, the patient's initial moderate xerostomia was reduced to mild, as assessed by a questionnaire using a numerical visual scale.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40785030/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for salivary gland hypofunction: a preliminary human study","808",4,"\"The unstimulated whole saliva flow (UWSF) rate improved in the fifth and tenth PBMT sessions (p = 0.005; p = 0.003, respectively). This improvement was also present 45 days after therapy (p = 0.04), thus demonstrating a long-term effect of PBMT in SGH treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40488944/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[808]],["Effects of photobiomodulation and bethanechol chloride treatment on salivary composition and flow rate in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: longitudinal interventional experimental clinical study","660, 808",4,"\"No significant changes were observed in SFR, pH, and xerostomia pre- and post-RT in both the PBMT and BC-treated groups. However, there was an increase in Cr levels in the BC group and a reduction in P levels in the PBMT group.\"\n\n\"The results suggest that both PBMT and BC treatments can effectively mitigate the impacts of RT, since quality and quantity of saliva were maintained.\"\n\nComment: In this setting, 'no changes' is a positive finding.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825016/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[660,808]],["Management of radiotherapy-induced hyposalivation using photobiomodulation therapy: a case series","980",3,"\"From visits 1 to 8, 80% showed increased USSF and/or SSF, but these were limited and not significant (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, 80% of the patients had lower xerostomia scores, 60% had less dryness frequency, and 40% showed taste improvement. \n\nImprovement in oral health-related quality of life was only observed in 30% of the participants. Strong proportional correlations were found between USSF and SSF as well as SXI and OHIP-5 at study visits 1 and 8 (p < 0.05). \n\nThe findings showed the usefulness of PBMT in reducing xerostomia and taste changes and possibly increasing salivary flow over a 4-week duration. However, randomised clinical trials are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of PBMT compared to other management options.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39833441/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[980]],["Evaluation of photobiomodulation in the salivary production of patients with hyposalivation induced by antihypertensive drugs - A blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial","808",5,"\"The intragroup analysis (before and after treatment) shows a significant difference for both non-stimulated and stimulated salivary flow in the photobiomodulation group (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Comparing the placebo with the photobiomodulation group, significant differences were found for both non-stimulated (p = 0.0441) and stimulated salivary flow (p = 0.0441) after the treatment. No significant differences were found in pH, total protein concentration, calcium concentration.\"\n\n\"Despite the usage of drugs that influence the nervous system and typically result in a reduction of saliva production, photobiomodulation demonstrated a remarkable ability to enhance saliva production by a significant 75%.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608541/'","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[808]],["Evaluation of the Effect of Photobiomodulation on Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","810",5,"\"In the sixth week, the case group produced more stimulated saliva than the control group (P=0.006). They also had less subjective xerostomia than the control group in weeks four to six.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38655042/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[810]],["Immediate effects of photobiomodulation on saliva production","808",3,"\"The bioinhibitory action of photobiomodulation on healthy salivary glands occurred at a dose of 18J and 24J, while the biostimulant action happened at a dose of 9J, regardless of demographic, anthropometric variables and medication use. The self-perception of reduced salivary flow occurred at 24J.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38808859/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[808]],["Evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on salivary flow and composition in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy","",4,"\"PBMT prevented a significant reduction in SFR and xerostomia induced by radiation therapy. These findings suggest that PBMT prevents salivary gland damage minimizing the decline in salivary flow.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38218654/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[]],["The Photobiomodulation effect of 980 nm Diode Laser on Patients with Xerostomia","",4,"\"The volume (P < 0.0001) and the weight (P < 0.0001) of the saliva were increased by using a 980 nm diode laser. While, in smokers and diabetic patients with hypertension, no significant difference was observed in either saliva volume (P = 0.593, P = 0.092) or weight (P = 0.785, P = 0.089).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38117359/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[]],["Photobiomodulation for the management of xerostomia and oral mucositis in patients with cancer: a randomized clinical trial","808, 606",5,"\"QoL scores significantly increased in the Sham group (p < 0.0001), denoting more severe xerostomia symptoms (p = 0.0074), and decreased in the PBM-T group, indicating no or very mild xerostomia. Higher grades of OM were found in the Sham group than the PBM-T group (p = 0.0001).\"\n\n\"PBM-T improved QoL in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy, whether as radiation alone or as an adjunct to chemotherapy and surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37060370/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[808,606]],["Efficacy of Photobiomodulation in Reducing Symptomatology and Improving the Quality of Life in Patients with Xerostomia and Hyposalivation: A Randomized Controlled Trial","810",4,"\"The patients subjected to PBM therapy showed a significant improvement of xerostomia based on the drainage test, and of oral quality of life (p < 0.001). \n\nThe depression score of the HAD (HAD-D) and the ESS showed improvement, though without reaching statistical significance (p > 0.05). \n\nThe placebo group showed significant changes in the xerostomia VAS score at 6 weeks (p = 0.009), with no variations in any of the other studied parameters (p > 0.05). The beneficial effects of the diode laser in the PBM group persisted at one year post-treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35743485/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[810]],["Evaluation of the salivary function of patients in treatment with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer submitted to photobiomodulation","830",2,"\"Based upon the results of this study it was possible to conclude that the use of photobiomodulation did not significantly interfere with the xerostomia complaint of patients in treatment with radiotherapy, however, it does seem to prevent patients from reaching higher degrees of xerostomia taking into account salivary flow measures.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33247577/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[830]],["Effects of photobiomodulation in salivary glands of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis","808",4,"\"At baseline, most subjects had self-perception of poor oral health (52.6%) and salivary dysfunction (63.1%). Clinical exam revealed that 47.3% of subjects presented dry mucosa. \n\nPBMT promoted increase of the non-stimulated (p = 0.027) and stimulated saliva (p = 0.014) and decrease of urea levels in both non-stimulated (p = 0.0001) and stimulated saliva (p = 0.0001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33745088/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[808]],["Photobiomodulation in the treatment of xerostomia associated with hyposalivation in a pediatric patient with systemic scleroderma","660, 808",4,"\"We report the case of a 7-year-old female patient diagnosed with systemic scleroderma where photobiomodulation therapy was used to treat xerostomia associated with hyposalivation.\"\n\n\"After this therapy, an increase in salivary flow, remission of the xerostomia, and an improvement in mastication and swallowing were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34277488/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[660,808]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Salivary Flow and Composition, Xerostomia and Quality of Life of Patients During Head and Neck Radiotherapy in Short Term Follow-Up: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","660, 810",3,"\"Unstimulated saliva pH was higher in LG than SG at T3 (p = .037). No difference between groups was noted in relation to salivary flow and composition, xerostomia or quality of life. Our results suggest that PBM may help in preserving salivary pH during radiotherapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570059/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[660,810]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy to the Major Salivary Glands Increases Salivary Flow and MUC5B Protein Secretion in Diabetic Patients with Hyposalivation: A Preliminary Study","940",4,"\"The mean dry mouth score revealed a significant decrease in dry mouth symptoms at the sixth visit and follow-up visit compared with those at the first visit (p < 0.001).\"","http://www.ijil.ui.ac.id/index.php/health/article/viewArticle/8547","Universitas Indonesia Journals",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[940]],["Different Protocols of Photobiomodulation Therapy of Hyposalivation.","685, 830",5,"\"Results have shown that the laser treatment significantly improves salivation (p < 0.0001) in both groups after 10 days treatment. The salivation also remains improved 10 days after the end of treatment. The patients treated with PBM of 830 nm have had continuously higher values of quantity of saliva.\"\n\n\"Our results have shown that both laser wavelengths were effective in increasing salivary flow rate, and the improvement in salivation was statistically significant. The effect of treatment could be observed 10 days after the completion of treatment, thus providing evidence not only of stimulative effect but also indicating regenerative potential of PBM therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29022754","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[685,830]],["Impact of low-level laser therapy on hyposalivation, salivary pH, and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients post-radiotherapy.","808",4,"\"Taken together, data showed that LLLT seems to be effective to mitigate salivary hypofunction and increase salivary pH of patients submitted to radiotherapy for HNC treatment. As a final result, an evident improvement in quality of life could be achieved.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258315","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[808]],["The Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Drug-Induced Hyposalivation: A Pilot Study.","830",3,"\"Significant difference in unstimulated salivary flow rate after the treatment was found in the study group (p = 0.002) compared with the sham group. No significant difference in stimulated salivary flow rate after treatment was found in the laser group (p = 0.626) nor in the sham laser group (p = 0.233). No significant difference in patient's quality-of-life score was found after both treatments.\"\n\n\"The results of this study showed that the LLLT increased unstimulated salivary flow rate significantly. However, stimulated salivary flow rate did not increase significantly after the LLLT. In patients who underwent sham laser therapy, neither unstimulated nor stimulated salivary flow rate increased significantly.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27415181","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[830]],["Low-Level Laser for Mitigation of Low Salivary Flow Rate in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiochemotherapy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.","660, 780",4,"\"At N15, Nf, and N30, patients treated with LLL showed significantly higher averages of salivary flow rate when compared with patients receiving clinical care only.\"\n\n\"LLL seems to be an efficient tool for mitigation of salivary hypofunction in patients undergoing RT for head and neck cancer.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196626","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[660,780]],["Low-level laser therapy for the prevention of low salivary flow rate after radiotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer.","660, 780",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy, administered concomitantly with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, appears to mitigate treatment-induced salivary hypofunction in patients with head and neck cancer.\"\n\nComment: This study might have some overlap with the other Gonnelli 2016 paper. However, this isn't sure since the studies have a different amount of subjects and some differences in the follow-up/measurement times.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27141130","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[660,780]],["Effect of laser acupuncture on salivary flow rate in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.","650",5,"\"True laser acupuncture led to a significantly higher amount of saliva production, measured after the end of the protocol (5 weeks), and during the 6-month follow-up period.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24820476","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[650]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on salivary glands in patients with xerostomia.","904",4,"\"Effects of low-level laser therapy on salivary glands are not only stimulating, but also regenerative to a degree since the glandular response to the same amount of applied laser energy increased linearly over time.\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054200","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[904]],["Laser phototherapy as topical prophylaxis against radiation-induced xerostomia.","660",4,"\"Patients were divided into two groups: 12 individuals receiving three laser irradiations per week (G1) and 10 patients receiving one laser irradiation per week (G2).\"\n\n\"According to Wilcoxon and Student statistical test, xerostomia for G1 was lower than for G2 (p < 0.05), and salivary flow rate was no different before and after RT, except for stimulated collection of G2, which was lower (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Our results suggest that LPT can be beneficial as an auxiliary therapy for hypofunction of salivary glands.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814701","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[660]],["Effects of low-level laser treatment on mouth dryness.","",3,"\"This simple non-invasive method could be used in everyday clinical practice for the treatment of MD.\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977100","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[]],["Laser as a therapy for dry mouth symptoms in a patient with Sjögren's syndrome: a case report.","780",4,"\"Dry mouth symptoms improved during LPT. After LPT, the parotid salivary gland pain and swelling were no longer present. Treatment with LPT was an effective method to improve the quality of life of this patient with SS.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19938253","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[780]],["Low-level laser therapy in the prevention of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia and oral mucositis","685",5,"\"In the group submitted to radiotherapy and laser the incidence of mucositis (p < 0.001) and pain (p < 0.016) was significantly lower and the salivary volume (p < 0.001) was kept higher during and after the treatment.\"","http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-39842006000200012&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en","SciELO",98,"Oral","Dry mouth (xerostomia / hyposalivation)",[685]],["Influence of different photobiomodulation protocols on the prevention of chemotherapy-induced dysgeusia in breast cancer patients treated with Doxorubicin-Cyclophosphamide: a phase III, randomized, triple-blinded non-inferiority clinical trial","660, 808, 660, 808",4,"\"Protocols R or IR proved to be inferior to the R + IR laser photobiomodulation protocol.\"\n\nComment: Thus combination seems to be superior.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40658227/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dysgeusia",[660,808,660,808]],["Talquetamab-Induced Dysgeusia Successfully Treated With Photobiomodulation Therapy","660, 808",3,"\"After 7 days/third session of PBM, the patient displayed a significant improvement in sensitivity to tastes, mainly salty and bitter. After 7 weeks of follow-up, there was a slight reduction in sensibility to salty and no change in other tastes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40673647/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dysgeusia",[660,808]],["Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Dysgeusia in Patients with Long COVID: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial","",4,"\"Dysgeusia improved in both groups. At weeks 7 and 8, improvement scores were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the sham group (p = 0.048).\"\n\nNote: A comment to this paper has been published https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38739455/","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38416635/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dysgeusia",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy prevents dysgeusia chemotherapy induced in breast cancer women treated with doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide: a triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","660, 808",5,"\"PBMT patients showed less objective and subjective taste loss (p<0.05). On the other hand, the placebo group showed a higher ECOG status (p=0.037) and more significant weight loss (p<0.001) after four cycles of AC. The QoL was significantly higher in the PBMT group (p<0.05) at all assessment periods, and PBMT treatment also reduced the incidence of cachexia (p=0.020), anorexia (p<0.001), diarrhea (p=0.040), oral mucositis (p=0.020), and vomiting (p=0.008).\"\n\n\"PBMT reduced the taste loss and improved the overall health status and QoL of patients with breast cancer treated with AC.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34799776/","PubMed",98,"Oral","Dysgeusia",[660,808]],["Treatment of Oral Lesions in Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa: A Case Series of Cord Blood Platelet Gel and Low-level Laser Therapy.","904",4,"\"Seven patients (4 males) with dystrophic EB were included. The mean age at baseline was 19.8 years (range 8–34). Nineteen oral lesions were treated; the buccal mucosa was the most common site (37%) (Fig. 1), followed by the lips (27%), tongue (21%), floor of the mouth (11%) and gingiva (4%).\"\n\n\"A statistically significant difference was observed for reported pain and clinical size of lesions from the first day of treatment provided (Table I). Statistical analysis was performed only until T4. At T5 and T6 no patients presented lesions in the treated area. During the follow-up period, at T7 only one patient developed a new lesion in the same treatment site; all patients continued to have other oral lesions at untreated sites.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27535037","PubMed",95,"Oral","Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (oral lesions)",[904]],["The Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Depth of Anesthesia During Endodontic Treatment of Teeth With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial).","980",5,"\"The results of this study showed that the necessity for supplemental injection was lower in the group receiving laser than in the group without laser (P = 0.033). The mean pain intensity during dentin cutting was lower in the group receiving laser than in the group without laser (P = 0.031). Also, the mean pain intensity during pulp dropping was lower in the group receiving laser, than the group without laser (P = 0.021).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29399304","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Anesthesia",[980]],["Non-surgical Management of a Large Endodontic Lesion Using Diode Laser-Assisted Decompression and Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Case Report","980",4,"\"A 58-year-old female patient presented with a mandibular radicular cyst that extended from teeth #25 to #28 with a complicated buccal cortical perforation and proximity to the mental foramen. Treatment consisted of multi-visit root canal therapy with diode laser disinfection in the canals (980 nm, 200-µm fiber, 1 W, 1 second. for every 2 mm canal length, 4 passes) and PBMT (0.5 W, 30 seconds per point, 6 points; 7 sessions over 4 weeks) for the canals. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that a large PA lesion was resolved through a distinctive diode‑laser and PBMT, achieving significant healing in 10 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789285/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Case reports",[980]],["Effects of low-power red laser on dentine-pulp interface after cavity preparation. An ultrastructural study","660",3,"\"The irradiated group presented odontoblast process in higher contact with the extracellular matrix and the collagen fibrils appeared more aggregated and organised than those of control group. These results were also observed in the healthy teeth.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17485070/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Dentin-pulp complex",[660]],["Evaluation of dentin bridge formation and postoperative pain reduction after direct pulp capping using photobiomodulation therapy, platelet-rich fibrin, and mineral trioxide aggregate - A randomized clinical trial","980",3,"\"At 24 h, there was no significant reduction in pain compared to baseline across all the groups. \n\nHowever, in the first and second weeks, groups treated with PBMT showed a significant reduction in pain (P = 0.00). \n\nCBCT revealed that PBMT-treated groups had greater dentin bridge development, particularly in Group B2.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42339034/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Direct pulp capping",[980]],["Evaluation of Histological Response of Human Pulp to MTA as DPC Agent With LLLT-Split Mouth Randomised Controlled Trial","",3,"\"Results showed that the group with LLLT had a higher incidence of complete dentine bridges (87.5% vs. 68.8%) and thicker bridges (> 0.25 mm: 81.3% vs. 68.8%), though differences were not statistically significant. Inflammation was significantly lower in the LLLT group, with all samples showing moderate inflammation compared to 68.8% in controls, and some severe inflammation cases. Tissue organisation was similar between groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41002007/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Direct pulp capping",[]],["A preliminary study on the effect of photobiomodulation with diode laser on direct pulp capping of cariously exposed teeth","635",3,"\"The study yielded success rates of 80% and 90% for groups A and B, respectively. Group B showed increased success rates, although not statistically significant which can be attributed to the laser’s biostimulation properties.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40256696/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Direct pulp capping",[635]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy Following Direct Pulp Capping on Postoperative Sensitivity by Thermal Stimulus: A Retrospective Study","1064",3,"\"A retrospective study was performed using the records of patients who received direct pulp capping using mineral trioxide aggregate.\"\n\n\"A statistically significant difference was found in sensitivity to cold stimulus between groups on day 7 (p=.007), but no difference was found at the preoperative, 6 hour, and day 1 time points (p=.055, p=.132, p=.100, respectively). In the intragroup evaluation, a significantly greater decrease was detected in the photobiomodulation therapy group compared to the control group, although both groups showed a reduction in discomfort throughout the follow-up period (p=.000).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33827095/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Direct pulp capping",[1064]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Postoperative Pain in Endodontic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study","808",4,"\"No significant differences were found between groups in postoperative pain, analgesic consumption, ecchymosis, edema, or percussion at any time point. Bone repair and lesion size reduction were similar between groups. The PBM group showed significantly better soft tissue healing at 7 days (P=0.013) and lower fistula prevalence at 24 hours (P=0.006).\"\n\n\"Postoperative PBM did not demonstrate superior pain reduction to ibuprofen at 24 hours after conventional apical surgery.\"\n\nComment: Coloured as a positive finding because PBM showed equivalent benefits as ibuprofen.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575240/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Endodontic surgery",[808]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on soft and hard tissue healing after endodontic surgery.","810",5,"\"The laser group showed better results in edema, wound healing, and the number of analgesic tablets used on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th postoperative days. Significant reduction in ecchymoses was observed in the laser group on the postop 3rd and 7th days. The patients had significantly lower pain on the 1st and 3rd postop days in laser group. The laser group showed significantly better results in OHIP-14 and GOHA indexes on postop days 1 and 3. \n\nThe laser group showed significantly favorable results in terms of bone density, defect volume and area, and periapical index in the postop 3rd month. This study concluded that LLLT improved soft and hard tissue healing after endodontic surgery and also showed favorable effects on pain and life quality of patients especially in the early phase of healing period.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29713842","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Endodontic surgery",[810]],["The effect of photobiomodulation on total amount of substance P in gingival crevicular fluid: placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.","",3,"\"For placebo group, there is no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative total amounts of substance P level (p = 0.553). For PBM group, postoperative total amount of substance P level was significantly higher than those of preoperative level (p = 0.005). Within the limitation of the present study, PBM has immunomodulation effect linked to the modulation of the total amount of substance P in the gingival crevicular fluid.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30171442","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: gingival crevicular fluid",[]],["Low-level laser therapy as adjunctive treatment for a sodium hypochlorite accident: a case report.","685",4,"\"The LLLT was applied to the necrotic area with a punctual mode (2 points) for 12 seconds per point. The patient reported a substantial reduction in pain after the second application, and the wound was completely healed after 6 sessions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31355767","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Hypochlorite accident",[685]],["Use of a 660-nm Laser to Aid in the Healing of Necrotic Alveolar Mucosa Caused by Extruded Sodium Hypochlorite: A Case Report.","660",4,"\"The conventional treatment protocol was combined with low-level laser therapy. Clinical and radiographic examinations after 7 months revealed complete repair of the necrotic area with no paresthesia and further indicated the integrity of the apical region of the tooth where the extrusion of sodium hypochlorite occurred.\"\n\nComment: The author didn't report dose parameters.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26371982","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Hypochlorite accident",[660]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy versus calcium hydroxide intra-canal medication on postoperative pain and inflammatory mediator reduction in symptomatic apical periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial","",3,"\"Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the LLLT and Calcium Hydroxide groups in terms of postoperative pain at any assessed time point, nor in percussion pain at 1-week post-instrumentation (p > 0.05). \n\nFurthermore, the reduction in substance P and IL-8 concentrations between PS-1 and PS-2 samples did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.123 and p = 0.385, respectively).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42186077/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[]],["Clinical study on low-level laser therapy to control postoperative pain and quality of life in patients undergoing root canal treatment","808",5,"\"LLLT reduced 24-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores (2.1±1.2 vs 4.8±1.5; p<0.001) across all timepoints. Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) scores improved significantly (15.3±3.1 vs 22.7±4.5; p<0.001) with 58% less analgesic use. Immediate LLLT advances RCT recovery as safe adjunct for pain control and enhanced OHRQoL.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42109378/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[808]],["Evaluating the effect of cryotherapy and low-level laser therapy on postoperative pain and quality of life in patients with symptomatic apical periodontitis- a randomized controlled clinical study","970",4,"\"After 24 h, postoperative pain reduced significantly in the cryotherapy arm when compared with the LLLT arm. However, no statistically significant differences in postoperative pain were found between the two test arms at 48 h, the third day, fifth day, and seventh day. Subjects in the control arm were relieved of postoperative pain after the fifth day. Subjects in the cryotherapy arm required fewer analgesics, with intake limited to the first 24 h postoperatively. Conversely, participants in the LLLT arm needed analgesics for the initial 48 h postoperatively. In contrast, subjects in the control arm had the longest duration of analgesic use, up to the fifth day.\"\n\n\"Application of cryotherapy and Low-Level LASER Therapy was found to be effective at 24 h and 48 h respectively, in the management of postoperative endodontic pain. The findings highlight the potential benefits of cryotherapy and LLLT compared to standard postoperative care alone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41606397/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[970]],["Preventive and therapeutic effects of semiconductor laser on pain in root canal treatment","810",4,"\"On the first day after treatment, the VAS scores of all experimental subgroups were significantly lower than the Control group (P < 0.001), with the LLLT group showing the best immediate pain relief effect. \n\nOn days 2–3 after treatment, there was no significant difference in pain scores between the LAI and LLLT groups, but both were better than the Control group (P < 0.001). \n\nOn day 7 after treatment, the Combined group had the most long-lasting analgesic effect, showing a significant difference compared to the Control group. \n\nBy day 14, the differences among groups were no longer statistically significant (P > 0.05). \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41063319/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[810]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on postoperative pain following root canal filling with resin-based and bioceramic sealers: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial","980",4,"\"BG-based sealers in conjunction with LLLT showed the least postoperative pain compared to the resin-based sealers.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40860382/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[980]],["Effect of cryotherapy, laser therapy and intraligamentary dexamethasone injection on post-treatment pain after single visit RCT-A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial","940",4,"\"Adjunctive therapies like Cryotherapy, LLLT, and Intraligamentary injection of dexamethasone have shown to be beneficial in reducing postoperative endodontic pain in mandibular molars with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Among these three, cryotherapy showed significantly lower pain levels at all-time intervals.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40008073/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[940]],["Effect of Laser Photobiomodulation on Postoperative Pain After Single-Visit Endodontic Treatment in Children: A Randomized Control Trial","810",5,"\"The mean VAS scores were significantly lower in the PBM group compared to the placebo group at the 4th h, 12th h, and 24th h post-treatment (p ≤ 0.05). The pain levels remained stable over time in the PBM group, with no significant difference in pain scores from 4 h to 48 h (p = 0.57). In the placebo group, the pain gradually decreased from the 4th h to the 48th h, with a significant reduction in pain observed between the 12th h and 48th h (p = 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39767940/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[810]],["Can diode laser 810 nm decrease post endodontic pain in patients with asymptomatic necrotic maxillary incisors? A four-arm randomized controlled trial","810",5,"\"Diode laser reduced postoperative pain after necrotic teeth with large-sized apical lesion treatment, whereas using diode laser either as an IAS or LLLT reduced the postoperative pain compared with the control group. Moreover, the usage of a diode laser in both previous techniques represents the best protocol for postoperative pain relief during 14 days of treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38485988/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[810]],["Evaluation of photobiomodulation for postoperative discomfort following laser-assisted vital pulp therapy in immature teeth: A preliminary retrospective study","635",4,"\"Photobiomodulation decreased postoperative sensitivity and was more acceptable for patients. Further randomized clinical studies with placebo-controlled groups are needed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37849444/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms (in pulpotomy)",[635]],["Comparison of ıntracanal ozone and low-level laser therapy on postoperative pain in vital teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis:placebo-controlled randomize trial","",4,"\"There was difference between the groups on postoperative pain at the days 1, 2, and 3; however, there was no significant difference on other days. LLLT and ozone groups had less postoperative pain and pain on percussion.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37776342/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[]],["Efficiency of diode laser in control of post-endodontic pain: a randomized controlled trial","",5,"\"LLLT is superior to LAI and ML group in the control of immediate postoperative pain after 24 h while after 48 h both LAI and LLLT were equally effective, but they still showed significant differences when compared to ML group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36662285/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on postoperative pain after single-visit root canal retreatment of mandibular molars: A randomized controlled clinical trial","980",3,"\"Low-level laser therapy reduced postoperative pain after single-visit root canal retreatment of mandibular molars only four hours following the procedure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34383325/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[980]],["Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy With Different Locations of Irradiation on Postoperative Endodontic Pain in Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","808",4,"\"LLLT (...) was an effective measure as a supplement to oral analgesics in the reduction of [postoperative endodontic pain] compared to the placebo.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32802283/","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[808]],["Comparison of the effect of photobiomodulation therapy and Ibuprofen on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment: randomized, controlled, clinical study.","808",5,"\"Outcome was superior with photobiomodulation therapy at 6 h (p < 0.001), 12 h (p = 0.005), and 24 h (p < 0.001) intervals compared with Ibuprofen. The results for the 72 h (p = 0.317) interval were similar, both in the VRS and NRS scales. \n\nIt may be concluded that the use of photobiomodulation therapy was effective in reducing pain within the first 24 h when compared with the administration of Ibuprofen 600 mg.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31811497","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[808]],["Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy on Postoperative Pain in Molars with Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.","970",4,"\"LLLT resulted in lower pain levels than those noted in the control and placebo groups on days 1 and 3 (P < .05). There were no significant differences among the placebo, LLLT, and control groups in terms of postoperative percussion pain levels (P < .05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144985","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[970]],["Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment: a randomized, controlled, clinical study.","808",4,"\"For the prevalence of pain, the difference between the groups was significant for the evaluations performed after 6 h (p = 0.04) and 24 h (p = 0.02). The difference after 24 h remained significant after stratification by sex and extrusion of filling material.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29658070","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[808]],["Effect of preoperative ibuprofen in controlling postendodontic pain with and without low-level laser therapy in single visit endodontics: A randomized clinical study.","640, 875, 905",4,"\"The combination of low-level laser and ibuprofen showed the best results in terms of postoperative pain reduction.\"\n\n\"This study proved that low-level laser therapy can be an effective alternative for conventional use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in controlling postendodontic pain thereby eliminating the adverse effects of such drugs on the patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29442086","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[640,875,905]],["Management of Post Endodontic Retreatment Pain With Low Level Laser Therapy.","808",2,"\"Low level laser irradiation had limited effects to decrease pain associated with the endodontic retreatments in the first and second molars; however, more studies are required to assess the effects of different parameters of low level laser in this regard.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29123632","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[808]],["Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy on Postoperative Pain after Root Canal Retreatment: A Preliminary Placebo-controlled, Triple-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.","970",4,"\"On the first 4 days, postoperative pain significantly reduced in the LLLT group compared with the placebo group (P < .05). However, no statistically significant differences in postoperative pain were found between the 2 groups after 5 and 7 days (P > .05). The number of patients who needed analgesics was lower in the LLLT group than in the placebo group (P < .05). No patient reported pain during LLLT application.\"\n\n\"LLLT may reduce postoperative pain after RCR of mandibular molars.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28967495","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[970]],["Efficacy of low level laser therapy in reducing postoperative pain after endodontic surgery-- a randomized double blind clinical study.","809",3,"\"The results revealed that the pain level in the laser group was lower than in the placebo group throughout the 7 day follow-up period. The differences, however, were significant only on the first postoperative day (Mann-Whitney U-test, p<0.05). Low level laser therapy can be beneficial for the reduction of postoperative pain. Its clinical efficiency and applicability with regard to endodontic surgery, however require further investigation. This is in particular true for the optimal energy dosage and the number of laser treatments needed after surgery.\"\n\nComment: The pain levels were low in the control group. Therefore the need for extra pain reduction via LLLT/PBM might be not that important in this case.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14758818","PubMed",105,"Oral","Endodontics: Postoperative symptoms",[809]],["Pulpal response following photo-biomodulation with a 904-nm diode laser: a double-blind clinical study.","904",3,"\"Majority of the participants (66.7 %) demonstrated an analgesic effect following PBMT (elevated EPT scores); however, nine participants (30 %) reported the lower EPT scores than the control. Both the treatment effects (stimulation and analgesia) were significant compared to the placebo.\"\n\n\"In most individuals, PBMT of healthy teeth with a 904-nm GaAs diode laser can induce analgesia, as witnessed by elevated EPT scores. A converse effect can occur in a minority of subjects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27553623","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulp",[904]],["Effects of Diode Low-Level Laser Therapy of 810 Nm on Pulpal Anesthesia of Maxillary Premolars: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial","810",5,"\"A low-level laser at 810 nm significantly alleviate EPT-induced pain compared to the pain before laser irradiation (P≤0.001). While the difference of EPT-induced pain before and after sham laser irradiation was not significant in control group (P>0.05).\"\n\n\"An 810 nm low-level laser is a powerful device for induced anesthesia applications in patients requiring dental procedures. It also lessens the patients' fear of dental procedures.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047291/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulpal anesthesia",[810]],["The comparison of calcium hydroxide + biostimulation, calcium hydroxide, formocresol, and MTA pulpotomies without biostimulation in primary teeth: 12-months clinical and radiographic follow-up","820",4,"\"After 12 months, the clinical and radiographic success rate (a tooth with at least one of the findings was considered unsuccessful) was 97%/92% for FC and 97%/95%, 87%/73%, and 71%/45% for MTA, CH + PBMT, and CH, respectively.\"\n\n\"CH without PBMT showed the worst clinical and radiographic results among the groups. CH + PBMT showed similar clinical success compared to the MTA and FC groups. In radiographic success, CH + PBMT showed higher success compared to CH, but this success was not high as compared to MTA and FC.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35230575/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulpotomy success rate",[820]],["Efficacy of laser photobiomodulation pulpotomy in human primary teeth: A randomized controlled trial","660",5,"\"LPBM group (experimental group) complete hemostasis was achieved by exposing root canal orifices to 660 nm GaAlAs diode laser of 36 mW output in noncontact mode for 4 min\"\n\n\"There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical success rates between the formocresol group (97.05%) and the photobiomodulation group (94.1%) (χ2 = 0.34, P = 0.55); however, the radiographic success rate was significantly high in the laser group (94.1%) compared to the formocresol group (58.82%) (χ2 = 11.76, P = 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35102971/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulpotomy success rate",[660]],["Clinical and Radiographic Success of Low-Level Laser Therapy Compared with Formocresol Pulpotomy Treatment in Primary Molars","",4,"\"At six months, the clinical success rate was 98 percent for each group. Radiographic success was 100 percent for the LLLT group and 98 percent for the FC group. At 12 months, both groups showed a clinical success of 96.1 percent.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33087220/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulpotomy success rate",[]],["Evaluation of Four Pulpotomy Techniques in Primary Molars: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","633",4,"\"The 12-month clinical success rate for each technique was: FC=100%, FS=95%, CEM=97.5% and LLLT/CEM=100% with no significant differences (P>0.05). Furthermore, 12-month radiographic success rate for each technique was: FC=100%, FS=92.5%, CEM=95% and LLLT/CEM=100% with no significant differences (P>0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29692828","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulpotomy success rate",[633]],["Low-level laser therapy as an alternative for pulpotomy in human primary teeth.","660",3,"\"The lowest degree of pulpal inflammation was present in LLLT + calcium hydroxide (P = 0.0296). Calcium hydroxide showed the highest rate of hard tissue barrier (P = 0.0033), odontoblastic layer (P = 0.0033), and dense collagen fibers (P = 0.0095). On the other hand, formocresol showed the highest incidence of internal resorption (P = 0.0142). Based on this study, low-level laser therapy preceding the use of calcium hydroxide exhibited satisfactory results on pulp tissue healing. However, further clinical studies on human teeth with long-term follow-up are needed to test the low-level laser therapy efficacy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240388","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulpotomy success rate",[660]],["Clinical and radiographic outcomes of the use of Low-Level Laser Therapy in vital pulp of primary teeth.","660",3,"\"At the 18 months follow-up, 100% of the FC group, 66.7% of CH group, 73.3% of the LLLT group and 75% of the LLLT + CH group.\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that Low Level Laser Therapy may be considered as an adjuvant alternative for vital pulp therapy on human primary teeth. Low Level Laser Therapy preceding the use of calcium hydroxide showed satisfactory results.\"\n\nComment: The results were just a little bit better than calcium hydroxine. Formocresol group had the best results.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974864","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Pulpotomy success rate",[660]],["Effects of endodontic retreatment by conventional therapy compared to combined therapy with an Er:YAG laser and photobiomodulation: A randomized clinical trial","2940, 635",4,"\"The study results demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the mean PL size at 6 months postoperatively in the test group (mean PL size: 1.55 ±0.51 mm) as compared to the control group (mean PL size: 1.95 ±0.71 mm) (p < 0.05). \n\nIn the test group, postoperative pain on VAS was significantly lower after the procedure (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40135760/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Root canal treatment success",[2940,635]],["Comparison and Evaluation of Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) with Intracanal Medicament on Periapical Healing","660",3,"\"No significant difference was noted for postoperative pain and PAI scale between both groups Significant difference was noted in the reduction of the periapical lesions for 3 and 9 months follow up, but was not significant for 6 months. The healing was better in Group I which received Low-level laser therapy with the conventional root canal treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37693996/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Root canal treatment success",[660]],["Photobiomodulation therapy and endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis using 940-nm diode laser. Report of two cases","940",4,"\"This work presents two cases of pulp necrosis/asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP) that were treated with 940-nm DL, administered both to disinfect the root canal and to apply PBMT to the periradicular tissues. The cases were analysed by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35317289/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Root canal treatment success",[940]],["Evaluation of effect of low level laser therapy with intracanal medicament on periapical healing: A randomised control trial","660",4,"\"Significant differences were noted in reduction of periapicallesion at 3 and 9 months follow-up. The healing was better in Group I that received LLLT with the conventional Root Canal Treatment (RCT).\n\nValues for postoperative pain was lower in Group I than Group II, but were statistically non-significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35229767/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: Root canal treatment success",[660]],["Neoangiogenetic potential of Nd:YAG 1064 nm photobiomodulation in non-surgical healing of trauma induced periapical bone defects: a clinicalprospective pilot study","1064",3,"\"PBM group showed a more significant mean reduction in size, volume, and surface area of the periapical lesion and lower post-operative pain scores, though not statistically significant. Also, the PBM group presented with more remarkable hard tissue development, as seen by an improvement in echogenicity from hypoechoic to predominantly hyperechoic or hyperechoic.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39969589/","PubMed",107,"Oral","Endodontics: trauma-related periapical lesions",[1064]],["The photobiomodulation therapy together with the use of cord blood platelet gel could be safely suggested as primary treatment for oral lesions in patients with inherited epidermolysis bullosa.","645",4,"\"One week after the end of the proposed protocol, all patients got statistically better. \"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32176390","PubMed",95,"Oral","Epidermolysis bullosa (inherited)",[645]],["Role of photobiomodulation in controlling the gag reflex during posterior tooth extraction, a pilot case series","976",4,"\"Preoperative GSI scores (3.3 ± 0.6) underwent a significant decrease postoperatively (1.3 ± 0.5; P < 0.001). Concurrently, PGS scores showed a moderate positive correlation with baseline GSI. LLLT was found to be an effective method of controlling the gag reflex during posterior tooth extraction, thereby facilitating the procedure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41572059/","PubMed",97,"Oral","Gag reflex",[976]],["Effect of Low-level LASER Therapy on P6 Acupoint to Control Gag Reflex in Children: A Clinical Trial.","940",4,"\"LLLT on PC6 point was found to be effective in lowering anxiety levels as observed by faces modified anxiety rating scale. Further, it was authenticated as the pulse rates were significantly reduced and oxygen saturation levels were significantly increased. Also, gag reflex was significantly controlled when LASER stimulation was done at PC6.\"\n\nComment: It's somewhat suspicious/implausible that irradiating the wrist would have an effect on gag reflex.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29078966","PubMed",97,"Oral","Gag reflex",[940]],["Photobiomodulation Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy as a Palliative Treatment of Symptomatic Geographic Tongue (A Double-blinded Randomized Clinical Trial)","660",5,"\"The study group showed a low level of pain, burning sensation, and better healing with statistically significant differences [between the groups] at T2 and T3 of the follow-up period, with a level of significance was set at p < 0.05.\"\n\nComment: Full text available via ResearchGate.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32584285/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Geographic tongue",[660]],["Laterally closed tunnel technique with and without adjunctive photobiomodulation therapy for the management of isolated gingival recession-a randomized controlled assessor-blinded clinical trial","660",3,"\"The adjunctive use of photobiomodulation did not show a better outcome concerning recession depth but appears to provide faster healing of the surgical wounds and better patient comfort.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545437/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Gingival recession treatments",[660]],["Photobiomodulation (low-level laser) therapy for immediate pain relief of persistent oral ulcers in chronic graft-versus-host disease","940",4,"\"Data from eleven patients with a total of 56 PBMt sessions were analyzed. In 48 (85.7%) sessions, the patients reported less pain immediately after treatment, with a reduction of ≥ 50% of the initial pain level in 43 (76.8%) sessions. Mean pre- and post-treatment pain levels were 5.20 ±2.7 and 1.38 ±2.1, respectively (p < 0.001), i.e., a post-treatment reduction of 73.4% of the initial pain level. The benefits of the treatment remained for a mean of 6.50 ±5.4 days (range of 2 to 14 days). No adverse effects were reported.\"\n\n\"PBMt seems to be a promising treatment modality for refractory oral cGVHD lesions as a rapid pain reliever with relatively long-lasting effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33474595/","PubMed",114,"Oral","Graft-versus-host disease",[940]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy and Dexamethasone in the Management of Oral Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Case Report","660",4,"\"Complete healing of the oral lesions was observed in 5 days although the patient had acute skin and gastrointestinal GVHD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33095112/","PubMed",114,"Oral","Graft-versus-host disease",[660]],["Chronic oral graft-versus-host disease: induction and maintenance therapy with photobiomodulation therapy","",4,"\"We report continuing follow-up of 7 cases of oral cGVHD that were treated with PBM therapy. PBM therapy was continued in these patients with the goal of determining the best management schedule of PBM to maintain or improve control of each patient's symptoms and signs of oral cGVHD.\"\n\n\"Oral sensitivity and mucosal changes of cGVHD were controlled with a continuing schedule of PBM therapy of up to 6-8-week treatment intervals in patients with continuing GVHD. These findings suggest that PBM therapy represents an additional approach for continuing management of oral cGVHD and that the frequency of treatment should be individualized for each patient to provide best control of oral findings. In one case weekly PBM treatment was continued, while in others, management on a monthly or bimonthly basis was associated with control of the oral condition. PBM may be individualized and provided based upon best control of the symptoms and signs of oral GVHD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32666212/","PubMed",114,"Oral","Graft-versus-host disease",[]],["Photobiomodulation and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Cytomegalovirus Reactivation Following Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease","660",4,"\"In the present case, the use of aPDT and PBMT combined with conventional\nsystemic immunosuppressive therapy resulted in a significant clinical\nimprovement in oral manifestations in less than a week.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32502720/","PubMed",114,"Oral","Graft-versus-host disease",[660]],["Photobiomodulation and photodynamic therapy for the management of oral graft-versus-host disease: a case report.","660",4,"\"On the fourth day, all oral lesions were completely repaired and the patient’s oral functions totally recovered\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32315780","PubMed",114,"Oral","Graft-versus-host disease",[660]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Alleviates Tissue Fibroses Associated with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Two Case Reports and Putative Anti-Fibrotic Roles of TGF-β.","660, 850, 810",3,"\"We present two cGVHD cases of oropharyngeal fibrotic changes that affected functions that were treated with photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. These case reports suggest that PBM therapy represents an additional, innovative approach affecting discrete phases in cGVHD-associated fibrotic changes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053051","PubMed",114,"Oral","Graft-versus-host disease",[660,850,810]],["Photobiomodulation therapy in the management of chronic oral graft-versus-host disease.","660, 660, 850",4,"\"Oral pain, sensitivity, and dry mouth improved in most patients.\n\nThese findings suggest PBM therapy may represent an additional approach for management of oral cGVHD, and suggest that controlled studies should be conducted to confirm the efficacy and safety of PBM therapy in oral cGVHD and to determine optimal PBM therapy protocols.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27655559","PubMed",114,"Oral","Graft-versus-host disease",[660,660,850]],["Usefulness of low-level laser for control of painful stomatitis in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease.","830",5,"\"The painful period was shorter in the LLLT group (4.0 +/- 1.3 days) than in the placebo LLLT one (6.7 +/- 1.6 days) with a statistically significant difference (p<0.005). The treatment was judged acceptable for 90.0% (18 of 20) of patients. No adverse events were observed in any cases.\"\n\n\"LLLT is a useful method to control HFMD stomatitis by shortening the painful period, with its high acceptability and lack of adverse events.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14709221","PubMed",95,"Oral","Hand, foot, and mouth disease",[830]],["Blue Light Therapy for Achieving Hemostasis and Accelerated Wound Healing Post Extraction: A Randomized Control Trial","480",5,"\"The LED-treated group showed significantly faster bleeding cessation (30.80 ± 5.22 s) compared to the control group (161.04 ± 25.69 s). After 72 h, the LED-treated sockets exhibited better healing than the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40453608/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Hemostasis (in tooth extraction)",[480]],["Haemostasis in Oral Surgery with Blue-Violet Light","410, 470",5,"\"The examination group showed the shorter duration of bleeding compared to the control group for 13.67 seconds and 156 seconds, respectively.\"\n\n\"The blue-violet LED light shortens the bleeding time from the extraction socket after tooth extraction and may be a promising method for achieving haemostasis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29731942/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Hemostasis (in tooth extraction)",[410,470]],["Effects of ozonated olive oil and photobiomodulation using diode laser on gingival depigmented wound: A randomized clinical study","940",3,"\"A laser depigmentation procedure was conducted on seven patients exhibiting bilateral upper and lower gingival melanin hyperpigmentation, followed by the application of ozonated oil (Group 1) and laser PBM (Group 2). \"\n\n\"The application of ozonated oil was found to be more efficacious in promoting the initial healing of wound in comparison to PBM. Both ozonated oil and PBM also showed the same capabilities in reduction of the postoperative pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34667386/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Hyperpigmentation / depigmentation treatments",[940]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in Improving Quality of Life in Kindler Syndrome: A Case Study","",4,"\"Following PBM therapy, the patient's mouth opening improved significantly from 19 mm to 23 mm. This enhancement allowed for the initiation of prosthetic rehabilitation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40330510/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Kindler syndrome (oral manifestations)",[]],["Efficiency of laser therapy applied in labial traumatism of patients with spastic cerebral palsy.","685",4,"\"Low-intensity laser showed to be effective in traumatic soft tissue treatment in cerebral palsy patients by accelerating the healing process, reducing secondary contamination, promoting analgesia; thus, it can be an important tool in the treatment of these patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15690768","PubMed",108,"Oral","Labial trauma / injury",[685]],["Low level laser therapy reduces oral leukoplakia lesion size: Results from a preliminary study.","660",4,"\"Mean surface area of leukoplakia lesion was 437.4 mm2 before application of LLLT and 222.8 mm2 post treatment [=after at least 10 treatments].\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30098877","PubMed",95,"Oral","Leukoplakia",[660]],["660 AsGaAl laser to alleviate pain caused by cryosurgical treatment of oral leukoplakia: a preliminary study.","660",4,"\"Treated OL sites appeared to be clinically normal and with no evidence of recurrence during the average 9-month follow-up period. It could be observed that the LLLT group reported less pain than did the non-LLLT group.\"\n\n\"LLLT is an important strategy used to reduce post-surgical pain caused by cryosurgical treatment of OL.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21214392","PubMed",95,"Oral","Leukoplakia",[660]],["Comparative clinical efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy and topical corticosteroids for oral lichen planus","660",5,"\"At week 4, PBMT showed superior pain reduction (VAS: 4.2±0.8 vs. 3.1±0.9, p=0.002), greater lesion severity improvement (TSS reduction: 2.8±0.7 vs. 2.1±0.8, p=0.005) and higher clinical response (70% vs. 50%, p=0.031). \n\nPBMT maintained pain reduction advantage at week 8 (p=0.018) with no adverse events, while 10% of TCS patients reported mild irritation. \n\nThus, PBMT demonstrates superior efficacy and safety over TCS for OLP management.\"\n\nComment: Beam size not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42145411/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[660]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Management of Oral Lichen Planus and its Outcome in Refractory Cases of Erosive Form","980",4,"\"Following photobiomodulation (PBM), all cases had complete remission of burning sensation and healing of ulceration and have shown no recurrences in the past 6 months, making PBM an ideal choice for the management of oral burning conditions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789275/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[980]],["Molecular evidence for the efficacy of PBM therapy in the treatment of Oral lichen planus","810",4,"\"PBM significantly reduced patients' pain intesity and improved the clinical signs of the lesions. OLP tissue sections demonstrated lower staining for bcl-2 and Ki-67 compared to healthy controls. After therapy the expression of bcl-2 increased significantly. An enhance in Ki-67 immunoreactivity was revealed predominantly in the atrophic-erosive epithelium.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39798779/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[810]],["Clinical Improvement and P63-Deficiency Correction in OLP Patients After Photobiomodulation","810",4,"\"The calculated EI showed PBM effectiveness in 90% of cases. Increased p63 positivity and staining intensity were observed after therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39590388/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[810]],["Histological Improvement and Cytokine Levels Reduction in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus after Photobiomodulation Therapy","810",4,"\"PBM significantly reduced the level of pain and clinical scores of the lesions. Salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in OLP patients were significantly higher compared to those in healthy controls and decreased after therapy. 60% of the post-treatment OLP biopsies demonstrated histological improvement, characterized by inflammatory infiltrate reduction (50%), epithelial hyperplasia reduction (30%), epithelial thickening (15%), or epidermal-dermal attachment repair (5%).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39457611/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[810]],["Case Report: Recalcitrant oral lichen planus involving bilaterally buccal mucosae treated with a combination of photodynamic and photobiomodulation therapies","635",4,"\"After undergoing ten sessions of PDT with 10% 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in the form of thermoplastic gel and a 635 nm diode laser at 100 to 400 mW with an energy density of 20 to 30 J/cm 2 in continuous wave mode, combined with five interim-sessions of PBMT using a 635 nm diode laser at 200 to 300 mW with an energy density of 6 to 10 J/cm 2 in continuous wave, the patient reported relief of burning sensation beside remission of lesions without any complications.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38854440/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[635]],["Comparing the Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Topical Steroid Therapy Combination Regimen With Routine Topical Steroid Therapy in the Management of Oral Lichen Planus Symptomatic Patients","810",5,"\"The pain score on day 21 of intervention in category A was 2.5, while it was 4.63 in category B. The difference in findings was significant statistically at day 21 (p = 0.0032). The pain score on day 28 of intervention in category A was 1.3, while it was 3.0 in category B. The difference in findings was significant statistically at day 28 (p = 0.003).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37750131/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[810]],["Single session of laser photobiomodulation for symptom management of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study","980",4,"\"The mean VAS-pain score was 3.8 (SD 2.3) before PBM; 2.6 (SD 2.0) after PBM; 1.9 (SD 2.2) on day 1; 2.0 (SD 2.3) on day 7; and 1.5 (SD 2.2) on day 30. VAS pain decreased significantly over time (p < 0.0001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36656450/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[980]],["Photodynamic Therapy, Photobiomodulation and Acetonide Triamcinolone 0.1% in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"Pain decreased significantly over time in all groups, though the symptoms relapsed over follow-up at one and three months in group 3. The OHIP-14 score improved significantly in groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05), and this improvement was maintained after three months. Lesion resolution evaluated by the Thongprasom score at one month showed significant differences between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.032) and between groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.024).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678659/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[]],["Comparative efficacy of topical aloe vera and low-level laser therapy in the management of oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial","980",4,"\"Intergroup comparison showed significant results in the laser group (reduction of VAS by 44.1%, site score by 24.6%, and activity score by 50%) as compared with the aloe vera group (reduction of VAS by 26.7%, site score by 9.2%, and the activity score by 26%) in the treatment period. In the follow-up period, both groups showed insignificant differences in comparison to each other.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34853932/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[980]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy vs. Corticosteroid for the Management of Erosive/Ulcerative and Painful Oral Lichen Planus. Assessment of Success Rate during One-Year Follow-Up: A Retrospective Study","635",4,"PBM is effective for managing OLP and is significantly similar to topical corticosteroids without any need for the use of medication and with no reported side effects.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34574912/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[635]],["Analysis of the psychopathological profile, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness of oral lichen planus patients treated with photobiomodulation","660",3,"\"OLP patients showed detected levels of anxiety, depression, and poor quality of life at baseline. No improvement in anxiety and depression was noticed after treatments. However, PBM and corticoid significantly improved the quality of life of OLP patients, considering the OHIP-14-T and the physical pain domain. The treatment with corticoid was more cost-effective than PBM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251533/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[660]],["Preliminary evaluation of the utility of optical coherence tomography in detecting structural changes during photobiomodulation treatment in patients with atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus","645, 980",4,"\"According to our analysis, both PBM and 0.05% clobetasol propionate were able to provide a significant modification of the oral mucosa and of the epithelium-connective interface, detectable as changes of EP and LP width.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251533/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[645,980]],["Photobiomodulation is effective in oral lichen planus: A randomized, controlled, double-blind study","660",4,"\"These findings indicate that photobiomodulation twice a week is as effective as corticoid therapy in treating oral lichen planus.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012017/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[660]],["Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on Erosive-atrophic Oral Lichen Planus.","810",4,"\"There was a significant reduction in pain after LLLT (p<0.0001). Improvement in clinical signs was achieved in 59.3% of the lesions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355837","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[810]],["Efficacy of photodynamic therapy and low level laser therapy against steroid therapy in the treatment of erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus.","630",4,"\"Within the limits of the present RCT, it is indicated that PDT and LLLT are effective in the treatment of erosive-atrophic forms of OLP in adult patients. However, further comparative clinical trials are needed to obtain strong conclusions in this regard\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29414735","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[630]],["Comparison of Low-Level Laser Therapy versus Ozone Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus.","808",2,"\"The sign scores decreased in almost all scoring groups; however, statistically significant improvement was found in the ozonated and corticosteroid-treated groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26512161","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[808]],["Efficacy of laser phototherapy in comparison to topical clobetasol for the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial.","660",5,"\"At the end of treatment (Day 30), significant reductions in all variables were found in both groups. The LPT group had a higher percentage of complete lesion resolution. At follow-up periods (Days 60 and 90), the LPT group maintained the clinical pattern seen at Day 30, with no recurrence of the lesions, whereas the clobetasol group exhibited worsening for all variables analyzed. These findings suggest that the LPT proved more effective than topical clobetasol 0.05% for the treatment of OLP.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887747","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[660]],["Clinical evaluation of the efficiency of low-level laser therapy for oral lichen planus: a prospective case series.","980",3,"82 lesions were treated, and LLLT seemed to reduce the clinical score and pain. No control group.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23549680","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[980]],["LLLT in combination with non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with gingival oral lichen planus: a pilot study.","980",3,"LLLT appeared to have some benefits. However, there was no control group. Parameters weren't reported.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860251/","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[980]],["Use of low level laser therapy for oral lichen planus: report of two cases.","630",4,"\"This article presents two cases of erosive/ ulcerative oral lichen planus, who had not received any treatment before, treated with 630 nm low level laser. Lesion type and pain was recorded before and after treatment. Severity of lesions and pain were reduced after treatment. Low Level Laser Therapy was an effective treatment with no side effects and it may be considered as an alternative therapy for erosive/ulcerative oral lichen planus.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24724146","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[630]],["A comparative pilot study of low intensity laser versus topical corticosteroids in the treatment of erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus.","630",4,"\"Appearance score, pain score, and lesion severity was reduced in both groups. No significant differences were found between the treatment groups regarding the response rate and relapse.\"\n\n\"Our study demonstrated that LILT was as effective as topical corticosteroid therapy without any adverse effects and it may be considered as an alternative treatment for erosive-atrophic OLP in the future.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21214369","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[630]],["Effect of low-level laser irradiation on unresponsive oral lichen planus: early preliminary results in 13 patients.","904",4,"\"We detailed significant reduction in lesion size and in reported pain. No reported complications or therapy side effects were observed in any of the patients treated.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20738169","PubMed",103,"Oral","Lichen planus",[904]],["Photobiomodulation vs. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after diode laser excision of lower lip lesions: a case series","808, 808, 660",4,"\"PBMT can be an alternative in relation to the use of nimesulide, allowing for less painful symptoms and optimization of the healing process.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40888946/","PubMed",54,"Oral","Lip laser excision: postoperative symptoms",[808,808,660]],["Effects of myotherapy combined with photobiomodulation on the lips: a randomized clinical trial","808",2,"\"There were no results indicating an increase in maximum or average lip pressure; however, there was an increase in labial resistance in G1.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40900493/","PubMed",54,"Oral","Lips",[808]],["Immediate effects of photobiomodulation on maximum lip pressure","808",2,"\"The doses tested were 1 J (G1), 4 J (G4) and 7 J (G7), applied at six points of the orbicularis oris muscle\"\n\n\"The maximum lip pressure increased significantly only in the group irradiated with 7 J.\"\n\nComment: Even in the 7J group, the increase was quite modest (12%).\n\nComment: Blinding of the patients not adequately described.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35019078/","PubMed",54,"Oral","Lips",[808]],["Laser phototherapy in acute posttraumatic trismus - Case-series study","810",4,"\"By scanning with an 810-nm laser beam, within less than 20 hours after the trauma, large areas of all the involved tissues and not just a few points, as described until now, the limited mouth opening in acute posttraumatic trismus was immediately and greatly resolved.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32158068/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Mandibular trauma",[810]],["Immediate Effect of LED Cluster on Masticatory Muscles in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Down Syndrome: A Pilot Study","660",2,"\"Although no statistically significant differences were found, the electromyographic patterns suggested improved muscle symmetry and neuromuscular stability following a single application of the LED cluster.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789277/","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[660]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation on Orofacial Function and Electromyography in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome: A Preliminary Case Series","",3,"\"Five individuals with DS underwent three PBM sessions. Orofacial function was assessed using the NOT-S protocol and electromyography measured masseter and temporalis muscle activity.\"\n\n\"Electromyography showed greater muscle stability, reduced variability in electrical signals, and more balanced chewing forces. The NOT-S indicated improvements in nasal breathing and salivation control. However, discrepancies were observed between clinical findings and questionnaire responses, mainly in chewing function.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40899130/","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[]],["Efficacy of different low-level laser therapy sessions in the management of masseter muscle trigger points","940",4,"\"The pain scores exhibited a highly statistically significant difference among the three groups (p < 0.001) over the 8-week study period. MMO was statistically significantly different between groups at week 4 and week 8. The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) score was statistically significant difference between groups at week 8. The time showed a highly significant effect on the study outcomes within each group.\"\n\n\"Increased the number of LLLT sessions reduced the pain improved the MMO, and subsequently improved the quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327563/","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[940]],["The analgesic effect of photobiomodulation therapy (830 nm) on the masticatory muscles: a randomized, double-blind study.","830",2,"\"We concluded that PBMT (830 nm) reduces pain in algic points, but does not influence the extent of mouth opening in patients with myalgia.\"\n\n\"There were no significant differences in pain measurements based on VAS scores, as shown in Table 4.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267668","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[830]],["Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy on masseter thickness and oral health-related quality of life in children with spastic cerebral palsy.","808",4,"\"In the EG, the study results revealed average increments of 0.77 (0.08) millimeter in masseter thickness (P < 0.05) and 7.39 (0.58) millimeter for mouth opening (P < 0.05) and reduction in all P-CPQ domains (P < 0.001), except for social well-being.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536904","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[808]],["Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of masticatory muscles spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.","808",4,"\"Our investigation revealed low-level energy exposures from a 808-nm diode laser to be an effective short-term therapeutic tool. This method increased the amplitude of mouth opening and decreased the muscle tonus of children with spastic CP over a time course of three weeks of intermittent laser applications.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26882450","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[808]],["Early results of low-level laser application for masticatory muscle pain: a double-blind randomized clinical study.","820",5,"\"In both laser groups, there was a statically significant reduction in PPT values of the muscles, number of muscles without any pain on palpation increased significantly, mandibular movements' ranges were improved. Laser group I demonstrated statistically better results than the Laser group II in all of the measured values. Plasebo group did not show any statistically difference in any of the measured values.\"\n\n\"LLLT can be accepted as an alternative treatment modality in the management of masticatory muscle pain and direct irradiation seems to effect better.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26496720","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[820]],["Low-level laser therapy and myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","660, 890",5,"\"In each group the reduction of pain before and after the treatment was meaningful, but, between the two groups, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was more effective (P = 0.031) According to this study, this type of LLLT was the effective treatment for pain reduction in MPDS patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19002646","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[660,890]],["Laser application effects on the bite strength of the masseter muscle, as an orofacial pain treatment.","670",4,"\"Fifteen patients of both genders, ages 19-29, suffering from pain in the masseter muscle, were exposed to laser application (AsGaAl) applied from a 2-mm distance.\"\n\n\"All patients showed improvement in muscle contraction strength of about 2.51-3.01 kgf on the right and left masseter muscle.\"\n\nComment: The reporting quality is low.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144479","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[670]],["Effects of low-power laser exposure on masseter muscle pain and microcirculation.","810",2,"\"The blood flow did not change significantly in the patients, but increased after active laser exposure and decreased after placebo exposure in the healthy individuals. The difference between active laser and placebo was significant. In conclusion, the results of this study do not support an effect of low-power laser exposure on masseter muscle microcirculation in patients with chronic orofacial pain of muscular origin.\"\n\nComment: The abstract seems difficult to interpret...","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499424","PubMed",110,"Oral","Mastication",[810]],["Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation for minimizing edema and pain after sinus lift surgery: randomized controlled clinical trial.","1064",4,"\"The results demonstrate that the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser was effective in improving OHRQoL and reducing swelling after sinus lift surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25764523","PubMed",95,"Oral","Maxillary sinus",[1064]],["Conservative closure of antro-oral communication stimulated with laser light.","830",4,"\"After 4 days of laser therapy, a complete closure of antro-oral communication occurred.\"\n\n\"Laser therapy can be recommended as an effective method of treatment in this type of complication following tooth extraction.\"\n\nComment: The authors also mention that other patients were treated with Wassmund-Borusiewicz method, which was associated with pain and other complications almost in every patient (98%), while the reported success was 100% with laser.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11523860","PubMed",95,"Oral","Maxillary sinus (oroantral communication)",[830]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy After Mesiodens Surgery: Evaluation of Immunological Markers and Three-Dimensional X-Ray Analysis-Placebo-Controlled Study","",3,"\"For sIgA (both in millimeters and milligrams per liter), the measurements displayed differences between pre- and postsurgery values, the postsurgery values being significantly lower than the presurgery values. In addition, interaction with the laser treatment plan was found, meaning that the laser treatment affected the sIgA levels. The decrease in sIgA levels in the control group was statistically significant. However, there was no significant change in sIgA levels in the laser group. The lysozyme trends appeared to be identical to the sIgA levels, that is, rising in the laser group and decreasing in the control group. The initial values for each group, however, go in the opposite direction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35788146/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Mesiodens removal",[]],["Pain experience and behavior management: efficacy of photobiomodulation as an adjunct to local anesthesia in MIH patients-a randomized split-mouth clinical study","635",5,"\"The PBM group reported significantly lower subjective pain (mean VAS 2 [1-5]) compared to the control group (6 [2-8]), p < 0.001. FLACC scale scores were also lower in the intervention group (3 [1-5]) compared to the control group (7 [5-8]), p < 0.001. The PBM group showed a lower heart rate (84.6 bpm ± 6.1) compared to the control (113.2 bpm ± 6.1), p < 0.001. Additionally, the anesthesia developed faster in the PBM group (mean: 3.6 ± 0.9 min) compared to the control (6.1 ± 0.8 min, p < 0.001), and the anesthetic effect persisted longer (70.2 ± 3.9 min vs. 50.7 ± 8.9 min, p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40881777/","PubMed",117,"Oral","Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH)",[635]],["Randomized clinical trial of photobiomodulation and glass ionomer sealant for hypersensitivity in molar incisor hypomineralization","",5,"\"At all post-baseline time points, the treatment group showed significantly lower VAS and SCASS scores (p < 0.05). OHI-S improved in both groups, with a positive correlation between reduced hypersensitivity and better oral hygiene. Sealant retention was higher in the treatment group after 30 days, with 56.5% of teeth showing complete retention versus 17.4% in the control group (p = 0.002). In the control group, greater hypersensitivity correlated with worse retention.\"\n\n\"PBM combined with glass ionomer cement reduces hypersensitivity, improves oral hygiene, and enhances sealant retention in MIH-affected molars.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40883469/","PubMed",117,"Oral","Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH)",[]],["Management of hypersensitivity in molar incisor hypomineralisation using photobiomodulation and sealants in children: a randomized clinical trial","",3,"\"No significant differences in SCASS or FPS scores were found between groups. Significant reductions in SCASS and FPS were observed over time (P < .001), with PBM and Fisseal showing notable FPS improvements at 6 months. All groups showed significant OHRQoL improvements (P < .001), particularly Fisseal.\"\n\n\"Both glass ionomer and resin-based sealants and PBM are effective in reducing hypersensitivity associated with MIH.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40716821/","PubMed",117,"Oral","Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH)",[]],["The Desensitizing Effect of Nanosilver Fluoride Compared to Photobiomodulation Therapy in Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",3,"\"There was significantly less sensitivity and greater plaque reduction in the NSF than the PBMT group after 1 month (P < .05). NSF and PBMT significantly reduced sensitivity over time (P < .001), with the lowest scores after 1 month. In multilevel regression, NSF was associated with significantly less sensitivity than PBMT after 1 month (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.51, P = .001). While both groups had reduced plaque accumulation, the decrease was significant only in the NSF group (P < .001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40716831/","PubMed",117,"Oral","Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH)",[]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy associated with fluoride therapy for the desensitisation of Molar-incisor hypomineralisation: randomised clinical trial.","808",4,"\"Fluoride varnish and the combination of treatments (L+FV) had greater desensitising action on teeth with MIH. Laser therapy demonstrated an immediate desensitising effect, whereas fluoride varnish had a late-onset effect.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31808584","PubMed",117,"Oral","Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH)",[808]],["Low level laser effect after micro-marsupialization technique in treating ranulas and mucoceles: a case series report.","660",4,"\"All treated oral ranulas and selected mucoceles presented clinical healing. No evidence of recurrence could be identified during a mean of 11.0-month follow-up period.\n\nThe use of InGaAsP diode lasers, within the parameters tested, appears to present a good alternative treatment to reduce pain and heal oral ranulas and selected mucoceles associated with micro-marsupialization.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843311","PubMed",95,"Oral","Mucoleles",[660]],["Diode Laser Assisted Excision and Low Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Mucus Extravasation Cysts: A Case Series.","810",4,"\"Significant reduction in postoperative discomfort was recorded after application of LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29123637","PubMed",95,"Oral","Mucus extravasation cyst",[810]],["Photobiomodulation to Treat Necrotizing Fasciitis","",4,"\"The spread of odontogenic infections associated with comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, can result in a potentially lethal complication, with rapid necrosis of the superficial fascia, necrotizing fasciitis. In this case report, a female patient, 52 years old, fasting blood glucose of 303 mg/dL with necrotizing fasciitis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the left cervical-thoracic region. \n\nShe was treated with antibiotics, cervicotomy, abscess drainage, and underwent 10 photobiomodulation sessions with 2 weekly applications of the red wavelength laser to correct tissue loss in the left cervical region. With the development of tissue healing, the formation of granulation tissue increased, absence of necrotic areas, contraction of the edges, and total wound repair. This case emphasizes the effectiveness of photobiomodulation to optimize healing and modulate the inflammatory pattern in the treatment of necrotizing fasciitis sequelae.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33464777/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Necrotizing fasciitis",[]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy Approach of Bilateral Necrotizing Sialometaplasia of the Hard and Soft Palates","660",4,"\"A 32-year-old male patient was referred with a chief complaint of two asymptomatic crater-like ulcers measuring approximately 1.5 cm wide on the right side of the hard and soft palates, and another measuring 0.3 cm wide on the left side of the hard palate. The lesion had two weeks of evolution followed by a previous infectious \"sore throat\" event that kept the patient hospitalized for 4 days. A clinical diagnosis of NS was made. LLLT was applied during 2 sessions per week, favoring the total wound healing within 2 weeks. At 3 months of clinical followup, the patient did not present any complication or relapse and was thus released.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32802297/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Necrotizing sialometaplasia",[660]],["The Use of Laser Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Oro-Facial Neurosensory Alterations-A Case Series from a University Clinic","",3,"\"Results: Tooth extraction was the most frequently reported etiological factor (60%), with an average of three treatment cycles per patient. At the end of follow-up, 67% of individuals reported changes in symptoms, including partial or complete resolution. Cases associated with orthognathic surgery required more treatment cycles; however, no statistically significant association was observed between the number of cycles and the reported outcomes. \n\nConclusions: Laser photobiomodulation has been employed as a therapeutic approach in the management of orofacial neurosensory alterations in this clinical setting. The findings describe patterns of use and the distribution of patient-reported outcomes. Given the observational design, the results do not allow for causal interpretation or inference regarding treatment effectiveness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42194375/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for Managing Motor and Sensory Dysfunctions Following Temporomandibular Joint Surgery: A Case Report","808",4,"\"A considerable improvement in both facial asymmetry and muscle function was achieved within 5 weeks, along with a total restoration of cutaneous sensitivity. By the 10th week of PBMT, the facial movement dysfunction was completely resolved.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38318222/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves",[808]],["Treating Nerve Injury after Endodontic Microsurgery Using Laser Photobiomodulation: A Report of 2 Cases","940",4,"\"This case report presents 2 patients with neurosensory alterations after endodontic microsurgery with a significant improvement in their condition after PBM treatment using a 940-nm diode laser.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36894023/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves",[940]],["Effectiveness of Laser Therapy and Laser Acupuncture on Treating Paraesthesia After Extraction of Lower Third Molars","808",4,"\"In general and thermal perception, both PBMTs had better results than control; regarding cold perception, only the LT group was statistically superior to control.\n\n[Laser acupuncture] presented inferior results of neural regeneration for tests of perception of pain and tactile at the lip, and of tactile perception at the chin.\n\nIn the other tests, there was no statistical difference among the groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34878933/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves",[808]],["Comparative Efficacy of Laser Acupuncture and Direct Photobiomodulation for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Hypoesthesia After Mandibular Third Molar Extraction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial","808",5,"\"Both active groups improved more than sham for TPD and SWME (group × time p < 0.01). Mean TPD change at day 30 was -3.2 ± 1.8 mm (LA) and -2.6 ± 1.7 mm (direct PBM) versus -0.8 ± 1.1 mm (sham). SWME improved by ≥1 grade in 85%, 80%, and 25%, respectively. VAS numbness decreased by 60%, 48%, and 12%, respectively, and the improvement was largely maintained at day 60.\"\n\n\"Under matched PBM dosimetry, both irradiation strategies improved sensory recovery compared with sham. LA produced comparable results and was associated with greater improvement in patient-reported numbness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42338379/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[808]],["Clinical Outcomes of Photobiomodulation Therapy for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury: A Retrospective Analysis","940",3,"\"PBMT was associated with improvements in neurosensory outcomes in patients with IAN injury. However, due to the absence of a control group and the heterogeneity of surgical etiologies, these findings should be interpreted with caution, and a causal relationship cannot be established.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42189842/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[940]],["Photobiomodulation for the management of inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia after implant surgery: A randomized clinical trial","810",5,"\"Although both groups improved over time, the VAS scores for paresthesia reductions in the PBM group were significantly greater than those in the control group at both follow-ups for all three tests (all p<0.001). No adverse events were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41273740/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810]],["Super-pulsed Diode Laser in the Therapy of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Paresthesia After Mandibular Third Molar Extraction: A Case Report","810, 980",4,"\"On the first day, before the first laser therapy session, the VAS assessment was 7, indicating partial loss of sensitivity. After 48 hours and before the second PBM session, the patient reported a slight tingling sensation and substantial improvement in chin sensitivity, with a VAS score of 4.5. After nine sessions, the patient reported recovery of sensitivity in all affected regions (VAS = 0), with positive and normal responses to touch with a dental explorer.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39835038/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810,980]],["Health-Related Quality of Life with Iatrogenic Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injuries Treated with Photobiomodulation: A Comparative Study","808",4,"\"The study included 71 participants, divided into 3 groups based on etiology: inferior third molar surgery, mandibular orthognathic surgery, and dental implant surgery. The results showed a widespread reduction of symptoms along with a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001) across four of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire, as well as in patients' perceived health levels in both Groups I and II. Group III patients also demonstrated a notable improvement; however, due to the small sample size, statistical analysis was not conducted for this group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39685695/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[808]],["The Comparison of 940nm and 810nm Diode Laser Effects on the Repair of Inferior Alveolar Sensory Nerve Injury: A Clinical Trial","810, 940",3,"\"810nm diode laser can be better than 940nm in repairing inferior alveolar sensory nerve damage.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39371960/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810,940]],["The Effect of Delayed Photobiomodulation Therapy on Inferior Alveolar Nerve Recovery After Third Molar Removal: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","810",3,"\"There was a significant improvement in the intervention group on the static light touch (p = 0.041), two-point discrimination (p = 0.028), VAS (p = 0.031), and pinprick (p = 0.014) tests on the 11th session and subsequent visits and also on direction discrimination test on the 12th session (p = 0.044) and after that. There was no significant difference in the thermal discrimination tests between the two groups (p > 0.05).\"\n\nComment: No demonstration of between-the-groups improvement?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38900722/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810]],["Adjunctive Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy with Nd:YAG Laser in the Treatment of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Paresthesia","",4,"\"After completing 10 sessions of laser therapy for the case group consisting of 25 patients with lower lip anesthesia, the visual analog scale index results revealed that following six sessions of laser therapy, a significant difference appeared in contrast to the control group. Also, according to the two-point tests, significant difference among the experimental and the control group appeared after ninth session of the laser therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38512321/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[]],["[RETRACTED ARTICLE] Effectiveness of concentrated growth factor and laser therapy on wound healing, inferior alveolar nerve injury and periodontal bone defects post-mandibular impacted wisdom tooth extraction: A randomized clinical trial","808",4,"\"The findings revealed that, compared with the control group, both the CGF and laser treatment groups exhibited a markedly greater improvement in VAS scores and wound healing of soft tissues, as well as in PP results (p < 0.001), indicating enhanced wound healing processes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38272792/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[808]],["Investigation of the efficacy of two different laser types in the treatment of lower lip paresthesia after sagittal split ramus osteotomy","650, 904, 940",3,"\"The contribution of the laser groups to the healing rate was better than that of the vitamin B group. Although there was no statistically significant difference between the two laser groups, clinical observations indicated better results in the GRR laser group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38191831/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[650,904,940]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Applied after 6 Months for the Management of a Severe Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury","635",4,"\"At the end of the treatment, all of the symptoms disappeared except for an abnormal sensation on touching the mucosa and gingiva of the concerned area.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34947950/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[635]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for management of inferior alveolar nerve injury post-extraction of impacted lower third molars","808",5,"\"All patients showed improvement in both objective and subjective examination. Notably, the visual analog score was significantly improved after PBM treatment compared to the mecobalamine treatment (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33907707/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[808]],["Laser therapy as treatment for oral paresthesia arising from mandibular third molar extraction","808",4,"\"After 72 hours of the first session, the patient reported improvement of sensitivity in the chin (VAS = 5) and oral regions (VAS = 5), reporting recovery of sensitivity and that the area of paresthesia decreased. After 8 sessions, the patient reported total recovery of sensitivity in the chin, oral and gum regions (VAS = 0), with paresthesia being limited only to the left lower lip region and below it. After 26 sessions, the patient reported recovery of sensitivity in all affected regions (VAS = 0), with positive responses to the brush touch.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32665821/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[808]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for the Management of Patients With Inferior Alveolar Neurosensory Disturbance Associated With Oral Surgical Procedures: An Interventional Case Series Study","810",4,"\"Considering the limitations of this study, PBM with the parameters used in this study presented positive effects on neurosensory recovery in patients suffering from IAN injury associated with routine intraoral procedures. Patients with shorter duration of paresthesia tended to respond more favorably to PBM therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33995979/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation (Diode 810 nm) on Long-Standing Neurosensory Alterations of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve: A Case Series Study","810",4,"\"The laser parameters and application protocol used result in subjective and objective improvement in mechanical sensory perception in long-standing neurosensory deficit in the IAN.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32758072/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810]],["Low-level laser therapy for neurosensory recovery after sagittal ramus osteotomy","808",3,"\"Significant improvement on the treated side was observed. Comparing the behaviour among the variables between the T group and the C group in the General Recovery was showed a tendency to better results in the T group when compared to the C group, with statistical difference (p≤0,05) after the 10th laser therapy session.\"\n\nComment: The paper describes some things in quite a difficult to understand manner","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32181610","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[808]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on recovery from neurosensory disturbances after sagittal split ramus osteotomy: a triple-blind randomised controlled trial.","980",4,"\"The results suggest that photobiomodulation accelerated the patients' improvement from neurosensory disturbance after BSSO.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32122703","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[980]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Paresthesia After Surgical Exeresis of a Complex Odontoma.","660, 808",3,"\"In the first session, the score on the visual analog scale (VAS) was \"3\". In the tenth and last sessions, the patient reported a VAS \"9\".\"\n\n\"We conclude that despite the obvious open field that is low-level laser therapy for the treatment of orofacial paresthesia and its apparent success published in some studies in the literature, it is still necessary randomized long term clinical studies that can demonstrate a true efficacy of this promising non-surgical treatment modality.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31875129","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[660,808]],["Is Low-Level Laser Therapy Effective on Sensorineural Recovery After Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy? Randomized Trial.","780",4,"\"Twenty adult patients (mean age, 35.6 years; 70.0% women) showed improvement in the experimental and control sides during the follow-up period. However, the experimental side in groups 1 and 2 exhibited a marked improvement in sensorineural recovery over the course of the sessions, and group 1 had the best results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30599885","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[780]],["Is Low-Level Laser Therapy Effective for Treatment of Neurosensory Deficits Arising From Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy?","660, 810",3,"\"No significant difference was found between the laser and control sides before and after surgery and on postoperative days 15 and 30 (P > .05). The 2-point discrimination distance was significantly shorter on the laser side than on the control side on postoperative days 45 and 60 (P < .05).\"\n\n\"LLLT was effective in the treatment of neurosensory disturbances arising from BSSO. Therefore, LLLT can be recommended to accelerate the recovery of sensory aberrations in patients undergoing BSSO.\"\n\nComment: The treatment appeared to bring some benefits, but they were quite modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28495411","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[660,810]],["Laser Biophotomodulation in Patients with Neurosensory Disturbance of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve After Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study.","810",5,"\"Clinical improvement was observed during the follow-up period for the Laser group; general VAS for sensitivity was normal in 11 participants from the Laser group at 2 years postsurgery (40.74%), while no participants from the Sham group achieved this (p = 0.0341). Twenty-three participants recovered initial values for two-point discrimination (69.7%) after 2 years of follow-up (p = 0.0025) as well as sensitivity threshold test. General VAS for pain was normal in 31 patients from the Laser group after 2 years of follow-up (93.94%, p = 0.0254).\"\n\n\"Photobiomodulation was effective for neurosensory recovery on sample studied.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29022844","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser and Light-Emitting Diode on Inferior Alveolar Nerve Recovery After Sagittal Split Osteotomy of the Mandible: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study.","632, 810",3,"\"After 1 week, the VAS score in the laser group significantly improved in comparison with the control group. Visual analog scale score improvement was 25% (P = 0.015) at 2 weeks, 21% (P = 0.001) at 2 months, and 24% (P = 0.001) at 6 months. After 2 weeks, the brush stroke score improvement was significant in the laser group. The improvement values were 21.5% (P = 0.002) at 2 months and 15.1% (P = 0.004) at 6 months.\"\n\n\"Low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode may improve VAS scores, 2-point discrimination, and brush stroke test results without any effect on the pinprick or contact detection test results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28538060","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[632,810]],["Lower-level laser therapy improves neurosensory disorders resulting from bilateral mandibular sagittal split osteotomy: a randomized crossover clinical trial.","660, 789",4,"\"On the treated side, recovery was faster and was almost complete at the time of the last evaluation. We suggest that this lower-level laser therapy protocol can improve tissue response and accelerate the recovery of neurosensory disorders following BSSO.\"\n\nComment: Check the full text for the actual parameters. It's a bit more complex than described here.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011464","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[660,789]],["Low-level laser effect in patients with neurosensory impairment of mandibular nerve after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Randomized clinical trial, controlled by placebo.","810",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy was beneficial for this group of patients on recovery of neurosensory impairment of mandibular nerve, compared to a placebo.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24608207","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[810]],["Efficacy of low level laser therapy on neurosensory recovery after injury to the inferior alveolar nerve","",4,"\"When the neurosensory assessment scores after treatment with LLL therapy were compared with the baseline values prior to treatment, there was a significant acceleration in the time course, as well as in the magnitude, of neurosensory return. The VAS analysis revealed progressive improvement over time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16480503/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[]],["Low-level laser effect on neurosensory recovery after sagittal ramus osteotomy.","",4,"\"When the results of the patients treated with LLL were compared with published values for neurosensory recovery after orthognathic surgery, there was a significant acceleration in the time course, as well as in the magnitude, of neurosensory return. Brush stroke directional discrimination approached normal values by 14 days, whereas 2-point discrimination and contact detection showed significant improvement at 14 days and returned to near-normal values by 2 months. The results of thermal discrimination and pin prick nociception revealed few neurosensory deficits; however, those patients who were affected showed a slower recovery trend and remained neurosensory-deficient for up to 2 months. The VAS analysis revealed a rapidly progressive improvement in subjective assessment, showing a 50% deficit at 2 days and only a 15% subjective deficit at 2 months.\"\n\n\"This study demonstrates that neurosensory recovery after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy procedures can be significantly improved, both in terms of time course and magnitude of return of function, with the adjunctive use of LLL therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10630935","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[]],["Preliminary study of low-level laser for treatment of long-standing sensory aberrations in the inferior alveolar nerve","820",4,"\"Subsequent to LLL, the real laser-treated group showed a significant improvement in mechanoreceptor sensory testing (P = .01) compared with the placebo group, as manifested by a decrease in load threshold (g) necessary to elicit a response from the most damaged area. \n\nIn addition, the real LLL group reported a subjective improvement in sensory function. \n\nThere was no significant improvement in thermal sensitivity post-LLL for either the real or placebo laser-treated groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8530994/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[820]],["Effect of low-level laser treatment on neurosensory deficits subsequent to sagittal split ramus osteotomy.","820",4,"\"The patients in the real low-level laser treatment group experienced a subjective improvement in both lip (p = 0.01) and chin (p = 0.02) after completion of the course of treatment. In addition, this group showed a significant decrease in the area of mechanoperception neurosensory deficit (p = 0.01) compared with no difference in the placebo group. The real low-level laser treatment group exhibited a strong tendency toward improvement in mechanoreceptor neurosensory deficit in the areas of most damage for both lip and chin. This improvement was especially pronounced in the lip region (p = 0.06). No similar tendency was demonstrated in the placebo group. Neither group showed any significant change or tendency to improvement in thermoception on completion of the course of treatment.\"\n\n\"In conclusion GaAlAs low-level laser treatment results in both a subjective and objective improvement in mechanical sensory perception in long-standing neurosensory deficit in the inferior alveolar nerve.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863301","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Inferior alveolar",[820]],["Use of 1064nm Nd:YAG Laser Biostimulation for Immediate Reversal of a Long-Standing Paresthesia of the Superior Labial Branch of the Infraorbital Nerve Following a Root Coverage Procedure: A Case Report","1064",4,"\"A coronally repositioned flap with enamel matrix derivative was used to treat gingival recession on the buccal surface of tooth #6 of a 35-year-old Caucasian female. One week later the patient reported lip numbness. The patient declined further treatment, and the paresthesia remained unchanged for the next 13 months. The patient then consented to laser biostimulation with a 1064nm neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. A single laser biostimulation treatment resulted in an immediate and dramatic improvement of lip sensation. The patient's symptoms improved over the next 2½ years without further treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33835730/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Infraorbital",[1064]],["Efficacy of photobiomodulation following L-PRF application for recovery of mental nerve neurosensory disturbances caused by genioplasty: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial","880",4,"\"Neurosensory recovery was significantly better in the intervention than the control group at all time points according to the two-point discrimination test (P = 0.0135) and brush test (P = 0.025) results. The interaction effect of time and intervention was not significant on any dependent variable (P > 0.05). \n\nApplication of L-PRF + PBM resulted in significantly greater sensorineural recovery according to the two-point discrimination and brush test results.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38986264/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Mental",[880]],["Comparative Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Neurosensory Recovery After Trigeminal Nerve Injury: An Exploratory Non-Randomized Clinical Study","830",4,"\"LLLT was associated with statistically significant improvements in several neurosensory symptoms, including pain, burning sensation, speech difficulty, biting, and taste disturbance. In contrast, TENS and placebo treatment did not demonstrate a consistent or generalized improvement across neurosensory outcomes. CSP durations differed significantly between healthy and pathological sides both before and after treatment. Although CSP duration showed a tendency to increase following LLLT, these changes did not reach statistical significance. Subgroup analysis revealed greater clinical improvement in LN injuries compared with IAN injuries within the LLLT group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41682731/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves: Trigeminal",[830]],["At-home laser treatment of oral neuronal disorders: Case reports","808",4,"\"Three different cases were treated with this “at-home approach”: complete resolution of symptomatology was obtained after laser treatment with a good compliance for the patient and without reporting any side effect.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28469830/","PubMed",96,"Oral","Nerves (multiple)",[808]],["Effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on inferior alveolar, mental and lingual nerves after traumatic injury in 15 patients. A pilot study","830",4,"\"Considerable improvement of sensation was observed after the final treatment session. No side-effects were reported and patients have maintained the effective results for 2 years follow-up.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/2/5_93-OR-10/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",96,"Oral","Nerves (multiple)",[830]],["Might photobiomodulation therapy interfere with the frequency of severe mucositis and oral candidiasis? A retrospective analysis in patients with head and neck carcinoma","660",3,"\"Considering the tumor in the oral cavity or the oropharynx and nasopharynx region might be an aggravating factor for oral mucositis (OM) manifestation, the present study aimed to evaluate whether the location of the tumor and the use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) might affect the frequency of oral candidiasis (OC) during radiotherapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy (CT) treatments.\"\n\n\"OM and OC were not changed by PBMT, although it helped to reduce the incidence of severe cases of OM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38992294/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral candidiasis",[660]],["Cytomorphological changes in buccal mucosa of patients treated with low-level 1,064-nm laser radiation.","1064",3,"\"None of the patients showed any adverse reactions to the low-level 1,064-nm laser radiation therapy during application. There was no cytogenetic damage to the therapied or non-therapied regions in the buccal mucosa cells, as determined cytomorphologically. The results suggest that low-level 1,064-nm laser radiation therapy has no genotoxic potential.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21713459","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosa",[1064]],["Effect of low-intensity laser therapy on mast cell degranulation in human oral mucosa.","670",3,"\"LILT with the parameters used increased the number of degranulated mast cells in oral mucosa.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18084808","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosa",[670]],["Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in Reducing Pain of Oral Mucosal Diseases: A Case Series","976",3,"\"Three cases showed ulceration of the oral mucosa and had been diagnosed with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, recalcitrant chronic ulcer, and non-specific chronic sialadenitis. One patient who complained of intense pain and swelling on the right side of the face was diagnosed with post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN).\"\n\n\"The recorded VAS results show a reduction in pain that started at the post-laser time, with VAS before PBM ranging from 5 to 7 and after PBM ranging from 0 to 4. Three patients were given triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%, chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% mouthwash, petroleum jelly, and multivitamins. One patient was given mefenamic acid and multivitamins.\"\n\n\"PBM can be a useful adjunctive treatment to relieve the pain of oral mucosal diseases due to its ability to reduce pain intensity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37465549/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosal disorders",[976]],["Management of radiation-induced mucosal necrosis with photobiomodulation therapy.","660",4,"\"Two weeks later, the patient observed a significant decrease of pain measured on visual analogic scale for pain and he divided his daily intake of analgesic by three (Tramadol 100 mg/day instead of 300 mg/day). After 3 weeks, an objective clinical improvement was observed (Fig.2). Complete healing was asserted after 6 weeks of PBM therapy (Fig.3) and analgesic was stopped. No additional symptomatic treatment was required.\"\n\n\"This therapy may be time-consuming but, as suggested by Epstein et al. [1], we consider that PBM therapy represents a promising therapeutic option for radiation-induced mucosal necrosis management, including for delayed lesions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993904","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosal necrosis",[660]],["Photobiomodulation therapy: management of mucosal necrosis of the oropharynx in previously treated head and neck cancer patients.","660, 660, 850",4,"\"We report three cases of symptomatic persisting oral ulcerations where the addition of photobiomodulation therapy resulted in a rapid resolution of the oral lesions and in patient symptoms.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27988865","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosal necrosis",[660,660,850]],["Polarized Polychromatic Noncoherent Light (Bioptron Light) as Adjunctive Treatment in Chronic Oral Mucosal Pain: A Pilot Study.","",4,"\"In COMP patients, Bioptron use associated with pharmacological treatment allows a better and faster signs and symptoms reduction when compared with the exclusive pharmacological treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31050959","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosal pain, chronic",[]],["Involvement of the Oral Mucosa by Ingestion of Caustic Substances due to a Suicide Attempt and Its Treatment with the Use of Photobiomodulation: Report of Two Cases","",4,"\"Thus, due to the scarcity of studies, we aim to report two cases of attempted self-extermination with the ingestion of caustic substances that caused great damage to the oral cavity and the care carried out in the intensive care unit, using oral care protocols associated with photobiomodulation with expressive results. We carried out the treatment in the intensive care unit with photobiomodulation, using low-power laser therapy, obtaining significant responses with an average time of four sessions of application of the protocol.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39376780/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosal ulcer",[]],["Oral lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: could the oral cavity be a target organ?","660",4,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32888876/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Oral mucosal ulcer",[660]],["Photobiomodulation to prevent oral mucositis and physical function impairments after hematopoietic cell transplantation: POMFITT randomized trial","660, 808",4,"\"Severe oral mucositis occurred in 26.6% of the control group and 0% of the photobiomodulation group (p = 0.032). No significant differences were found between the groups in hospitalization days, handgrip strength, aerobic capacity, or lower-limb strength.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42399564/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,808]],["Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of an intraoral photobiomodulation device for oral mucositis and associated complications due to radiotherapy for head and neck cancer","",5,"\"In the intent-to-treat population, severe OM (WHO Grade ≥ 3) incidence was significantly lower with PBM across six weeks of IMRT (36.8% vs 57.1%; p = 0.046) and at two weeks post-treatment (10.8% vs 36.4%; p = 0.042). \n\nIn the per-protocol population, the PBM arm reported significantly greater taste preservation (p = 0.034), lower increases in mouth/throat soreness (p = 0.029) and throat pain (p = 0.028) and needed fewer feeding tube placements (p = 0.073) than the control arm.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42360517/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["High-power laser photobiomodulation therapy for immediate relief of mucositis-related odynophagia","940",4,"\"Forty-six patients underwent 85 treatment sessions, of which 80 were evaluable. \n\nPain scores decreased significantly following PBMT (mean ± SD: 7.4 ± 2.5 vs. 4.6 ± 2.7; p < 0.001), corresponding to a mean reduction of 2.8 ± 2.1 points (∼40 %). \n\nClinically meaningful improvement (≥ 2 NRS points) was observed in 73 % of sessions. The analgesic effect persisted for a mean of 3.8 ± 3.8 days.\"\n\n\"High-power PBMT was associated with rapid and clinically meaningful pain relief in oncotherapy-induced odynophagia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42269385/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[940]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for oral mucositis: clinical experience from a supportive care program at the Indian Institute of Head and Neck Oncology","",4,"\"Severe mucositis (grades 3-4) in the PBMT cohort declined from 57% at baseline (time of PBMT initiation) to 2% at 8 weeks. The PBMT cohort demonstrated significantly superior outcomes compared to historical controls, including lower peak mucositis grades (2.9 vs. 3.5; p < 0.01), shorter duration of severe mucositis (1.2 vs. 3.4 weeks; p < 0.01), and reduced opioid reliance (57% vs. 85%; p < 0.01).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42234177/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Effectiveness of the Association Between ILIB and Photobiomodulation in Oral Mucositis Among Oncology Patients: A Prospective Study","",4,"\"After the intervention, the combined therapy groups showed greater reductions in mucositis (B: -1.60; -55.2% and D: -1.70; -60.7%) compared with ILIB alone (A: -0.70; -25.0% and C: -0.70; -25.9%) (p < 0.05). Improvements in quality of life were also more pronounced in the combined groups (B: -9.00; -31.0% and D: -10.40; -36.0%) compared with ILIB alone (A: -4.50; -15.8% and C: -4.30; -15.5%) (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41999121/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["A Case Series on the Combined Use of Zinc L-Carnosine and Nd:YAG Photobiomodulation for Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis: Pain Reduction and Lesion Improvement","1064",4,"\"All patients reported clinical improvement and a reduction in algic symptoms. A significant decrease in pain was observed after only 2 days, while complete mucosal healing was achieved within 3 weeks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41948031/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[1064]],["Effect of intraoral and extraoral photobiomodulation on salivary oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in patients with radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis","660, 810, 980",3,"\"Both PBM protocols demonstrated comparable and favorable outcomes in mitigating RT-induced adverse effects, including OM severity and antioxidant imbalance.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41935072/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,810,980]],["Therapeutic effect of Photobiomodulation therapy on radiation-induced oral mucositis in head and neck Cancer: A prospective double-blind, self-controlled clinical trial","660",5,"\"PBMT significantly reduced OMAS and VAS scores compared to control lesions. VAS reduction was observed from the first week, whereas OMAS decreased from week three.\"\n\n\"Complete healing occurred in 52.4% of intervention lesions versus 11.9% of control lesions (P < 0.001). PBMT accelerated recovery without adverse effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41864516/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Reduced Morphine Consumption with Photobiomodulation in Head and Neck Cancer: A Matched Cohort of 280 Cases","660, 810",3,"\"Morphine use was significantly lower in the PBM group at the end of RT (22.9 vs. 37.4 mg/day; p = 0.002) and 1 month post-RT (10.3 vs. 27.2 mg/day; p = 0.0001). No morphine was required in 60% of PBM patients compared with 47% of controls.\"\n\n\"Grade 3–4 RIOM at the end of RT occurred in 52 control patients (37.1%) and 51 PBM patients (36.4%). Grade 3 mucositis-free survival curves were nearly identical (p = 0.99) (Supplementary Fig. S3). No significant differences were observed across stratification factors, including chemotherapy, surgery, or tumor site.\"\n\n\"In contrast to opioid use, PBM did not reduce the incidence of grade 3–4 RIOM in our study. The frequency of PBM administration may have contributed to this finding (...)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841486/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,810]],["Impact of structured oral care strategies on oral mucositis in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil: a retrospective cohort study","",4,"\"Two PBM sessions were significantly associated with reduced onset, severity, and duration of OM, particularly among patients receiving FOLFIRINOX, for whom the risk of OM decreased 9.1-fold, and among neutropenic patients (p = 0.042). Conversely, the FOLFOX regimen was associated with earlier onset (p = 0.004) and greater severity (p = 0.026); however, two PBM sessions remained beneficial, reducing OM risk 1.35-fold.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41239052/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["From clinic to couch: a pilot study of home-use photobiomodulation for radiation-induced oral mucositis and dermatitis","808",3,"\"67% of the participants completed at least 50% of the prescribed PBM treatments. Overall, 60% of expected sessions were administered, surpassing the predefined compliance threshold. By week 3, 6% presented with severe OM and none with severe RD. At RT completion, 41% and 18% had severe OM and RD, respectively. Four weeks post-RT, no severe OM or RD were observed, with the majority presenting with no toxicity (grade 0). No device related adverse effects were reported, and patients reported high comfort and ease of use.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41201561/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[808]],["Prevention of pain and oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy through the use of a high-energy light source: A randomized clinical study","",4,"\"Both treatments proved equally effective in preventing and controlling these symptoms in patients undergoing chemotherapy, recognizing that no statistically significant difference was found between the two preventive modalities.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41114890/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Feasibility Study of a Novel Stent-Based Low-Level Laser Therapy Device for Reducing Severe Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis","670, 830, 910",4,"\"Grade 3 or higher RIOM occurred in 6.6% of patients, significantly lower than historical rates (30%-40%). No patients reported severe pain (NPRS ≥ 8). The device was well-tolerated with no adverse effects, and all patients completed RT as planned.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41058057/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[670,830,910]],["Prophylactic photobiomodulation to reduce oral mucositis in head and neck cancer: an observational study","",3,"\"A total of 118 patients with HNC were recruited. The cumulative incidence of OM of any grade was 65.2% (95% CI 60.0-70.4%), with severe OM (Grade 3/4) observed in 28.0% of patients. \n\nRisk factors significantly associated with OM included HPV-positive tumor status (OR = 1.65, P = 0.02), concurrent CRT (OR = 1.86, P = 0.002), and nutritional risk (OR = 2.36, P = 0.004). Tumor location also influenced OM risk, with laryngeal cancers showing a lower incidence (OR = 0.72, P = 0.02).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41087749/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Determinants of Severe Oral Mucositis Development Despite Photobiomodulation Therapy in Stem Cell Transplant Patients","",3,"\"Results showed that type of conditioning regimens, use of [methotrexate] during conditioning, presence of microorganisms in cultures, and increased serum CRP, PGT, and initial urea levels were associated with severe OM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41002684/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Intraoral vs. extraoral photobiomodulation therapy for oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: a multicenter, randomized, single-blind clinical trial","660, 810, 980",4,"\"The EOPBM protocol was found to be as effective as IOPBM in managing OM, with the added benefit of providing greater patient comfort during application.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40928526/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,810,980]],["Preemptive, Self-Applied Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis: A High-Risk Case Study","904",4,"\"In contrast to expected outcomes for concurrent chemoradiation, the patient developed only mild to moderate OM: PROMS (28/100), OHIP-14 (19/56), and OMAS (6/45). Further, the patient did not require regular analgesia, opioid analgesics, or gastrostomy tube placement.\"\n\n\"Preemptive PBM using the 904 nm laser lymphatic protocol, supplemented by a self-applied SYMBYX 600 nm laser to facilitate continued treatment over the weekends, shows promise as an effective therapy for reducing OM severity in high-risk patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40881977/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[904]],["Oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with prophylactic photobiomodulation: A retrospective cohort study","",3,"\"Most OMs were classified as Grade 0 (45.5%). No cases of Grade 3 or 4 OM were observed.\"\n\n\"In HSCT patients undergoing prophylactic use of PBMT, factors such as age, specific chemotherapy conditioning protocols, and the presence of pharyngeal mucositis were found to be associated with OM development.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40640452/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Combined extraoral and intraoral photobiomodulation for the prevention and management of oral mucositis and Xerostomia caused by the treatment of head and neck cancers","660, 808",4,"\"Combined extraoral and intraoral PBM improved the quality of life of patients undergoing HNC treatment, particularly in relation to OM and xerostomia. This combined approach effectively controlled OM severity and improved salivary flow, offering a potential treatment option for these patients.\"\n\nComment: I couldn't find a mention about the number of PBM sessions.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40549226/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,808]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Salivary Nitrite in Patients with Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","650, 650, 980",5,"\"Significant differences in OM severity were observed among the groups at both 1 and 2 weeks (p = 0.000). Salivary nitrite levels also showed significant differences between groups at these time points (p = 0.00). Significant differences were found between the control group and both laser treatment groups, but no significant difference was noted between the two laser treatment groups.\"\n\n\"PBM effectively reduces OM severity, whether used intraorally alone or combined with extraoral application. This effect is likely due to PBM's ability to lower salivary nitrite levels, indicating reduced oxidative stress and inflammation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40340568/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650,650,980]],["Effects of L-glutamine and hyaluronic acid associated with photobiomodulation on oral mucositis: a randomized clinical trial","660",3,"\"The combination of PBM + POCP + L-G + HA resulted in a significantly lower severity of OM than PBM + POCP alone, according to the WHO scale at the 30th RT.\"\n\nComment: Both groups received PBM","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40295318/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Efficacy of photobiomodulation for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pediatric patients with hematologic cancers: a randomized clinical trial","808",5,"\"In the prevention arm, patients were initially assigned to a control group (received no laser) and subsequently reassigned to a PBM group in their next cycle, allowing intra-patient comparison under similar chemotherapy protocols.\"\n\n\"In the prevention arm, PBM led to a significant reduction in the incidence of OM from 66.67% to 6.67% (p < 0.05).\n\nIn the treatment arm, the PDT group showed a significant reduction in the scores of all scales (WHO, NCI, and WCCNR) at both 3 days and 5 days after starting the treatment compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the reduction in the NCI score from the third to the fifth days after the starting treatment is higher in the PDT group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40316940/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[808]],["Photobiomodulation for the prevention of oral side effects secondary to head and neck cancer therapy: results of a randomised, single-blind clinical trial","660, 808",3,"\"The PBM group experienced a significant reduction in OM progression, better salivary function preservation, and lower severity of pain and dysgeusia by the end of treatment. However, no significant differences were found between the PBM and standard treatment groups regarding xerostomia, trismus, analgesic use, or oral candidiasis incidence.\"\n\n\"PBM showed effectiveness in delaying onset and reducing the severity of oral mucositis and hyposalivation, as well as alleviating pain and dysgeusia at critical moments. However, it had no significant impact on xerostomia, trismus, analgesic use, or oral candidiasis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40184883/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,808]],["Photobiomodulation preconditioning for oral mucositis prevention and quality of life improvement in chemotherapy patients: a randomized clinical trial","650, 650, 980",5,"\"After one week of follow-up, 73.3% of patients in Group 2 and 80% in Group 3 did not develop oral mucositis. The remaining patients in both groups experienced only mild erythema. In contrast, all patients in Group 1 developed oral mucositis, ranging from mild erythema to ulceration greater than 3 cm².\"\n\n\"Preconditioning before starting chemotherapy, whether with the intraoral red laser alone or in combination with the extraoral infrared laser, has shown significant results in preventing oral mucositis and dry mouth, and it has also played a major role in improving patients' quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910516/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650,650,980]],["Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation (low-level laser therapy) on treatment of oral mucositis (OM) induced by chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients","810",4,"\"Pain scores in the laser group decreased significantly over time (P < 0.05). Patients in the laser group reported better quality of life and reduced oral discomfort compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The severity of mucositis significantly decreased in the laser group within the first week (P < 0.05), though no significant difference was observed at one month (P = 0.158).\"\n\n\"The study demonstrates that Photobiomodulation is a more effective and efficient method for reducing pain, tingling, and improving quality of life in both the short and long term.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39889324/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[810]],["Oral mucositis management with photobiomodulation, Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) and Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), the FITOPROT herbal medicine, and its influence on inflammatory cytokine levels: a randomized clinical trial","660",3,"\"There were no differences in the OM degree between groups, but the RT dose significantly affected the OM. The RT significantly affected the salivary nitrite, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-10 concentrations.\"\n\nComment: Study is designed to measure the effectiveness of FITOPROT herbal medicine, not PBM. Both groups received the same PBM.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39223301/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Photobiomodulation for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: health quality evaluation","",3,"\"Thirty-five patients were evaluated. Photobiomodulation was performed during the conditioning regimen, 1 day, 5 days, and 10 days after transplantation. Four process indicators and 13 outcome indicators were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, according to SQUIRE 2.0.\"\n\n\"All process indicators demonstrated a compliance rate of 100% to the desired standard. Outcome indicators revealed that 66.6% of patients experienced mucositis during at least one follow-up period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39480546/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Prevention of Chemotherapy Induced Oral Mucositis in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical trial","660",5,"\"A clinical significant difference between the laser and control group was observed. The laser group showed a higher prevalence of no oral mucositis with decreased incidence of OM, while on day 12, the control group showed a higher prevalence of grades I and II (P-value <0.001, effect size = 0.796). However, the laser group showed higher prevalence of mucosa free of OM; on day 19, the control group showed higher rates of grades II and III, (P-value <0.001, effect size = 0.670). while on day 30 there was higher rates of grades I and II (P-value <0.001, effect size = 0.576) with higher rates of healthy oral mucosa in the laser group.\"\n\n\"Photobiomodulation effectively reduces the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pediatric patients diagnosed with AML.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39501907/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Implementation of a light therapy team to administer photobiomodulation therapy: A standardized protocol to prevent and treat oral mucositis in the pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant population","",4,"\"Patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT, or autologous HSCT for a neuroblastoma diagnosis, had PBM administered from the first day of conditioning to transplant Day +20. We successfully developed a standardized treatment protocol and workflow to ensure consistent and uniform delivery of PBM. In addition, clinical patient data were compared before and after PBM implementation.\"\n\n\"Mean days of OM decreased from 11.3 to 9 days; patients who received PBM were less likely (p < .001) to be discharged on total parental nutrition (TPN) (11/62 = 18%) compared to baseline (50/82 = 61%).\"\n\n\"PBM, as the standard of care in the pediatric HSCT population, is safe, feasible, and well-tolerated. At our center, a dedicated RN was critical to providing standardized treatment and ensuring sustainability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38556719/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Comparison of a daily and alternate-day photobiomodulation protocol in the prevention of oral mucositis in patients undergoing radiochemotherapy for oral cancer: a triple-blind, controlled clinical trial","660",4,"\"In the group with PBMT on alternate days, there was an increase in the frequency of grade 2 and grade 3 oral mucositis and an increased risk of grade 2 oral mucositis, in addition to higher mean pain scores and greater reduction in salivary flow.\"\n\n\"The daily PBMT protocol proved more effective in controlling the frequency and severity of OM, pain, and salivary flow.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38615257/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Preventive versus curative photobiomodulation for oral mucositis in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: which approach is more effective?","",4,"\"All patients developed OM. Preventive PBM was significantly more effective in reducing OM severity (p < 0.0001) and pain (p < 0.0001) post-HSCT than curative PBM. \n\nFurthermore, we found a lower number of patients reporting discomfort in all subjective parameters (pain during swallowing, chewing, and speaking) in the preventive PBM group. No adverse events related to PBM therapy were recorded in both groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38438625/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Utilization of Photobiomodulation for the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis","",4,"\"The rate of patients who received PBM and developed Grade 3 mucositis was 20% CI [0.091, 0.356]. Patients treated with PBM had fewer days of hospitalization (p = .009) and less severe mucositis in comparison to the matched control group (p = .03).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38377968/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Window therapeutic of extraoral photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis in HSCT patients: additional arm","810, 980",4,"\"This 1W EOPBM protocol seemed to be as effective as IOPBM and 2W EOPBM in the prevention of OM in HSCT patients. In addition, we might assume that there is a window of application on EOPBM.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were well reported in Table 1.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38097854/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[810,980]],["Non-thermal CO2 Laser Therapy (NTCLT): A Novel Photobiomodulative Approach for Immediate Pain Relief of Patchy Oral Mucositis Due to Chemotherapy of Solid Tumors","10600",4,"\"Immediately after NTCLT, the mean for non-contact VAS pain scores of the lesions significantly declined from 4.91±2.356 to 0.29±0.622 (P<0.001) and the mean for contact VAS pain scores from 7.77±1.57 to 1.31±1.18 (P<0.001). The mean VAS pain scores of the lesions showed statistically significant differences between the follow-up periods compared to the baseline (P<0.001). The process was completely pain-free and required no anesthesia. After NTCLT, no kind of thermal adverse effects such as irritation, destruction, aggravation and even erythema were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38028867/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[10600]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy for Oral Mucositis in Hematologic Patients Undergoing Transplantation: A Single-Arm Prospective Study","650",5,"\"The LLLT group showed a significantly lower incidence of Grade ≥ 2 mucositis (23.8%) compared to the control group (64.6%) (p = 0.0006). Furthermore, Grade ≥ 2 mucositis correlated with increased oral dryness and longer hospital stays.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38003918/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650]],["Proposal of a prophylactic photobiomodulation protocol for chemotherapy-induced oral and oropharyngeal mucositis: a randomized clinical trial","660, 660, 638, 660, 638, 808",4,"\"The three proposed protocols were effective in preventing and reducing OM, with good tolerance and no reported adverse effects. PBMT is a safe and effective approach to OM prophylaxis in adults undergoing CT/HSCT.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were well reported in Table 1.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37889325/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,660,638,660,638,808]],["Photobiomodulation During Chemoradiation for Head and Neck Cancer: Effect on Mucositis, Weight Loss, and Feeding Tube Dependence","650",5,"\"Median maximal mucositis grades were 1 in the PBM group and 3 in the control group (P < .0001). The adjusted odds of higher mucositis grade were only 0.024% (P < .0001; 95% confidence interval, 0.004-0.135) in PBM compared with the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37213482/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650]],["High-power laser photobiomodulation therapy for immediate pain relief of refractory oral mucositis","",4,"\"Patients reported an immediate decrease in pain following 94% (74 of 79) of the PBM sessions, in 61% (48 sessions) the pain reduction was over 50%, and in 35% (28 sessions) the initial pain was completely eliminated.\"\n\n\"The analgesic benefit of PBM remained for a mean of 6.0 ± 5.1 days.\"\n\n\"High-power laser PBM may provide nonpharmacologic, patient-friendly, long-lasting, rapid pain relief for refractory OM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37203784/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Evaluating high power laser therapy (HPLT) as treatment for chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in paediatric patients with oncohematological diseases","660, 970",4,"\"After a week into the treatment, 57% of patients were completely healed, whereas the whole cohort experienced a drastic decrease in pain, from an average value of 5.8-1.1 (p = .0016). The average number of injuries per patient decreased from 7.4 to 3.1 (p = .008).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36692188/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,970]],["A phase Ⅱ prospective trial of photobiomodulation therapy in limiting oral mucositis in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer patients","660",4,"\"Compared to historical outcomes, PBMT aides in decreasing severe OM in patients with locally advanced HNSCC. PBMT represents a minimally invasive, prophylactic intervention to decrease OM as a major treatment-related side effect.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36474663/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low level laser therapy versus benzydamin in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis induced by anticancer treatments (clinical and biochemical study)","870",4,"\"As per WHO and NIC, the grade of oral mucositis at the end of cancer treatment was less in the LLLT group than in the other two groups. The alteration in TNF-a level was not significant. The laser group is more liable to have less salivary levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF- a.\"","https://ojs.ict.unesp.br/index.php/cob/article/view/3406","Unesp",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[870]],["Photobiomodulation Treatment in Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis in Young Haematological Patients-A Pilot Study","980",3,"\"The 23 patients developed a total of 41 OM episodes with a mean duration of 7.61 days ± 4.70. Laser therapy showed a great reduction regarding pain and a better function of patients even with neutropenia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36013491/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[980]],["Photobiomodulation: a promising innovative approach for preventing oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","650",4,"\"According to the NCI-CTCAE v5.0 scale, 76% (19 of 25) of patients presented grade 0 or 1 mucositis (no ulcers), five patients (20%) developed small ulcers (grade 2), and only one patient developed grade 4 mucositis. Satisfaction rates were high among patients and users.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35810217/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650]],["Comparative randomized trial study about the efficacy of photobiomodulation and curcumin antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a coadjuvant treatment of oral mucositis in oncologic patients: antimicrobial, analgesic, and degree alteration effect","450, 660",4,"\"A reduction in the degree of mucositis and pain score was observed in the PBM and aPDT groups, with the aPDT group standing out when presenting early clinical improvement in relation to the PBM group and the control group, thus emphasizing its effectiveness within the desired aspects. Regarding the antimicrobial effect, aPDT showed a greater reduction of yeasts of the genus Candida in the tested parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35608694/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[450,660]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis-A Case Report","635",4,"\"Within 21 days of monotherapy, all ailments disappeared. The patient was also able to reuse dental dentures and return to a solid diet. The obtained results confirm the efficiency of at least 3 PBM protocols. Our case shows that the use of PMB therapy contributes to faster healing of painful oral lesions in oncological patients, and thus the treatment time and return to the appropriate quality of life is shorter.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35630035/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[635]],["Low-level Laser Therapy in the Management of Oral Mucositis Induced by Radiotherapy: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial","660, 810, 660, 810",3,"\"Different OM scores were noted for the groups studied, and the third group had lower scores than Groups I and II (p = 0.012). No difference was noted in the pain score analyzing the groups (p = 0.49).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35656654/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,810,660,810]],["Photobiomodulation for chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in leukemic children: A randomized controlled clinical trial","980",4,"\"A significant reduction of pain was recorded on day 10 in the test group compared to the control group (p <0.001). There was also a significant decline in the OM grades between the two groups on day14 (p = 0.003). No adverse events were reported.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35460304/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[980]],["Is Low-level Laser Therapy a Candidate to Be a Good Alternative in the Treatment of Mucositis in Childhood Leukemia?","830",4,"\"While there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of OM grade at the beginning of the treatment and on the first, second, fourth, and 11th days of the treatment, the average OM grade of the LLLT group was found to be statistically significantly lower on the third, fifth, sixth, and seventh days of the treatment.\n\nThe Visual Analog Scale score of the LLLT group was statistically significantly lower compared with the control group at all examinations starting from the first day of treatment (P<0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34986132/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[830]],["New photobiomodulation device for prevention and cure of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and dermatitis: results of the prospective Safe PBM study","650",3,"\"CareMin650 is feasible, safe, and well tolerated for preventive or curative treatment of OM and RD in cancer patients treated with RT. Preliminary efficacy results are promising.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537889/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650]],["Clinical Evaluation of Intravascular Blood Irradiation with Laser, Photobiomodulation, and Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Patients with Mucositis","660, 660, 468",4,"\"It was concluded that ILIB, PDT, and PBM-T reduced the severity of mucositis and prevented its onset.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698558/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,660,468]],["Extraoral photobiomodulation for prevention of oral and oropharyngeal mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: interim analysis of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial","660, 850",3,"\"Prophylactic extraoral PBM can delay OM onset, reduce pain, and reduce analgesic and anti-inflammatory prescription requirements. Extraoral PBM was associated with better QoL. There was no evidence of PBM impact on oncological outcomes.\"\n\nComment: No effect on QoL, and quite limited effect on pain score and WHO grade.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34708311/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,850]],["Laser Therapy as a Preventive Approach for Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: The Potential Role of Superoxide Dismutase","630",3,"\"All individuals who underwent LLLT protocol did not show a significant reduction of SOD activity after the last chemotherapy cycle.\"\n\nComment: PBM could sustain serum SOD levels in patients in risk of oral mucositis.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34710997/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[630]],["Oral mucositis in paediatric cancer patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation preventively treated with professional dental care and photobiomodulation: Incidence and risk factors","",3,"\"Aim: To investigate the clinical features and clinical outcomes associated with OM development and severity in hematological cancer paediatric patients undergoing allo-HSCT who underwent professional dental care (PDC) and photobiomodulation (PBM) as prophylactic treatment.\"\n\n\"A myeloablative conditioning and a high BMI were observed to be independent prognostic determinants of a lower OMFS rate.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115428/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Intraoral versus extraoral photobiomodulation therapy in the prevention of oral mucositis in HSCT patients: a randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial","660, 810, 980",4,"\"EOPBM protocol was as effective as IOPBM in the management of OM in HSCT patients, with the advantage of  [4-fold] shorter treatment sessions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33905011/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,810,980]],["Therapeutic effects of andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl) oil, compared to low power laser, on oral mucositis in children underwent chemotherapy: A clinical study","660",3,"\"A statistically significant reduction in the degree of OM was observed on the fourth, fifth, and sixth days and in the pain scores on the second, third, and fourth days in the andiroba group after the manifestation of OM, compared to the laser group.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920135/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low-level laser or LED photobiomodulation on oral mucositis in pediatric patients under high doses of methotrexate: prospective, randomized, controlled trial","660, 660",3,"\"The incidence of oral mucositis was similar to LLLT and LEDT, 10% and 12.5%, respectively. Both groups required the same number of days to reach score of zero for mucositis and pain (p > 0. 05), and there was no significant difference in mean VAS between the groups.\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that LEDT has similar effects to LLLT to avoid and treat oral mucositis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33893842/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,660]],["Long-term safety of photobiomodulation therapy for oral mucositis in hematopoietic cell transplantation patients: a 15-year retrospective study","",3,"\"In conclusion, the PBMT protocols used in the study were considered safe. The low frequency of severe OM observed encourages the implementation of this technique, with a special emphasis on the dosimetry adjustments focused on the HCT context.\"\n\nComment: See full text for parameters","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34021422/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Adherence of head and neck cancer patients to laser photobiomodulation in a public health service: Pilot study","660",3,"\"There was moderate adherence of patients with head and neck cancer to the laser photobiomodulation protocol and the development of more severe degrees of OM was related to individuals that didn't attend scheduled sessions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33610725/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Photobiomodulation reduces the impact of radiotherapy on oral health-related quality of life due to mucositis-related symptoms in head and neck cancer patients","660",4,"\"PBMT was effective in preventing and treating severe OM. Both groups showed increased OHRQoL impacts throughout the RT sessions; however, higher impacts were observed in the control group, mainly at the final stage of treatment (21st and 30th RT sessions). Significant correlations were found between the severity of OM and PROMS scores in the total sample and the control group at all RT periods.\"\n\n\"PBMT was effective in treating and preventing severe OM and OM-related symptoms, and with consequent positive impacts in OHRQoL in head and neck patients undergoing RT. The PROMS scale was helpful instrument for assessment of the severity of OM.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were well described (Table 1)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33113075/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Nitrite and Inflammatory Activity in Radiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","660",3,"\"Patients in the PBMT group presented less severe OM. PBMT tended to stabilize nitrite concentration levels during the RT regimen. The IL-1β concentration was associated with higher OM scores. PBMT promoted an increase in IL-12p70, TNF-α, and IL-10 concentration.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32997817/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Optimization of Photobiomodulation Protocol for Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis in Pediatric Patients","810",3,"\"The mean number of PBM sessions to reduce from severe mucositis to mild or no mucositis was 3.8 [standard deviation (SD) = 3.5] in group A, 4.4 (SD = 2.3) in group B, and 4.0 (SD = 2.7) in group C. The differences in the number of PBM sessions for OM severity decrease were not statistically significantly different among the three study groups.\"\n\n\"Because of the lack of statistically significant differences between the groups, more patient practical laser parameters could be applied, that is, a shorter irradiation time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678713/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[810]],["Patterns of Oral Mucositis in Advanced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Managed With Prophylactic Photobiomodulation Therapy-Insights for Future Protocol Development","660",4,"\"A total of 145 [oral squamous cell carcinoma] patients were included.\"\n\n\"This study showed, compared with studies that did not provide PBMT, reduced severity of mucositis, reduced pain and analgesic use, and reduced tube feeding in patients treated with PBMT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32627112/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Cost-effectiveness Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy for Prevention of Radiotherapy-Induced Severe Oral Mucositis in a Brazilian Cancer Hospital Setting","660",4,"\"The incremental cost of PBMT was $857.35, and the cost per session was $25.69. The ICER was $ 2867.39 to avoid one case of severe OM and $ 2756.75 to prevent one interruption in RT due to OM. ICER to reduce 1 point in OHIP-14 and PROMS scores were $170.79 and $31.75, respectively.\"\n\n\"PBMT is more cost-effective than [Preventive Oral Care Program] alone in preventing severe OM, worsening of the OHRQoL, and RT interruptions. \n\nPBMT is a promising therapy, especially to avoid interruptions in oncological treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32621262/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Prophylactic Photobiomodulation Therapy Using 660 Nm Diode Laser for Oral Mucositis in Paediatric Patients Under Chemotherapy: 5-year Experience From a Brazilian Referral Service","660",4,"\"A retrospective study was conducted at a Brazilian referral service. Prophylactic PBMT was used in children and adolescents (≤ 17 years) following the protocol: InGaAIP, 660 nm, 100 mW, 2 J, 3.33 W/cm2, and 20 s per point. Demographic data and OM severity scores were assessed. A regression model tested the association between OM with prophylactic PBMT and antineoplastic therapy. A total of 148 individuals who had undergone 358 chemotherapy cycles were analysed.\"\n\n\"PBMT significantly reduced OM severity in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and OS patients. OM grade was 3.16 and 5.45 times higher among individuals with ALL and OS, who had not undergone prophylactic PBMT compared with those who had undergone prophylactic PBMT (p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32535807/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Evaluation of Preventive Laser Photobiomodulation in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer Undergoing Radiochemotherapy: Laser in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer","660",2,"\"The laser photobiomodulation protocol used in this study was not effective in preventing radiochemotherapy-induced OM, salivary hypofunction, and referred pain in patients with head and neck cancer. \n\nNotably, although the development of OM did not differ significantly according to the use of laser therapy, the severity of oral mucositis was reduced in patients who underwent laser therapy compared to that in patients who did not.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32544269/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Three Photobiomodulation Protocols in the Prevention/Treatment of Radiotherapy-induced Oral Mucositis","660",3,"\"Patients from group 1 [3.8 J/cm2 preventive treatment] presented with grade II oral mucositis later than groups 2 [6.3 J/cm2 preventive treatment] and 3 [curative treatment] (p < 0.001). Moreover, groups 2 and 3 also presented with a mean higher of oral mucositis grade than group 1, p < 0.001. Pain scores were lower in group 1 (p = 0.002).\"\n\nComment: No negative control group. Only comparison of different treatment","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32619713/","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Photobiomodulation and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral mucositis in patients with cancer.","660",4,"\"Significant reductions in OM grade were observed after application of PBM-T or PBM-T + PDT (p < 0.0001). PBM-T + PDT resulted in a shorter time to resolution of lesions compared to PBM-T alone (p = 0.0005).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31841687","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis, Dysphagia, Oral Dryness, Taste Alteration, and Burning Mouth Sensation Due to Cancer Therapy: A Case Series.","635",3,"\"This case series reveals the effectiveness of the photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy when used in a specific protocol and parameters, in the management of oral complications related to cancer therapy.\"\n\n\"Regardless of the limitations of this case series, PBM can be considered safe, time saving, and a promising approach for the management of the oral complications due to cancer therapy and the quality of life of cancer patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31731594","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[635]],["Radiotherapy mucositis in head and neck cancer: prevention by low-energy surface laser.","660",4,"\"Despite a substantial dose to the oral mucosa, the rate of acute radiation-induced mucositis of grade ≥3 remains low in patients receiving extraoral low-energy laser during RT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31527154","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Treatment of Chemotherapy Induced Oral Mucositis.","904",4,"\"After LLLT, a significant decrease was found in the mean values of mucositis grade from 2.35 ± 0.695 to 1.13 ± 0.333 after (P < 0.001). A significant reduction in the level of TNF-α was found after LLLT among breast cancer patients (P = 0.0045), but not in head and neck cancer and lymphoma patients. A significant reduction was also found in IL-6 level after treatment among head and neck and breast cancer patients (P = 0.0307 and 0.019, respectively).\"\n\nComment: Parameters and application details were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31360381","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[904]],["Photobiomodulation with a combination of two wavelengths in the treatment of oral mucositis in children: The PEDIALASE feasibility study.","635, 815, 635, 815",3,"\"The success of the procedure was 77% in 1 year, with the inclusion of 84% of the patients (n=22) and 146 laser treatment sessions (median of four per episode of mucositis). We observed excellent tolerance and pain relief with a gain of two points on the VAS and the HEDEN mucositis scale. This study shows that photobiomodulation that incorporates two application modes (intra- and extraoral) through the combination of two wavelengths is feasible when integrated into the care of a pediatric hematology-oncology department and is perfectly tolerated, even by young children. Along with oral hygiene and analgesic management, it alleviates pain associated with oral mucositis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31281038","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[635,815,635,815]],["A brief literature review and own clinical experience in prophylaxis of oral mucositis in children using low level laser therapy.","904",4,"\"None of the children who underwent low level laser therapy course had any complications and no cases of oral mucositis developed.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30794148","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[904]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in Cancer Patients with Mucositis: A Clinical Evaluation.","660",4,"\"Both PBM-T alone and PBM-T+PDT yielded significant reductions in OM grade (p < 0.01). PDT+PBM-T resulted in a significantly shorter healing time compared with PBM-T alone (p = 0.0321).\"\n\n\"Healing of OM averaged ~17 days with PBM-T alone, whereas healing with PBM-T+PDT required ~12 days.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31050952","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy reduces oral mucositis caused by head and neck radio-chemotherapy: prospective randomized controlled trial.","940",5,"\"Statistically significant differences between the groups were observed from week 5 of oncological treatment; \n\n72.7% of the laser group showed normal mucosa (mucositis grade 0), while in the control group, 20.0% showed grade 0 mucositis and 40.0% showed grade 2 mucositis (P<0.01).\"\n\nComment: The paper claims 6 seconds irradiation time for 72 points and claims the total irradiation time was 360 seconds, while 6 * 72 should be 432, so there may be some kind of a calculation mistake.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30591391","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[940]],["Photobiomodulation at Multiple Wavelengths Differentially Modulates Oxidative Stress In Vitro and In Vivo.","970, 660, 800, 970",3,"\"ROS levels decreased promptly after each PBM session\"\n\n\"Overall, our study demonstrates that PBM exerts different effects on the redox state of both PMNs and keratinocytes depending on the used wavelength and prompts the validation of a multiwavelength protocol in the clinical settings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30534349","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[970,660,800,970]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis, Dysgeusia and Oral Dryness as Side-Effects of Head and Neck Radiotherapy in a Cancer Patient: A Case Report","980, 980, 650",4,"\"This case report shows that\nphotobiomodulation can effectively and safely reduce the severity of oral mucositis, oral dryness, and\ndysgeusia in only five sessions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30423851","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[980,980,650]],["Evaluation of Oral Mucositis Occurrence in Oncologic Patients under Antineoplastic Therapy Submitted to the Low-Level Laser Coadjuvant Therapy.","660, 808",3,"Data were collected on sex, age, type and degree of neoplasia, region affected, and remission time. 64.7% of the patients were male and were between 3 and 6 years of age (39.2%). Acute lymphoid leukemia was the most frequent neoplasm (37.3%). Regarding the maximum oral mucositis, grade 2 (41.2%) was predominant, with jugal mucosa (29.9%) and tongue (17.7%) being the most affected regions. The majority of cases presented lesion remission time between 4 and 7 days (44.0%). Most patients were young, male, and diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia. Predominance of grade 2 oral mucositis was observed, with jugal mucosa and tongue being the most affected regions, with the majority of cases presenting lesion remission time between 4 and 7 days.\n\nLow-level laser therapy has been shown to be an essential therapy in the prevention and treatment of these lesions, since it is a non-invasive and low-cost method.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29695071","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,808]],["Effectiveness of low level laser used in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy","660, 808",4,"\"Based on these results, it can be concluded that the severity of oral mucositis lesions observed in the groups treated with low-level laser was lower than that of the control group, indicating that this treatment modality can be applied to promote improvements in the quality of life of cancer patients.\"\n\nComment: A small study published in a very random journal. Great results, though the study lacks a placebo group.","http://ologyjournals.com/jdsomr/jdsomr_00016.pdf","Ology (PDF)",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,808]],["Treatment of mucositis with combined 660- and 808-nm-wavelength low-level laser therapy reduced mucositis grade, pain, and use of analgesics: a parallel, single-blind, two-arm controlled study.","660, 660, 808",4,"\"In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that a combination of red and infrared at a higher dose (300 J/cm2) reduced both oral mucositis grade and analgesics prescription.\"\n\nComment: Not specified the ratio of 660 and 808 dose.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29948456","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,660,808]],["Variation of Energy in Photobiomodulation for the Control of Radiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Clinical Study in Head and Neck Cancer Patients.","660, 660",4,"\"Photobiomodulation with a higher dose of energy (1.0 J versus 0.25 J) is associated with better control of radiotherapy-induced OM and does not significantly increase the risk of neoplastic recurrence.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29681940","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,660]],["Multicenter randomized, double-blind controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of laser therapy for the treatment of severe oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy in children: laMPO RCT.","660, 970",5,"\"One hundred and one children with WHO grade > 2 chemotherapy-induced OM were enrolled in eight Italian hospitals.\"\n\n\"Fifty-one patients were allocated to the PBM group, and 50 were allocated to the sham group. In total, 93.7% of PBM patients and 72% of sham patients had OM grade < 3 WHO on day +7 (P = 0.01). A significant reduction of pain was registered on day +7 in the PBM versus sham group (NRS 1 [0-3] vs. 2.5 [1-5], P < 0.006). Reduced use of analgesics was reported in the PBM group, although it was not statistically significant. No significant adverse events attributable to treatment were recorded.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29727048","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,970]],["Locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis: retrospective outcomes and safety analyses.","660",3,"\"Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes in the PBM-treated patients were similar to previously published data for conventional treatments in patients with advanced OSCC. In this study, prophylactic use of PBM therapy did not impact treatment outcomes of the primary cancer, recurrence or new primary tumors, or survival in advanced OSCC patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29423682","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Variability of high-dose melphalan exposure on oral mucositis in patients undergoing prophylactic low-level laser therapy.","660",3,"\"In conclusion, older age, higher serum creatinine, and previous ASCT were factors associated with severe mucositis. Preventive LLLT appears to present promising results in controlling oral mucositis incidence and severity, justifying the importance of multidisciplinary team during ASCT. Further\nresearch, using larger data sets, is warranted to extend our findings as well to define the dose, application time, and number of prophylactic LLLT sessions in those patients with the greatest risk for severe oral mucositis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28512727","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Photodynamic therapy for treatment of oral mucositis: pilot study with pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy.","660",3,"\"Based on the results the authors concluded that both PDT and LLLT could be used for the treatment of oral mucositis in children/young patients, because it was well tolerated and presented satisfactory results in reducing pain associated with the lesion.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29175466","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["cDNA microarray analysis of human keratinocytes cells of patients submitted to chemoradiotherapy and oral photobiomodulation therapy: pilot study.","660",3,"\"These results support previous clinical findings indicating that the lower incidence of oral mucositis associated with photobiomodulation therapy might be correlated to the activation of genes involved in keratinocyte differentiation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28840431","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy as an auxiliary tool for management of acute side effects of head and neck radiotherapy.","660",4,"\"The presence and severity of mucositis was similar between the groups.\n\nHowever, the laser group showed a lower frequency of interruption of oncologic therapy related to mucositis (p = 0.030) and the need for parenteral nutrition during the HNRT (p = 0.027). In addition, trismus was less intense in the laser group (p = 0.023).\"\n\n\"The introduction of laser therapy in the supportive care for patients undergoing HNRT showed benefits for the patient and the medical system, reducing morbidity and costs associated with side-effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29020483","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["New photobiomodulation protocol prevents oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients-a retrospective study.","660",4,"\"Based on this retrospective data, PBM was effective in preventing OM in patients undergoing HSCT even when it was applied three times a week. A prospective study might be necessary to confirm these findings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28840382","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on reducing the chemo-induced oral mucositis severity and on salivary levels of CXCL8/interleukin 8, nitrite, and myeloperoxidase in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a randomized clinical trial.","660",4,"\"PBM brought about a reduction in the severity of OM in patients undergoing HSCT, and this reduction was associated with a decrease in CXCL8 salivary levels.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664388","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Laser and photochemotherapy for the treatment of oral mucositis in young patients: randomized clinical trial.","660, 660, 808",4,"\"Based on the present findings, PCT+LLLT had a greater therapeutic effect in comparison to LLLT alone regarding the reduction in the degree of severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093356","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,660,808]],["A Feasibility Study Evaluating Extraoral Photobiomodulation Therapy for Prevention of Mucositis in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.","660, 850",3,"\"The 10 trained nurses all reported that the device was accessible, maneuverable, and lightweight, and that training was effective. There was no reported toxicity attributed to the PBT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26982624","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,850]],["Low-level laser therapy prevents severe oral mucositis in patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a randomized clinical trial.","650",5,"\"Severe mucositis was found in 40% of the patients (14/35),\n\n3 in the intervention group (17.65%) and\n11 in the sham group (61.11%) (p = 0.015).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248655","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650]],["Quality of life related to oral mucositis of patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and receiving specialised oral care with low-level laser therapy: a prospective observational study.","660",3,"\"A significant number of patients (46.38%) had grade 1 mucositis (indicating no ulcers in the oral cavity).\"\n\n\"The study showed that QoL improves over time in these patients undergoing LLLT therapy for prevention of mucositis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26087364","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Cost-effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in head and neck cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation.","660",4,"\"Our results indicate that morbidity was lower in the Laser Group and that LLLT was more cost-effective than placebo up to a threshold of at least US$ 5000 per mucositis case prevented.\"\n\nJan Tuner has written: \"PBM to prevent and reduce the incidence of oral mucositis has been well documented for 15 years and still not being widely accepted. Now that there is evidence of a cost saving method we might experience a renewed interest, because Money Talks.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559740","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low-level laser therapy for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in childhood: a randomized double-blind controlled study.","830",3,"\"This study reported that there was no difference in the reduction of oral mucositis between the two groups, but only in the pain amelioration. The slight contrast with other studies [37] may be partially explained by the wavelengths used. In fact, we chose a high wavelength (830 nm) in order to verify if, exploiting the spectra absorption of cytochrome c oxidase, which is about 825 nm, and increasing the cellular metabolism and the oral mucosa healing process [35, 36], this type of wavelengths could be an alternative to 632–660 nm laser lights.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272517","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[830]],["Efficacy of cryotherapy associated with laser therapy for decreasing severity of melphalan-induced oral mucositis during hematological stem-cell transplantation: a prospective clinical study.","660",4,"\"The cryotherapy/laser therapy group showed the lowest OM scores (maximum Grade I) and the lowest mean number of days (8 days) with OM in comparison with the other groups (p < 0.001). OM Grades III and IV were present with high frequency only in the control group. The association of cryotherapy with laser therapy was effective in reducing OM severity in HSCT patients who underwent melphalan conditioning.\"\n\nComment: Interesting results! However, reporting of parameters was quite poor.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519448","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Pilot study on the efficacy of combined intraoral and extraoral low-level laser therapy for prevention of oral mucositis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.","685, 830",4,"\"Clinical mucositis scores were significantly lower in the LLLT group than in the control group (p = 0.004). Incidence of ulcerative oral mucositis was also significantly lower in the LLLT group (p = 0.027). Functional limitation associated with diet/swallowing was less severe in the LLLT group; however, this was not statistically significant.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501372","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[685,830]],["The Impact of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Oral Mucositis and Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using the Oral Health Impact Profile and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplantation Questionnaires.","660",4,"\"The laser group presented less severe OM than the control group (p<0.001).\"\n\n\"LLLT did not influence the oral and general health-related QoL of patients undergoing HSCT, although it was clinically effective in reducing the severity of chemotherapy-induced OM.\"\n\nComment: The study claims to be double-blind, but it seems that control group didn't receive a sham intervention.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154723","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on inflammatory mediator release during chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized preliminary study.","660",4,"\"The study showed that 72.8 % (8 of 11) of patients treated with laser therapy were free of ulcers (grades 0 and 1); 27.2 % developed grade 2 mucositis, while none showed grades 3 or 4 mucositis\".\n\n\"On the other hand, in the control group, 57.1 % (8 out of 14) developed grades 2 and 3 mucositis, and 42.9 % of patients did not develop ulcerative OM.\" \n\n\"its mechanism of action does not seem to be completely linked to the modulation of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors or matrix metalloproteinases.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037968","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and salivary inflammatory mediators in head and neck cancer patients.","660",4,"\"The laser group showed a reduction in the severity of OM, which coursed with significantly diminished salivary concentration of EGF and VEGF in the 7th radiotherapy session and of IL-6 and FGF in the 35th. There was a trend for reduced levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, MMP2/TIMP2, MMP9/TIMP2 in the laser group compared to the control, however, no statistically significant differences were found.\"\n\n\"These findings demonstrated that LLLT was effective in reducing the severity of chemoradiotherapy-induced OM and was associated with the reduction of inflammation and repair.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824475","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low level laser therapy against radiation induced oral mucositis in elderly head and neck cancer patients-a randomized placebo controlled trial.","633",5,"\"LLLT decreased the severity of OM and oral pain in elderly HNC patients. Also, lesser weight loss, morphine analgesic use and radiation break happened in laser group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25704314","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["Oral mucositis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: clinical outcomes in a context of specialized oral care using low-level laser therapy.","660",3,"\"Specialized oral care, including LLLT, is feasible and affordable for HSCT pediatric patients, although some adaptation in the patient's oral hygiene routine must be adopted with help from parents/companions and clinical staff.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677170","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: effect of LED and laser phototherapy treatment protocols.","660, 630",3,"\"The mean VAS and WHO scores were significantly smaller in the LED group (p<0.05). However, both groups required the same number of days to reach score zero for mucositis and pain (p>0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476495","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,630]],["Effect of class IV laser therapy on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a clinical and experimental study.","635",5,"\"We show that high-power laser therapy is more effective than low-power laser therapy in improving OM lesion healing, reducing the inflammatory burden, and preserving tissue integrity.\"\n\nTunér: \"The authors claim to have been using a \"standard low power laser protocol\" for comparison. In fact, they have not. The \"standard\" laser used is a 635 nm diode of 2.5 mW (standard laser pointer), delivering 0.45 J per point and delivered from a distance of 1 - 3 cm, further reducing the power density and for some reason pulsed.\"\n\nNote: Jan Bjordal wrote a comment to this article. The authors have replied to the comment.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24096076","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[635]],["Effect of low level laser therapy in the reduction of oral complications in patients with cancer of the head and neck submitted to radiotherapy.","685",5,"\"Better outcomes were observed in the laser group when compared with the control in the follow-up sessions, indicating lower degrees of oral mucositis, pain and higher salivary flow (p < .05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24164228","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[685]],["Low-power laser therapy in chemical-induced oral mucositis: a case study.","780, 660",3,"\"It is necessary to encourage the use of low-power laser for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients. It is a low cost and viable option in otorhinolaryngology, without side effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24474495","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[780,660]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on patient reported measures of oral mucositis and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving chemoradiotherapy--a randomized controlled trial.","633",4,"\"LLLT was effective in improving the patient's subjective experience of OM and QOL in HNC patients receiving CRT.\"\n\nComment: Irradiation was delivered at six anatomic sites, but is the tota number of points 12 if it was delivered bilaterally?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23224689","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["Low-level laser in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.","660, 830",4,"\"Prophylactic laser produced a better outcome than when patients did not receive any preventive intervention\"\n\n\"red laser (660 nm) was better than infrared (830 nm)\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24261310","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,830]],["Evaluation of the effect of low level laser on prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucositis.","630",4,"\"The results showed that low-power laser was able to decrease the effect of chemotherapy on oral mucositis, xerostomia and pain in a variety of malignancies\"\n\nComment: Results are interesting, but the parameters are poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23605599","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[630]],["Phase III trial of low-level laser therapy to prevent oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiation.","660",5,"\"Preventive LLLT in HNSCC patients receiving chemoradiotherapy is an effective tool for reducing the incidence of grade 3-4 OM. Efficacy data were corroborated by improvements seen in quality of life.\"\n\n\"At a median follow-up of 18 months (10–48 months) differences favoring the LLLT patients were observed in locoregional disease control, progression-free (P = 0.097) or overall survival (P = 0.147; Fig. 3 and 4 of the Supplementary Data).\"\n\nStar: The 18-month follow-up data was supplied.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24044799","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Effect of intraoral low-level laser therapy on quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy.","685",4,"\"Laser therapy reduces the impact of radiotherapy on the QOL of patients with head and neck cancer.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21472883","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[685]],["Amelioration of oral mucositis pain by NASA near-infrared light-emitting diodes in bone marrow transplant patients.","670",3,"\"Phototherapy demonstrated a significant reduction in patient-reported pain as measured by the WHO criteria in this patient population included in this study. Improvement trends were noted in most other assessment measurements.\"\n\nComment: Control group received 5 mW/cm2 and active group received 50 mW/m2. No actual negative control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725826","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[670]],["Oral mucositis prevention by low-level laser therapy in head-and-neck cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy: a phase III randomized study.","660",3,"\"LLL therapy was not effective in reducing severe oral mucositis, although a marginal benefit could not be excluded. It reduced RT interruptions in these head-and-neck cancer patients, which might translate into improved CRT efficacy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163585","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low level laser therapy for concurrent chemoradiotherapy induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients - a triple blinded randomized controlled trial.","633",5,"\"LLLT decreased the incidence of CCRT induced severe OM and its associated pain, dysphagia and opioid analgesics use.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884841","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["The prevention of induced oral mucositis with low-level laser therapy in bone marrow transplantation patients: a randomized clinical trial.","660",5,"\"In the LLLT group, 57.1% of patients had an OM grade 0, 9.6% had grade 1, and 33.3% had grade 2, whereas in the control group, only 4.8% of patients were free of OM (grade 0).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20969443","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low level laser therapy in oral mucositis: a pilot study.","830",3,"\"Immediately after beaming the OM, pain relief was noticed. Depending on the severity of OM, on average, 2.5 treatments per lesion in a period of 1 week were sufficient to heal a mucositis lesion.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21473845","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[830]],["A randomized controlled trial of visible-light therapy for the prevention of oral mucositis.","",4,"\"At the third visit, 1week post-HSCT, mucositis rates were significantly lower in the treatment group (for both WHO and OMAS p=0.02). Mucositis was also less severe in the treatment group (for WHO p=0.01; for OMAS p=0.01). Furthermore, the patients in the treatment group reported lower pain levels (p=0.04). The treatment was well tolerated and highly accepted, with no reports of adverse events related to the device. These findings suggest that the VLT-device is safe and effective for the prevention of oral mucositis in patients undergoing HSCT.\"\n\nComment: The most obvious symptoms in control group were noted on visit 3 (1wk). At that point, active group had much better results than the control group. The unfortunate thing is that the control group also received light (5% of the dose of active group), so they might have also benefited from their treatment.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163686","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced mucositis: a double-blind randomized study in head and neck cancer patients.","660",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy during radiotherapy was found to be effective in controlling the intensity of mucositis and pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911312","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Use of laser phototherapy on a delayed wound healing of oral mucosa previously submitted to radiotherapy: case report.","660",3,"\"The wound healed completely after ten sessions. This treatment proved to be conservative and effective, inducing healing of a chronic wound in a tissue previously submitted to radiotherapy.2","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496209","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Laser phototherapy as a treatment for radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.","660, 780",3,"\"Treatment results indicate that the use of LPT on oral mucositis was effective and allowed the patient to carry on the RT without interruption.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21537592","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,780]],["Low Level Laser Therapy in Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: Prophylaxis or Treatment?","630",5,"\"The incidence of COM in LLLT group (31%) was less than the placebo group (41%). Mean duration of COM healing was 4.8 and 12 days in LLLT and placebo groups, respectively (p=0.03). Xereostomia was significantly less severe in LLLT group in comparison with the placebo group (p=0.007).\"\n\n\"Our findings showed that LLLT significantly reduced the incidence of oral mucositis of WHO grade 3 and 4 as the most debilitating form of oral mucositis,in which oral alimentation is impossible. Also, LLLT could reduce duration of oral mucositis, decreased the risk of secondary infection, and accelerated return to normal nutrition.\"\n\nComment: This paper was not listed in PubMed. Nowadays this journal (J Lasers Med Sci) is being indexed in PubMed.\n\nComment: The abstract says PBM treatment lasted six days, but the full text says 5 days per week for 4 weeks...\n\nComment: The abstract says 5 J/cm2, full text says 10 J/cm2...","http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jlms/article/view/2152","SBMU",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[630]],["Use of 660-nm diode laser in the prevention and treatment of human oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.","660",4,"\"Patients in group L usually did not present with OM or pain, but all patients in group C presented with OM ranging from Level I to III associated with pain.\"\n\nComment: Cool results, but parameters aren't very well reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19764899","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy and aluminum hydroxide in patients with chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.","830",4,"\"The prophylactic use of both treatments proposed in this study seems to reduce the incidence of severe OM lesions. However, the LLLT was more effective in delaying the appearance of severe OM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21203698","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[830]],["Laser phototherapy as topical prophylaxis against head and neck cancer radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: comparison between low and high/low power lasers.","660, 808",2,"\"All protocols of LPT led to the maintenance of oral mucositis scores in the same levels until the last RT session. Moreover, LPT three times a week also maintained the pain levels. However, the patients submitted to the once a week LPT had significant pain increase; and the association of low/high LPT led to increased healing time.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347940","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,808]],["Low-level infrared laser therapy in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children.","830",5,"\"In the laser group, the mean of OM duration was 5.8±2 days and in the placebo group was 8.9±2.4 days (P=0.004).\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125084","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[830]],["Use of therapeutic laser for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis.","660, 780",4,"\"In conclusion, laser reduced the frequency and severity of OM, suggesting that therapeutic laser can be used both as a new form of prevention and treatment of OM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784467","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660,780]],["Severity of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation and an oral laser phototherapy protocol: a survey of 30 patients.","660",3,"\"The low grades of OM observed in this survey show the beneficial effects of laser phototherapy, but randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm these findings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18699729","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Improvement in quality of life of an oncological patient by laser phototherapy.","660",3,"\"Normal oral function and consequent improvements in the quality of life of this oncologic patient were observed with LPT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800946","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["The use of low-energy laser (LEL) for the prevention of chemotherapy- and/or radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in cancer patients: results from two prospective studies.","",4,"\"Our results strongly support the already available literature, suggesting that LEL is an effective and safe approach to prevent or treat oral mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength was not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458964","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[]],["Efficacy of He-Ne Laser in the prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in oral cancer patients.","633",4,"\"Laser therapy applied prophylactically during radiotherapy can reduce the severity of oral mucositis, severity of pain, and functional impairment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230388","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["The Impact of low power laser in the treatment of conditioning-induced oral mucositis: a report of 11 clinical cases and their review.","660",3,"\"Our results have indicated that the use of LPLT in HSCT patients is a powerful instrument in the treatment of overt OM and is now a standard procedure in this group of patients in our hospital.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305441","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low-level laser therapy in the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in young patients.","685",3,"\"The ease of use of LLLT, high patient acceptance, and the positive results achieved, make this therapy feasible for the prevention and treatment of OM in young patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754720","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[685]],["LED phototherapy to prevent mucositis: a case report.","880",3,"\"The results showed that the patient did not develop oral mucositis during the five chemotherapy cycles, and he had no pain symptoms.\"\n\nComment: This article nicely visualizes the anatomical sites that were being irradiated, with photographs.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19025412","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[880]],["A phase III randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of low level laser therapy for the prevention of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation.","650, 780",3,"\"The 650 nm wavelength reduced the severity of oral mucositis and pain scores. Low level laser therapy was well-tolerated and no adverse events were noted.\"\n\nComment 1: On the other hand, the 780 nm wavelength appeared to make things even worse...\n\nComment 2: The Discussion part seems lengthy. Maybe worth reading.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17393191","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[650,780]],["Low-energy laser therapy for prevention of oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.","660",4,"\"All patients developed some grade of mucositis. However, the L- group presented initial mucositis by 4.36 days, whereas the L+ group presented it in 6.12 days (P = 0.01).\n\nThe maximum mucositis occurred between day +2 and day +6 with healing by day +25 in the L- group and between day +2 and day +7 with healing by day +14 for the L+ group (P = 0.84).\n\nLaser therapy also reduced the time of oral pain from 5.64 to 2.45 days (P = 0.04), and decreased the consumption of morphine (P = 0.07).\"\n\nComment: The parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17944669","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Low-power laser in the prevention of induced oral mucositis in bone marrow transplantation patients: a randomized trial.","660",5,"\"5.3% of the laser group presented with ulcers of 9.1 cm2 to 18 cm2, whereas 73.6% of the control group presented with ulcers from 9.1 cm2 to 18 cm2 (P = .003).\n\nOur results indicate that the use of upfront LPLT in patients who have undergone HSCT is a powerful instrument in reducing the incidence of OM and is now standard in our center.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053058","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[660]],["Treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis with light-emitting diode.","645",3,"\"This pilot study shows that LED treatment is safe and capable of reducing the duration of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This result needs to be confirmed in an adequate phase III study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16706701","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[645]],["Effect of low level helium-neon (He-Ne) laser therapy in the prevention & treatment of radiation induced mucositis in head & neck cancer patients.","633",4,"\"The low-level He-Ne laser therapy during the radiotherapy treatment was found to be effective in preventing and treating the mucositis in head and neck cancer patients.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159259","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["Patients with moderate chemotherapy-induced mucositis: pain therapy using low intensity lasers.","830",4,"\"There was a significant (P = 0.007) 67% decrease in the daily average experience of pain felt before and after each treatment, confirming that LLLT can relieve pain among patients who have developed COM.\"\n\n[See additional info, for information about the device.]","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15725279","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[830]],["Pilot study of laser effects on oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy.","830",4,"\"Eleven of 15 patients experienced grade 0 mucositis, three patients experienced grade 1 to 2 mucositis, and one patient experienced grade 3 to 4 mucositis.\"\n\n\"In this pilot study, laser therapy significantly reduced the incidence and the severity of mucositis in chemotherapy patients. The laser therapy does not appear to promote wound healing by affecting the intraoral perfusion, as assessed by Doppler measurements.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074324","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[830]],["NASA light-emitting diodes for the prevention of oral mucositis in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients.","670",3,"\"The incidence of UOM was 53%, compared to an expected rate of 70-90%. There was also a 48% and 39% reduction of treated left and right buccal pain, respectively, compared to untreated throat pain at about posttransplant day 7 (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between sides in OMI or pain.\"\n\n\"Although more studies are needed, LED therapy appears useful in the prevention of OM in pediatric BMT patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12513918","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[670]],["Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing.","670",4,"\"LED produced a 47% reduction in pain of children suffering from oral mucositis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11776448","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[670]],["Low-energy He/Ne laser in the prevention of radiation-induced mucositis. A multicenter phase III randomized study in patients with head and neck cancer.","633",5,"\"Grade 3 mucositis occured with a frequency of 35.2% without LEL and of 7.6% with LEL (P<0.01). The frequency of \"severe pain\" (grade 3) was 23.8% without LEL, falling to 1.9% with LEL (P<0.05). Pain relief was significantly reduced throughout the treatment period (weeks 2-7). LEL therapy is capable of reducing the severity and duration of oral mucositis associated with radiation therapy. In addition, there is a tremendous potential for using LEL in combined treatment protocols utilizing concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10423050","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["Low energy Helium-Neon laser in the prevention of oral mucositis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant: results of a double blind randomized trial.","633",4,"\"Helium-Neon laser treatment was well tolerated, feasible in all cases, and reduced high dose chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Optimal laser treatment schedules still needs to be defined.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9240635","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["Helium-neon laser effects on conditioning-induced oral mucositis in bone marrow transplantation patients.","633",4,"\"Helium-neon laser treatment was well-tolerated and reduced the severity of conditioning-induced oral mucositis in BMT patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8625084","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["[Laser therapy in the prevention and treatment of mucositis caused by anticancer chemotherapy]. [Article in French]","633",4,"\"Iatrogenic mucositis was observed during 43% of 53 chemotherapy cycles in the case control population. Curative laser therapy reduced the time to repair lesions and the rate of therapeutic modifications. For patients who received soft-laser therapy as a preventive measure, the incidence of oral complications was reduced to 6% during 101 cycles of chemotherapy. All of these patients, even those who have encountered mucositis before receiving preventive laser therapy, terminated their cancer therapy as originally scheduled.\n\nWell designed and carefully controlled trials will be necessary to define the place of helium-neon laser therapy in the repair and prevention of oral complications due to cancer chemotherapy.\"\n\nNote: Could find only the abstract.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1392157","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["Soft-laser therapy for iatrogenic mucositis in cancer patients receiving high-dose fluorouracil: a preliminary report.","633",5,"\"In 20 control patients without laser therapy (group I), mucositis occurred in 43% of 51 chemotherapy cycles\"\n\n\"In the 16-patient curative laser-therapy population (group 2), buccal toxic effects appeared in 80% of 25 cycles, and these patients received laser therapy as an antidote. Time to repair grade IV lesions was reduced from a mean of 19.3 days in control patients to 8.1 days\"\n\n\"In the preventive therapy group (group 3), 23 cancer patients received laser therapy prior to and during chemotherapy. Thirteen patients (subgroup 3B) who had buccal lesions during previous cycle(s) of chemotherapy were prescribed laser treatments for 42 subsequent cycles of an identical chemotherapy.\n\nLow-grade mucositis appeared in three (7%) cycles. Repair of lesions took 7-8 days.  Ten other patients (subgroup 3A) were administered laser therapy at the outset and during 53 cycles of chemotherapy. Only three (6% of cycles) episodes of grade 1 mucositis occurred and were resolved in a mean time of 3.3 days. All group 3 patients terminated cancer therapy as originally scheduled. Of 95 chemotherapy cycles, 94% were without oral problems.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1738189","PubMed",88,"Oral","Oral mucositis",[633]],["Coronally advanced flap adjunct with low intensity laser therapy: a randomized controlled clinical pilot study.","588",5,"\"Statistically significant differences were observed between test and control sites in the gingival recession depth (GRD), gingival recession width (GRW) and width of the keratinized tissue (WKT) and clinical attachment level (CAL) measurements after 1 year (p = 0.014, p = 0.015, p = 0.009 and p = 0.018 respectively). The test group presented greater complete root coverage (n = 7, 70%) compared with the control group (n = 3, 30%) after treatment.\"\n\n\"Within the limitations of this study, the results indicated that LILT may improve the predictability of CAF in multiple recessions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092477","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Coronally advanced flap",[588]],["Connective tissue graft associated or not with low laser therapy to treat gingival recession: randomized clinical trial","660",3,"\"The mean percentage of root coverage was 91.9% for the test group and 89.48% for the control group after 6 months (p > 0.05). The test group presented more complete root coverage (n = 13, 65%) than the control group (n = 7, 35%) (p = 0.04).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25363203/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Connective tissue graft",[660]],["The Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Healing of Soft Tissue Graft Donor and Recipient Sites: A Randomized Clinical Trial","660",3,"\"LLLT accelerated epithelialization at the donor site; however, the results were reversed at the recipient site. Furthermore, laser treatment did not significantly affect pain levels at either site. These findings suggest that LLLT may benefit certain aspects of soft tissue healing after graft surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41054465/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[660]],["Effect of dual-wavelength photobiomodulation on the healing of gingival graft donor sites: a randomized controlled trial","",3,"\"The findings demonstrated that dual-wavelength PBMT did not significantly influence overall wound closure, pain perception, or analgesic intake. However, accelerated epithelialization was observed in the PBMT group, with a higher proportion of donor sites exhibiting complete epithelial coverage by day 10 post-surgery. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41062768/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy to Reduce Postoperative Pain and Promote Healing After Free Gingival Grafting: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"The present findings demonstrate that low-level laser therapy reduces postoperative pain levels associated with the palatal donor site in free gingival graft surgeries, as well as accelerating the clinical healing of the surgical wound. Low-level laser therapy is associated with improved postoperative morbidity of the donor area in free gingival graft.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40948441/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[]],["Effect of GaAlAs 940 nm Photobiomodulation on palatal wound healing after free gingival graft surgery: a split mouth randomized controlled clinical trial","940",3,"\"RWA was significantly smaller in the test than control group on the days 7 (p < 0.001) and 14 (p = 0.048) after the surgery. Bleeding was higher in the test group than in the control group on the day of surgery (p = 0.046). Pain and discomfort at the palatal donor site, however, had no significant difference between laser and control group during 11 days after the surgery (p > 0.05), nor did the Color match scores on the 28th and 60th days after the surgery (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35610702/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[940]],["Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on patient morbidity and wound healing at donor site after free gingival graft harvesting: a triple-blind randomized-controlled clinical trial","",5,"\"PBMT accelerated the pain resolution time and palatal closure, decreased rescue medication consumption and significantly improved patient satisfaction in the postoperative period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305280/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[]],["The Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Donor and Recipient Sites of the Free Gingival Graft: A Case Series.","808",4,"\"Ten individuals could finish the study. The test group presented significantly better shade matching and wound healing at the palatal donor site on days 7, 14 and 21. There was a significant reduction in post-operative pain after 24 hours (P = 0.007). No statistically significant difference was found between both groups in terms of clinical periodontal indices.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31875132","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[808]],["Effects of Laser Photobiomodulation and Ozone Therapy on Palatal Epithelial Wound Healing and Patient Morbidity.","970",3,"\"At day 14, statistically significant smaller wounds were observed with digital image analysis in the ozone group as compared with the control group ( p = 0.034). However, intergroup comparison of the remaining wound area evaluated by the clinician using the H2O2 method did not reveal any significant differences ( p > 0.05). Nonetheless, according to Bland–Altman analysis, the lower and upper limits showed a moderate agreement between the two measurement methods. The mean VAS sores exhibiting postoperative discomfort was observed to be significantly higher in the control group compared with the laser group (p=0.002) and ozone group (p<0.001) at day 7.\n\n\"Conclusions: Adjunctive ozone therapy could have a significantly beneficial effect on the acceleration of palatal wound healing following FGG procedures. Both PBM and ozone treatment modalities reduced postoperative discomfort as compared with spontaneous healing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30260741","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[970]],["Free gingival graft adjunct with low-level laser therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled parallel group study.","810",4,"\"The use of an 810-nm diode laser provided additional benefits to FGG in terms of less shrinkage of the graft dimensions and postoperative pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30218227","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[810]],["Effect of laser photobiomodulation on wound healing and postoperative pain following free gingival graft: A split-mouth triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.","660",3,"\"PBM following FGG procedure with the parameters used in this study could accelerate the rate of epithelialization at the donor site. However, it did not reduce postoperative pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28549319","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[660]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy in Enhancing Wound Healing and Preserving Tissue Thickness at Free Gingival Graft Donor Sites: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study.","940",5,"\"The prevalence of Complete Wound Epithelization was higher in the LLLT group than in the control group on the 14th day (p < 0.001). The bleeding was lower in the test group than in the control group during the first 2 days (p ≤ 0.001).\n\nHigher WHI Scores were observed in the test group relative to the control group at all visits (p ≤ 0.001). Color match scores were higher in the test group than in the control group at the first 3 visits (p < 0.05).\n\nThe TT changed from 4.62 ± 0.79 to 4.71 ± 0.82 mm in the LLLT group and from 4.23 ± 0.62 to 4.01 ± 0.68 mm in the control group.\"\n\n\"It can be concluded that LLLT enhances FGG donor site wound healing and preserves TT at palatinal donor sites.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28092488","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[940]],["Effect of low level laser therapy on revascularization of free gingival graft using ultrasound Doppler flowmetry.","830",3,"\"Neovascularization was noted in both the patients but the second patient elicited marked increase in vascularity on the fourth as well as the tenth day and drastic reduction in pain on day four, with no change on the tenth day. The results showed that LLLT was an effective adjunctive treatment in promoting reevascularization and pain control during early healing of free gingival graft.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024560","PubMed",104,"Oral","Oral surgery: Free gingival graft",[830]],["Efficacy of hyaluronic acid gel and photobiomodulation therapy on wound healing after surgical gingivectomy: a randomized controlled clinical trial","980",3,"\"By the end of the follow-up period, surgical sites of the test group showed excellent healing compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in VAS scores between both groups (p > 0.05).\"\n\nComment: The magnitude of between-group differences are very small.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37891549/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Gingivectomy / gingivoplasty",[980]],["A Novel Concept of Combined High-Level-Laser Treatment and Transcutaneous Photobiomodulation Therapy Utilisation in Orthodontic Periodontal Interface Management","940, 2780",3,"\"A 32-year-old female who presented with a persistent gummy smile of upper incisors and low upper midline frenum attachment post-orthodontic treatment, was seeking a better smile appearance. She had a history of delayed wound healing without underlying medical conditions; otherwise, she was fit and healthy. She underwent laser ablation of the upper midline frenum and gingivoplasty of the upper incisors region with λ940 nm and λ2780, respectively, as well as transcutaneous PBM therapy (λ940 nm) to accelerate wound healing.\"\n\n\"An acceleration of the wound healing was observed on the 4th day of treatment with no immediate or post-operative complications. The results showed no functional or aesthetic relapses at a long-term follow-up of 6 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336433/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Gingivectomy / gingivoplasty",[940,2780]],["Efficacy of Low-level Laser Therapy, Hyaluronic Acid Gel, and Herbal Gel as Adjunctive Tools in Gingivectomy Wound Healing: A Randomized Comparative Clinical and Histological Study.","980",5,"\"Patients irradiated with laser after gingivectomy (Group A) showed superior results in the clinical, histological variables as compared to Groups B [hyaluronic acid] and C [herbal gel].\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31993275","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Gingivectomy / gingivoplasty",[980]],["Assessment of healing following low-level laser irradiation after gingivectomy operations using a novel soft tissue healing index: A randomized, double-blind, split-mouth clinical pilot study.","810",3,"\"There was no statistically significant difference observed in the surface epithelialization between both groups on the 3rd and 7th-postoperative days, but highly significant differences were observed on the 14th day.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30692744","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Gingivectomy / gingivoplasty",[810]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on wound healing and patients' response after scalpel gingivectomy: A randomized clinical split-mouth study.","940",4,"\"LLLT-applied sites had significantly lower stained areas signifying improved wound healing compared with the controls on the postoperative 7th and 30th day.\"\n\nComment: Authors claim they used 940nm light, but since the light is visible in the photograph (Figure 2), the device apparently emitted also some visible red light.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30210191","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Gingivectomy / gingivoplasty",[940]],["Clinical study of the gingiva healing after gingivectomy and low-level laser therapy.","685",4,"\"Biometrical evaluation indicated a significant improvement in healing for the laser group at 21 and 28 days. Clinical evaluation showed better repair for the laser group, mainly after the third day.\"\n\n\"LLLT was an effective adjunctive treatment that appeared to promote healing following gingivectomy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17069488","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Gingivectomy / gingivoplasty",[685]],["Red-blue light irradiation in the prevention of surgical wound infection after mandibular distraction using internal distractors in hemifacial microsomia: A randomized trial.","465, 625",5,"\"None of the infections occurring in this study resulted in serious complications. \n\nThe postoperative infection rate during the 4 weeks after DO in the experimental group was 1.7%, whereas that in the control group was 13.6% (p = 0.016) (based on a modified NHSN wound infection criterion). \n\nThe total social cost during the active period for the experimental group was 3386840 RMB, 5.12% higher than for the control group (3221882 RMB).\"\n\nComment: Control group received cool white light (30min sessions) (no parameters available)","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31358401","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Mandibular distraction",[465,625]],["Semilunar Coronally Advanced Flap with or without Low Level Laser Therapy in Treatment of Human Maxillary Multiple Adjacent Facial Gingival Recessions: A Clinical Study","810",5,"\"Statistically significant differences were observed between test and control sites in the change in gingival recession depth, gingival recession width, clinical attachment level, and width of the keratinized tissue measurements after 6 months (p = 0.003, p = 0.001, p = 0.006, and p =< 0.001, respectively).\n\nThe test group presented significantly greater complete root coverage (N = 18/20, 90%) compared with the control group (N = 6/20, 30%) at 6 months post-operatively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25988979/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Semilunar coronally advanced flap",[810]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for Managing Motor and Sensory Dysfunctions Following Temporomandibular Joint Surgery: A Case Report","808",4,"\"A considerable improvement in both facial asymmetry and muscle function was achieved within 5 weeks, along with a total restoration of cutaneous sensitivity. By the 10th week of PBMT, the facial movement dysfunction was completely resolved.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38318222/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Temporomandibular joint",[808]],["The clinical efficacy of laser assisted modified Widman flap: A randomized split mouth clinical trial","810",4,"\"No significant difference was observed in PI scores between the two groups at baseline, 6 and 9 months. \n\nPBI scores were significantly lower in Group B versus Group A at 6 months (P < 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in PBI scores at the end of 9 months. \n\nPD reduction in Group B versus Group A was statistically significant at the end of 9 months (P < 0.01). \n\nGains in CAL were significantly greater in Group B versus Group A at 6 and 9 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26481885/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Widman flap",[810]],["The effect of an 810-nm diode laser on postoperative pain and tissue response after modified Widman flap surgery: a pilot study in humans.","810",3,"LLLT seemed to decrease pain and edema.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22524327","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery: Widman flap",[810]],["Clinical Outcomes of Low-level Laser Therapy in Management of Advanced Implant Surgery Complications: A Comparative Clinical Study.","650",5,"\"This study indicated that pain levels were reduced in the laser group (p <0.05). Also, facial swelling in the 3rd and 7th day after the surgery relieved more in laser group. Furthermore, investigation of the surgical site showed a higher level of wound healing in the laser group (p <0.05).\"\n\n\"Regarding the biological effects of advanced implant surgeries and accompanying complications, adjuvant treatment with a laser could significantly improve wound healing and reduce the severity and duration of pain and swelling.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31058617","PubMed",106,"Oral","Oral surgery: Implant surgery",[650]],["Nd:YAG and Diode Laser Biostimulation in Infraorbital and Inferior Alveolar Neurosensory Recovery After Orthognathic Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Study","810, 1064",4,"\"Median time to IAN FSR was 4 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 0 to 7) in Nd:YAG group, 5 months (IQR: 2 to 7.75) in diode group, not reached within 12 months in control group (log-rank P = .001); adjusted hazard ratio for Nd:YAG 8.0 (95% CI: 2.0 to 31.9; P = .003), for diode 7.6 (95% CI: 2.0 to 29.4; P = .003). \n\nMedian time to ION FSR was 4 months (IQR: 1.25 to 7) in diode group and 2 months (IQR: 0 to 5) in Nd:YAG group, not reached in control group (log-rank P = .001); adjusted hazard ratio for diode: 10.7 (95% CI: 2.4 to 47.5; P = .002), for Nd:YAG 3.25 (95% CI: 0.80 to 13.27; P = .101).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42229538/","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[810,1064]],["Orthognathic surgery-related nerve injuries: analysis and treatment modalities","970",3,"\"Eight patients (47.06%) received Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) administered using a 970-nm diode laser (Dental diode laser, Sirolaser Blue, Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) in continuous mode, 2 W output, 10 seconds per point, Duty cycle 50%–100%, 20 Hz, delivering approximately 10–20 J/cm2 per point. Applications were performed extraorally along the mental foramen and mandibular canal projection, with 6–8 sessions over a 3–4-week period as per the institutional protocol. Among these, six patients (75%) reported subjective improvement in sensation; however, complete sensory restoration was not achieved.\"\n\n\"Post-orthognathic surgery trigeminal neurosensory deficits, while not common, are clinically significant. Our findings suggest that LLLT may offer a therapeutic advantage in managing these deficits, though achieving complete neurosensory recovery remains a challenge.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41914061/","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[970]],["[Experience of non-pharmacological physiotherapeutic technologies application in surgical patients with post-operative inflammatory complications and endothelial dysfunction] [Article in Russian]","635, 904",3,"\"The use of combined spectrum of laser radiation with different wavelength (904 and 635 nm) in the early post-operative period corrects the ratio between heterodimeric receptors to physiological values: sVEGF-A/R1 from 0.26 [0.25; 0.27] to 0.40 [0.38; 0.48] ng/ml (p<0.05) and sVEGF-A/R2 - from 22.6 [21.9; 2 3.2] to 28.9 [27.5; 30.3] ng/ml (p<0.01), and eliminates the risks of inflammatory complications developing in presence of post-operative endothelial dysfunction progression.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40767755/","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[635,904]],["Photobiomodulation using 940-nm laser as an adjuvant therapy on orthognathic surgery: A randomized clinical trial","940",4,"\"Data indicate that 940-nm PBM therapy decreased the occurrence of postoperative pain and significantly improved trismus.\"\n\n\"Edema was lower on the laser group compared to control, without a significant difference for most measurements.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37070708/","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[940]],["[RETRACTED] Does Low-Level Laser Photobiomodulation Improve Neurosensory Recovery After Orthognathic Surgery? A Clinical Trial With Blink Reflex","810",2,"\"LLLT with 810-nm diode laser can accelerate the recovery from paresthesia after orthognathic surgery. The blink reflex can be used as a quantitative index for neurosensory assessment in line with subjective clinical tests such as the TPD test.\"\n\nA quote from retraction notice: \"The article includes material that had already appeared in de Oliveira RF, da Silva AC, Simoes A, Youssef MN, de Freitas PM. Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Paresthesia: A Retrospective Study of 125 Clinical Cases. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015 Aug; 33(8)415-23.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33358708/","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[810]],["Photobiomodulation as oedema adjuvant in post-orthognathic surgery patients: A randomized clinical trial.","940",2,"\"The differences between the groups were generally not significant (P>0.05) except for commissure - right and left gonion when compared G1 vs CG (P<0.05) and G2 vs CG (P<0.05). Initial changes (T1-T2) between groups were significantly different except for the measurement from commissure to right tragus G1 vs CG (P=0.411) and from commissure to left tragus G2 vs CG (P=0.94). The faster resolution of the oedema occurred in G2 group. \n\nPTBM with an energy density of 68.33J/cm2 was the most effective adjuvant to oral medication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, to decrease post-surgical oedema after mandibular orthognathic surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31678060","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[940]],["Longitudinal evaluation of the effects of low-power laser phototherapy on mandibular movements, pain, and edema after orthognathic surgery.","808",4,"\"The study group showed significantly better jaw opening (p = 0.009), laterality (p = 0.036), and protrusion (p = 0.029) after 2 weeks in most comparisons. The study group showed significantly less postoperative pain (p < 0.001) in most comparisons, and they recovered from pain earlier than the control group. There was a reduction in edema, with no statistically significant difference for most measurements. \n\nAs observed in most analyses, there were increases in values for all mandibular movements, no significant differences in the occurrence of edema, and decreases in the occurrence of pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30803856","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[808]],["Effect of GaAlAs low-level laser therapy on mouth opening after orthognathic surgery.","780",3,"\"LLLT with a GaAlAs diode laser (780 nm) did not affect postoperative mouth opening after SARME, isolated maxillary surgery, or isolated mandibular surgery. \n\nHowever, it improved mouth opening in men who had undergone bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29532196","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[780]],["Does low-level laser therapy decrease swelling and pain resulting from orthognathic surgery?","660",4,"\"There were no significant differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated sides regarding swelling and pain in the immediate postoperative assessment. Swelling decreased significantly on the irradiated side in the postoperative assessments on days 3, 7, 15, and 30. Self-reported pain was less intense on the irradiated side at the 24-h (1.2 vs. 3.4) and 3-day (0.6 vs. 2.1) assessments, but at 7 days after surgery neither side showed pain. This LLLT protocol can improve the tissue response and reduce the pain and swelling resulting from orthognathic surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679851","PubMed",111,"Oral","Oral surgery: Orthognathic surgery",[660]],["The effectiveness of low-level laser on postoperative pain and edema in secondary palatal operation.","970",5,"\"The pain scale showed significantly less postoperative pain in the laser group than in the control group from the first day (P-value = 0.006) to the 6th day (P-value = 0.014). The number of postoperative analgesic doses needed were significantly less in the laser group in the second and third days (P-value = 0.014). The postoperative edema was significantly higher in the control group from the 2nd (P-value = 0.004) to the 7th (P-value = 0.014) postoperative days.\"\n\n\"Preliminary results showed that low-level laser therapy is effective in the reduction of postoperative pain and edema, and minimizing the need of analgesic medication after secondary palatal operations.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27566848","PubMed",99,"Oral","Oral surgery",[970]],["The effects of low level 660nm laser irradiation on pain and teeth hypersensitivity after periodontal surgery","660",3,"\"In the laser group, both sides had lower VAS for pain than the control group (P< 0.05) after the first day. There was no statistical difference in the laser group between laser irradiated, or non-irradiated segment and for sensitization between groups.\"","http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jlms/article/view/2355","SBMU",99,"Oral","Oral surgery",[660]],["Low-level laser as a complementary therapy in orofacial granulomatosis management: a case report.","660",4,"\"A 47-year-old man presented with increased lip volume which had started 10 months earlier. His lips were thick with a fibroelastic consistency, which were painless upon palpation. Incisional biopsy and histopathological analysis of the upper lip revealed non-specific granulomatous inflammation and the diagnosis of OFG was subsequently made. \n\nLow-level laser therapy was successfully used to treat OFG in this case, and appears to be an efficient treatment for OFG when corticosteroid therapy is not enough.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength was not reported but the device was Laser Duo by MMO, which seems to have wavelengths of 660 and 808 nm. In the figure we see the visible red irradiation (660 nanometers). According to the device manual, it seems to have to modes (L1: red; L2; near-infrared), so we can probably assume that the used wavelength has been 660 nanometers.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30987889","PubMed",90,"Oral","Orofacial granulomatosis",[660]],["Low-level laser therapy and anesthetic infiltration for orofacial pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial.","780",4,"\"The pain decreased significantly in each group after the treatment (p=0.0001, β=1.0), even though no statistical difference was found between both treatments (p=0.46, β= 0.82).\"\n\n\"The LLLT by GaAlAs and anesthetic infiltration of lidocaine 2% were equally effective to control orofacial pain in FM individuals.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29274162","PubMed",90,"Oral","Orofacial pain",[780]],["Severe intractable facial pain attenuated by a combination of 830 nm diode low reactive-level laser therapy and stellate ganglion block: A case report","830",2,"\"We suspected that she was suffering from neuropathic pain secondary to her trauma, and we treated her with diode laser low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) using a GaAlAs 830 nm continuous wave system with an output power of 150 mW. Because the therapy was not effective, trigger point injection of an anesthetic (bupivacaine) was applied, which suceessfully attenuated the sharp pain, Subsequent combined treatment of conventional stellate ganglion block and antidepressant medication (desipramine) gave her a warm sensation on the pain region following LLLT. Three months after her admission, the intractable pain was successfully attenuated by the combination of diode LLLT and stellate ganglion block. \"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/8/2/8_2_155/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",90,"Oral","Orofacial pain",[830]],["Patient-Reported Outcome Measures of Flapless Corticotomy with Low-Level Laser Therapy in En Masse Retraction of Upper Anterior Teeth: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial","808",5,"\"The accelerated en masse retraction via piezocision, followed by a small course of LLLT, was accompanied by significantly fewer pain, discomfort, and chewing difficulties than the control group. LLLT is a valuable addition to piezocision, with an improved patient experience.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38131681/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Flapless corticotomy",[808]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Patients With Class II Mandibular Deficiency Treated with Farmand Functional Appliance","980",5,"\"The association of the particular laser irradiation with the functional appliance led to a greater increase in the effective length of the mandible (Co-Gn, P=0.048), the anterior sagittal position of the mandible (SNB, P=0.029), and the length of the ramus (Co-Go, P=0.028), and it showed a further decrease in the discrepancy between the jaws (ANB, P=0.000) compared with the functional appliance alone.\"\n\n\"The application of the laser with the chosen parameters and protocol in conjunction with the functional appliance improved the effects of the functional appliance and reduced the discrepancy between the two jaws.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37583499/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Functional appliances",[980]],["Evaluation of the Functional Treatment of Patients With Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Using Low-Level Laser Therapy-Assisted Twin-Block Appliance: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial","808",5,"\"There were statistically significant differences in treatment periods between the LLLT-TB group and the TB group (129 days and 235 days, respectively, P-value<0.001). The change in the effective mandibular length (Co-Gn) was the highest in the LLLT-TB group compared with the TB and the UCG groups (4.41 mm, 3.66 mm, and 1.07 mm, respectively; P-value<0.001).\"\n\n\"The application of low-level laser therapy on the condylar regions accelerated the functional treatment in skeletal Class II malocclusion patients by approximately 45% and increased the bone growth and mandibular length. The improvement in the SNB angle was similar in both interventional groups. \n\nIrradiation of low-level laser stimulated bone growth at the condyles and did not cause anterior movement of the temporomandibular joint following functional orthopedic correction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35345811/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Functional appliances",[808]],["Effect of 980nm Low-Level Laser Therapy on Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment","980",3,"\"MMP-1 levels in GCF increase temporarily after low-level laser irradiation with orthodontic force, indicating a potentially beneficial effect on tissue remodeling. Levels return to baseline by 164 hours, suggesting a controlled, short-term response.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41255730/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Gingival health",[980]],["Comparison of laser therapy and ozonated water on gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances","980",5,"\"A statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction of all clinical parameters and MCP-1 activity in GCF was observed on both sides. Low-level laser irradiation showed a significant reduction of clinical parameters and MCP-1 activity compared to subgingival ozone irrigation.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength was not mentioned in the full text, but the device (Zolar Photon Plus 10W) apparently uses 980 nm wavelength.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34778592/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Gingival health",[980]],["Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic and photobiomodulation therapy against Treponema denticola, fusobacterium nucleatum and human beta defensin-2 levels in patients with gingivitis undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: A clinic-laboratory study.","810",2,"\"aPDT and PBM showed similar improvement in gingival inflammatory and microbiological parameters compared to US.\"\n\nComment: No additional benefit from PBM.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31945548","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Gingival health",[810]],["Influence of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Gingivitis Induced by Multi-Bracket Appliances: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Trial.","660",5,"\"The PBI and BOP values decreased significantly between T0 and T1 on both sides (p < 0.05). At T1, the PBI and BOP values were significantly lower in the laser side in comparison with the control side (p < 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29775553","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Gingival health",[660]],["Low-level laser-aided orthodontic treatment of periodontally compromised patients: a randomised controlled trial.","940",5,"\"The intensity of pain was lower on the laser-irradiated side at multiple follow-up visits (P < 0.05). The pain subsided 1 day earlier on the laser side, with a lower peak value during the first week after initial archwire placement (P < 0.05).\n\nThe laser side exhibited a smaller reduction in bite force during the first month (mean difference = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.36-3.98, P < 0.05 at 1-week interval; mean difference = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.87-4.32, P < 0.05 at 1-month interval).\n\nA smaller increase was observed in the plaque index scores on the laser side at 1-month (mean difference = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.13-0.24, P < 0.05) and in the gingival index scores at the 3-month follow-up visit (mean difference = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.14-0.21, P < 0.05). \n\nLaser irradiation inhibited the elevation of interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E2 and substance P levels during the first month (P < 0.05). However, no intergroup difference was detected in the bacteria levels. \n\nLow-level laser irradiation exhibits benefits in pain relief and inflammation control during the early stage of adjunctive orthodontic treatment in periodontally compromised individuals.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31833004","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Gingival health",[940]],["Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Periodontal Status in Lingual Orthodontic Patients.","670",4,"\"LLLT showed short-term effects by preventing a substantial increase in IL-1β levels. At medium-term follow-up, LLLT diminished VPI, BOP, and PD scores.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27082031","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Gingival health",[670]],["Periodontal effects with self ligating appliances and laser biostimulation.","980",4,"\"In conclusion patients with teeth erupted in ectopic position get benefit from combined use of LLLT and self ligating orthodontic appliance in order to improve the formation of new area of keratinized gingival in particular in this study we obtained about 3,1 mm of this one.\"\n\nNote: No control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23814581","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Gingival health",[980]],["Diode Laser Irradiation Effects on Miniscrew Stability and IL-1β and TGF-β1 Levels: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","980",4,"\"The mean PTV (inverse of the stability) was smaller in the laser group compared with the control group at all time points; this difference was significant at T2 and T3.\"\n\n\"The current results supported the efficacy of LLLT in increasing the miniscrew stability and decreasing the level of IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokine.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37089768/","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[980]],["Effect of 808 Nm Semiconductor Laser on the Stability of Orthodontic Micro-Implants: A Split-Mouth Study","808",4,"\"Patients did not report significant differences in terms of pain experiences comparing the L and C groups (p = 0.499). \n\nAt 30 days post-treatment, higher secondary stability of implants was observed in the laser group (Periotest Test Value, PTV 6.32 ± 3.62), in contrast to the controls (PTV 11.34 ± 5.76) (p = 0.004)\n\nAt 60 days post-treatment, significantly higher stability was recorded in the laser group (PTV 6.55 ± 4.66) compared with the controls, PTV (10.95 ± 4.77) (p = 0.009).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32423127/","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[808]],["A Clinical Trial of Photobiomodulation Effect on Orthodontic Microscrews Stability Using a 635 nm Red Laser Light","635",3,"\"The analysis after 60 days revealed significantly higher secondary stability for the laser-irradiated microscrews group in comparison with control implants (G2 group) (p = 0.0037). We observed significantly higher stability in the experimental group compared with the control after 30 days (p = 0.0218). Moreover, we noted significantly higher microimplants stability for the control group in comparison with the test group, 9 days after implantation (p = 0.0374). Laser application had no effect on pain reduction noted in the first day in comparison with the control sites (p = 0.6690). No microscrews were lost in the study.\"\n\n\"Application of a 635 nm laser on peri-implant soft tissue increased the microscrews stability after 30 and 60 days.\"\n\nComment: Photo in grayscale.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33026974/","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[635]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy with a 635 nm Diode Laser Affects Orthodontic Mini-Implants Stability: A Randomized Clinical Split-Mouth Trial.","635",4,"\"635-nm diode laser at laser irradiation increases the secondary stability of orthodontic mini-implants.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31906190","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[635]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on the stability and displacement of orthodontic mini-implants submitted to immediate and delayed loading: a clinical study","660, 808",4,"Mini-implants from the PBM groups presented lower loss of stability (P = 0.0372). When the analysis considered the loading protocol as an additional variable, group two showed the lowest loss of stability, being significantly different from groups that did not receive PBM (P = 0.0161). \n\nThere was no difference between groups two and four during the period without loading (P > 0.05). DL groups presented lower loss when the effective period of loading was assessed, independently of the application of PBM (P < 0.0001). \n\nAll groups showed displacement of the MIs head without significant differences (P > 0.05). DL potentiated the effect of PBM, decreasing the loss of stability.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31154599","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[660,808]],["Effects of low-intensity laser therapy on the stability of orthodontic mini-implants: a randomised controlled clinical trial.","940",2,"\"Despite evidence of some significant differences in resonance frequency between mini-implants exposed to low-intensity laser light over a 10 weeks period there were no differences in mini-implant stability. Low-intensity laser light cannot be recommended as a clinically useful adjunct to promoting mini-implant stability during canine retraction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29874972","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[940]],["Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Orthodontic Patients on Immediate Inflammatory Response After Mini-Implants Insertion: A Preliminary Report.","660",3,"\"PGF around nonirradiated mini-implants showed higher levels of IL-8. Levels of IL-6 24 h after mini-implant insertion were higher for laser group.\"\n\n\"LLLT modulates the initial inflammation after the insertion of mini-implant, possibly increasing the mini-implant success prognostic and decreasing patient discomfort.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813716","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[660]],["Light emitting diode mediated photobiomodulation therapy improves orthodontic tooth movement and miniscrew stability: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","618",4,"\"Miniscrew stability was similar between control and LPT groups at baseline (T0) and the 1st month (T1). However, miniscrew stability was significantly increased in the LPT group in 2nd (T2) and 3rd (T3) months.\n\nComparison of tooth movement during three different time intervals (T1-T0, T2-T1, and T3-T2) revealed that statistically significantly increased in every time intervals after LPT.\n\nNo statistically significant change was detected in the IL-1β levels between groups.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27039894","PubMed",113,"Oral","Orthodontics: Implants / miniscrews",[618]],["A Comparative Evaluation of Interleukin 1 Beta and Prostaglandin E2 with and without Low-level Laser Therapy during En masse Retraction.","810",3,"\"It was concluded from the study that IL-1 β and PGE2 levels peaked after LLLT. The difference in the levels of both cytokines was statistically significant.\"\n\nComment: Inflammation is needed for orthodontics, therefore the increased inflammatory markers can be interpreted as a positive thing.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875572","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Inflammation",[810]],["Effect of low level laser therapy on dental pulp during orthodontic movement","830",3,"\"The findings in pulp tissue favor its adaptative response against dental movement induced by orthodontics. No definitive conclusions may be derived as this is a pilot study.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25237620/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Inflammation",[830]],["Pulsed Nd:YAG versus continuous-wave laser photobiomodulation for orthodontic pain: a split-mouth RCT","808, 1064",5,"\"From day 1 to day 6, VAS scores on the treated side were significantly lower than on the non-treated side in all four groups (P < 0.05). The 15 Hz group also exhibited significantly shorter pain disappearance time and overall pain duration compared with the semiconductor laser group (P < 0.05).\"","","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808,1064]],["Efficacy of single dose of low-level laser therapy on spontaneous pain caused by separators in orthodontic patients: An experimental study","",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy appeared to be effective with respect to spontaneous pain reduction after orthodontic separator placement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42261008/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[]],["Efficacy of Different Regimens of 980 nm Low-Level Laser Therapy to Reduce Pain Caused by Elastomeric Separator Placement in Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Split-Mouth Placebo-Controlled Study","980",4,"\"After the 24 h mark, significant differences were detected between the pain readings of LLLT-treated and placebo quadrants, both in resting position and during mastication (p < 0.05); pain readings were highest for R2, P, while lowest for R3 quadrants in resting position, and at R1 during mastication, respectively.\"\n\nComment: One group received pulsed LLLT but the frequency wasn't reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42194693/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[980]],["Efficacy of a simplified photobiomodulation protocol in orthodontic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial","808",3,"\"Although there was no difference in pain sensitivity between the groups at T24h, pain significantly decreased in the intervention group after 48 hours. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42018817/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808]],["Impact of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic pain","670",5,"\"LLLT significantly reduced pain perception. Pain peaked on day 2 for both groups, but the VAS score was lower in the LLLT group (4.35) than the control group (5.30). By day 4, the difference was highly significant (LLLT: 2.05 vs. Control:3.77; p < 0.0014). Furthermore, the LLLT group demonstrated significantly better oral hygiene, with a lower increase in API scores from T0 to T5 compared to the control group (p < 0.0003).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41306654/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[670]],["A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy versus paracetamol-caffeine for pain control during overall orthodontic treatment","810",3,"\"LLLT was able to reduce the peak of high-level pain just during separation and was not highly effective throughout the treatment course. On the other hand, the paracetamol-caffeine combination was not very effective in reducing pain perception throughout the treatment course.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40847180/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[810]],["Effect of single-dose diode laser photobiomodulation on orthodontic pain following initial archwire placement: a randomized clinical trial","940",2,"\"Type of intervention had no significant effect on VAS pain score (P = 0.654) although slightly lower pain was recorded in the PBM group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40597118/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[940]],["The Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy to Reduce Pain Caused by Orthodontic Separators: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled, Split-Mouth Study","980",4,"\"A single application of LLLT with 6 J of energy may have beneficial effects on reducing the pain caused by orthodontic ESs used at the initiation of treatment with fixed appliances, especially during mastication, after 6-48 h following the separation procedure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422601/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[980]],["Evaluation of the analgesic effect of laser therapy at acupuncture points in orthodontic patients","808",5,"\"It can be concluded that laser therapy at acupuncture points yields results similar to laser therapy for pain induced by the installation of orthodontic separators, with both being more effective than placebo treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40244476/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808]],["Comparative efficacy of pharmaceutical (Ibuprofen) and non-pharmaceutical (photobiomodulation, and chewing gum) interventions for pain reduction after elastomeric separator placement in orthodontic patients: a randomized clinical trial","940",2,"\"The interaction effect of time and pain reduction method on pain score was not significant (F = 0.737, P = 0.651). patients experienced a lower level of pain in the ibuprofen and chewing gum groups, the difference in pain score was not significant among the three groups (P = 0.225).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39317795/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[940]],["Low-level laser therapy and laser acupuncture therapy for pain relief after initial archwire placement : A randomized clinical trial","808",2,"\"The intensity of spontaneous and biting pain increased up to the first or second days following initial archwire placement and diminished to a negligible value by the seventh day. No significant difference was found between the study groups concerning spontaneous and biting pain at any timepoint of investigation (P > 0.05).\"\n\n\"With the protocols used in the study, low-level laser therapy and laser acupuncture therapy were as effective as ibuprofen and placebo laser treatment for pain reduction in orthodontic patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38683401/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain reduction in orthodontic patients during molar distalization: A randomized controlled trial","635",3,"\"The mean pain scores on the 1st day were higher in the intervention group (9.27 ± 1.01) compared to that of the control group (8.80 ± 1.03). However, the mean pain scores of the intervention group (6.55 ± 1.29, 4.00 ± 1.26, 2.55 ± 1.29, 0.91 ± 1.04, 0.00 ± 0.00 and 0.00 ± 0.00, respectively) were lower than the control group (7.40 ± 1.90, 5.60 ± 2.07, 4.20 ± 1.99, 2.80 ± 1.93, 1.60 ± 1.58 and 0.40 ± 0.84, respectively) from the 2nd to the 7th day. All the differences were not statistically significant except on the 6th day (P-value = 0.003).\"\n\n\"Although LLLT, with the used parameters, reduced the overall duration of pain experience following maxillary first molar distalization, it was not effective during peak pain levels.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38420010/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[635]],["The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in reducing pain induced by orthodontic separation: a randomized controlled trial","810",5,"\"However, the laser group and the ultrasound group showed a statistically significant decrease in pain scores compared to the control group at all the assessment time points (P < .001). Whereas there was no difference between the laser group and the ultrasound group in reducing the pain scores (P > .05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38308275/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[810]],["Evaluation of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) Associated With the Acceleration of Canine Retraction by Piezosurgery in Comparison With Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","810",4,"\"The LLLT-assisted canine retraction was associated with significantly lower negative patient-reported outcomes during the first two weeks of retraction than piezocision-assisted retraction. However, the levels of pain and discomfort were significantly greater in the piezocision-assisted retraction group than those in the conventional canine retraction group, which in turn were greater than those with the LLLT-assisted canine retraction group during the first week of retraction. Patient satisfaction and acceptance were high with both piezocision and LLLT interventions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38192530/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[810]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Reducing Pain in the Initial Stages of Orthodontic Treatment","808",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy is effective in reducing pain severity caused by orthodontic forces activation, and it promotes the analgesic action lasting effect during the most painful feeling time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747204/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808]],["Comparative analysis of Laser and LED phototherapies pain control after insertion of elastomeric separators in orthodontics patients: Clinical trial","780, 850",4,"\"According with the results of the present study it may be concluded that, either LED or Laser phototherapies, were effective in reducing the pain level after dental separation process when compared to the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35749950/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[780,850]],["Efficacy of Photobiomodulation Therapy Versus Soft Acrylic Wafer for Reduction of Pain Associated with Orthodontic Metal Bracket Removal: A Clinical Trial","940",5,"\"The mean pain score in the soft acrylic wafer (p = 0.017), control (p < 0.001), and placebo (p < 0.001) groups was significantly higher compared with the laser group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35766588/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain (from bracket removal)",[940]],["Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Photobiomodulation on Pain Reduction in Individuals Undergoing Segmental Retraction Using a Closing Loop: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","810",5,"\"Both groups had a significant statistical difference in the pain score. The laser group showed a statistically significant lower pain score compared to the control group at all time points.\"\n\n\"Photobiomodulation by 810 nm 300 mW diode laser can effectively reduce pain following the retraction of maxillary canines.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38738002/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[810]],["The efficacy of low-level laser therapy versus paracetamol-caffeine in controlling orthodontic separation pain and changes in the oral-health-related quality of life in Class I malocclusions: A 3-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","808",5,"\"LLLT relieved the induced pain more than did the placebo procedures (P = 0.002 for spontaneous pain, P = 0.012 for chewing pain).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35110003/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808]],["Efficacy of Photobiomodulation Therapy for Orthodontic Pain Control Following the Placement of Elastomeric Separators: A Randomized Clinical Trial","808",5,"\"The trend of change in the pain score was similar in both groups. The pain score was significantly lower in the laser group than the control group at all-time points (P <0.05) except at time 0.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34084734/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808]],["Efficacy of compound topical anesthesia combined with photobiomodulation therapy in pain control for placement of orthodontic miniscrew: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial","980",4,"\"There were no statistically significant differences in mean VAS scores within or between CTA combined with PBMT or injection applications, immediately after miniscrew placement (P = 0.75), 12 h after miniscrew placement (P = 0.4), and 24 h after miniscrew placement (P = 1.0).\"\n\n\"Compound topical anesthetic combined with PBMT provided adequate local anesthesia for the placement of miniscrews in the buccal side of the maxillary bone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33796965/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[980]],["Comparative Study of Effects of LASER, TENS, and Anesthetic Gel for Controlling Pain after Placement of Elastomeric Separators: A Clinical Trial","830",4,"\"Turkey's post hoc test showed that pain score after immediate placement of separators was found to be the least in the anesthetic gel than that in other groups and pain score was least in the LASER group out of all four groups on day 1, 2, 3, and 4.\"\n\n\"It was found that low-level LASER therapy was more effective in reducing pain after placement of elastomeric separators.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34434019/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["Photobiomodulation and Pain Reduction in Patients Requiring Orthodontic Band Application: Randomized Clinical Trial","830",4,"\"The trial group showed significantly lower pain intensities (p < 0.05) at 5 min, 1 h, and 12 h after band application compared to the control group, whereas no difference between groups (p > 0.05) was found at 24 h and 72 h. Patients in the control group reported more frequently the presence of \"compressive pain\" (58.8%, p < 0.05) from the appliance during the week after the application, while the trial group showed higher frequency of \"no pain\" (46.2%, p < 0.05). However, PBM did not affect the pain onset, peak, and end time reported by the two groups (p > 0.05).\"\n\n[Statistical details removed from the text above.]","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32596367/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["Assessment of a single versus double application of low-level laser therapy in pain reduction following orthodontic elastomeric separation: A randomized controlled trial.","830",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy significantly reduced post-separation pain when the experimental side was compared to the placebo side in the single-irradiation group (p < 0.05). \n\nLow-level laser therapy significantly reduced separation pain with no statistical difference between single and double irradiation protocols (p > 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32307932","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["A Comparative Assessment of Pain Caused by the Placement of Banded Orthodontic Appliances with and without Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Prospective Study.","980",5,"\"Subjects in the LLLT experienced less pain at each time interval as well as the maximum pain score being lower in the LLLT compared to control and placebo groups. These findings were all statistically significant (p < 0.05). LLLT can alleviate the intensity of pain after the placement of orthodontic bands.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32143365","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[980]],["[Effect of single low level laser therapy on initial pain during fixed orthodontic treatment]. [Article in Chinese]","",4,"\"Spontaneous pain during day and night with 0.012, 0.014 inch superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) line was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference with 0.016 and 0.018 inch NiTi (P>0.05).\n\nChewing pain with 0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018 inch NiTi lines in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32274491","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[]],["Effect of ozone and diode laser (635 nm) in reducing orthodontic pain in the maxillary arch-a randomized clinical controlled trial.","635",4,"\"The mean pain values for the diode laser, ozone, and control group were 3.6 (1.31) (95% CI, 2.95-4.25), 5.25 (3.37) (95% CI, 3.52-6.98), and 5.75 (2.40) (95% CI, 4.69-6.81), respectively. We observed lower pain values in the diode laser group compared to the control group (p = 0.0237).\"\n\n\"The use of 635-nm diode laser led to decreased pain perception\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31691053","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[635]],["Laser-Assisted Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Saudi Population: A Prospective Clinical Intervention of Low-Level Laser Therapy in the 1st Week of Pain Perception in Four Treatment Modalities.","940",4,"\"Mean ± SD of PP in the LLLT + SL group was 3.33 ± 1.4, 3.58 ± 1.06, 2.31 ± 0.67, and 1.89 ± 0.54 in 4 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days, respectively. Compared to all 4 TM groups, LLLT groups showed better PP. More statistically significant differences were found in LLLT groups. No harms were encountered.\"\n\n\"The LLLT + SL group revealed significantly promising benefits on PP during OTM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31772695","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[940]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Pain Perception Among Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",2,"Comment: Could not access full text.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32554911/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Noninvasive Method of Relieving Postactivation Orthodontic Pain-A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","980",4,"\"A single dose of LLLT at 980nm, 2.5 W/cm2, and 600 J is effective in relieving orthodontic pain after activation.\"\n\nAbout the control group: \"This red LED light mimicked laser, but tissues were not exposed so no molecular changes would occur.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31198342","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[980]],["Is Low-Level Laser Therapy an Effective Method to Alleviate Pain Induced by Active Orthodontic Alignment Archwire? A Randomized Clinical Trial.","980",5,"\"The pain experienced at each time interval and the maximum pain score were significantly lower in the tested group, whereas no differences were found between control and placebo groups.\"\n\n\"LLLT is effective in alleviating the intensity and duration of pain experienced by patients after the engagement of alignment archwire. However, there is no specific indication for the usage of LLLT according to the amount of crowding.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30926104","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[980]],["Clinical study on the efficacy of LED phototherapy for pain control in an orthodontic procedure.","846",5,"\"Comparison between groups showed that pain level in the LED group was always statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05), except for the time of installation (T1). The use of LED light was effective in significantly reducing the level of pain after insertion of the elastic tooth separators when compared to the control group.\"\n\nComment: The photo wasn't very interesting, but it showed some anatomical locations.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121721","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[846]],["Evaluating the effect of low-level laser therapy on pain induced by orthodontic separation: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial","940",5,"\"The subjects reported less intensity of pain on chewing as well as spontaneous pain at the sites which were given low-level laser therapy as compared to the placebo side. The difference between the pain intensity on the low-level laser therapy side and placebo side was found to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05).\"","https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41547-018-0040-5","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[940]],["Low-level laser therapy for controlling pain in orthodontic patients during the use of elastic separators: randomized clinical trial","808",5,"\"It was observed a significant reduction in pain from exposed to the laser hemi-arch compared to hemi-arch not exposed at all time intervals assessed. In this way, the results obtained suggest that the use of the reduced pain sensitivity after the placement of orthodontic separators.\"","http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1612-202X/aad1c1/meta","IOP",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on tooth-related pain and somatosensory function evoked by orthodontic treatment.","810",4,"\"The NRS pain scores were significantly lower in the LG group (P = 0.01). The CDTs, CPTs, WDTs, HPTs, and PPTs at the gingiva and the PPTs at the canine tooth were significantly less sensitive on the treatment side of the LG compared with that of the PG (P < 0.033). The parameters tested also showed significantly less sensitivity on the non-treatment side of the LG compared to that of the PG (P < 0.043). There were no differences between the groups for any quantitative sensory testing (QST) measures of the hand.\"\n\n\"The application of LLLT appears to reduce the pain and sensitivity of the tooth and gingiva associated with orthodontic treatment and may have contralateral effects within the trigeminal system but no generalized QST effects. Thus, the present study indicated a significant analgesia effect of LLLT application during orthodontic treatment. Further clinical applications are suggested.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29967411","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[810]],["Low-level laser therapy (830 nm) on orthodontic pain: blinded randomized clinical trial.","830",3,"\"Just after the separation, the average of the pain for the placebo group was 1.6, significantly greater than the average of 1.1 registered for the laser group (p = 0.013). After 24 h and before the new irradiation, the values registered among the different groups did not show any differences.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29998356","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["The Efficacy of Low-level Laser Therapy on Pain caused by Placement of the First Orthodontic Archwire: A Clinical Study.","",4,"\"The results revealed that the average onset of pain in the experimental group (16.10 hours) was significantly reduced when compared with the control group (3.10 hours). The most painful day was similar for both the groups. The pain ceased much sooner in the experimental group than in the control group. The intensity of pain was lesser in the experimental group when compared with the control group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29728552","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[]],["Effects of single-dose, low-level laser therapy on pain associated with the initial stage of fixed orthodontic treatment: A randomized clinical trial.","940",4,"\"Patients in the LLLT group exhibited significantly lower mean scores for spontaneous pain after insertion of the initial two archwires (0.012-in and 0.014-in NiTi; p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for 0.016-in and 0.018-in wires between the LLLT and placebo groups. LLLT significantly reduced chewing pain scores (p < 0.05) for all archwires.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29564218","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[940]],["Evaluation of Low Level Laser Therapy on Pain Perception Following Orthodontic Elastomeric Separation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","830",5,"\"LLLT was successful in reducing post-separation pain when the experimental side was compared to the placebo side at all assessment times in each group (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between single and double irradiation groups in terms of pain reduction (p>0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28050498","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of bite wafer and low level laser therapy in reducing pain following initial arch wire placement","660, 810",4,"\"Generally, VAS scores in the LLIL, ibuprofen and bite wafer groups were close to each other and significantly lower than those in the LLRL and control groups (p<0.05), which showed comparable pain level at most intervals.\n\nThe infrared laser group (LLIL) showed significantly lower pain than all other groups at some points over the experiment (p<0.05).\"\n\nComment: Red light showed poor results, near-infrared light showed good results","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27721564/","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[660,810]],["Effect of single-dose low-level helium-neon laser irradiation on orthodontic pain: a split-mouth single-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.","633",4,"\"Single-dose He-Ne laser therapy might reduce orthodontic pain caused by retracting maxillary canines.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26446930","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[633]],["The effect of diode superpulsed low-level laser therapy on experimental orthodontic pain caused by elastomeric separators: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","910",4,"A single LLLT treatment was effective in reducing pain.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23666533","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[910]],["The effect of 810-nm low-level laser therapy on pain caused by orthodontic elastomeric separators.","810",3,"\"The 810-nm continuous wave LLLT significantly reduced the PP in the first 3 days after orthodontic separation. However, the mean postseparation PP in both groups was low and wide ranges of PP scores were observed.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334785","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[810]],["Low-level laser therapy for treatment of pain associated with orthodontic elastomeric separator placement: a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind clinical trial.","830",4,"\"The patients in the intervention group (LLLT) had lower mean pain scores in all the measures. The incidence of complete absence of pain (score=0) was significantly higher the intervention group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153291","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain following activation of orthodontic final archwires: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","830",4,"\"Low intensity laser application reduces pain induced by archwires used during the final stage of orthodontic treatment, without any interference regarding the kind of bracket, as reported by patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23240876","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["Effect of frequent laser irradiation on orthodontic pain. A single-blind randomized clinical trial.","635",3,"\"Frequent LLLT decreased the perception of pain to a nonsignificant level throughout the week after separator placement, compared with pain perception in the placebo and control groups. Therefore, LLLT might be an effective method of reducing orthodontic pain.\"\n\nComment: Since the laser toothbrush emits red light, and the placebo group emits much lower power, the placebo controlling might be not so reliable.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23241006","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[635]],["Analgesic effect of a low-level laser therapy (830 nm) in early orthodontic treatment.","830",4,"LLLT decreased pain, compared to placebo.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22814893","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["Efficiency of low-level laser therapy in reducing pain induced by orthodontic forces.","820",4,"\"Although no difference was found in pain perception at 5 min and 1 h, significant reduction was observed with laser treatment 24 h after application (p<0.05). The mean PGE(2) levels were significantly elevated in control group, whereas a gradual decrease occurred in laser group. The difference in PGE(2) levels at both 1 and 24 h were statistically significant between two groups (p<0.05).\"\n\n\"The significant reductions in both pain intensity and PGE(2) levels revealed that LLLT was efficient in reducing orthodontic post-adjustment pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22775467","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[820]],["The effect of two phototherapy protocols on pain control in orthodontic procedure--a preliminary clinical study.","660, 640",3,"\"The laser group did not have statistically significant results in the reduction of pain level compared to the LED group.\n\nThe LED group had a significant reduction in pain levels between 2 and 120 h compared to the control and the laser groups. The LED therapy showed a significant reduction in pain sensitivity (an average of 56%), after the orthodontic tooth movement when compared to the control group.\"\n\nNote: Tunér and Jenkins commented on this paper:\n\n\"During their respective irradiation times, the LED delivers an energy of 7 J, whilst the laser delivers just 0.7 J.\"\n\n\"In conclusion, the study by Esper et al. [1] is valuable in that it suggests an alternative light source for pain reduction, but the conclusion that an LED should be better than a laser is not valid.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626017","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[660,640]],["Low-level laser therapy for pain caused by placement of the first orthodontic archwire: a randomized clinical trial.","830",4,"\"The patients in the LLLT group had lower mean scores for oral pain and intensity of pain on the most painful day. Also, their pain ended sooner. LLLT did not affect the start of pain perception or alter the most painful day. There was no significant difference in pain symptomatology in the maxillary or mandibular arches in an evaluated parameter.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892282","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["Pain relief by single low-level laser irradiation in orthodontic patients undergoing fixed appliance therapy.","670",4,"\"LLLT immediately after multibanding reduced the prevalence of pain perception at 6 and 30 hours. LLLT might have positive effects in orthodontic patients not only immediately after multibanding, but also for preventing pain during treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16979496","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[670]],["Soft laser irradiation induced pain reduction in orthodontic treatment.","",4,"\"We confirmed that soft laser irradiation produced an effective pain reduction in orthodontic treatment.\"\n\nComment: Could not find the full text.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9667142","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[]],["Soft laser irradiation effects on pain reduction in orthodontic treatment.","",3,"\"Just after application of the initial wire, LG patients were irradiated with the soft laser from the labial and lingual sites for a total of one minute. Reduction in pain was found in some patients who had been irradiated. In particularly, delay in the pain appearance was noted as compared to the other two control groups.\"\n\nComment: Could not find the full text.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9566142","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[]],["A clinical investigation of the efficacy of low level laser therapy in reducing orthodontic postadjustment pain.","830",2,"\"Analysis of the VAS median scores showed that teeth exposed to laser treatment had lower levels of pain as compared with those with the placebo treatment. However, nonparametric statistical analysis of the data showed that the differences between treatments and placebo within each subject were not statistically significant.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7503039","PubMed",92,"Oral","Orthodontics: Pain",[830]],["Pain Reduction during Rapid Palatal Expansion Due to LED Photobiomodulation Irradiation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"The pain that was felt at each time interval and the maximum score of pain were significantly lower in the experimental group (p < 0.05) and decreased faster in the experimental group, with a score test near to 0 after 2/3 days.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35054430/","PubMed",115,"Oral","Orthodontics: RME / maxillary expansion",[]],["Maxillary Orthodontic Expansion Assisted by Unilateral Alveolar Corticotomy and Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Novel Approach for Correction of a Posterior Unilateral Cross-Bite in Adults.","980",4,"\"All subjects reported successful correction of the posterior unilateral crossbite, and functional occlusion was achieved as well. The average expansion was greater at the crossbite side compared to the unaffected side and such difference was significant at the levels of first premolars (P < 0.05), second premolars (P < 0.05) and first molars (P < 0.05). \n\n\"Orthodontic maxillary expansion assisted by unilateral corticotomy and LLLT was effective in the treatment of the true unilateral crossbite.\"\n\nComment: No control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31749950","PubMed",115,"Oral","Orthodontics: RME / maxillary expansion",[980]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy after rapid maxillary expansion: a clinical investigation.","660",4,"\"At day 75 of the suture, the irradiated patients presented a greater percentage of approximate zones in the anterior (p = 0.008) and posterior (p = 0.001) superior suture-and less approximation in the posterior superior suture (p = 0.040)-than the placebo group. LLLT appears to stimulate the repair process during retention phase after RME.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236292","PubMed",115,"Oral","Orthodontics: RME / maxillary expansion",[660]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on bone regeneration of the midpalatal suture after rapid maxillary expansion.","780",4,"\"In conclusion, LLLT had a positive influence on bone regeneration of the midpalatal suture by accelerating the repair process.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056702","PubMed",115,"Oral","Orthodontics: RME / maxillary expansion",[780]],["Effect of a low-level laser on bone regeneration after rapid maxillary expansion.","780",4,"\"From the evaluation of bone density, the results showed that the laser improved the opening of the midpalatal suture and accelerated the bone regeneration process.\"\n\nComment: The full text is not completely unambiguous on some methodological details.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464526","PubMed",115,"Oral","Orthodontics: RME / maxillary expansion",[780]],["Infrared laser therapy after surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion to diminish pain and accelerate bone healing.","824",4,"\"These findings suggest that laser therapy can accelerate bone regeneration of the median palatal suture in patients who have undergone SARPE.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20877738","PubMed",115,"Oral","Orthodontics: RME / maxillary expansion",[824]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy (GaAlAs) on bone regeneration in midpalatal anterior suture after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion.","830",4,"\"Bone regeneration associated with the use of laser after SARME showed a statistically significant difference. A higher mineralization rate was found in the laser group (26.3%, P < .001) than the control group.\"\n\n\"Low-level laser irradiation (GaAlAs) accelerates bone regeneration in MPAS after SARME. However, the optical density measurements after 7 months of follow-up were lower in comparison with the preoperative measurements.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219584","PubMed",115,"Oral","Orthodontics: RME / maxillary expansion",[830]],["Root Regeneration with Photobiomodulation of an Upper Lateral Incisor Associated with Root Resorption Due to an Impacted Maxillary Canine: A Case Report","810",4,"\"After 12 months, the 22 had root neoformation and complete closure of the apex with vitality.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38717840/","PubMed",116,"Oral","Orthodontics: Root resorption",[810]],["Physical properties of root cementum: Part 29. The effects of LED-mediated photobiomodulation on orthodontically induced root resorption and pain: a pilot split-mouth randomized controlled trial","850",3,"\"There was no significant difference in the mean total root resorption between the LED PBM and control sides (mean 0.216 versus 0.284 mm3, respectively, P = 0.306). \n\nThe LED side was associated with less pain at 24 hours (P = 0.023) and marginally more pain at subsequent time points, which was not statistically significant. No harms were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35552386/","PubMed",116,"Oral","Orthodontics: Root resorption",[850]],["Ectopic Eye Tooth Management: Photobiomodulation/Low-Level Laser Emission Role in Root Resorption after Fixed Orthodontic Treatment","940",4,"\"QRR [quantitative measurements of root resorption] on CBCT in EET patients after FOT [fixed orthodontic treatment] with SLB [Self ligating bracket], LE/P [low-level laser emission/photobiomodulation], and LE/P + SLB showed a superior outcome.\"\n\nComment: The paper is very difficult to understand. A lot of abbreviations used as well.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35455787/","PubMed",116,"Oral","Orthodontics: Root resorption",[940]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on external root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement - a randomized controlled trial","980",5,"\"All twenty-two patients enrolled completed the study. The root surface analysis showed formation of 32.78% less number of resorption craters (P<0.05) and 39.49% less volume of resorption craters (P<0.05) in the test group premolars relative to the control group premolars.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33610485/","PubMed",116,"Oral","Orthodontics: Root resorption",[980]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on orthodontically induced root resorption: a pilot double blind randomized controlled trial","808",4,"\"LLLT resulted in 23 per cent less root resorption compared to the placebo (P = 0.026). Pulsed laser delivery resulted in 5 per cent less root resorption than continuous; however, this was not statistically significant (P = 0.823). No harm was observed.\"","https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/doi/10.1093/ejo/cjx065/4107608/The-effect-of-lowlevel-laser-therapy-on","Oxford Academic",116,"Oral","Orthodontics: Root resorption",[808]],["The effect of photobiomodulation on root resorption during orthodontic treatment.","850",3,"\"Our results showed that photobiomodulation did not cause root resorption greater than the normal range that is commonly detected in orthodontic treatments.\"\n\nComment: The study methods are inadequately described.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24470774","PubMed",116,"Oral","Orthodontics: Root resorption",[850]],["Comparing Circumferential Supracrestal Fiberotomy with Surgical Scalpel Versus Photobiomodulation in Orthodontic Relapse Reduction: A Clinical Trial","940",4,"\"The magnitude (p = 0.014) and percentage (p = 0.035) of relapse were significantly different among the six groups, and they were the highest in the control group followed by photobiomodulation alone, laser CSF, conventional CSF, conventional CSF plus photobiomodulation, and finally, laser CSF plus photobiomodulation. Moreover, photobiomodulation plus laser CSF and photobiomodulation plus conventional CSF had significantly different results from the other groups. \n\nThe six groups had no significant difference in sulcus depth changes, gingival recession (difference in primary and secondary crown height), or pain score (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579132/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Supracrestal fiberotomy",[940]],["Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Temporomandibular Joint Changes Following Reversed Twin Block Therapy of Patients With Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Conjunction With the Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","808",2,"\"No significant effects on the condylar position were found following skeletal class III treatment with a reversed twin block appliance in conjunction with the photobiomodulation therapy. A small difference in condylar volume was noticed between the RTB group and the RTB+PBMT group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35720777/","PubMed",112,"Oral","Orthodontics: Temporomandibular joint",[808]],["A three-arm parallel split-mouth randomized controlled trial comparing injectable platelet-rich fibrin and low-level laser therapy on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and canine angulation during en-masse retraction","650",5,"\"Both I-PRF and LLLT significantly enhanced space closure compared to control (P < .001). LLLT showed the greatest retraction (3.02 ± 0.24 mm), followed by I-PRF (2.82 ± 0.27 mm) and control (1.99 ± 0.42 mm). Group differences were large (η2p = 0.62), and time × group interactions were moderate. Anchorage loss was higher in both intervention groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41667059/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[650]],["Evaluation of an Optimized Photobiomodulation Protocol for Accelerated Tooth Movement","",5,"\"Comparison of laser versus control first month space closure in mm showed first month (T0-T1) (right side, Method I) (Mean±SD;1.26±-0.105 vs 0.53±0.45); first month (T0-T1) (Right side, Method II) (Mean±SD;1.06±0.15 vs 0.59±0.107). The mean mm rate of en-masse maxillary space closure (on the right and left side) measured by both Method I and Method II across all five months was consistently higher in the laser group compared to the control.\"\n\n\"Mean differences with 95% CI are reported. The PBM group showed 1.09mm per month extraction space closure compared to 0.7mm per month in the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710850/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement During Canine Retraction - A Comparative Study","940",5,"\"The mean canine retraction rate was 4.828 mm in the LLLT group and 4.013 mm in the PRF group, indicating that LLLT significantly accelerated tooth movement compared to PRF.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41870592/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["Evaluation of Laser Therapy During Orthodontic Treatment in Adult Patients by Determining N-Telopeptide Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid","450",3,"\"N-telopeptide levels in gingival crevicular fluid increased significantly from baseline (T0) to 14 days (T1) in both the laser-treated (HL) and control (sham) hemiarches (HC), with higher values observed in the lasered side. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between HL and HC at T1 (p < 0.0001),\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41470172/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[450]],["Evaluation of Mandibular Cortical Bone Density Changes Using CBCT During Accelerated Orthodontics with Low-Level Laser Therapy","808",3,"\"LLLT during orthodontic treatment significantly reduces mandibular cortical bone density, potentially facilitating accelerated tooth movement. CBCT proves to be a reliable tool for assessing bone changes in vivo.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41523068/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[808]],["A Comparative Assessment of Tooth Movement through an Invasive and Noninvasive Method Using Micro-osteoperforation and Low-level Laser Therapy: An In Vivo Study","810",4,"\"The rate of canine retraction on the LLLT side was significantly greater (1.28 ± 0.33 mm/month) than the control side (0.78 ± 0.23 mm/month) (P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"When comparing the LLLT side (1.27 ± 0.32 mm/month) to the MOP side (1.05 ± 0.22 mm/month) in the split-mouth group, the difference in the rate of retraction was not statistically significant.\"\n\n\"The combination of both methods (Group 4) yields superior outcomes by 3.02-fold in enhancing tooth movement compared to individual approaches. The integration of acceleration techniques can significantly reduce overall treatment duration, making orthodontic care more accessible and appealing to adult patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41522961/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["The Effects of Light and Vibration on the Correction of Lower Incisor Crowding with Aligners","850",2,"\"The HOT group showed significantly greater crowding reduction compared to all other groups (p<0.05). LFV and PBM alone were not significantly different from the control. \"\n\n\"Combining LFV and PBM during clear aligner therapy produced greater short-term acceleration of mandibular incisor alignment than either modality alone. Further randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm long-term efficacy and safety.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41029937/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Evaluation of low-level laser therapy and piezocision in the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth","",4,"\"Combining LLLT with flapless piezocision significantly boosts upper anterior teeth retraction by 43.8%, compared to 31.8% with piezocision alone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353446/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Influence of personalized replacement protocol and low-level laser therapy combined with vibration on tooth movement rate and tooth movement accuracy in clear aligner treatment: a randomized clinical trial","",3,"\"No significant difference was found in the accuracy of maxillary molar movement between Groups A and B, but the tooth movement rate in Group B was significantly greater. The accuracy of maxillary molar movement was similar in Groups B and C, and the tooth movement rate in Group C was significantly increased.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40328448/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Effect of led photobiomodulation on tooth movement, gingival hypertrophy and pain in response to treatment with fixed orthodontic appliance","625, 660, 850",4,"\"PBM with LED accelerated orthodontic tooth movement during the levelling and alignment phase and reduced the incidence of gingival hypertrophy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40249460/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[625,660,850]],["Enhancing bone remodeling and accelerating tooth movement with photobiomodulation in middle-aged adults","",4,"\"The [PBM] group showed greater tooth movement (p < 0.05), an increase of 74% on average for bone height. \n\nPBM induced a significant increase in RANK expression at month 3 (p < 0.05), and the expression of OPG and OPN showed a significant increase in the fifth month of movement (p < 0.05) in the PBM group. \n\nPBM may represent an adjunct therapeutic approach during tooth movement in more mature patients, leading to a more responsive bone metabolism and favoring more comprehensive orthodontic treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40135402/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Evaluation of the Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy on Leveling Mandibular Anterior Crowding","810",3,"\"The leveling duration showed no significant differences between the laser and control groups (p=0.170). Group comparison results of the VAS scores at hour 6 (p=0.001) and day 1 (p=0.006) exhibited significantly reduced pain levels in the laser group compared with the control group.\"\n\n\"Although LLLT is not effective in reducing the leveling duration, it significantly reduces pain levels at hour 6 and on the 1st day.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40150884/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["Low-Level Laser-Aided Orthodontic Treatment of Periodontally Compromised Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","810",5,"\"The experimental group showed a significant improvement in periodontal indices, with a mean reduction in probing depth of 2.3 mm compared to 1.2 mm in the control group (P < 0.05). \n\nThe rate of orthodontic tooth movement was faster in the LLLT group, with an average of 1.5 mm/month versus 1.0 mm/month in the control group (P < 0.01). \n\nAdditionally, patient-reported pain levels were significantly lower in the LLLT group, with an average pain score reduction of 3.2 on a 10-point scale compared to 1.8 in the control group (P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Low-level laser therapy significantly enhances periodontal health, accelerates tooth movement, and reduces pain in periodontally compromised patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39926979/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["The Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Accelerating Tooth Movement in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","808",4,"\"The group that had LLLT (Group A) demonstrated a notably elevated frequency of tooth movement in contrast to the control group (Group B). \n\nGroup A's average monthly tooth movement was 1.2 mm, whereas Group B's average monthly movement was 0.8 mm (P < 0.01). \n\nFurthermore, throughout the early phases of therapy, patients in the LLLT group reported less discomfort, and there were no significant variations in gingival health between the two groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39926885/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[808]],["Effect of 850 nm LED irradiation on the alignment of crowded mandibular anterior teeth: a randomized controlled clinical trial","850",5,"\"The crowding at baseline was the same between the two groups (P > 0.05). Duration of treatment in the intervention group was 104.7 days (95% CI: 95.6 -113.8) and significantly shorter than 161.9 days (95% CI: 151.5 -171.2) in the control group. \n\nThe control group experienced a significantly higher pain score of 6.8 (95% CI: 6.1-7.5) immediately after archwire placement than the intervention group 5.4 (95% CI: 4.6-6.3).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724477/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Comparative Evaluation of LED Light Application and Heat Generation with Three Different Wavelengths of Frequency on Soft Tissues in Bringing Faster Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Finite Element Model Study","",3,"\"This work utilized FEM to examine a computed tomography (CT) scan of the complete cranial structure of a 20-year-old male individual presenting mild to moderate crowding in the upper and lower anterior areas. The CT scan images were acquired with an X-force/SH spiral CT scanning device (Carestream France version Cs 9300).\"\n\n\"The LED frequencies 740, 850, and 940 nm produced faster tooth movements, and 940 nm generated the most heat, followed by 740 nm and 850 nm.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39391277/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on osteoclast differentiation: Clinical implications for tooth movement and bone density","808",4,"\"The RAW 264.7 cell line served as the precursor for osteoclasts, and these cells underwent irradiation using a 808-nm LLLT. Osteoclast differentiation was assessed through tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining.\"\n\n\"In the clinical study, 12 participants were enrolled. Their tooth movement was monitored using a TRIOS desktop scanner. Bone density measurements were conducted using Mimics software, which processed cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images exported in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format.\"\n\n\"We found that LLLT effectively promoted receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclast differentiation and the expression of osteoclast functional genes, including matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1(NFATc1), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K (CTSK) in RAW264.7 cells. \n\nClinically, the cumulative tooth movement over 90 days was significantly higher in the laser group than in the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39035342/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on en masse retraction in females with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion : A single-center randomized clinical trial","940",3,"\"The duration of retraction was 10.125 ± 2.876 and 13.643 ± 3.455 months in the LG and NLG, respectively. The LG showed a statistically significant faster rate of en masse retraction (0.833 ± 0.371 mm/month) compared to the NLG (0.526 ± 0.268 mm/month; P ≤ 0.035). The observed root resorption was significantly less in the LG (P ≤ 0.05) with comparable pain scores in both groups.\"\n\n\"Within the constraints of the parameters of the LLLT used in the current study and despite the statistically significant results on the rate of en masse retraction and the associated root resorption, LLLT did not demonstrate a clinically relevant effect that justifies its use to enhance en masse retraction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38842738/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["Accelerated Orthodontic Treatment Using Photobiomodulation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","810",5,"\"The PBM group exhibited a statistically significant reduction in treatment duration compared to the control group (P < 0.05) [12.6 months vs 14.8 months].\"\n\n\"Patient-reported discomfort, assessed using the VAS, was consistently lower in the PBM group compared to the control group across all orthodontic visits. The median VAS score for the PBM group was 3, while the control group reported a median VAS score of 6. These differences in discomfort were statistically significant (P < 0.05) [Table 2].\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38595506/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["Impact of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Various Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Split-Mouth Randomized Study","980",5,"\"The results show a highly statistically significant difference in the extent of canine distalization in the test group (TOTM1=2.92±0.44; TOTM2=1.04±0.1; TOTM3​=0.62±0.21 mm) in contrast to the control group (TOTM1=3.23±0.8; TOTM2=2.65±0.2; TOTM3​​​​=2.11±0.24 mm) (p<0.01). \n\nAfter three months of canine distalization, the laser and control group had 34 and 27 patients with mild gingivitis, respectively.\"\n\n\"Intermittent laser application for 12 weeks significantly increased cytokine levels in the study arm compared to orthodontic force exclusively on the contralateral control arm. This occurred concurrently with increasing rates of OTM [orthodontic tooth movement], which was consistent with a previous study [17].\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37664315/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[980]],["Photobiomodulation increases uprighting tooth movement and modulates IL-1β expression during orthodontically bone remodeling","808",4,"\"PBM group increase uprighting movement when compared to control after 3 months and modulate IL-1β expression. For pain control, the amount of medication and OHIP-14 no difference were found.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37162171/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[808]],["Accelerated Canine Retraction by Using Mini Implant With Low-Intensity Laser Therapy","940",4,"\"The average increase in the amount of tooth movement at three months was 40.1% and 36.3% in the test and control groups, respectively. However, the average increase in the amount of movement of teeth following canine retraction was 100% in the test group and 68.2% in the control group.\"\n\n\"The rate of canine retraction increases when it is combined with LILT-assisted accelerated orthodontics in comparison to conventional canine retraction using mini-implants.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36819422/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement during miniscrew-supported maxillary molar distalization in humans: a single-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial","980",3,"\"The laser-treated molars of the subjects in the intervention group moved 1.22 times more than the molars in the contralateral side and in the control group in 12 weeks. The rate of tooth movement in the laser, contralateral, and control groups was 0.033, 0.027, and 0.027 mm/day, respectively. Although LLLT was found to be statistically significant in terms of accelerating tooth movement, the effect of LLLT is not considered to be clinically significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36807215/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[980]],["Predictability of Invisalign® Clear Aligners Using OrthoPulse®: A Retrospective Study","850",4,"\"The statistical analysis showed that patients who used OrthoPulse® needed fewer finishing aligners and a greater predictability of the treatment was obtained. In fact, in the treated group the average number of additional aligners represented 66.5% of the initial aligners, whereas in the control group 103.4% of the initially planned aligners were needed. In conclusion, in patients treated with clear aligners, OrthoPulse® would appear to increase the predictability of orthodontic treatment with clear aligners, thus reducing the number of finishing phase requirements.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36547046/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Low-level laser therapy, piezocision, or their combination vs. conventional treatment for orthodontic tooth movement : A hierarchical 6-arm split-mouth randomized clinical trial","940",4,"\"All three methods accelerated OTM, with the combination of LLLT + piezocision producing the strongest and LLLT producing the weakest acceleration.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36129485/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["Effect of light-emitting photobiomodulation therapy on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement : A randomized controlled clinical trial","850",5,"\"The mean canine distalization rates were 1.36 mm/21 days and 1.02 mm/21 days in the LPT and control groups, respectively, and were statistically greater in the LPT group (p < 0.001). The amount of anchorage loss, canine rotations, canine inclinations and molar inclinations were not significantly different between the LPT and control groups at any of the timepoints.\"\n\n\"LPT has the potential to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by 33%.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36107224/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of two low-level laser irradiation protocols on the rate of canine retraction","980",5,"\"Results revealed a significant increase in the canine retraction rate on the laser sides of groups A and B, in comparison with the control sides (p < 0.05), with no significant differences reported between the laser sides in both groups (p = 0.08–0.55). Also, IL-1β levels were significantly higher on the laser sides of both groups, in comparison with the control sides (p < 0.05). \n\nTherefore, LLLT can effectively accelerate tooth movement, with both frequent and less frequent applications, which is attributed to an enhanced biological response as reflected by the elevated IL-1β levels on the compression sides.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35710926/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[980]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on the time needed for leveling and alignment of mandibular anterior crowding","940",5,"\"The mean time for leveling and alignment was significantly lower in the laser compared to the control group (68.2 ± 28.7 and 109.5 ± 34.7 days, respectively). The laser group displayed a significantly higher mean alignment improvement percentage as well as lower pain scores compared to the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35344012/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["Effect of 970 nm low-level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement during Class II intermaxillary elastics treatment: a RCT","970",3,"\"The time to reach Class I occlusion in the active laser group (2.46 ± 2.1 months) was not significantly different from that in the placebo group (2.48 ± 2.0 months) (p = 0.938). Interestingly, the total distance of movement on the active laser side (2.27 ± 1.5 mm) was significantly greater than that on the placebo side (1.64 ± 1.3 mm) (p = 0.009).\n\nThe pain levels on days 1, 2 and 3 were not significantly different between the laser and placebo sections.\n\nThe rate of distance change toward Class I occlusion in the laser group (1.1 ± 0.7 mm/month) was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (0.74 ± 0.6 mm/month) (p = 0.037).\n\nLow-level laser therapy (970 nm) did not reduce the time needed to obtain Class I occlusion, but a significant acceleration in tooth movement was observed in the irradiated group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34853360/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[970]],["Evaluation of the acceleration, skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of low-level laser therapy combined with fixed posterior bite blocks in children with skeletal anterior open bite: A three-arm randomised controlled trial","808",4,"\"The correction of the AOB required significantly less mean time in the FPBB+LLLT group compared to the FPBB group (x̅=7.07, x̅=9.42 months, respectively; P=0.001).\n\nThe mean upper first molar intrusion in the FPBB+LLLT group was 1.21mm and significantly greater than that of the FPBB group (0.82mm; P=0.018).\n\nHowever, there was a slight mean extrusion of the upper first molar in the UCG (0.32mm).\"\n\n\"The LLLT appeared to be effective in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34887236/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[808]],["Impact of photobiomodulation and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound adjunctive interventions on orthodontic treatment duration during clear aligner therapy","850",4,"\"PBM group showed an average 26.6% reduction in the treatment duration when compared with the control group\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407180/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["The effect of intra-oral LED device and low-level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement in young adults: A randomized controlled trial","640, 810",4,"\"The rate of canine retraction significantly increased by 60.8% in the laser group, while it increased not significantly by 26% in the LED group compared with the control group. There was no significant difference among the groups in terms of tooth rotation and pain.\"\n\n\"LLLT can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). LED with the present setting couldn't increase the rate of OTM. LLLT and LED did not affect canine rotation or pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34607784/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[640,810]],["Clinical research: low-level laser therapy in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement","810",4,"\"The cumulative tooth movement over 28 days was significantly higher in the laser group than in the control group. We observed significant reductions in OPG levels and increases in IL-1β and RANKL levels in GCF samples on the experimental sides.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34182967/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation on the Upper First Molar Intrusion Movement Using Mini-Screws Anchorage: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",2,"\"Periodontal clinical assessments (PI, PD, and BOP) and mean intrusion distance or mean intrusion velocity yielded no differences (p > 0.05) between groups. However, PBM group showed lower values of all these scores during the first 3 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34328794/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Impact of photobiomodulation and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound adjunctive interventions on orthodontic treatment duration during clear aligner therapy: A retrospective study","850",4,"\"The LIPUS group showed a 26% reduction, on average, in treatment duration when compared with the control group, whereas the PBM group showed an average 26.6% reduction in the treatment duration when compared with the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33909012/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Photobiostimulatory Effect of a Single Dose of Low-Level Laser on Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Pain","940",4,"\"The regimen effectively accelerated (1.55 ± 0.25 mm) tooth movement with a significant reduction in distress on the investigational side as compared to the placebo side (94 ± 0.25 mm) (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34055122/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["Which method is more effective for accelerating canine distalization short term, low-level laser therapy or piezocision? A split-mouth study","940",3,"\"Although laser application seems more effective during the first 4‑week period, considering the 12-week period, the effects of LLLT and piezocision on orthodontic tooth movement during canine distalization were similar.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32990775/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["Accelerated Extraction Treatment With the Invisalign System and Photobiomodulation","",2,"Comment: Full text not found","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32554917/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Comparison of Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adolescent Patients Undergoing Treatment by First Bicuspid Extraction and En-Mass Retraction, Associated With Low Level Laser Therapy in Passive Self-Ligating and Conventional Brackets: A Randomized Controlled Trial","658",4,"\"There was a statistically significant enhancement in the rate of OTM in the 2 experimental groups (0.68/0.67mm/month in the right and left side of the maxilla and 0.66/0.65mm/month in the right and left side of the mandible) when compared with the control group (0.48mm/month in the maxilla and 0.48mm/month in the mandible) (P<0.05)\"\n\n\"A significant increase in the rate of OTM was observed with the application of LLLT. No difference was observed in the rate of OTM when comparing different ligation methods treated with LLLT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571649/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[658]],["Effect of Low Intensity Laser Therapy (LILT) on MMP-9 Expression in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Patients Undergoing Canine Retraction: A Randomized Controlled Trial","980",4,"\"The average increase in rate of tooth movement on experimental side at 3 months was 44% and MMP-9 concentration was also high. At the end of canine retraction (4.5 months) in the experimental group the average rate increase was 38% with MMP-9 concentrations similar in both the experimental and control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32081593/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[980]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy on Orthodontic Movement: Analysis of Preliminary Studies With a New Protocol","650, 910",4,"\"The results of the descriptive analysis on the distal displacement speed of the canines after 1 month of follow-up indicate an average displacement of 1.35 mm for the non-irradiated group and 1.98 mm for the irradiated group. Through inferential analysis, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the average speed of the irradiated canines and the control canines.\"\n\n\"The low energy density laser used in this study, with the parameters set, was found to be a tool capable of statistically significantly accelerating the distal displacement of canines.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32438716/","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[650,910]],["A Comparative Assessment of the Efficiency of Orthodontic Treatment With and Without Photobiomodulation During Mandibular Decrowding in Young Subjects: A Single-Center, Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.","",5,"\"Treatment time was significantly shorter (p < 0.001) in the PBM group (203 days) compared with the control (260 days). \n\nConsequently, control visits (p < 0.001) were lower in the PBM group (7) compared with the control group (9).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31944878","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Effect of Low Intensity Laser Therapy (LILT) on MMP-9 expression in gingival crevicular fluid and rate of orthodontic tooth movement in patients undergoing canine retraction: A randomized controlled trial.","980",4,"\"The average increase in rate of tooth movement on experimental side at 3 months was 44% and MMP-9 concentration was also high. At the end of canine retraction (4.5 months) in the experimental group the average rate increase was 38% with MMP-9 concentrations similar in both the experimental and control group.\"\n\n\"LILT increases the rate of tooth movement. LILT also has an effect of bio-stimulation as depicted by rise in MMP-9 concentrations in GCF. However, this bio-stimulatory effect is restricted to the initial part of the tooth movement.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32081593","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[980]],["Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy during Tooth Movement: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","810",5,"\"The laser group yielded less mean time [84.35 ± 12.34 days (95% CI 79.3-86)] to accomplish space closure compared to the control group [97.49 ± 11.44 days (91.7-102.3)] (p < 0.001).\n\nThe test side showed a significant reduction in the average range of dental pain at 3 [Test, 5.41 (95% CI 5.1-5.6); Control, 7.23 (95% CI 6.9-7.6), p < 0.001], 7 [Test, 4.12 (95% CI 3.8-4.7); Control, 5.79 (95% CI 5.4-5.8), p < 0.001], and at 14 days [Test, 2.31 (95% CI 1.8-2.3); Control, 3.84 (95% CI 3.3-4.2), p < 0.001] after treatment (p < 0.001). \n\nThis study demonstrates that the use of LLLT therapy was effective in accelerating tooth movement and reducing pain levels related to OTM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31288379","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["Photobiomodulation increases intrusion tooth movement and modulates IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β expression during orthodontically bone remodeling.","808",4,"\"The mean intrusion velocity was 0.26mm/month in the irradiated group (G3), average duration of 8 months versus 0.17mm/month for the non-irradiated group (G2), average duration of 12 months.\"\n\n\"This study suggests that PBM accelerates tooth movement during molar intrusion, due to modulation of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β during bone remodeling.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31001928","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[808]],["Upper molar distalization with Invisalign treatment accelerated by photobiomodulation.","",4,"\"In the case shown here, segmental PBM treatment improved aligner tracking by enhancing anterior anchorage while accelerating molar movement.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not provided.","https://www.jco-online.com/archive/2018/12/675-upper-molar-distalization-with-invisalign-treatment-accelerated-by-photobiomodulation/","JCO",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[]],["Evaluation of the Effect of Combined Low Energy Laser Application and Micro-Osteoperforations versus the Effect of Application of Each Technique Separately On the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement.","810",4,"\"Significant statistical differences were obvious in the rate of canine retraction between each intervention and the control sides as following; the [micro-osteoperforations] increased the rate of canine retraction by 1.6 fold more than the control side, LLLT increased the rate of canine retraction by 1.3 fold than the control side, and combination of both techniques resulted in an increase in the rate of canine retraction by 1.8 fold more than the control side.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559886","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["Low-level laser therapy increases interleukin-1β in gingival crevicular fluid and enhances the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.","940",5,"\"Increased levels of IL-1β were observed in the experimental canines compared with the control canines (P <0.001). \n\nCumulative tooth movements over an 8-week experimental period were greater for the experimental canines (occlusogram and software, 4.450 and 4.4903 mm, respectively) compared with the control canines (occlusogram and software, 2.025 and 2.0501 mm, respectively). \n\nA positive correlation existed between the IL-1β levels and the amounts of tooth movement across all time intervals.\"\n\nNote: A comment to this article was published by Isola et al. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935594","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30268264","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["A Comparison of the Rate of Retraction with Low-level Laser Therapy and Conventional Retraction Technique.","810",3,"\"In the present study, the low-level laser therapy accelerates the orthodontic tooth movement by 12.555% than that of conventional retraction technique in every dose of laser application (21 days).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875571","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Randomized Control Study.","810",3,"\"LLLT can increase the fixed OTM timing and reduce the pain experience during orthodontic procedure.\"\n\nComment: The paper is a little bit confusing to read, and some parts of the abstract do not make sense.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29599594","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[810]],["Velocity of orthodontic active space closure with and without photobiomodulation therapy: a single-center, cluster randomized clinical trial","850",3,"\"The mean velocity of space closure in the PBM group was 1.08 mm/month (SD 0.54) compared with the control group’s 0.86 mm/month (SD 0.42). A secondary analysis was conducted on the 45 patients that reached the primary outcome and did not deviate from the study protocol (15 dropout patients removed), providing 123 extraction spaces for the analysis—23 patients from the PBM group and 22 patients from the control group.\"","https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41547-018-0026-3","Springer",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Effects of low-level laser irradiation on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and associated pain with self-ligating brackets.","940",4,"\"Low-level laser irradiation applied at 3-week intervals can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and reduce the pain associated with it.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103440","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[940]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on tooth movement during canine distalization.","820",4,"\"The amount of tooth movement in the laser group was 40% more than the control group. First day IL-1ß levels were statistically higher than initial and 21st day levels (P= 0.003, P = 0.012). The rise in IL-1ß levels caused the negative correlations between 7th day IL-1β and 21st day TGF-β1 levels describes the tissue effects of laser application.\"\n\n\"As conclusion, laser does accelerate tooth movement and could shorten the whole treatment duration.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28289894","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[820]],["Does Low-Level Laser Therapy Enhance the Efficiency of Orthodontic Dental Alignment? Results from a Randomized Pilot Study.","980",4,"\"The alignment treatment time was significantly shorter (p < 0.001) in the tested group (211.8 days) compared to the control (284.1 days). Consequently, control visits (p < 0.001) were lower in the test group (7 visits, median value) compared to the control group (9.5 visits, median value).\"\n\n\"The results of this pilot study suggest that the administration of LLLT might significantly increase the efficiency of orthodontic treatment during dental alignment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28253073","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[980]],["Decrowding of lower anterior segment with and without photobiomodulation: a single center, randomized clinical trial.","850",4,"\"The date of the first arch wire placement was recorded as T1, and the date of the completion of the lower anterior segment decrowding was recorded as T2. A final impression was also taken at T2.\n\nThe time between T1 and T2 was significantly reduced by 22 % in the test group compared to the control group (68.3 vs. 87.8 days, respectively, p < 0.043).\n\nThe use of photobiomodulation for 20 min daily at a wavelength of 850 nm might reduce the time required to resolve lower anterior crowding. This trial and its protocol were not registered on a publicly accessible registry.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27761668","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Low-level laser therapy effectiveness in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","830",5,"\"A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in the overall treatment time (P < .001) and the leveling and alignment improvement percentage at T1 (P = .004) and T2; (P = .001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27869476","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[830]],["Effects of diode laser (980 nm) on orthodontic tooth movement and interleukin 6 levels in gingival crevicular fluid in female subjects.","980",2,"\"Although the mean rate of canine retraction was higher in the LG (0.013) than the CG (0.012) and there was definitely a tendency for more canine retraction in the LLLI, but the results failed to show any significant difference between the mean rate of canine retraction of both groups (P = 0.068).\"\n\n\"A paired t test showed that there was no significant difference in the mean concentration of IL-6 at various stages of the treatment between the groups during canine distalization (P > 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27680969","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[980]],["Intraoral photobiomodulation-induced orthodontic tooth alignment: a preliminary study.","850",4,"Alignment rate was significantly higher in LLLT group (1.27mm/week versus 0.44mm/week)","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762247","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on orthodontics: rate of tooth movement, pain, and release of RANKL and OPG in GCF.","670",2,"\"There was improvement in the parameters studied (pain, tooth movement, levels of RANKL in GCF, and RANKL/OPG ratio) in the laser group when compared to the control group, although differences were not statistically significant.\"\n\nComment: LLLT seemed to have some beneficial effects, but most of the positive effects weren't statistically significant.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24346335","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[670]],["Photobiomodulation accelerates orthodontic alignment in the early phase of treatment.","850",4,"\"Multi-level mixed effect regression analysis was performed on the data, and the mean rate of change in LII was 0.49 and 1.12 mm/week for the control and test groups, respectively.\"\n\nComment: Not sure if control group was randomly allocated too.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24326198","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[850]],["Efficacy of low-intensity laser therapy in reducing treatment time and orthodontic pain: a clinical investigation.","808",4,"\"An average increase of 30% in the rate of tooth movement was observed with the low-intensity laser therapy. Pain scores on the experimental sides were significantly lower compared with the control sides.\"\n\nComment: An extremely low dose was used according to this paper. In my opinion, that low dose is unlikely to have biological effects.\n\nNote: A comment to this paper was published.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381489","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[808]],["Influence of low-level laser on the speed of orthodontic movement.","780",4,"\"The diode laser used within the protocol guidelines increased the speed of tooth movement. This might reduce orthodontic treatment time.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21254890","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[780]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy during orthodontic movement: a preliminary study.","809",5,"\"The velocity of canine movement was significantly greater in the lased group than in the control group. The pain intensity was also at lower level in the lased group than in the control group throughout the retraction period.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17361391","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[809]],["Effects of low-intensity laser therapy on the orthodontic movement velocity of human teeth: a preliminary study.","780",4,"\"Our findings suggest that LILT does accelerate human teeth movement and could therefore considerably shorten the whole treatment duration.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15334614","PubMed",91,"Oral","Orthodontics: Tooth movement",[780]],["Effect of Low-level Light Therapy on Post-operative Healing of Secondary Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Jaws - A Prospective Study","635",5,"\"At three and six months, clinical achievement was better in patients treated with LLLT. Pain and discomfort resolution was significantly greater in the experimental group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38405576/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Osteomyelitis",[635]],["Non-Invasive Management of Osteoradionecrosis With Intra- and Extraoral Fistulas Using Combined Photodynamic and Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Case Report","",4,"\"Combined PBMT and PDT promoted complete resolution of extensive, refractory mandibular ORN using a fully non-invasive approach. This case highlights the synergistic potential of dual phototherapy as a safe and effective alternative when surgery is contraindicated or declined.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42438445/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[]],["Photobiomodulation in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Outcomes in Stage I and Its Adjunctive Role in Advanced Cases","635",4,"\"Among the 14 patients in Group 1, none exhibited any clinical signs or symptoms of MRONJ during the 3 months follow-up, and complete cure was achieved. While PBM resolved inflammation and pain in stage II MRONJ, further surgical intervention was necessary to fully address the condition.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40426869/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[635]],["Surgical extraction with photobiomodulation as an adjunctive modality in patients at-risk for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: retrospective study","650, 810, 910",3,"\"Complete healing without the development of MRONJ was shown in 50 (80.65%) patients, and the development of MRONJ was shown in 12 (19.35%) patients. The statistical analysis revealed a higher risk of MRONJ in patients with a history of administration of zoledronic acid (p = 0.029) and in patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy (p = 0.039). While a lower risk was observed in patients in treatment for thyroid pathology (p = 0.055).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40275275/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[650,810,910]],["Photobiomodulation in Patients Taking Denosumab: Case Report and Literature Review","",3,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40136756/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[]],["Piezoelectric Surgery, Er:YAG Laser Surgery and Nd:YAG Laser Photobiomodulation: A Combined Approach to Treat Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ)","",4,"\"This study aimed to propose a combined surgical approach with a piezoelectric device and laser (Er:YAG for bone ablation and Nd:YAG laser for photobiomodulation) in a young patient with breast cancer and bone metastasis under denosumab treatment, affected by spontaneous stage 3 MRONJ with maxillary sinus involvement. The patient under study reported no post-operative discomfort, with painkiller intake limited to the day after surgery. Total mucosal healing was observed without recurrences for more than 4 years after surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39195105/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[]],["Use of Phototherapy and Er-YAG Laser in the Management of Mandible Osteoradionecrosis: A Case Report","660, 808",4,"\"The patient was initially exposed to photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), with a low-power laser at wavelengths of 660 nm and 808 nm, and thereafter to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). After an improvement in the clinical condition and resolution of the oral cutaneous fistula, a surgical procedure with the Er: YAG laser was performed to remove the remaining necrotic bone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38144942/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[660,808]],["Management of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw with Photobiomodulation and Minimal Surgical Intervention","635",4,"\"This case report suggests that the combination of PBM with surgical intervention is promising in the management of MRONJ.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37232778/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ)",[635]],["Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Successful Medical Management of Complex Maxillary Alveolus with Sinus Involvement","",4,"\"We present 3 patients with advanced-stage MRONJ of the maxilla using combined medical modalities including antimicrobial therapy, photobiomodulation therapy, pentoxifylline, vitamin E, and synthetic parathyroid hormone. All patients had a good outcome and avoided surgical intervention. \n\nWe also report biological and functional imaging that may assist in more effective diagnosis and management of MRONJ. \n\nThe 3 patients reported suggest that combined medical management should be considered in all cases of MRONJ (including stage III) prior to determining if surgical intervention is required.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37384201/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[]],["Photobiomodulation and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the prevention of osteonecrosis of the jaw in an oncologic patient","",4,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34670157/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[]],["Photobiomodulation laser therapy in a Lenvatinib-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A case report","635",4,"\"At the end of the first session, a relief in the pain was already refereed by the patient. One month after, the oral mucosa was completely healed and tissue integrity was confirmed clinically and on panoramic radiograph and the patient referred an increase in her quality of life. On the last follow up after 6 months the patient was without any recurrence.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34188771/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[635]],["Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and Low-Level Laser Therapy as Adjuvant Treatment: A Case Report","660, 808",4,"\"We describe a case of a 48-year-old oncological patient who had brain and bone metastasis due to breast cancer and was medicated with bisphosphonates (BPs). She presented cavities, and after an incorrect exodontia, the lesion evolved into a jaw osteonecrosis. Then she did a sequestrectomy and was treated using laser therapy. Radiological and clinical features are also described.\"\n\n\"In a case like this, we notice how necessary is a complete evaluation of the oncological patient before some procedures and laser therapy as an effective ally in the management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425304/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[660,808]],["Management of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) Using Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) and Photobiomodulation: A Retrospective Study","650, 810, 910",4,"\"There was a significant association between the different treatment protocols and the outcomes at both three and six months follow-up (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively).\"\n\n\"Our results show that the combination of antibiotic therapy, surgery, L-PRF, and photobiomodulation may effectively contribute to MRONJ management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33138266/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[650,810,910]],["Photobiomodulation and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as adjunct in the treatment and prevention of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: a case report","660",4,"\"The adjuvant therapy combining aPDT and LLLT with minimally invasive surgical procedures and antibiotic therapy was successful in the treatment and prevention of osteoradionecrosis in the patient after radiotherapy, without recurrence or new lesion emergence after 1-year of follow-up.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32818642/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[660]],["Successful Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic and Photobiomodulation Therapies for Controlling Osteoradionecrosis and Xerostomia After Laryngeal Carcinoma Treatment: A Case Report of Full Oral Rehabilitation","660, 808",4,"\"We present a clinical case where a conservative treatment based on photonics [antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) associated to Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT)] of a patient with osteoradionecrosis (ORN) due to the radiotherapy treatment of a laryngeal cancer. \n\nAs a result of this combined treatment the ORN was controlled (e.g. the necrosis, infection and suppuration disappeared). Moreover, the symptoms reported by the patient (pain and xerostomia) also diminished along with the repair of oral mucosa. \n\nThus, this treatment showed to be effective and this fact encouraged us to keep applying in future cases this combined therapy (e.g. PBM therapy and the aPDT).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32464267/","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[660,808]],["The Effectiveness of the Low-Level Laser, Antibiotic and Surgical Therapy in the Treatment of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Case Report.","808",4,"\"The treatment consisted of the curettage of the necrotic bone, antibiotic and thirteen LLL therapy sessions. Integral mucosal healing was observed after a two-month follow-up and no symptoms were detected. The patient was evaluated at 6 and 12 postoperative months without complications.\"\n\n\"The combination of surgery, antibiotic therapy, and LLL therapy has shown to be effective in the treatment of MRONJ.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32099634","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[808]],["Antimicrobial photodynamic and photobiomodulation adjuvant therapies for prevention and treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: case series and long-term follow-up.","660, 808",4,"\"Eighteen patients underwent preventive protocol, and none presented signs of MRONJ after a follow-up of at least 6 months. \n\nSeventeen patients presented with MRONJ underwent aPDT protocol and sixteen of them showed total regression of lesions.\"\n\n\"aPDT and PBM therapy protocols appear to be effective as adjuvant approach not only for preventing MRONJ development due to tooth extraction but for treating MRONJ lesions at early stages with no adverse effects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31923636","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[660,808]],["Rituximab as a trigger factor of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. A case report.","1340",4,"\"A conservative approach was decided with antiseptic mouth washes, low-level laser treatment (LLLT) and systemic therapy with teriparatide. Complete mucosal coverage was obtained after more two years of follow-up. We suggest that rituximab as immunosuppressant might be a cause or a decompensating factor of MRONJ. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment with LLLT and teriparatide are candidates for the treatment of MRONJ.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31301390","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[1340]],["Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: case series treated with adjuvant low-level laser therapy and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.","660, 808",4,"\"100% of the sample presented clinical improvement, and 80% presented complete covering of the bone exposure by intact oral mucosa.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791570","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[660,808]],["Successful Use of Lower-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw.","810",4,"\"Six months after the treatment with LLLT a complete healing of the affected area was observed and 12 months after treatment the patient was rehabilitated with fixed dental prosthesis and showed excellent tissue healing of the necrosis areas. It was concluded that the use of LLLT showed to be a good option in the treatment of MRONJ.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071028","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[810]],["Low-level laser therapy supported surgical treatment of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of jaws: a retrospective analysis of 11 cases.","808",4,"\"Elimination of previously recorded symptoms and a stable mucosal closure was achieved in all patients. Primary healing was achieved in seven patients and secondary healing course was observed in four patients. Permanence of obtained positive outcomes was noted in follow-up periods.\"\n\n\"Treatment of advanced BRONJ lesions with a combination of antibiotic therapy, surgical removal of the lesion, and consecutive low-level diode laser applications provided favorable results in all patients. In consideration of our findings, it can be assumed that LLLT may serve as a safe and effective adjunct to medical-surgical treatment of BRONJ lesions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25045921","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[808]],["Association of laser phototherapy with PRP improves healing of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in cancer patients: a preliminary study.","660",4,"\"These results suggest that the association of pharmacological therapy and surgical therapy with PRP plus LPT significantly improves BRONJ healing in oncologic patients. Although prospective studies with larger sample sizes are still needed, this preliminary study may be used to inform a better-designed future study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940198","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[660]],["Laser GaAlAs (λ860 nm) photobiomodulation for the treatment of bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw.","860",4,"\"Reduction in painful symptoms was reported after the second irradiation session, and tissue healing was complete at the end of the third week following oral curettage. The patient was followed up for 12 months and exhibited good oral health and quality of life.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22509722","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[860]],["Observation of pain control in patients with bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis using low level laser therapy: preliminary results.","650, 904",3,"\"This pilot study suggests that LLLT may be a valid technique to support the treatment of BRONJ-related pain, even though the low number of cases in this study does not permit any conclusive consideration.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21235406","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[650,904]],["Effect of low-level laser irradiation on bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws: preliminary results of a prospective study.","904",4,"\"Four weeks after LLLT, a statistically significant difference was observed for reported pain (p = 0.0001), clinical size (p = 0.0034), edema (p = 0.0005), and presence of pus and fistulas (p = 0.0078 and p = 0.03, respectively).\"\n\n\"Of course, this needs to be addressed further in larger and randomly controlled studies in different clinical settings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19795990","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[904]],["Nd:YAG laser biostimulation in the treatment of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: clinical experience in 28 cases.","1064",3,"\"Of the 14 patients who underwent laser biostimulation, nine reported complete clinical success (no pain, symptoms of infection, or exposed bone or draining fistulas), and three improved their symptomatology only, with a follow-up of between 4 and 7 mo.\"\n\n\"While the results reported in this study are not conclusive, they indicate that laser therapy has potential to improve management of BON.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248160","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[1064]],["Nd:YAG laser biostimulation of bisphosphonate-associated necrosis of the jawbone with and without surgical treatment.","1064",4,"\"We describe our preliminary results with 19 patients affected by bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws who were treated conventionally with surgical or medical treatment alone or in combination with neodimium: yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. Clinical variables such as symptoms, presence of pus, and closure of mucosal flaps before and after treatment were evaluated to establish the effect of the laser irradiation. \n\nWe treated nine patients with laser biostimulation with or without surgical treatment, and in this group there were eight clinical successes and one symptomatic improvement, with a clinical finding better than ones without laser biostimulation (ten patients, five clinical successes, and one symptomatic improvement).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524535","PubMed",101,"Oral","Osteonecrosis (MRONJ/ORN)",[1064]],["Successful GaAlAs low-level laser therapy of self-inflicted thermal burns of the palate","808",4,"\"The present case showed two painful thermal burns with great results in terms of speeding up the relieve of symptoms and healing time with soft laser as opposed to the traditional treatment with oral topical corticosteroid.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33747516/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Palatal burn injury",[808]],["Healing of self-inflicted thermal injury of palatal mucosa by low-level laser therapy.","810",4,"\"The burn wound healed completely after five applications of LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168896","PubMed",104,"Oral","Palatal burn injury",[810]],["Photobiomodulation associated with sclerotherapy for treatment of hemangioma in the hard palate","660",4,"\"Vascular changes frequently involve the head and neck region and hemagioma is the most common. A 61-year-old female patient complained of severe pain in the hard palate. A purple lesion was found, measuring 1.5 cm, sensitive to palpation, and with a history of hemorrhage. The patient was fully edentulous and her upper denture compressed the lesion site. Diascopy confirmed the lesion's vascular origin. A diagnostic hypothesis of hemangioma was raised. In the first session, red laser light (660nm) was applied at 4 points around the lesion, with 0.5 J at each point, in order to obtain analgesia and trigger the repair process. The upper denture was also relined. In the second session, 2 mL of 5% monoethanolamine oleate was applied. After 14 days, total regression of the lesion was observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34290755/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Palatal hemangioma",[660]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for Symptom Management in Essential Palatal Myoclonus: Two Case Studies with Long-Term Follow-Up Two Cases: 7-Year/2-Month Follow-Up","940, 980",4,"\"In Case 1, contraction frequency decreased from 2.5 Hz to 0.11 Hz after treatment and remained stable between 0.12-0.36 Hz over a 7-year follow-up, with marked improvement in swallowing and sleep quality. \n\nIn Case 2, contraction frequency decreased from 3 Hz to 0.3 Hz within 60 days, accompanied by functional and symptomatic improvement.\"\n\n\"Near-infrared PBMT produced a substantial and sustained reduction in PM activity without adverse effects. Comparable outcomes using 940 nm and 980 nm wavelengths suggest a neuromodulatory rather than purely tissue-heating mechanism.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42392993/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Palatal myoclonus",[940,980]],["The Combination of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Photobiomodulation Therapy for the Treatment of Palatal Ulcers: A Case Report.","660",4,"\"The proposal was to use one aPDT session with methylene blue followed by 4 sessions of PBMT with a red laser diode. On the 5th day, reorganized tissue was verified, with the absence of bleeding, swelling, and pain. On the 20th day of follow-up, the area showed no signs of inflammation, healthy tissue without any pathological clinical symptoms, and complete wound healing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32273968","PubMed",95,"Oral","Palatal ulcer",[660]],["Low-level laser therapy for oral mucous membrane pemphigoid.","980",4,"\"A complete resolution in clinical signs was obtained in all patients, with a mean number of laser sessions of 9.66 (± 4.72) (Figs. 1 and 2). After the first three sessions of therapy symptoms improved considerably; moreover, all the patients reported a complete resolution of symptoms at the end of the laser sessions.\"\n\n\"These findings might have a significant clinical impact since LLLT is easy to perform, and does not increase morbidity or presents side effects, especially for elderly people. (...) In conclusion, this study suggests that LLLT would currently appear to be a possible treatment for some elderly patients with oral erosive lesions due to MMP. This modality of treatment also guarantees a notable analgesic effect. However, it would be interesting to know if this assertion would be comparable with a greater number of patients or in a dissimilar clinical setting.\"\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706567","PubMed",95,"Oral","Pemphigoid (oral mucous membrane)",[980]],["The Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy on Pemphigus Vulgaris Lesions: A Pilot Study.","660",3,"\"Application of low level laser simultaneously with conventional therapy could result in sensational healing of ulcers especially in patients who do not respond to conventional treatment or suffering from recalcitrant lesions.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071023","PubMed",95,"Oral","Pemphigus vulgaris",[660]],["Low-level laser therapy on the treatment of oral and cutaneous pemphigus vulgaris: case report.","660",4,"\"We reported two cases of pemphigus vulgaris that received systemic treatment associated with low-level laser therapy for oral and cutaneous lesions. We observed prompt analgesic effect in oral lesions and accelerated healing of oral and cutaneous wounds. Therefore, the present report suggests LLLT as a noninvasive technique that should be considered as an adjuvant therapy in oral and skin disorders in patients with PV.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538841","PubMed",95,"Oral","Pemphigus vulgaris",[660]],["Adjunctive 980-nm Diode Laser Therapy in the Management of Acute Pericoronitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","980",5,"\"Adjunctive 980 nm diode laser therapy significantly enhances pain relief and reduces gingival inflammation in acute pericoronitis compared to conventional treatment alone, supporting its role as a non-invasive therapeutic adjunct.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41306242/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Pericoronitis",[980]],["Evaluation of 980 nm Diode Laser Therapy in Acute Pericoronitis: A Retrospective Case Series","980",4,"\"The laser group was exposed to a 980-nm diode laser (Denlas-10BM; Wuhan Gigaa Optronics Technology Co. Ltd., China) irradiation at 1.5 W power with a 400-μm fiber tip, delivering 30-sec irradiation to the buccal, lingual, and occlusal aspects of inflamed pericoronal tissues, respectively, in combination with conventional therapy. The control group received conventional treatment alone (antibiotics, analgesics, and chlorhexidine).\"\n\n\"Female patients in the control group exhibited smaller changes in GIA (p < 0.05). MMO improvement showed no intergroup difference (p > 0.05). VAS pain scores decreased from 5.49 ± 1.68 to 0.71 ± 1.59 in the laser group versus 5.54 ± 1.63 to 1.95 ± 2.37 in controls (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40759459/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Pericoronitis",[980]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to standard therapy in acute pericoronitis, and its impact on oral health-related quality of life.","660, 808, 1064",3,"\"The results demonstrate that both the 1064-nm Nd:YAG and the 808-nm diode lasers were effective in improving trismus and OHRQoL in acute pericoronitis. Taking into account the limitations of this study, we conclude that the 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser has biostimulatory effects and improves OHRQoL, making it suitable for LLLT.\"\n\nNote: In this study, 660nm didnt have a beneficial effect.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22974370","PubMed",95,"Oral","Pericoronitis",[660,808,1064]],["Adjunct Use of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Treatment of Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis: A Case Report.","980",4,"\"After LLLT, there were no adverse effects. The patient showed spontaneous relief of pain and was carefully followed up until complete healing occurred, with no complications documented.\"\n\n\"Our case report shows that the use of LLLT as an adjunct to conventional NUG treatment reduces the use of analgesic, anti-inflammatory drugs, and accelerates healing, with the purpose of improving the quality of life for these patients. The use of LLLT in adjunct to NUG treatment can be used with the aim of reducing pain and accelerating wound healing. However, multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed even though it is a rare case.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29399316","PubMed",93,"Oral","Perio: Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis",[980]],["The effect of diode laser (980 nm) treatment on aggressive periodontitis: evaluation of microbial and clinical parameters.","980",4,"\"Within the limits of this study, diode laser-assisted treatment with SRP showed a superior effect over SRP or LAS alone for certain microbial and clinical parameters in patients with aggressive periodontitis over the 6-mo monitoring period.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196111","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Aggressive periodontitis",[980]],["A randomized controlled trial of home-applied dual-light photodynamic therapy during supportive periodontal care (HOPE-CP study)","405, 810",5,"\"At 3 and 6 months, adjunctive dual-light therapy achieved lower BOP (12.6 ± 0.7% and 12.0 ± 0.8%) than SPC alone (17.8 ± 0.8% and 17.3 ± 1.0%); p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 and lower VPI (8.5 ± 0.7% and 9.7 ± 0.8%) vs. (13.3 ± 0.8% and 14.2 ± 1.0%); p < 0.0005 and 0.0142. \n\nThe dual-light group also had fewer sites with PPD ≥ 4 mm (5.6 ± 0.7 and 5.3 ± 0.6) vs. (7.6 ± 1.2 and 7.8 ± 0.9); p = 0.02 and p = 0.02.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789792/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: aPDT for periodontitis",[405,810]],["Etiological periodontal treatment with and without low-level laser therapy on IL-1β level in gingival crevicular fluid: an in vivo multicentric pilot study.","",3,"\"After 10 days in all samples no PPD improvement was observed in the BOP rate but the IL-1 β level was statistically significantly improved (p<0.005) in group 2 compared to group 1.\"\n\nComment: I don't understand the citation above, \"no PPD improvemend was observed in the BOP rate\" <-- ???","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29577710","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Biomarkers",[]],["Effect of laser on TNF-alpha expression in inflamed human gingival tissue.","",3,"\"The results of this study show suppression of TNF-alpha in gingival tissue after low-level laser treatment as adjunct to SRP.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21380536","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Biomarkers",[]],["The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Periodontal Clinical Status of Patients with Cancer During Chemotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial","635",4,"\"Regarding GI and PI, both control and test groups showed favorable results compared with baseline. However, the adjunctive photobiomodulation group outperformed the control group in one chemotherapy session regarding both abovementioned indices (p < 0.05). The photobiomodulation+scaling and root planing (SRP) group showed promising results in terms of gingival discomfort reduction and SRP alone was not effective. No significant effect was observed regarding CAL in both groups (p > 0.05).\"\n\n\"Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that photobiomodulation promotes gingival health and reduces PI and GI indices. Photobiomodulation also alleviates pain or burning in the gingiva. Accordingly, adjunctive photobiomodulation therapy may be suggested as a supplementary treatment in patients with cancer.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39950255/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Cancer patients",[635]],["Causal digital twin modeling of periodontal healing: personalized prediction of low-level laser therapy benefit using a tooth-graph ODE transformer","",3,"\"We developed the Causal Tooth-Graph ODE Transformer (CaTGO), a \"causal digital twin\" model, to predict outcomes at patient, tooth, and site levels after periodontal therapy and estimate the individual treatment effect of LLLT.\"\n\n\"The CaTGO digital twin predicted periodontal healing and identified patient-specific LLLT benefits, showing how graph-based deep learning and causal modeling can personalize therapy, guide clinicians, and improve decision-making.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41816560/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Clinical efficacy of high versus low intensity diode laser as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in periodontitis: randomized controlled clinical trial","980",5,"\"All three treatment approaches led to statistically significant reductions in PI, GI, PPD, and CAL across the study period (p < 0.001). \n\nDLT-H showed greater short-term CAL gains, with significant improvement observed at T1 (p = 0.001 vs. SRP; p = 0.037 vs. DLT-L) and T2 (p < 0.001 vs. SRP; p = 0.018 vs. DLT-L). \n\nThe DLT-L produced moderate clinical gains, whereas SRP alone yielded early improvements that plateaued over the follow-up period. \n\nIn contrast, the DLT-H demonstrated consistently superior outcomes compared with both DLT-L and SRP, most notably in clinical attachment level (CAL), indicating more favorable clinical outcomes. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41723233/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[980]],["Diode Laser Application as an Adjunct to Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy in Patients with Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Comparative Study","940",2,"\"A mean PPD reduction of 36.74% in the test and 33.92% in the control group was seen.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41846800/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[940]],["Assessment of Low Level Laser Therapy on Periodontal Inflammation and Healing after Scaling and Root Planing in Chronic Periodontitis Patients - A Clinico Biochemical Study","660",3,"\"Intergroup comparison showed no significant difference in PI, SBI, TGF-β1 levels in the GCF. However, there was a significant difference in PPD, VAS score, and PGE2 level results.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40511106/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[660]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planning on TNF-Alpha Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Glycosylated Haemoglobin Levels in Type-2 Diabetic Patients with Periodontitis: A Comparative Study","",4,"\"All periodontal parameters, HbA1c and TNF-α levels reduced superiorly in the experimental group as compared to control group at 3rd month interval.\"\n\n\"Adjunctive use of laser therapy has effects for 3 months on the clinical parameters and TNF-α values but 6 months effects on HbA1c levels and PI in type 2 DM patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439210/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Evaluating efficacy of laser-assisted new attachment procedure and adjunctive low-level laser therapy in treating periodontitis: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical study","1064",4,"\"In moderate (4-6 mm) and deep pockets (≥ 7 mm), laser-treated groups showed a significant reduction in pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) compared to the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in biochemical markers between the groups. Group 2 demonstrated significant bone filling compared to the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40259146/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[1064]],["Clinical evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy and local 1.2% atorvastatin gel as an adjunct to subgingival instrumentation in patients with stage II periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial","680",2,"\"On intergroup comparison, this trial demonstrated notable improvements in all clinical parameters at the 3 month interval after Subgingival instrumentation in combination with PBM or LDD. While in intragroup comparison, at 3 months interval, the reductions in probing depth and clinical attachment gain is more significantly evident in group-B (1.2%Atorvastatin gel) compared to group-A (PBM).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40377185/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[680]],["Effectiveness of the dual wavelength diode laser as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment in treating periodontal pocket in periodontitis patients: A randomized clinical study","",3,"\"The results indicate that both therapies enhanced periodontal parameters at 1.5 and 3 months compared to the baseline. \n\nSRP + diode laser, on the other hand, demonstrated a substantial enhancement in probing depth.(PD;4.92 ± 0.65-3.82 ± 0.87-3.55 ± 0.80 vs. 4.95 ± 0.67-4.14 ± 0.93-3.90 ± 0.93, p < 0.001) and BOP%(100.0%-43.2%-34.80% vs. 100.0%-54.8%-44.0%, P < 0.05) in contrast to SRP alone. No substantial differences were detected in CAL and plaque percentages between treatment groups (P > 0.05) at 1.5 and 3 months post-treatment.\"\n\nComment: The paper claims the study is randomized, but it also says that left side was treated with SRP+laser, while right side was treated with SRP only, which would imply that it wasn't randomized. \n\nComment 2: Not sure if this type of laser treatment should be called \"photobiomodulation\" or something else, because the intensity (1.5 watts via 400 micrometer fiber tip) is relatively high.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39930255/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Evaluation of two low-level laser techniques as an adjunct to basic periodontal therapy: a randomized clinical trial","808",3,"\"Significant reductions in PD (p < 0.001) and CAL (p < 0.001) were observed across all groups at 3 and 6 months, with no significant differences between groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39751964/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[808]],["Combined application of Er:YAG laser and low-level laser in non-surgical treatment of periodontitis","",4,"\"For initial moderate pockets (4 mm ≤ PD ≤ 6 mm), quadrants treated with ERL+SRP+LLLT, ERL+SRP, and SRP+LLLT exhibited greater PD improvement compared to the control (SRP) quadrants at the 3-month follow-up (1.25 ± 1.06, 1.23 ± 1.12, 1.00 ± 1.21 vs. 0.98 ± 1.21 mm) and the 6-month follow-up (1.35 ± 1.06, 1.23 ± 1.17, 1.35 ± 0.98 vs. 0.98 ± 1.23 mm) (p = 0.002). Quadrants treated with ERL+SRP+LLLT and SRP+LLLT showed more CAL gain means than the control quadrants at the 3-month follow-up (0.96 ± 1.42, 0.61 ± 1.39 vs. 0.55 ± 1.57 mm) and the 6-month follow-up (0.84 ± 1.54, 0.89 ± 1.49 vs. 0.48 ± 1.68 mm) (p = 0.008). For initial deep pockets (PD ≥ 7 mm), the ERL+SRP+LLLT quadrants had more PD improvement and CAL gain compared to the control quadrants at follow-up. There were no significant differences in BI, PLI, inflammatory cytokines, and periodontal pathogens among the four groups.\"\n\n\"The combined application of ERL and LLLT demonstrated potential efficacy in reducing PD, particularly for deep pockets.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39185693/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Salivary Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α Levels in Periodontitis Subjects Receiving Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy With and Without Photo-Biomodulation: A Prospective Interventional Controlled Trial","980",4,"\"Both groups showed significant improvements in the PI, GI, PPD, and CAL from baseline to 21 days post-treatment. Group 2 exhibited greater reductions in the GI, PPD, and CAL compared to Group 1. Salivary MIP-1α levels post-intervention showed reduction in both groups but were not statistically significant between the groups. Conclusion NSPT combined with PBM demonstrates greater clinical improvements than NSPT alone, highlighting PBM as an effective adjunctive therapy. Both groups showed a reduction in MIP-1α levels post-intervention, suggesting the potential of MIP-1α as a biomarker for periodontal disease activity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385923/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[980]],["The effects of photobiomodulation and/or azithromycin treatment on bone resorption biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with stage III-IV grade C periodontitis","",3,"\"While PBM treatment combined with FSI increases the RANKL levels,AZM increases OPG levels. Also, PBM&AZM treatment shows additional clinical andimmunological beneficial efficacy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39450500/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Versus Local Drug Delivery as an Adjunct to Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy in the Management of Periodontal Pockets: A Case Report","940",3,"\"In this case report, both PBMT and tetracycline fibers demonstrated improved outcomes as adjuncts to nonsurgical therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39371876/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[940]],["Assessment of the Efficacy of Photobiomodulation (PBM) Therapy in Periodontal Treatment: A Longitudinal Study","",4,"\"At follow-up intervals, both the PBM management group and the control group showed significant improvements in periodontal markers. The PBM therapy group confirmed a higher degree of improvement than the control group, with statistically significant variations between the groups at 3 and 6 months post management (P < 0.05).\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39346316/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Laser Therapy Effects on Periodontal Status: A Randomized Study Using Gaussian Network Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling Approach","2780",4,"\"Scaling, root planing, and chlorhexidine 1% were conducted for the control group, and scaling, root planing and erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,CR:YSGG) laser therapy were conducted for the laser group.\"\n\n\"The main results highlight that the addition of laser treatment to scaling and root planing led to notable clinical improvements, decreasing the PPD values, reducing the BOP scores, and increasing the CAL.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38541163/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[2780]],["Adjunctive use of laser biostimulation with nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a split-mouth, randomized, case-control study in diabetic and nondiabetic periodontitis patients","1064",3,"\"These results revealed the short-term impacts of LBT on periodontal healing, which return to ineffectiveness with repeated irradiation. Therefore, it may be speculated that LBT via the protocol herein may have a short-term antiinflammatory contribution to NSPT, only in impaired healing conditions such as DM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38812655/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[1064]],["Impact of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment on the levels of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in Stage 3-4, Grade C periodontitis patients: a split-mouth, randomized control study","940",3,"\"Clinical parameters, total GCF tPA (tPAt) and PAI-1 (PAI-1t) levels significantly reduced in LLLT and Sham groups (< 0.001). GCF tPAt levels in LLLT were significantly lower (< 0.05) than Sham on Day 7. GCF tPAt levels in periodontitis groups were significantly higher than the Control at baseline, on Days 7 and 14 (< 0.01). By Day 30, both groups decreased to control levels (> 0.05). GCF PAI-1t levels were significantly lower in LLLT than the Sham on day 30 (< 0.01), comparable to healthy controls (> 0.05).\"\n\nComment: Improvement in clinical parameters appeared to be modestly better in sham group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37709984/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[940]],["Effectiveness of Er:YAG Laser Combined with Photobiomodulation on Periodontitis Based on 3-month Observation","2940",4,"\"A total of 50 patients were included, whose teeth were divided into 4 quadrants: 1. SRP+Er:YAG laser irradiation+photobiomodulation treatment; 2. SRP+Er:YAG laser irradiation treatment; 3. SRP+photobiomodulation treatment; 4. SRP treatment only.\"\n\n\"Of the treatments tested here, SRP combined with Er:YAG laser irradiation and photobiomodulation had the best short-term outcome for severe periodontitis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35481343/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[2940]],["Comparison of salivary calprotectin levels in periodontitis associated with diabetes mellitus after low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing: A randomized clinical trial","",4,"\"All parameters showed a significant difference within the groups from baseline to 8 weeks. Intergroup comparison of PI, BOP, and salivary calprotectin showed a significant difference (P < 0.05).\"\n\nComment: Parameters very insufficiently reported. This may not even be LLLT/PBM due to high intensity of light.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35321295/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Management of Periodontal Disease with Adjunctive Therapy with Ozone and Photobiomodulation (PBM): A Randomized Clinical Trial","980",3,"\"Both PI and BoP generally decreased from baseline to T6 in both groups; a significant difference was found between T0 and T1 among the groups (p < 0.05), with a progressively higher reduction in the PBM group among the time frames of the study, despite intergroup comparisons not being significant (p > 0.05).\n\nBoth ozone and PBM appear to be effective adjuvant treatments to SRP, obtaining a slightly better outcome for the latter in the long term, with significant differences at T5 and T6 for PPD.\"","https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/9/3/138","MDPI",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[980]],["Adjuvant Transgingival Therapy with Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) in Periodontal Therapy-A Randomized, Controlled, Stratified, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial","",2,"\"In the treatment of patients with periodontitis, VIS + wIRA did not show an additional effect on the clinical outcome after 3 and 6 months. Patients described less pain on the irradiated quadrant after treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33802497/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy by 820 nm Diode Laser on Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment of Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients: A Single-Blind Parallel Randomized Clinical Trial","820",4,"\"PBMT + SRP groups showed a statistically significant decrease in PPD and CAL, not in GI and PI compared with SRP alone. There were no statistically significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers in clinical data at six weeks after treatment.\"\n\n\"Adjunct use of 820 nm diode laser on SRP may improve the clinical parameters in smoker or nonsmoker patient with periodontitis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33547665/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[820]],["Efficacy of Scaling and Root Planing with Photobiomodulation for Treating Periodontitis in Gutka Chewers: A Randomized Controlled Trial","940",4,"\"In the control group, P-I (p < 0.013), BUP (p < 0.001), and P-D (p < 0.012) were high at baseline compared with 3 months follow-up. P-I, BUP, and P-D were higher in the test group, at baseline in comparison with the 3-month (p < 0.001) and 6-month (p < 0.01) follow-up. \n\nAt 3 and 6 months, scores of P-I, BUP, and P-D were high in the control compared with the test group. No difference in CAL, and mesial and distal MBL was found among patients of both groups at 3 and 6 months.\"\n\n\"Among gutka chewers, SRP with PBMT is more efficient than SRP alone in the management of periodontitis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32833578/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[940]],["Evaluation of bradykinin, VEGF, and EGF biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and comparison of PhotoBioModulation with conventional techniques in periodontitis: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial.","645",2,"\"The results confirmed that PBM have beneficial effects in the early phases of the healing process playing a role in modulation of BK, EGF, and VEGF in gingival crevicular fluid levels; both groups had significant clinical improvement over control but there was no significant difference between them, only a trend for PBM group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31784929","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[645]],["The effect of photobiomodulation therapy on nonsurgical periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled, single-blind, split-mouth clinical trial.","980",4,"\"Comparing the test and control quadrant after treatment, the test quadrant showed significant decrease in PPD at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months; in GI at 3 months and 6 months; in CAL at month 6; in GCF at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months; and in IL-1β data at 3 months in comparison to the control quadrant.\"\n\nComment: The effect was quite modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31641967","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[980]],["Effectiveness of Adjunctive Use of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy After Scaling and Root Planing in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis.","810",5,"The test groups [group 1: PDT; group 2: LLLT] showed significantly higher reductions in Gingival Index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level as well as reductions in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans counts at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-ups when compared with the control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613945","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[810]],["Photobiomodulation for the treatment of periodontal pockets in patients with type 2 diabetes: 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial.","660",2,"\"After 12 months, no statistically difference was observed for mean PD and mean CAL when control and PBM groups were compared. The frequency of pockets with PD 5-6 mm was significantly lower for the PBM group at 6 months when compared to the control group. Pockets with PD ≥ 7 mm changed significantly between baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months for the PBM group, while for the control group, statistical significance was only observed between baseline and 6 months. \n\nThe PBM protocol used in this study did not provide significant changes for PD and CAL in periodontal pockets when compared to mechanical therapy only. However, PBM was more effective in reducing the percentage of moderate periodontal pockets at 6 months in patients with type 2 DM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31093797","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[660]],["Randomized controlled clinical effectiveness of adjunct 660-nm light-emitting diode irradiation during non-surgical periodontal therapy.","660",3,"\"In the sites with greatest initial PD and CAL, LED01 and LED02 significantly reduced PD and CAL compared with the control treatment.\"\n\n\"LED light irradiation during or after scaling and root planing assisted in the recovery of periodontium and can be used as an adjunct treatment during NSPT, specifically for sites with severe periodontal breakdown.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30709694","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[660]],["Use of photobiomodulation induced by polarized polychromatic non-coherent light in the management of adult chronic periodontitis.","",3,"\"Both groups showed a significant reduction of FMBS at T1 and T2 (p less than 0.05), but a higher improvement (p less than 0.05) was recorded in the study group at T1. \n\nStudy group GI was significantly reduced at T2 (p less than 0.05), differently from the control group (p>0.05). \n\nPPD showed a reduction in both groups with no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between them. \n\nPolarized, polychromatic non-coherent light seems to be an effective additional therapy in the management of adult chronic periodontitis, reducing inflammatory clinical indexes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30666859","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Clinical, microbiological and cytomorphometric evaluation of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis.","980",4,"\"Evaluation using clinical parameters showed better results in LLLT group. A statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of bacteria after treatment in LLLT group was observed for the following: T. forsythensis and T. denticola (P < .001), P. gingivalis (P < .01), A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. intermedia (P < .05). The values of nuclear area, perimeter and Ferret's diameter were significantly lower in both studied groups after treatment, but statistical significance was higher in LLLT group (P < .001) than in the SRP therapy group (P < .05).\"\n\n\"Low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to periodontal therapy demonstrates short-term additional bacteriological, cytological and clinical benefits.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29327449","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[980]],["Efficacy of scaling and root planning with and without adjunct Nd:YAG laser therapy on clinical periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels among patients with periodontal disease: A prospective randomized split-mouth clinical study.","1064",4,"\"At 3- and 6-month follow-up, SRP + Nd:YAG therapy was more effective in reducing periodontal inflammatory parameters and GCF IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with SRP alone.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28282558","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[1064]],["The effect of low-level diode laser on COX-2 gene expression in chronic periodontitis patients.","",3,"\"The results of this study show suppression of COX-2 in gingival tissue after low-level laser treatment as adjunct to SRP.\"\n\nComment: The paper doesn't tell when the outcome was measured?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28523391","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Role of Low-Level Laser Therapy as an Adjunct to Initial Periodontal Treatment in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Split-Mouth, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.","808",3,"\"Test sites showed significant improvement in PI and BOP in deep pockets at the 1-month follow-up period (p < 0.001 and <0.001, respectively), whereas no difference was found between the control and the test sites in other periodontal parameters.\"\n\n\"LLLT during periodontal treatment offered minimal short-term additional benefit in deep pocket healing in patients with type 2 DM.\"\n\nComment: No intergroup differences despite positive conclusions?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27855270","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[808]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized controlled, single-blind, split-mouth clinical trial.","980",4,"\"In the first month, PPD levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the SRP + LLLT group than in the SRP group. At the third and sixth months, CAL, PPD, and GI were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the SRP + LLLT group than in the SRP group.\n\nDifferences in GCF cytokines levels among the group were not statistically significant.\n\nWithin the limitations of this study, it is indicated that LLLT as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment has a positive impact on clinical parameters.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27523046","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[980]],["Effect of gallium aluminium arsenide diode laser therapy on Porphyromonas gingivalis in chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial.","685",4,"\"There were statistically significant improvements in GI, PD, CAL and GBI for the SRP + DL group compared to SRP group but no significant difference in PI between the groups.\"\n\n\"Additionally, the percentage of P. gingivalis-positive sites in the SRP + DL group decreased from 80% (12/15) to 20% (3/15) after laser irradiation (P < 0.05). No significant changes were noted in the SRP group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250477","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[685]],["Gingival crevicular fluid periostin levels in chronic periodontitis patients following nonsurgical periodontal treatment with low-level laser therapy.","810",3,"\"Comparison of mean periostin levels between both the treatment groups showed a significant increase in LLLT group than RSD at the 3rd month (P < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Within the limitations of the present study, LLLT application was found to have additional benefits over RSD with respect to clinical periodontal parameters and GCF periostin levels. Moreover, periostin may be used as a possible biomarker to evaluate the outcome following NSPT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28042273","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[810]],["Effects of adjunctive daily phototherapy on chronic periodontitis: a randomized single-blind controlled trial","635",4,"\"At the follow-up assessment, PPD was significantly decreased in the SRP+PT group (P=0.00). Further, PPD and CAL showed significantly greater changes in the SRP+PT group than in the SRP group (PPD, P=0.03; CAL, P=0.04). \n\nP. gingivalis and T. forsythia levels decreased in this group, but no significant intergroup differences were noted.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568808/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[635]],["Clinical effectiveness of diode laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized clinical study.","980",2,"LLLT provided minimal additional benefits to normal periodontal treatment.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075433","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[980]],["Short-term clinical and osteoimmunological effects of scaling and root planing complemented by simple or repeated laser phototherapy in chronic periodontitis.","670",3,"Multiple sessions of LLLT reduced pro-inflammatory mediators and RANKL/OPG ratio.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546942","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[670]],["Effect of adjunctive low level laser therapy (LLLT) on nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis.","830",3,"\"SRP combined with LLLT improved radiographic bone density and short-term PPD reduction in patients with chronic periodontitis, but did not significantly affect either the gingival crevicular fluid of IL-1β or the gingival or plaque index.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233558","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[830]],["[Low power laser efficacy in the therapy of inflamed gingive in diabetics with parodontopathy]. [Article in Serbian]","",4,"\"After all investigated periods, gingival index and nuclei areal were significantly decreased comparing to values before the therapy, at both jaw sides (p < 0.001). After the 1st, 3rd and 5th therapy, the t-test showed a significantly decreased gingival index at the lased side of jaw comparing to non-lased side.\"\n\n\"Low level laser therapy is efficient in gingival inflammation elimination and can be proposed as an adjuvant tool in basic periodontal therapy of diabetic patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21991792","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment.","808",4,"\"LLLT as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment improves periodontal healing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20932157","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[808]],["Combined photodynamic and low-level laser therapies as an adjunct to nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis.","940",3,"\"The test teeth achieved greater reductions in the percentage of sites with bleeding on probing and in mean probing depth at 1 mo compared with the control teeth (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"No significant differences in periodontal parameters were found between the test and control teeth at 3 mo.\"\n\n\"The present study suggests that a combined course of photodynamic therapy with low-level laser therapy could be a beneficial adjunct to nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis on a short-term basis. Further studies are required to assess the long-term effectiveness of the combination of photodynamic therapy with low-level laser therapy as an adjunct in nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis.\"\n\nComment: Even the results at 1 month were very modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860592","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[940]],["The effects of low level laser irradiation on gingival inflammation.","670",4,"\"A general conclusion can be drawn that low level laser irradiation (semiconductor, 670 nm) can be used as a successful physical adjuvant method of treatment, which, together with traditional periodontal therapy, leads to better and longer-lasting therapeutic results.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19929224","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[670]],["Periodontal treatment with a low-level diode laser: clinical findings.","",4,"\"These findings suggest that a low-level diode laser can have a beneficial effect for treating inflammatory chronic advanced periodontitis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903643","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[]],["Evaluation of the effect of the GaAlAs laser on subgingival scaling and root planing.","780, 780, 630",2,"\"There was a reduction in gingival inflammation, yet without a statistically significant difference between the study and control sides, both in clinical aspects and evaluation of pain during the procedure.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647095","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[780,780,630]],["The importance of coherence length in laser phototherapy of gingival inflammation: a pilot study.","633, 650",4,"\"At the follow up examination, all clinical parameters had improved significantly in both groups. A more pronounced decrease of clinical inflammation was observed after HeNe treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17334677","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[633,650]],["The short-term effects of low-level lasers as adjunct therapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation.","635, 830",5,"\"The clinical variables i.e. probing pocket depth, plaque and gingival indices were reduced more on the laser side than on the placebo one (p<0.01).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15966876","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Chronic periodontitis",[635,830]],["Comparative evaluation of novel nano-herbal and photo-biomodulation therapy for gingivitis in visually impaired children: A randomized controlled study","980",4,"\"All groups experienced significant reductions in PI and GI (P < 0.001). Nanocurcumin showed the greatest decreases (PI: 52.5%; GI: 68.6%), followed by PBM (PI: 37.5%; GI: 54.5%) and CHX (PI: 22.7%; GI: 30.9%).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41026568/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Gingival hyperplasia",[980]],["Low level laser therapy (LLLT) as adjuvant in the management of drug induced gingival hyperplasia: a case report.","650, 904",4,"\"This case was treated with SRP and antibiotic therapy, but a high level of tissue inflammation persisted. It was therefore treated with LLLT sessions only, by means of a specifically designed for photobiomodulation diode laser, dual wavelength (904/650nm). A good periodontal health was obtained, and this allowed a correct home oral health care, so as to maintain the result that was obtained.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353764","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Gingival hyperplasia",[650,904]],["The effect of Light Emitting Diode electric toothbrush on gingivitis: a randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"Compare of GI change between experimental and control group with time, both groups showed that reduced GI, but lower GI values detected at 2 weeks and 4 weeks later in experimental group than control group.\"\n\nComment: Parameters (even wavelength) not reported.","https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201720861274171.page","KoreaScience",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Gingival inflammation",[]],["Laser Phototherapy (660 nm) Can Be Beneficial for Reducing Gingival Inflammation in Prosthodontics","660",3,"\"The present case report describes the clinical steps involved in an indirect composite resin restoration performed in a 31-year-old patient, in whom low power laser was used for soft tissue biomodulation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26491573/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Gingival inflammation",[660]],["Bone regeneration effect of low level lasers including argon laser","633, 830",3,"\"The authors' clinical application of lasers for alveolar bone lesions has confirmed that LLLT by the diode, HeNe and argon ion lasers have a bone regenerative effect.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/2/3_91-OR-07/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Other",[633,830]],["Efficacy of Photobio-modulation Therapy in the Management of Anterior Black Triangles","635",5,"\"The PBM group showed significant improvements in papilla height and black triangle area at 6 months (p <0.001), while the control group showed no significant changes. Patient satisfaction (VAS) was significantly higher in the PBM group (8.1 ± 0.5 vs. 5.2 ± 0.9, p = 0.02). No  adverse  events  were  reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42152220/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Periodontium: Papilla defects",[635]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Management of \"Black Triangles\" Due to the Absence of the Gingival Interdental Papilla","635",3,"\"This case report suggests that PBM if used within our suggested protocol can increase the height of the gingival interdental papilla leading to a more pleasant aesthetic appearance. It is important to note that its effectiveness might be limited to specific conditions. In summary, the presented case report showcased a slight extension of the gingival interdental papilla.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38524013/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Periodontium: Papilla defects",[635]],["Efficacy of concentrated growth factor with low-level laser for the regeneration of interdental papilla defects","810",3,"\"This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of regenerating interdental papilla by Liquid phase concentrated growth factor (LPCGF) injection with low-level-laser therapy (LLLT).\"\n\n\"The thick gingiva phenotype sites which were completely restored were well maintained without any relapses for up to 12 months since the first injection. \n\nDue to its limitation like relatively small sample size, the lack of patient reported outcomes, the inclusion of only female patients, the short follow-up period and inconclusive parameters about LLLT, more randomized controlled clinical trials on the clinical efficacy of LPCGF injection with LLLT to regenerate the interdental papilla defects needs to be undertaken. The results and the deficiencies of this study provide valuable experiences.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290532/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Periodontium: Papilla defects",[810]],["Therapeutic synergy in long-standing plasma cell gingivitis: integrating photobiomodulation and immunomodulatory management","660",4,"\"PBMT produced a marked reduction in erythema, bleeding, and pain after the third session, with progressive normalization of gingival contour\"\n\n\"During the three-month follow-up, the patient exhibited complete clinical remission\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42127576/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Plasma cell gingivitis",[660]],["Plasma Cell Gingivitis Treated with Photobiomodulation, with No Recurrence for a Five-Year Follow-Up","635",4,"\"The combined PBM and periodontal therapies have proved to be sufficiently effective in the control of PCG, showing reduction of the intense inflammatory, erythematous component, and gingival bleeding, and are a valid treatment alternative to topical steroids.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36276235/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: Plasma cell gingivitis",[635]],["Comparative photobiomodulatory effects of 660 nm, 810 nm, and 940 nm diode lasers on platelet-rich fibrin: an ex vivo study on structural remodeling and VEGF/PDGF-BB release for enhanced periodontal healing","660, 810, 940",3,"\"Twenty PRF samples from healthy volunteers were divided into non-irradiated controls and subgroups irradiated at specific wavelengths. Structural changes were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while VEGF and PDGF-BB concentrations were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). \n\nSEM revealed that 940 nm irradiation induced the most pronounced structural alterations, with 80% irregular fibrin fiber arrangement under low magnification, compared to smoother fibers in controls. \n\nConversely, 660 nm irradiation significantly increased growth factor release, with PDGF-BB levels rising to 52.89 ± 6.70 pg/mL (p < 0.001 vs. controls: 40.17 ± 2.75) and VEGF to 52.30 ± 27.54 pg/mL (p = 0.021 vs. controls: 41.83 ± 16.52). \n\nStatistical analysis (one-way ANOVA, paired t-tests) confirmed wavelength-dependent effects, with 660 nm and 810 nm showing comparable efficacy (p = 0.999), while 940 nm underperformed in growth factor release.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41114886/","PubMed",93,"Oral","Periodontium: ex vivo",[660,810,940]],["Effect of Adjunctive Low-Level Laser Therapy on Wound Healing Following Surgical Gingival Depigmentation: A Prospective Study","810",4,"\"Within the limitations of this prospective observational study, adjunctive LLLT demonstrated a beneficial effect in enhancing early epithelialization and significantly reducing postoperative pain after surgical gingival depigmentation. However, the overall wound healing progression, as assessed by the clinical healing score, was comparable between the sites.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529686/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[810]],["Comparison of LED therapy and low laser therapy in post-periodontal healing","",4,"\"Both therapies significantly enhanced postoperative healing, with low-level laser therapy demonstrating superior early pain control and faster inflammatory resolution.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42109351/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[]],["Cyanoacrylate Adhesive With Low-Level Laser Therapy for Sutureless Periodontal Flap Closure: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","",4,"\"The intervention group demonstrated significantly lower analgesic consumption (mean difference 2.30 tablets; 95% confidence interval 1.18-3.42; p = 0.001) and higher patient preference scores (mean difference 1.50 points; 95% confidence interval 0.83-2.17; p = 0.001). Postoperative pain scores were consistently lower and early wound healing scores were higher in the intervention group across follow-up visits (p < 0.05). \n\nBoth groups showed significant reductions in probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level at 6 weeks (p < 0.05), with no statistically significant between-group differences over time (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41987432/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on wound healing and pain after crown lengthening surgery: A randomized clinical trial","660, 808",4,"\"No significant differences were observed in CSR on days 3 (P=0.18) and 7 (P=1.0), nor in CSI on day 3 (P=0.477) after surgery. \n\nHowever, a significant difference was identified in CSI on day 7 and in CSH on both days 3 and 7 (P<0.05) after surgery. Furthermore, the level of postoperative pain demonstrated a significant difference (P≤0.005).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41064025/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[660,808]],["Evaluation of LLLT Along With Minimally Invasive Flaps in Regeneration of Periodontal Intrabony Defects: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","810",3,"\"There was a statistically significant reduction in the PPD, CAL, PGM, and radiographic defect depth in the test group at the 6 months and one year post-surgery when compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the total number of sites with PPD more than 4 mm was reduced significantly in the test group when compared to the control group at 6 months and one year.\"\n\nComment: The Table 2 shows that there were no intergroup differences at 6 months, but Table 3 shows that there were differences at 1 year.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40851923/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[810]],["Clinical, radiographic and molecular efficacy of LLLT along with minimally invasive flaps in regeneration of periodontal intrabony defects: a randomized controlled clinical trial","",4,"\"There was a statistically significant reduction in clinical parameters and radiographic defect depth seen in test group at the 6 months and one year post surgery when compared with control group (P < 0.05). \n\nIn addition, the total number of sites with probing pocket depth more than 4 mm has reduced significantly in test group when compared to control group at 6 months and one year. RUNX2, BMP-2 and COL - 1 were significantly elevated in test group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789823/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[]],["Postoperative palatal hematoma management using a near-infrared laser: A case study","",3,"\"Near complete palatal healing was observed 14 days after application of photobiomodulation (PBM) using a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser and discontinuation of the dietary supplements.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40674263/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[]],["Effect of Open Flap Debridement with and without LLLT in Patients with Periodontitis on Wound Healing, GCF ALP Levels, and Clinical Parameters","",3,"\"The results showed an evident improvement in all the clinical parameters [pocket probing depth, gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and CAL] from baseline-6 months values; however, no statistically significant difference was seen on the intergroup comparison. Wound healing was statistically significantly superior in the OFD + LLLT group in comparison to the OFD group, indicating a positive effect of lasers on healing. Gingival crevicular fluid ALP levels in the two groups decreased after 6 months and a statistically significant reduction in the laser group indicated an anti-inflammatory effect.\"\n\nComment: It seems that the most important parameters didn't show significant difference between the groups.\n\nComment 2: The study may be randomized, but the word \"random*\" isn't mentioned in full text.\n\nComment 3: PBM parameters aren't reported in the full text.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40079994/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Early Wound Healing and Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Following Open Flap Debridement","890",2,"\"From the start of the study to 6 months later, there was a statistically significant drop in plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and gain clinical attachment levels in both groups. However, when the two groups were compared, there were no significant differences at any time intervals.\"\n\n\"The Landry Wound Healing Index values in the 1st and 2nd weeks were showing statistically significant improved healing in the test group as compared to the control group. \n\nThere was significantly better wound healing at sites where a diode laser was used. Conclusion LLLT increases early wound healing after periodontal surgical procedures.\"\n\nComment: No benefit for relevant markers of periodontal disease like probing depth or clinical attachment level.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36909061/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[890]],["Clinical Evaluation of Bilateral Multiple Gingival Recession Treatment with Autogenous Connective Tissue Graft Associated with Low-Level Laser Therapy","",2,"\"RC mean percentage was <95% in both groups after 90 days. Comparing treatment sides, G1 (n = 3/3, 100%) had a higher prevalence of RC than G2 had (n = 3/3, 95%)\"\n\n\"Conclusions: the results indicated that aCTG + LLLT might have an additional benefit to GR root coverage within the evaluated time and this section also includes the within-study limitations.\"\n\nComment: The conclusion is quite overoptimistic given the results, thus the spin warning.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36983349/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[]],["Evaluation of low-level laser therapy and platelet-rich fibrin on donor site healing after vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue flap: a randomized clinical study","",3,"\"Favourable clinical outcomes in terms of tissue thickness, consistency, color, contour, scar, pain, and burning sensation and patient comfort were obtained in both LLLT- and PRF-treated donor palatal sites at 12 weeks. Non-significant increase in tissue thickness was observed compared to baseline in PRF-treated donor sites at 12 weeks compared to LLLT-treated donor sites.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36752882/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[]],["Low-level laser therapy has an additional effect with open flap debridement on the treatment of stage III periodontitis. A split-mouth randomized clinical trial","808",4,"\"The use of LLLT as an adjunct to OFD improved the clinical indices, postoperative pain, and dentinal hypersensitivity better than OFD alone in the treatment of Stage III periodontitis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36504197/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[808]],["Effect of photobiomodulation on pain control after clinical crown lengthening surgery","860",2,"\"On the first (5.50±1.18) and seventh (1.8±0.42) days, the pain intensity was similar in the test and control groups. However, on the third day, the laser group (2.90±0.74) experienced a significantly lower pain intensity than the control group (4.0±0.67).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35919684/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[860]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Platelet-Rich Fibrin on the Treatment of Intra-bony Defects","810",3,"\"The test group showed a clinically relevant increase in mean PPD reduction, CAL gain, and radiographic bone fill (3.6 ± 1.35 mm, 3.26 ± 1.16 mm and 2.44 ± 1.24 mm) compared to the control group (2.93 ±1.1 mm, 2.267 ± 1.33 mm and 1.26 ± 0.99 mm) six months post-intervention. \n\nHowever, intergroup comparison between the test and control groups did not show any statistically significant difference.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425297/","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[810]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to button anchored coronally advanced flap for gingival recession: A Doppler study.","810",4,"\"Three-month postoperative results showed that the LLLT used as an adjunct to CAF with the orthodontic button for stabilization is an effective surgical approach in the management of Miller's Class I recession defects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30131632","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[810]],["Evaluating the effect of photobiomodulation with a 940-nm diode laser on post-operative pain in periodontal flap surgery.","940",4,"\"Patients reported less pain on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 after surgery in the laser-treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, fewer analgesics were used in this group on days 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 following the surgery (p < 0.05). \n\nThe 940-nm diode laser with the settings used in this study could significantly reduce pain and the number of analgesics taken by patients after undisplaced flap surgery.\"\n\nNote: A researcher, Vahid Rakhshan, published a critical commentary on this paper, titled \"Methodological correctness of a recent publication on pain entitled 'Evaluating the effect of photobiomodulation with a 940-nm diode laser on post-operative pain in periodontal flap surgery'\". In the commentary, he presents a 16-point list of methodological weaknesses in this paper.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29978268","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[940]],["Clinical and biochemical comparison of guided tissue regeneration versus guided tissue regeneration plus low-level laser therapy in the treatment of class II furcation defects: A clinical study.","1064",4,"\"When compared the two groups, at the 6th month, PPD, CAL, HPD, and ALP values showed significantly more improvement in laser group than non-laser group (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"The results of this study showed that both treatments led to significantly favorable clinical improvements in furcation periodontal defects. LLLT plus GTR may be a more effective treatment modality compared to GTR alone.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26734916","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[1064]],["Effect of low-level laser on guided tissue regeneration performed with equine bone and membrane in the treatment of intrabony defects: a clinical study.","1064",3,"\"This study showed that [guided tissue regeneration] is an effective treatment for periodontal regeneration, and that LLLT may improve the effects of GTR in the treatment of periodontal defects.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24661107","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[1064]],["Enamel matrix derivative and low-level laser therapy in the treatment of intra-bony defects: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.","588",5,"\"EMD+LLLT had resulted in less gingival recession (p<0.05), less swelling (p<0.001) and less VAS scores (p<0.02) compared with EMD alone.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18081859","PubMed",99,"Oral","Periodontium: Surgical treatments",[588]],["Effects of photobiomodulation on trismus in head and neck cancer patients after radiotherapy: a prospective, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","660, 820, 808",4,"\"Patients in the PBMT group showed a significantly smaller reduction in mouth opening during radiotherapy compared to the placebo group (p = 0.005), as well as a lower prevalence of masticatory muscle pain and grade 1 trismus (p = 0.002). \n\nNo significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), or the Anderson Symptom and Overall Performance scores (p > 0.05).\"\n\nComment: The paper says they used 660+820nm wavelength, but it also says they used 808nm wavelength, so it seems to be an inconsistency within the article, and it is impossible to interpret which wavelength was used.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41826477/","PubMed",90,"Oral","Radiotherapy-related trismus",[660,820,808]],["Efficiency of different treatment modalities on radiation induced trismus for maxillofacial cases: a parallel randomized clinical trial","810",3,"\"All available therapy modalities have the potential to effectively improve radiation induced trismus; however, the combination of TTSA and LLLT group appears to yield the most rapid and optimal enhancement.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40038715/","PubMed",90,"Oral","Radiotherapy-related trismus",[810]],["Photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of radiotherapy-related trismus of the head and neck","808",4,"\"The mean mouth opening of the patients increased by more than 7 mm throughout the treatment. The pain scores on the initial days showed an immediate reduction after PBMT on the ipsilateral side in the muscles and TMJ.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37935876/","PubMed",90,"Oral","Radiotherapy-related trismus",[808]],["Low-power pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation for pre-emptive anaesthesia: A morphological and histological study.","1064",3,"\"Low-power pulsed Nd:YAG laser dose, as used in the clinical trial to induce anaesthesia, does not cause morphological damage to the mineralized tooth structure. Both Laser and EMLA groups showed minor superficial pulpal change following cavity preparation which was not statistically significant. Laser and Control groups minus preparation had no pulpal changes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25705081","PubMed",95,"Oral","Safety",[1064]],["Phototherapies for the management of immediate caustic injuries to a child's mouth: A case report","",4,"\"The treatment proposed resulted in an important clinical improvement of the child's oral condition within a few days, allowing the reintroduction of oral feeding and then hospital discharge. According to this case report, the combination of PMBT and aPDT used concomitantly with conventional supportive care may be useful for improving the oral condition of children suffering from oral injuries induced by caustic soda.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40510701/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Sodium hydroxide injury",[]],["Comparative Evaluation of Low-level Laser Therapy and Intralesional Injection in OSMF Patients: A Quasi-randomized Trial","980",3,"\"On comparison of burning sensation in intralesional Injection group, at baseline, the mean value was 4.00 ± 0.84 and it reduced to 1.19 ± 0.40 while in LLLT group from 4.15 ± 0.96 at baseline, it reduced to 2.65 ± 0.68 at the end of 15 days, respectively. On comparison of mouth opening in intralesional Injection group, at baseline, the mean value was 21.73 ± 1.56 and it increased to 32.53 ± 0.97 while in LLLT group from 22.70 ± 2.17 at baseline, it increased to 24.50 ± 1.31 at the end of 15 days, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference found between the two groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39653666/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Submucous fibrosis",[980]],["Determination of Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Oral Submucous Fibrosis","830",4,"\"The mean increase in mouth opening following application of LLLT from day 0 to day 15 was 9.91 ± 3.34, and day 1–6 months was 14.29 ± 6.82, which was statistically significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36110778/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Submucous fibrosis",[830]],["Effect of low-level gallium aluminum arsenide laser therapy on the chewing performance and pain perception of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A randomized controlled clinical trial","808",4,"\"LLLT was an effective therapeutic approach in reducing pain and improving CP for one month in SLE patients with myogenic TMD.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34455912/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)",[808]],["Successful Intentional Replantation of a Severely Compromised Tooth Using 3 Types of Phototherapy: A Case Report","660",3,"\"This case report demonstrated that an adjunctive phototherapy IR protocol can effectively treat a compromised tooth with extensive periapical infection.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38700573/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Tooth replantation",[660]],["Comparative evaluation of arthrocentesis with or without low level laser therapy for the management of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: A clinical comparative study","810",4,"\"Both groups showed significant pain reduction (P < 0.001) and increased mouth opening (P < 0.001) postprocedure. However, the study group with LLLT exhibited significantly lower pain levels and greater mouth opening compared to the control group at 1- and 6-months postprocedure. LLLT as an adjunct to arthrocentesis may offer enhanced pain relief and functional improvement in TMJ osteoarthritis management.\"\n\nComment: The paper claims 3 points were irradiated (2 minutes per point), which should equal 6 minutes, but the paper says the LLLT duration was 20 minutes.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42422775/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["Comparing low-level laser therapy and ultrasound therapy for pain reduction in temporomandibular disorders: A quasi-experimental study","",4,"\"Both groups showed significant reductions in NRS scores and improvements in maximum mouth opening (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42446098/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Auriculotherapy in the Treatment of Myogenic Temporomandibular Disorders and Anxiety: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","905",3,"\"Both groups demonstrated significant within-group improvements in PPT, MMOROM, and JFLS-8 over time (p < 0.05), with no significant between-group differences (p > 0.05). Between-group analyses showed greater reductions in anxiety in the LLLT-AT group at post-intervention (p = 0.02; Hedges' g = -1.35) and follow-up (p = 0.02; Hedges' g = -1.68). \n\nLLLT-AT did not confer additional mechanical or functional benefits but was associated with greater reductions in anxiety when used as an adjunct to manual therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42354228/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[905]],["Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in Symptomatic Temporomandibular Disorders: A Randomised Controlled Trial","810",5,"\"Both groups exhibited a significant reduction in pain scores and increased MMO (P<0.001). However, LLLT demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in pain at multiple time points compared to TENS (P=0.004). Additionally, LLLT resulted in a more pronounced MMO increase, particularly at mid-treatment (P=0.006).\"\n\n\"TENS and LLLT are effective for TMD management, but LLLT provides superior pain relief and functional improvement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42255851/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["LED Photobiomodulation for Pain Reduction in Temporomandibular Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled, and Blinded Clinical Trial","660, 808",2,"\"Results showed pain reduction only in the LED group post-intervention; the placebo group showed no difference. \n\nNo differences were observed in mouth opening, right laterality, flexion, or extension between groups, but left laterality increased in the LED group. \n\nIn conclusion, PBM with LEDs effectively reduced pain in TMD patients.\"\n\nComment: There was no between-the-groups comparison for the pain. The effect within-the-group was modest.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41792959/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660,808]],["Efficacy of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Therapeutic Ultrasound in Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Patients - A Prospective Study","940",4,"\"This study showed a significant reduction in pain, increased mouth opening and fewer tender points in the PBM group (P < 0.005) compared to the Th.US group.\"\n\nComment: The description of study parameters is somewhat unclear.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41726190/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[940]],["Efficacy of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Acupuncture Points on Pain, Maximum Mouth Opening, and Quality of Life in Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"Significant differences were observed between the treatment and placebo groups according to pain relief and maximum mouth opening (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney). \n\nHowever, no significant difference was observed between the groups for the QOL using OHIP-14. \n\nIn contrast, the SF-36 showed significant improvements in the physical health subscale in the treatment group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41060870/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy using 980 nm versus 635 nm diode lasers for treatment of myofascial pain : a randomized controlled trial","635, 980",4,"\"Both groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures (p < 0.001). \n\nVAS decreased from 7.6 ± 1.2 to 2.9 ± 1.3 (≈ 62% reduction) in the 635 nm group, and from 7.8 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 0.9 (≈ 73% reduction) in the 980 nm group (between-group p = 0.02). \n\nMaximum Mouth Opening (MMO) increased by 7.6 mm (34.5 ± 4.2 → 42.1 ± 3.2) in the 635 nm group versus 10.2 mm (34.0 ± 3.9 → 44.2 ± 2.9) in the 980 nm group (p = 0.01). \n\nLateral movement (LM) improved by 2.3 mm vs. 2.8 mm, and Protrusive movement (PM) improved by 1.7 mm vs. 2.1 mm in the 635 nm and 980 nm groups, respectively. \n\nsEMG showed greater muscle activity reduction with 980 nm vs. 635 nm (Masseter: 47–51% vs. 39–40%; Temporalis: 43–44% vs. 36%; see(Table 3 for full data).\"\n\n\"PBMT with 980 nm produced superior pain relief, muscle relaxation, and Mandibular function recovery compared to 635 nm, likely due to deeper tissue penetration. However, interpretation should consider the small sample size and lack of placebo control.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41039333/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[635,980]],["Pharmacotherapy versus photobiomodulation therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders: randomized clinical trial","",5,"\"Photobiomodulation therapy group had significantly lower mean pain level and higher mean maximum mouth opening score on day 28 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.024). Photobiomodulation therapy group also exhibited a significantly lower occurrence of joint clicking and tenderness on all follow-up days (joint clicking: P = 0.008; P = 0.004; P = 0.001; tenderness: P = 0.008; P = 0.005; P = 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41047425/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Laser treatment for temporomandibular disorder: a randomized controlled clinical trial","",4,"\"Significant pain reduction occurred in the L and OSL groups (p < 0.05), with the OSL group demonstrating higher effectiveness compared to the OS group within the initial two weeks (p < 0.05). \n\nPost-treatment, the L and OSL groups exhibited notable improvements in mandibular mobility, except during the final session (p < 0.05). \n\nAll groups reported enhanced quality of life, with the L group achieving higher scores than the OS and OSL groups during reassessment (p < 0.05). \n\nLaser therapy effectively treated muscular TMD, both as a standalone therapy and in combination with the OS, particularly for immediate pain relief. \n\nThe combination of therapies was important for maintaining stable symptom control over time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40643712/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Eficacia de la fotobiomodulación en el manejo del dolor agudo en trastornos temporomandibulares: Estudio de serie de casos (Article in Spanish)","",4,"\"Pain intensity statistically decreased from 7.52±1.18 to 2.13±1.33 (p<0.001) from the first to the last session. TMJ region showed a reduction in pain from 6.25 ± 2.83 to 1.5 ± 1.50, in the temporalis muscle from 7 ± 1.85 to 1.66 ± 1.30, in the pterygoid from 6.25 ± 2.99 to 1.25 ± 1.15 and, in the masseter 6.83 ± 1.80 to 1.41 ± 1.31. Regarding mouth opening, the function statistically increased from 32.05±4.3mm to 42.66±1.6mm (p<0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40612421/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Short-term effects of vascular photobiomodulation on temporomandibular disorders in children: a randomized, controlled, single-blind pilot study","660",4,"\"The results revealed a reduction in pain in both groups, but the reduction was significantly greater in the VPBM group. \n\nNo changes occurred in the movements of the jaw.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40512291/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660]],["Piano level laser therapy versus epidermal growth factor injection for painful myogenic temporomandibular disorder (a randomized clinical trial)","1064",4,"\"Results showed that there was a significant pain reduction (P < 0.000) and increase in pain free opening (P < 0.0001) in both test groups. However, only [PBM group] showed a significant increase in maximum opening (P = 0.007). Quality of life significantly improved in both groups (P = 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the two treatments in pain scores, pain free opening, maximum opening nor quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39912963/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[1064]],["The Effectiveness of Multimodality Treatment Including Stabilization Splint and Low-Level Laser Therapies on Managing Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","810",3,"\"The superior results of the CT group over the SST and LLLT groups were evident in this pilot trial's outcomes. The combined modality treatment approach seems to yield the greatest improvement for TMD patients.\"\n\n\"Although patients in the LLLT group reported significantly reduced pain, they still had higher pain scores compared to the SST group at certain time points, indicating that LLLT was not as effective as SST.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39888267/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["Role of Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Temporomandibular Joint Arthralgia","",3,"\"Before treatment, the range of mouth opening was from 2.78 to 3.97 cm, with a mean value of 2.78 cm and a standard deviation of 0.22. After treatment, the range of mouth opening was from 2.78 to 3.97 cm, with a mean value of 3.97 cm and a standard deviation of 0.24. \n\nThe study also measured the VAS score for pain, with a mean and standard deviation of 7.9 ± 0.73 before treatment and 0.88 ± 0.718 after treatment.\"\n\nComment: If the range of mouth opening is 2.78-3.97 cm, then the mean value can't be 2.78 cm. There may be a mistake in the values?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39130227/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Low-Level Laser and TENS Therapy Assessment for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder","",4,"\"While TENS and LLLT both had good results, LLLT appeared to outperform TENS therapy in terms of muscle tenderness factors.\"\n\nComment: Parameters not reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39346129/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Evaluation of the effect of different kinds of treatment modalities for temporomandibular joint pain and its relevance to chronic cervical pain: A randomized controlled trial","660",4,"\"TENS and LLL were found to be equally effective in reducing pain in the jaw joint region, followed by soft splints, and there was no correlation between TMJ and cervical pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38650337/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660]],["Evaluating the Impact of Various Treatment Modalities on the Chewing Efficiency of Anterior Disc Displacements of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Cases: A Comparative Study","808",3,"\"The study's results suggest that occlusal splints and LLLT are more effective in improving chewing efficiency than behavioral interventions.\"\n\n\"There was a significant increase in the chewing efficiency of ADDwR cases for the flat plane splint group more than that of the ARS group, LLLT group, and behavior therapy group (P < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38827358/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Occlusal splint and combined multiwave locked system laser therapy demonstrated differential patient-reported outcomes and clinical parameters: A randomized controlled trial in patients with temporomandibular disorder","808, 905",3,"\"The patients who received OS and OS + LT demonstrated better OHRQoL and clinical parameters during 3 months after treatment. An improvement in the pain-free mouth-opening distance at 2 weeks was found only in OS plus LT group; however, this difference may not be clinically significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37727026/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808,905]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Palliative Care of Temporomandibular Disorder and Orofacial/Cervical Skull Pain: Preliminary Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","808",5,"\"The results showed a reduction in the total pain score (p = 0.026), a reduction in the number of painful points (p = 0.013), and an increase in the MMO (p = 0.016) in the PBMT protocol group when compared to the placebo protocol (sham-PBMT). The PBMT was shown to be effective in reducing orofacial/cervical skull pain immediately after the irradiation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37761771/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Efficacy of Occlusal Splints and Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Mandibular Range of Motion in Subjects with Temporomandibular Joint Disc Displacement with Reduction","808",3,"\"All groups showed significant improvement in MRM after 6 months of treatment (P ≤ 0.05) except for BT. There was a significant improvement for [stabilization splint) and [maxillary anterior repositioning splint] on the different movements of [mandibular range of motion], more than for LLLT and BT (P ≤ 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37564171/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for the Symptoms Related to Temporomandibular Joint Disk Displacement","1064",4,"\"Our clinical case aimed to demonstrate the effectivity of PBM using 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of pain and restricted mandible movement in a patient with anterior disk displacement of the left TMJ, using subjective (pain on visual analogue scale - VAS) and objective outcome measures [dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]. \n\nPBM was performed on the left condyle in four sessions using a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser with a flat-top handpiece. Results after 10 weeks showed an increase in mouth opening and a painless joint on palpation, with no reported adverse effects. An MRI of the TMJ confirmed the left disk displacement, however, with no signs of inflammation or effusion and with less pronounced disk deformity as compared with the first MRI examination.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37089525/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[1064]],["The reliability of using light therapy compared with LASER in pain reduction of temporomandibular disorders: a randomized controlled trial","660, 810",4,"\"Both LED light and LASER therapies could effectively relieve pain associated with myogenic TMD as there were no important differences between their outcomes. However, the biosafety and lower cost of the LED light device compared to the LASER should also be considered.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36782179/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660,810]],["Application of photobiomodulation for chronic pain-related TMD on pain points versus pre-established points: Randomized clinical trial","780",4,"\"Therefore, it can be concluded that in women with chronic painful TMD, the application of PTB at pain points is more effective than the application at pre-established points.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36459910/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Promising minimally invasive treatment modalities for symptomatic temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: a randomized controlled clinical trial","780",4,"\"We concluded that BTX-A and LLLT could be considered effective alternative treatment modalities to ARA regarding reducing joint pain, clicking, and improving disc position in patients with symptomatic DDwR.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36456937/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Efficacy of stabilisation splint and low-level laser therapy for patients with chronic closed lock from non-reducible displaced temporo-mandibular joint discs: A parallel randomised clinical trial","",4,"\"All treatment modalities can be effective in management of CCL from a TMJ DDwoR cases, but the combined SST and LLLT group seems to provide the best and quickest improvement.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36564950/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Management of Temporomandibular Joint Pain: A Double Blind and Placebo Controlled Trial","",5,"\"The results showed improvement in the pain reduction, improvement in the maximum mouth opening, reduction in deviation, and clicking in both groups but better treatment outcome in the low-level laser group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36274894/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Simultaneous red and infrared light-emitting diodes reduced pain in individuals with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial","660, 850",4,"\"Photobiomodulation using a cluster with red and infrared LEDs induced a reduction in pain in individuals with temporomandibular disorder but did not alter mandibular range of motion in these individuals.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35751005/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660,850]],["Effects of photobiomodulation combined with orofacial myofunctional therapy on the quality of life of individuals with temporomandibular disorder","830",3,"\"In Table 3, the analysis after the therapy sessions verified a difference between the groups in only one of the domains in the protocol. The greatest difference between the groups after the individuals had been treated was perceived in the functional limitation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35416889/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["The efficacy of low-level diode laser versus laser acupuncture for the treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS)","810",4,"\"This study compared the efficacies of low-level diode laser therapy (LLLT) and laser acupuncture therapy (LAT) in the treatment of MPDS.\"\n\n\"The pain intensities decreased from 6.58 ± 1.31 to 0.33 ± 0.65 and from 7.08 ± 1.37 to 0 in the LLLT and LAT groups, respectively. The maximum mouth openings increased from 32.25 ± 8.78 mm to 42.58 ± 4.75 mm and from 33 ± 6.57 mm to 45.67 ± 3.86 mm in the LLLT and LAT groups, respectively.\"\n\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35169617/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["Self-Massage and Low-Level Laser in Treatment of Masseter Myalgia: Short-Term Effect","940",4,"\"Laser and massage are effective in reducing symptoms of chronic myalgia of the masseter in self-reported limitation of jaw function and reducing pain intensities (p<0.001). Increase of mouth opening was present in both groups, but mainly significant in laser group. The differences in the amount of change between groups were not significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672274/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[940]],["Synergistic effect of low-level laser and vacuum therapy on the temporomandibular disorder: two cases report","660, 808",4,"\"The obtained results showed the improvement of muscle pain and oral opening accompanied by improved quality of life of the volunteers treated with a percentage of 84% in patient 1 and 100% in patient 2. Combined therapies (LLL and vacuum therapies) may be a complementary or alternative treatment to control pain and decrease the recovery time of normality masticatory muscles.\"","https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1612-202X/ac20de","IOP",90,"Oral","TMD",[660,808]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy versus soft occlusive splints on mouth opening and surface electromyography in females with temporomandibular dysfunction: A randomized-controlled study","940",5,"\"A significant reduction was reported in TOI, VAS and the sEMG within the LLLT and OST groups as well as significant decrease in all outcomes between groups in favor of the LLLT group (P< 0.0001). Meanwhile, there was a weak significant difference within the control group probably attributed to the analgesic.\"\n\n\"Findings support an evident short term therapeutic effect of the LLLT on improving VAS, TOI and sEMG in females suffering from myogenous TMD.\"\n\nComment: The authors claim this is a double-blind study, while they also mention they do not have a sham group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34597318/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[940]],["Effects of photobiomodulation associated with orofacial myofactional therapy on temporomandibular joint dysfunction","830",3,"\"The [experimental group] increased measurements of mandibular movements of opening and protrusion and improved in the evaluation of QOL.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34105614/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on painful temporomandibular disorders","810",3,"\"Overall, PBMT was associated with marginally better improvements in range of motion compared to placebo in both myalgia and arthralgia patients. Pain intensity, sensory function and jaw movements improve after both PBMT and placebo treatments in myalgia and arthralgia patients indicating a substantial non-specific effect of PBMT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33907210/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["Efficacy of different combinations of physiotherapy techniques compared to exercise and patient education in temporomandibular disorders: A randomized controlled study","808",4,"\"Exercise therapy is an effective approach for treatment of TMDs. Additionally, LLLT combined with exercise and MPR combined with exercise have better effects than only exercise therapy. Multimodal treatment approaches should include exercise to achieve better results in clinical practice.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33818314/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Orofacial evaluation of individuals with temporomandibular disorder after LED therapy associated or not of occlusal splint: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical study","880",4,"\"In conclusion, the association of LED therapy and OS presented superior results in relation to the isolated therapies, especially the protocol with two weekly sessions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33616765/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[880]],["Rapid LLLT Protocol for Myofascial Pain and Mouth Opening Limitation Treatment in the Clinical Practice: An RCT","808",4,"\"A significant increase in the maximum mouth opening (p = 0.04) and improvement in OHIP/TMD scores (p = 0.003) were observed in the LG after 30 days.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491956/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in Temporomandibular Disorder-Related Pain Using a 635 Nm Diode Laser: A Randomized, Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","635",5,"\"There was a significant reduction in the degree of pain recorded in the laser group after treatment (0.63 ± 0.36) compared with the baseline evaluation (4.59 ± 2.36; p < 0.001), which was not observed in the placebo group. \n\nReduction of pain during palpation of most masticatory muscles was significant following treatment in the intervention group. \n\nA significant increase in the nonassisted painless mouth opening was observed after treatment (42.14 ± 5.8 mm) compared with baseline values (36.73 ± 9.91 mm) only among the laser group (p = 0.007). \n\nThere were no reported adverse events or side effects among the patients in the intervention group. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32427553/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[635]],["Comparative efficacy of low-Level laser and TENS in the symptomatic relief of temporomandibular joint disorders: A randomized clinical trial.","672",5,"\"Comparatively after analyzing the two methods, the values obtained after LLLT were significantly higher than those obtained after TENS therapy (P < 0.01).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32246680","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[672]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser, Hard Occlusal Appliance and Conventional Pharmacotherapy in the Management of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome; A Preliminary Study.","940",3,"\"Pain relief in the subjective VAS was observed in both laser and appliance groups in the third and fourth examination sessions (P<0.05). No statistically significant reduction in pain was noted using pharmacotherapy only. The maximum painless mouth opening and muscle tenderness were not significantly different between the 3 groups (P>0.05).\"\n\n\"Both the laser and the occlusal appliance combined with pharmacotherapy proved to be effective for pain reduction in patients with MPDS. All groups, however, failed to result in a significant improvement in the maximum mouth opening or tenderness in masticatory muscles.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32099625","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[940]],["Evaluation the effects of low-level laser therapy on disc displacement with reduction","940",3,"\"A constant decrease was found in the VAS scores in both groups. At four (p=0.008) and 12 weeks (p=0.003), a statistically significant difference in the VAS scores was observed. At all time points, PMO and MMO scores increased in both groups. The MMO scores were statistically higher in the laser group at all time points (p<0.005).\"\n\nComment: The PBM group had slightly better pain scores at baseline. The overall improvement is not much better compared to control group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32318671/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[940]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for Myofascial Pain in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial.","940",4,"\"There was a significant difference in VAS scores between the test and control groups with the test group scoring lower.\"\n\nComment: The values were reported in a strange way (no actual pain values were given in the results).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31988570","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[940]],["Comparative evaluation of low-level laser therapy and ultrasound heat therapy in reducing temporomandibular joint disorder pain.","660",5,"\"Post-therapy, the mean visual analog scale score for group A and group B was 4.81 (2.01) and 6.19 (1.20), respectively; the difference was statistically significant and favoring the LLLT group. Similarly, the mean mouth opening for group A and group B was 3.99 (0.40) and 3.65 (0.41), respectively; the difference was statistically significant and favoring the LLLT group.\"\n\n\"Our study recommends LLLT for treating TMD-related pain with no underlying bony pathology.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were insufficiently reported","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31723669","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660]],["Increased Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Postsynergistic Treatment with Ultrasound and Photobiomodulation Therapy in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders.","808",4,"\"Psychological discomfort, physical pain, and psychological limitation were the domains where the highest scores were obtained at T0. The total OHIP-14 scores at T1 and T2 were significantly lower than at T0. \n\nNo statistical differences were observed between T1 [after 8th session] and T2 [30 days after the last session].\"\n\nComment: No control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31589559","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Evaluation of the efficacy of different treatment modalities for painful temporomandibular disorders.","1064",2,"\"When the groups were compared, the application of LLLT did not make a significant contribution to pain and functional jaw movements. Over time, all treatment methods showed effective results and the significant differences disappeared.\"\n\nComment: There seemed to be a non-significant positive trend with splint+LLLT (compared to splint alone), but splint alone seemed to associate with clinically relevant success, without actual need for additional therapies.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31547949","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[1064]],["A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and laser acupuncture therapy (LAT) in patients with temporomandibular disorders.","810",4,"\"There was no significant difference in mouth opening between the groups (p > 0.05), but the amount of lateral excursive and protrusive movements was significantly greater in LLLT and LAT groups than the placebo group at some intervals (p < 0.05). \"\n\n\"The overall pain intensity and pain degree at masticatory muscles (except temporal muscle) and TMJs were significantly lower in both experimental groups than the placebo group at most intervals after therapy (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Both LLLT and LAT were effective in reducing pain and increasing excursive and protrusive mandibular motion in TMD patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31396794","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["Intraoral photobiomodulation diminishes pain and improves functioning in women with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial : Intraoral photobiomodulation diminishes pain in women with temporomandibular disorder.","640, 875, 905",3,"\"Significant differences between groups were found regarding pain (p ≤ 0.01) and functioning (p ≤ 0.04).\"\n\nComment: It seems that the benefit for pain (compared to sham) was only seen after the sixth session, and there was not inter-group difference in function. Therefore the abstract doesn't seem that informative.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31325122","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[640,875,905]],["Efficacy of the LED Red Light Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders: Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.","660",4,"\"[B]oth groups show significant improvement in aspects of pain and number of tender muscles, but the LED red light group shows a better results than placebo group especially in reduction of the number of tender muscles.\"\n\nComment: The results were quite unconventionally / shortly presented.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205787","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660]],["Effects of low-power laser auriculotherapy on the physical and emotional aspects in patients with temporomandibular disorders: A blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.","904",4,"\"LA improved the physical and emotional symptoms of TMD, with results similar to [occlusal splints].\"\n\nComment: They irradiated acupoints in the ear, which sounds unlikely to work unless there is some kind of a remote effects to the nearby temporomandibular joint.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670264","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[904]],["Evaluation of the efficacy of a new low-level laser therapy home protocol in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorder-related pain: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","808",3,"\"No significant differences in the pain level, respectively, at T0 and T1 in the three groups.\"\n\nComment: VAS reduction was 13mm higher in the PBM group compared to the placebo group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30999823","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Comparative effectiveness of photobiomodulation and manual therapy alone or combined in TMD patients: a randomized clinical trial.","808",3,"\"All treatments promoted reduction in physical symptoms with and without pain and enhancement of jaw disabilities (p ≤ 0.05). MT promotes improvement in 5 functions, PBM in 2, and CT in 1 (p < 0.001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29995062","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Effects of different photobiomodulation dosimetries on temporomandibular dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","830",5,"\"The mouth opening increased in the 8-J/cm2 group from 10.49 ± 4.68 to 15.40 ± 6.43 degrees, and in the right protrusion from 9.80 ± 4.2 to 12.56 ± 5.40 degrees after the intervention protocol (p < 0.05). All groups significantly decreased pain (p < 0.05). 830-nm laser photobiomodulation was effective in reducing TMD pain and symptoms at all doses tested. \n\nOnly the doses of 8 J/cm2 were effective regarding maximal opening and protrusion of the mandible.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29850961","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Electromyographic evaluation of a low-level laser protocol for the treatment of temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, controlled, blind trial.","780",2,"\"During the isometric evaluation of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles, an increase in the mean EMG signal was found in the group submitted to active LLLT. When evaluated individually, some participants in the active LLLT group demonstrated a reduction in muscle activity, but no significant differences were found in the mean EMG signal between the initial and final evaluations.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29643585","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Comparative effectiveness of Low Level Laser therapy and Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation on Temporomandibular Joint Disorders.","810",4,"\"The decrease in pain (P=0.000), tenderness (P=0.000) and increase in mouth-opening ability (P=0.002) was greater in the TENS and LLL groups than in the placebo groups. At the one-month follow-up, significant decrease in pain and tenderness was recorded in the TENS and LLL groups (P=0.000). There was no significant differences between TENS and LLL and the placebo groups for maximum mouth-opening at the end of the study (P=0.692).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071032","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["Low-level laser therapy in the treatment of muscle-skelet pain in patients affected by temporo-mandibular disorders","830",4,"\"The Low-Level-Laser-Therapy is a valuable tool that can significantly decrease the perception of pain in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction, acute and chronic.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were very insufficiently reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29682258/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Comparison of the Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Drug-Resistant Temporomandibular Disorders.","980",3,"\"This study justified the use of TENS therapy as well as LLLT in drug-resistant TMD. Both were useful in relieving the pain and muscles tenderness, although, TENS was more effective than LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034273","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[980]],["Non-specific effects and clusters of women with painful TMD responders and non-responders to LLLT: double-blind randomized clinical trial.","780",3,"\"The laser group showed 80% of pain reduction, placebo 85%, and WT 43% in T8.\n\nWomen with severe anxiety and at the premenstrual period did not reduce pain with any LLLT. Active and placebo LLLT had similar effectiveness during the treatment period; however, women with moderate anxiety, cortisol levels above 10 ng/ml, and without contraceptive use maintain analgesia longer with active LLLT than placebo (follow-up 30 days). Women with low levels of anxiety, salivary cortisol below 10 ng/ml, and with contraceptive use showed the higher pain reduction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209867","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Immediate and short-term effects of phototherapy on pain, muscle activity, and joint mobility in women with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.","905, 640, 875",4,"\"A single session of combined phototherapy was capable of reducing pain intensity in individuals patients with TMD.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602137","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[905,640,875]],["Comparative Study of the Physiotherapeutic and Drug Protocol and Low-Level Laser Irradiation in the Treatment of Pain Associated With Temporomandibular Dysfunction.","780",4,"\"Based on obtained data, we concluded that, compared to PDP, LLL treatment is effective to control pain associated with TMD.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27898256","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Evaluation of pain, jaw movements, and psychosocial factors in elderly individuals with temporomandibular disorder under laser phototherapy.","780",4,"\"Significant pain reduction was found in all patients. There were increase in maximum mouth opening without pain and reduction in muscle pain during right and left lateral excursion. A significant reduction in chronic pain severity (p = 0.02) and significant improvements in depression (p = 0.038) and nonspecific physical symptoms with pain (p = 0.0167) were observed.\"\n\nComment: The Table 1 makes it seem like the study duration is 8 weeks, but full text says that study was done during 4 weeks.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366293","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Therapy in TMD Patients.","685",4,"\"This application suggested that LLLT is an appropriate treatment for TMD related pain and limited mouth opening and should be considered as an alternative to other methods.\"\n\nComment: Nice photographs included.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26587294","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[685]],["Comparative clinical study of light analgesic effect on temporomandibular disorder (TMD) using red and infrared led therapy.","630, 780, 850",4,"\"There was an increase in tissue temperature during both the red and the infrared LED irradiation in ex vivo. There was a significant reduction of pain and increase of the maximum oral aperture for all groups (p ≥ 0.05). There was no significant difference in pain scores and maximum oral aperture between groups at baseline or any periods after treatment (p ≥ 0.05).\n\nThe current study showed that red and infrared LED therapy can be useful in improving outcomes related to pain relief and orofacial function for TMD patients. We conclude that LED devices constitute an attractive alternative for LLLT.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24197518","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[630,780,850]],["The \"at-home LLLT\" in temporo-mandibular disorders pain control: a pilot study.","808",4,"LLLT was more effective than placebo.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941425","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[808]],["Efficacy of red and infrared lasers in treatment of temporomandibular disorders--a double-blind, randomized, parallel clinical trial.","660, 795",4,"\"Both treatments had statistically significant results (P<0.001); there was statistical difference between them at 180 days in favor of the infrared laser (P=0.039). There was improvement in 24 hours, which extended up to 180 days in both groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24660647","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660,795]],["The efficacy of low-level laser therapy for the treatment of myogenous temporomandibular joint disorder.","810",3,"\"There was a significant increase in mouth opening and a significant reduction of pain symptoms in the laser group (p < 0.05). A similar improvement was not observed in the placebo group (p > 0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed no significant difference in pain intensity and mouth opening measurement at any of the evaluation time points (p > 0.05). LLLT can produce a significant improvement in pain level and mouth opening in patients affected with myogenic TMD.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23318917","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[810]],["Does low intensity laser therapy reduce pain and change orofacial myofunctional conditions?","780",3,"\"Comparing the three evaluation times, it was observed that there was a significant decrease in the values of subjective pain to palpation (p < 0.05). The initial pain (A1) differed significantly from the A2, but did not differ significantly from A3.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23795403","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in patients with acute and chronic temporomandibular disorders.","830",4,"\"In summary, considering the non-invasive and harmless characteristics of this modality, and the significant improvement obtained in both groups (acute and chronic TMD) in subjective parameters (e.g., pain), as well as, in objective functional parameters (e.g., maximal mouth opening), LLLT may promote some anti-inflammatory effect and pain relief in painful and dysfunctional temporomandibular muscles.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367394","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["A study of the influence of low intensity laser therapy on painful temporomandibular disorder patients.","820",4,"\"A significantly greater number of patients recovered from myofascial pain and TMJ arthralgia as assessed clinically in the higher energy group compared with the placebo (P value = 0.02 and 0.006 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the other parameters of assessment among the groups at a P value 0.05. At a period of 2 to 4 weeks review after LILT, there was an average 52% reduction of pain as assessed by SSI.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24511188","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[820]],["Effectiveness of physiotherapy and GaAlAs laser in the management of temporomandibular joint disorders.","830",4,"LLLT appeared to reduce pain a lot, and improve mouth opening.\n\nComment: Interesting results.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551049","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Emg analysis after laser acupuncture in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Implications for practice","780",4,"\"Statistical tests showed significant improvements (p < 0.01) in painful symptoms and electromyographic activities of masseter muscles in maximal habitual occlusion after laser applications but no significant improvements (p = 0.05) in measurements of mandibular movements.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20621277/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Effects of superpulsed low-level laser therapy on temporomandibular joint pain.","910",5,"\"Mean visual analog scale pain scores in SLLLT group was significantly lower than in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group and control group (P=0.0001) from fifth day up to the end of the observation period. As for active and passive mouth openings and right and left lateral motions, superiority of SLLLT was evident 1 month after treatment (interaction time treatment, P=0.0001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664343","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[910]],["Wavelength effect in temporomandibular joint pain: a clinical experience.","660, 780, 790, 830",3,"\"At the end of the 12 sessions the patients were again examined, and they scored their pain using the VAS. The results were statistically analyzed and showed that 64% of the patients were asymptomatic or had improved after treatment and that the association of both wavelengths was statistically significant (P = 0.02) in the asymptomatic group. It was concluded that the association of red and infrared (IR) laser light was effective in pain reduction on TMJ disorders of several origins.\"\n\nComment: The paper says participants received 3 treatments per week for 6 weeks (= 18 treatments), yet the paper also says they received 12 treatments in total.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19565312","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[660,780,790,830]],["Blood flow changes of a superficial temporal artery before and after low-level laser irradiation applied to the temporomandibular joint area.","10600",3,"\"Low-level laser irradiation applied to the right TMJ area caused an expansion of blood vessels and an increase in blood flow volume. The same result on the contralateral side may be caused by the vasodilator reflex via the hypothalamic thermostat.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467786","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[10600]],["Low intensity laser therapy in temporomandibular disorder: a phase II double-blind study.","780",4,"\"Therefore, low intensity laser application is effective in reducing TMD symptoms, and has influence over masticatory efficiency\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004308","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Effects of Low-level Laser in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome","780",4,"\"At the end of treatment period, pain severity, pain of cheek region, pain frequency, tenderness of masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles showed significant improvement as compared with the commencement of any treatment which continued during the 3-months post-treatment (p<0.05).\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23277834/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Low intensity laser application in temporomandibular disorders: a phase I double-blind study.","780",4,"\"In conclusion, the results show that low intensity laser is an effective therapy for the pain control of subjects with TMD.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696035","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[780]],["Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in temporomandibular joint disorders: a placebo-controlled study.","830",4,"LLLT was effective for the pain related to TMD.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803388","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Arthralgia of the temporomandibular joint and low-level laser therapy.","830",4,"LLLT reduced pain and inflammation (according to tissue temperature).","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16942435","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders.","830",5,"\"Maximal mouth-opening improvement, and reductions in pain and chewing difficulty were statistically significant in the test group when compared with the control group. Statistically significant improvements were also detected between two groups regarding reduction in the number of tender points.\"\n\n\"Based on the results of this placebo-controlled report, LLLT is an appropriate treatment for TMD and should be considered as an alternative to other methods.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17069496","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Management of mouth opening in patients with temporomandibular disorders through low-level laser therapy and transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation.","670",5,"\"A significant improvement in the range of motion for both therapies was observed immediately after treatment. Comparing the two methods, the values obtained after LLLT were significantly higher than those obtained after TENS (p < 0.01).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503788","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[670]],["Evaluation of the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and the microelectric neurostimulation (MENS) in the treatment of myogenic temporomandibular disorders: a randomized clinical trial.","",4,"\"The results showed an increase in maximum mouth opening and a decrease in tenderness to palpation for both groups. The VAS reduced for both groups, although more evident for the laser group (p<0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20878031","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in temporomandibular disorder.","904",4,"\"Significant reduction in pain was observed in both active and placebo treatment groups. Active and passive maximum mouth opening, lateral motion, number of tender points were significantly improved only in the active treatment group.\"\n\nComment: In a 2010 paper, professor Bjordal wrote that the device used in this study emits almost no near-infrared: \"Measurements were inconsistent and the results showed that single-diode probes emitted outputs down to only 0.07 mW, which was less than 0.5% of the stated output shown on the display on the laser unit.\"\"\n\n(Source: https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/16501977-0576 )","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12737331","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[904]],["Low-level laser therapy is an important tool to treat disorders of the maxillofacial region.","633, 670, 830",4,"\"The disorders included temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, trigeminal neuralgia, muscular pain, aphatae, inflammation, and tooth hypersensitivity postoperatively and in small hemangiomas\"\n\n\"One hundred fifty four out of 241 patients were asymptomatic at the end of the treatment, 50 improved considerably, and 37 were symptomatic.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9796491","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[633,670,830]],["Low level laser therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD): a double-blind pilot study","830",2,"\"Each patient was evaluated immediately before and five minutes after the laser treatments.\"\n\n\"A repeated measurement one-way ANOVA demonstrated no significant differences between real and placebo groups.\"\n\n\"Although no significant differences were found in the analysis between groups, the V AS value for Group 1 at time 6 (mean 20.0 mm) represented more than two times that found for Group III (mean 46.0 mm), which could be considered a meaningful clinical finding.\"\n\nComment: In this study they measured effects over 3 weeks but also before-after each irradiation.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9586517/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[830]],["Low-level laser therapy in the management of disorders of the maxillofacial region.","633, 670, 830",4,"\"The disorders included temperomandibular joint pain, trigeminal neuralgia, muscular pain, aphatae, inflammation, and tooth hypersensitivity both postoperatively and in small hemangiomas.\"\n\n\"One hundred twenty out of 165 patients were asymptomatic at the end of the treatment, 25 improved considerably, and 20 were symptomatic.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9612167","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[633,670,830]],["Clinical comparative study of microcurrent electrical stimulation to mid-laser and placebo treatment in degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joint","904",5,"\"There was significant improvement in mobility with the reduction of pain. Mid-laser was superior to MENS in its application and effect, and both were significantly better than the placebo treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8697497/","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[904]],["Clinical analysis of mid-laser versus placebo treatment of arthralgic TMJ degenerative joints.","904",5,"\"As indicated in Table 1, mid-laser treatment provided a much greater decrease in pain that did the placebo treatment (no change in pain). Mid-laser treatment also provided a much greater improvement in TMJ biomechanics than did the placebo treatment. Indeed, mid-laser treatment produced significantly greated changes in each of the evaluation factors than did the placebo treatment (no changes) at p<0.01.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7585998","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[904]],["Physiotherapy in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a comparative study of four treatment methods.","",4,"\"The four methods of physiotherapy tested were short-wave diathermy, megapulse, ultrasound and soft laser. There was no statistically significant difference in success rate between any of the four tested (range 70.4-77.7%) although each individually was significantly better than placebo treatment. The time of improvement appeared to vary between the four methods.\"\n\nNote: Article not available online","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8186034","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Infrared laser in the treatment of craniomandibular disorders, arthrogenous pain.","904",4,"\"The fast removal of intra-articular inflammation of the temporomandibular joint in five different patients after infrared laser application is described.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2746531","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[904]],["The effect of therapeutic laser treatment in patients with craniomandibular disorders.","",4,"\"The outcome of this study showed that therapeutic laser treatment was effective in a short time and still stable after one year in patients with an arthrogenous origin of craniomandibular pain. The maximum, mouth opening increased significantly within four days of treatment (P &lt; 0.001). Although unsuccessful pre-laser treatment time through several professions ranged from 6 to 66 months, a total relief of pain was found in 80% of the arthrogenous patients after a mean period of six days. Further studies have to be developed regarding infrared laser therapy in patients with a myogenous origin of pain, and to compare the effect of various durations of exposure.\"\n\nNote: Article not available online","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3253308","PubMed",90,"Oral","TMD",[]],["Immediate effects of photobiomodulation on maximum tongue pressure: a randomized clinical study","808",2,"\"[N]o statistically significant differences were found between the maximum anterior and posterior tongue pressures when comparing pre- and post-intervention values. Although without statistical significance, the mean values increased slightly in the groups that received irradiation and decreased in the non-irradiated groups.\"\n\nComment: The measurements were made immediately after irradiation.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40008779/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Tongue strength",[808]],["Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on wound healing and post-extraction pain management of primary molars: a randomized controlled clinical trial","660",5,"\"At day 7, the test group demonstrated significantly superior wound healing scores (Median: 5.00) compared to the placebo group (Median: 4.00) (P = 0.002*). \n\nFurthermore, PBMT significantly reduced the subjective feeling of discomfort on the first evening (P = 0.02*). \n\nOver the one-week follow-up, the test group showed no analgesic consumption compared to 33.3% in the placebo group (P = 0.03*). It also reported significantly less difficulty with chewing on the extraction site, chewing soft food, and difficulty with taking a big bite compared to the placebo group; with percentages (38.9% vs.88.9%, P = 0.004*), (0% vs.33.3%, P = 0.03*), and (33.3% vs.72.2%, P = 0.04*), respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42458386/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Clinical and radiographic efficacy of photobiomodulation, platelet-rich fibrin, and their combination for socket preservation: a randomized clinical trial","660, 970",5,"\"Pain scores were significantly lower in the intervention groups than in the control group at all time points (P < 0.05). \n\nThe PRF-PBM group showed lower pain scores than the PBM and PRF groups, although the difference was statistically significant only compared with the PBM group (P < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42414963/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,970]],["Preoperative photobiomodulation reduces pain in molar surgery: A, double-blind clinical trial","850",4,"\"The photobiomodulation significantly reduced pain at 48 h (p < 0.001) compared to sham, although no difference was observed on day 7. Swelling resolution was superior in the photobiomodulation group, with facial measurements returning to baseline by day 7, unlike in the sham group. No significant difference was found for trismus. Quality-of-life scores favored photobiomodulation, particularly regarding social activities, swallowing, and sleep quality.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42349628/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[850]],["The Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Using 940-nm Diode Laser for Reducing Pain, Swelling and Trismus After Third Molar Surgery: A Single-Blinded Randomized Control Trial","",4,"\"The patients in the study group reported less pain. The mouth opening improved on the second post-operative day as compared to the improvement on the seventh post-operative day in the control group. The difference in swelling though clinically evident was not significant statistically.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42206120/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[]],["Effects of LED photobiomodulation on pain, oedema, trismus, and the quality of life following the extraction of the mandibular third molar: a randomized blinded clinical trial","660",4,"\"LED photobiomodulation provided significant early benefits (days 2 and 4) in mouth opening, pain reduction, and decreased analgesic use after third molar surgery, without affecting oedema or quality of life. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42128735/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Comparative clinical effects of extraoral photobiomodulation using laser and LED on pain, swelling, and quality of life following impacted mandibular third molar surgery: a randomized split-mouth trial","618, 810, 618, 810",4,"\"LED therapy significantly reduced pain at the 4th hour and on postoperative days 3 to 6 (p < 0.05). \n\nRegarding postoperative swelling, a significant difference was observed only in the LLLT-LED group, where the LED-treated side showed greater overall swelling reduction from preoperative to postoperative day 7 (p < 0.05). \n\nQuality-of-life scores improved in both groups, with more domains showing significant change in the LLLT group (10 vs. 7). \n\nLED was more effective for early postoperative pain control and showed greater late-phase swelling reduction in the side-to-side comparison. \n\nQuality-of-life scores improved in both groups, with a larger number of significantly improved domains in the LLLT group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42154309/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[618,810,618,810]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) with Dual-Wavelength Enhances Reduction of Inflammation After Third Molar Extraction Compared with Red Laser PBMT: A Randomized Clinical Trial","660, 660, 808",3,"\"IR-R-PBMT induce more reduction in the edema 7 days after surgery compared with the R-PBMT; however, no significant differences were noted between groups in other parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41976768/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,660,808]],["Autologous Platelet Concentrates and Photobiomodulation as Biologically Active Modifiers of Hard and Soft Tissue Healing: A Randomised Controlled Trial","635",4,"\"On postoperative day 3, mean VAS pain was 2.95 ± 2.65 in the control group and 1.00 ± 1.65 in the photobiomodulation group, corresponding to a mean difference of 1.95 VAS points. \n\nThe overall between-group difference for day 3 pain was statistically significant. \n\nIn swelling outcomes, no statistically significant between-group differences were observed at days 1, 3, or 7 across facial measurement lines. \n\nIn CBCT fractal analysis, a significant group effect was detected for the mid socket region, with higher fractal dimension at 4 months in the CGF plus photobiomodulation group compared with the control.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41893183/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[635]],["Photobiomodulation as an adjuvant for pain relief and healing pre-orthodontic mandibular third molar surgery: double-blinded randomized clinical trial","980",5,"\"VAS results revealed that PBM controlled pain at 24 h (4 ± 3) in comparison with the control group (6 ± 3) (p = 0.002), at 48 h (4 ± 3 and 5 ± 2, respectively) (p = 0.003), and at 72 h (2 ± 2 and 4 ± 2, respectively) (p = 0.004). \n\nWound healing was significantly better on the PBM-treated side on day 3 (2,1 ± 0,2) than on the control side (3,2 ± 0,6) (p = 0.00), at 7 days (1,5 ± 0,5 and 2,5 ± 0,8, respectively) (p = 0.00), and at 14 days (1 ± 0 and 1,8 ± 0,8), respectively (p = 0.00). \n\nNo adverse effects were reported. \n\nPBM with a 980 nm diode laser significantly reduced postoperative pain and enhanced wound healing compared to the contralateral control side, supporting its use as a safe and effective adjunct in third molar surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41555111/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Home-use Photobiomodulation for Pain Management and Recovery after Lower Third Molar Extraction: A Pilot Split-Mouth Study","630, 660, 850, 940",5,"\"The PBM group showed significantly reduced pain (Day 3: P=0.001), swelling (Day 7: P=0.001), and trismus (Day 4: P=0.037), with sustained improvements through Day 7. Analgesic use was significantly lower in the PBM group (Day 4: P=0.001), demonstrating PBM's analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789280/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[630,660,850,940]],["Er:YAG and Nd:YAG-based low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with medical collagen improve third-molar extraction wound healing: a randomized controlled trial","1064, 2940",4,"\"In 120 patients, COL + LAS was superior: less pain, swelling, and trismus at POD1/3 and \n\nhigher early mucosal-healing rates at POD3/7 than BCG, COL, or LAS; \n\nby POD7, between-group differences in pain, swelling, and trismus were minimal.\"\n\n\"At POD7, cutaneous induration was lowest with COL + LAS (ecchymosis not significant). Cytokines declined overall; IL-1β and TNF-α were lowest with COL + LAS at POD3/7, whereas IL-6 decreased similarly across active arms.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41354715/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[1064,2940]],["An italian multicenter triple-blind randomized controlled trial on photobiomodulation after third molar extraction (BIOSTOTT). A study of italian society for laser in dentistry (SILO)","445, 660, 970",3,"\"No statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the measured outcomes. However, trends favored the PBM group, particularly regarding reduced pain and improved quality of life.\"\n\n\"The study was powered to detect a large effect size (Cohen's d=0.8); therefore, the lack of statistical significance suggests that any true effect, if present, is likely smaller than this threshold. Further studies with larger sample sizes and standardized protocols are needed to explore smaller yet clinically relevant effects.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41273744/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[445,660,970]],["Efficacy of Low-level Laser Therapy in Minimising Morbidity Associated with Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar - A Comparative Study","976, 650",4,"\"The results showed a statistically significant (P = 0.05) decrease in the level of pain, facial swelling and trismus in the study group.\"\n\nComment: It was not described how patients were allocated in the two groups.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40765879/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[976,650]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Control of Edema and Pain After Third Molar Surgery: Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","980",5,"Perceived edema, measured using a 10-cm VAS, was significantly lower in the PBM group at 24 hours (6 ± 2 vs 8 ± 2; P < .001), 48 hours (5 ± 2 cm vs 7 ± 2; P < .001), and 72 hours (3 ± 2 vs 6 ± 2; P < .001). \n\nPain scores were also significantly reduced in the PBM group at 24 hours (4 ± 3 vs 6 ± 3; P = .002), 48 hours (4 ± 3 vs 5 ± 2; P = .003), and 72 hours (2 ± 2 vs 4 ± 2; P = .004).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40490024/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Comparison of the effects of antibiotic therapy and photobiomodulation with red and infrared lasers on the healing of postextraction sockets of third molars: A randomised controlled trial","660, 808",4,"\"PBMT reduced the loss of mouth opening amplitude and the sensation of pain and oedema. There were no differences between the ATB and CTR groups. PBMT has a beneficial effect on postoperative control (reduction in inflammation and pain) after third molar extraction, and ATB does not have a beneficial effect on postoperative control after these surgeries. \n\nPBMT reduces morbidity after third molar extraction, whereas antibiotic therapy has no beneficial effect.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40240714/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,808]],["Comparison of the postoperative effect of low laser therapy and platelet rich fibrin on mandibular third molar surgery: a randomized study","808",4,"\"Postoperative parameters such as pain, swelling, analgesic use, and trismus were assessed on days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Significant improvements in pain, swelling, and trismus were observed in Groups 2 and 3 compared to the control (p < 0.001). Swelling was also significantly reduced in Group 1 compared to the control.\"\n\n\"The study demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes in the LLLT and PRF groups, suggesting that both treatments could be promising strategies for improving postoperative recovery in terms of comfort and reduced complications.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40134000/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Comparative assessment of the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy and chitosan in postoperative pain and bleeding management after primary molar extraction: A randomized clinical study","940",4,"\"The mean pain score was least for the LLLT group, followed by the Chitosan group and the maximum mean pain score was recorded for the control group and this difference was statistically significant, whereas there was no significant difference regarding the postoperative bleeding after 15 min between three groups. \n\nChitosan was the intervention of choice for both the children and their guardians.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40159613/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[940]],["PAIN, OEDEMA AND TRISMUS RESPONSES FOLLOWING PHOTOBIOMODULATION THERAPY IMMEDIATELY AFTER LOWER THIRD MOLAR EXTRACTION: RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED, DOBLE-BLIND AND SPLIT MOUTH CLINICAL TRIAL","808",5,"\"The study group showed a significant reduction in pain at all evaluation times (P < .01), as well as reductions in facial oedema and trismus on postoperative days 2 and 7 (P < .01). A significant difference in analgesic use was observed on all days, except on the seventh postoperative day.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39947773/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Evaluating the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in patients undergoing lower third molar extraction: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial","660, 808",2,"\"Despite the results showing no differences between the groups, using LLLT resulted in lower pain perception in the irradiated participants compared to those in the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39582408/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,808]],["Our Experience with Cryotherapy Versus Low-Level Laser Therapy in Managing Postoperative Discomfort of Third Molar Surgery","940",3,"\"Pain and swelling scores were generally better in cryotherapy group when compared to LLLT Group, specifically in first 3 postoperative days. \n\nHowever, trismus in first 3 postoperative days was significantly less in LLLT group than in the cryotherapy group. \n\nPostoperative mouth opening exhibited a reduction of 3.60% in the laser group, where LLLT irradiation was done, whereas in the cryotherapy group, it was much larger, around 17.96%. \n\nOn evaluating the POSSe, in LLLT group, mostly patients reported that they were affected in enjoyment of food, approximately 40% more than cryotherapy group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39902440/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[940]],["Photobiomodulation With Infrared and Dual-Wavelength Laser Induces Similar Repair and Control of Inflammation After Third Molar Extraction: A Double-Blinded Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Trial","808, 660, 808",3,"\"The sample was composed of 20 subjects with a mean age of 28.58 ± 8.94 years, and 12 (60%) were females. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 treatments for any outcome variables (P > .10).\"\n\n\"Conclusion and relevance: It can be concluded that PBMT with dual wavelengths (red and infrared) and an IRL alone induced similar postoperative clinical results after third molar extraction surgeries.\"\n\nComment: This study had no negative control group without PBM.\n\nComment 2: A Letter to the Editor has been published regarding this paper: https://www.joms.org/article/S0278-2391(25)00056-4/abstract\n\nThe authors' reply: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278239125000576","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39645230/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808,660,808]],["Comprehensive analysis of bone tissue in extraction sockets of third molars after leukocyte and platelet rich fibrin and photobiomodulation applications","940",3,"\"L-PRF and PBM applications provide similar support in the healing of extraction sockets. Nevertheless, the advantages and disadvantages of both methods determine their usage areas.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39136788/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[940]],["Salvaging the second molar with platelet-rich fibrin and photobiomodulation (970 nm diode laser) following third molar extraction","970",4,"\"Second molars are more susceptible to periodontitis when present adjacent to periodontally hopeless third molars. It is crucial to restore the health of the second molar and to prevent a dry socket after third molar extraction. To ensure complete eradication of infection along with regeneration, mere nonsurgical periodontal therapy might be inadequate.\n\nThus, in this case report, high-level laser therapy (HLLT), advanced-platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), and low-level laser therapy (photobiomodulation [PBM]) were adapted to obtain a synergistic effect. HLLT was accomplished for decontamination and clot stabilization following the third molar extraction. Further, A-PRF was placed and irradiated with PBM on 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 21st days, postoperatively. There was reduced clinical probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level with a significant radiographic bone fill distal to second molar at 3 months follow-up.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38988962/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[970]],["A radiographic and histological study to compare red (650 nm) versus near infrared (810 nm) diode lasers photobiomodulation for alveolar socket preservation","650, 810",3,"\"Radiographically, infrared (810 nm) Diode effect on alveolar bone surface area has significantly exceeded the red laser, while histologically, red (650 nm) Diode has demonstrated statistical significance regarding all parameters; newly formed bone surface area percentage, unmineralized bone area percentage and finally Osteocalcin bone marker reaction surface area percentage and optical density. \n\nUnder the specified conditions and laser parameters, photobiomodulation using the 810 nm Diode got the upper hand radiographically, yet histologically, the red 650 nm Diode managed to dominate all histological parameters when both employed as an adjunct to alveolar socket preservation procedures.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38519552/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[650,810]],["Comparison of different dual-wavelength photobiomodulation protocols application in third molar extractions. A split-mouth randomized controlled trial","660, 808",4,"\"The different dual-wavelength PBMT protocols induced a similar postoperative clinical course in third molar extraction surgeries, with a reduced occurrence of complications and a good healing pattern of hard and soft tissues.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38503387/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy in wound healing of primary molar teeth extraction","980",3,"\"There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the Wong-Baker values in 3rd day (p < 0.05). In soft tissue healing on the 3rd and 7th day, the nonepithelialized surface of the laser socket was smaller than that of the control group, and the measurement results were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Although LLLT was not found to be very effective in reducing postoperative discomfort after extraction of primary molars, it provided better wound healing in extraction sockets.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500156/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Clinical and thermographic evaluation after lower third molar extractions and the application of different photobiomodulation protocols: double-blind randomised clinical trial","660, 808, 808",3,"\"The association of the 660 nm with 808 nm, and the increase in energy did not showed more benefits in pain reduction oedema, or acceleration of the closure of the soft tissues of the dental sockets of lower third molars, in the protocols used here.\"\n\n\"Clinical relevance: There is no need to combine lasers at wavelengths of 660 and 808 nm to reduce oedema, pain and repair of soft tissues after extraction of lower third molars.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38453808/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,808,808]],["Nd:YAG laser therapy on postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus after mandibular third molar surgery: a randomized double-blinded clinical study","1064",4,"\"Groups Nd and Nd+m had lower VAS scores at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h (F = 13.80, p = 0.00), but the difference between the two groups was not significant (F = 1.34, p = 0.11). However, no significant difference was observed at 72 h (p = 0.10). There was no significant difference in swelling or trismus among the three groups (p > 0.05).\"\n\n\"NdLT is an effective approach to improve complications after M3 surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37541966/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[1064]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on post-extraction hemostasis in patients with hemophilia - A prospective cohort study","",4,"\"The results showed a 22.42% reduction in average time taken to achieve hemostasis in the test group as compared with the control group.\"\n\n\"The authors believe that perioperative use of LLLT should be encouraged because it demonstrated a significantly reduced time for hemostasis among hemophilia patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37355374/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[]],["Photobiomodulation for Pain Relief After Third Molar Extraction: A Randomized Double-Blind Split-Mouth Clinical Trial","",5,"\"In the control group, pain increased significantly at 24 and 48 h after extraction (p = 0.0000), decreasing after 7 days (before: 0.36; immediately after: 1.06; 24 h: 4.26; 48 h: 2.53; 7 days: 0.36). In the PBM group, patients reported no pain at all time points, indicating effectiveness of local and systemic PBM in relieving pain after third molar extraction (p = 0.2151) (before: 0.30; immediately after: 0.36; 24 h: 0.86; 48 h: 0.30; 7 days: 0.03). PBM also had a modulatory effect on the inflammatory process and improved comfort after extraction.\"\n\n\"Combined local and systemic PBM can be useful for pain relief, swelling control, and quality-of-life improvement in patients undergoing third molar extraction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37367209/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[]],["Do Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Low-Level Laser Therapy Influence Oral Health-Related Quality of Life After Molar Extraction?","",5,"\"The total scores indicated a significant improvement in the OHRQoL in the aPDT (7.10, standard deviation 4.18, P = .043), LLLT (6.40, SD 5.87, P = .025), and aPDT + LLLT (5.30, SD 3.59, P = .012) groups compared to that in the control group (12.90, SD 6.64) at T1. Patients undergoing extraction of lower mandibular molars with aPDT + LLLT had the lowest mean OHIP-14 total score at T1 (5.30) and T2 (0.70).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37094757/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[]],["Efficacy of one-time application of low-level laser therapy in the management of complications after third molar surgery: A retrospective practice-based study","810",4,"\"Self-reported annoyance and pain scores were lower for the side submitted to a 30-second laser radiation at a power of 0.3 W with the slow scanning technique (P< 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36917711/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Dexamethasone in Reducing the Severity of Post-Operative Inflammatory Response Following Surgical Extraction of Mandibular Third Molars","",5,"\"Trismus (4.61 ± 0.26 cm [p = 0.0001]) in the LLLT group was significantly less than the dexamethasone group (trismus: 3.82 ± 0.73 cm). Edema at different anatomic locations in the LLLT group was also significantly less than the dexamethasone group (Angle-tragus [p = 0.0008], angle-canthus [p = 0.0021], angle-ala [p = 0.0258], angle-commissure [p = 0.0168], angle-mentus [p = 0.0227]).\"\n\n\"This study demonstrates that LLLT was beneficial in reduction in edema and trismus compared to dexamethasone following surgical extraction of third molars.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36703670/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[]],["Low-level laser and management of common complications after the mandibular third molar surgery: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","808",4,"\"Our findings showed that the LLLT had beneficial effects on the management of pain, edema, and trismus following after 3rd molar extraction surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36820144/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of postoperative surgical sequelae after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars","980",4,"\"LLLT with a diode laser of wavelength 980 nm can effectively reduce pain, swelling, and trismus in the postoperative phase after surgical extraction of the mandibular impacted third molar and promote healing at the operative site.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36393948/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Extraoral low-level laser therapy can decrease pain but not edema and trismus after surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","940",3,"\"Single-session irradiation of 940 nm diode laser can effectively decrease pain following third molar extraction surgery.\"\n\nComment: The placebo extraction was 2 weeks after the PBM extraction.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127651/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[940]],["Assessment of Healing and Pain Response at Mandibular Third Molar Extraction Sites with and Without Pre- and PostOperative Photobiomodulation at Red and Near-Infrared Wavelengths: A Clinical Study","810, 660",5,"\"The results showed clinically significant improvements in healing index scores and pain scores of the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.0001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36110661/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810,660]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy Role in Surgical Extractions: An Original Research","",3,"\"LLLT can be successfully used for the surgical extractions.\"\n\nComment: The data provided seems somewhat erraneous, Table 1 presenting a suspicious number of the mean value \"7.606\" in multiple measurements.\n\nComment: The treatment is inadequately described. Even wavelength was not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469430/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[]],["Effect of preemptive photobiomodulation associated with nimesulide on the postsurgical outcomes, oxidative stress, and quality of life after third molar surgery: a randomized, split-mouth, controlled clinical trial","808",4,"\"Preemptive use of nimesulide only delayed peak pain. LLLT reduced edema, trismus, and contributed to a better perception of quality of life.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not reported in the paper, but Ga-Al-As laser used and based on the device webpage, the wavelength appears to be 808 nm.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35948699/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Photobiomodulation for Managing \"Dry Socket\": A Randomised Controlled Trial","660",4,"\"PBMT following MC and Alveogyl dressing is more efficient in reducing SPP compared with MC with or without Alveogyl dressing in patients with AO.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35803777/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Efficacy of two low-level laser therapy protocols following lower third molar surgery - a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial","660",3,"\"Both protocols performed similarly for pain control, swelling and trismus. \n\nTherefore, for practical reasons, a single laser application in the immediate postoperative period could be indicated for the management of postoperative discomfort in lower third molar surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35700539/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["[RETRACTED] Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Osseous Defects Distal to Mandibular Second Molar after Extraction of Impacted Third Molar","1064",4,"Retraction note: \"his article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process. We cannot, therefore, vouch for the reliability or integrity of this article.\"\n\nArticle: \"The incidence of severe pain and mouth-opening limitation was significantly lower in the LLLT group than that in the control group. \n\nThe amount of bone formation in the LLLT group was higher than that in the control group 3 months after the operation, and the difference was statistically significant. But the difference was not statistically significant 6 months after surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35498143/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[1064]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Reducing Acute Pain and Inflammation Following Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars: A Randomized, Split-Mouth Clinical Trial","810",4,"\"Within the first 48 h postoperatively, pain level, swelling, and trismus were significantly lower in the PBMT group (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353636/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["Effect of the association of infra-red and red wavelength photobiomodulation therapy on the healing of post-extraction sockets of third lower molars: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial","660, 808",3,"\"The clinical analysis showed that PBMT reduced edema and improved the repair of oral mucosa at 7 days after surgery, while the tomographic analysis showed no significant differences between groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35079918/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,808]],["Clinical evaluation of single and repeated sessions of photobiomodulation with two different therapeutic wavelengths for reducing postoperative sequelae after impacted mandibular third molar surgery: a randomized, double-blind clinical study","810, 940",3,"\"Within the study limitations, in PBM, the effects of 810 nm and 940 nm and those of single and repeated applications were similar regarding pain, swelling and trismus. Immediate postoperative PBM could be preferred to repeated applications performed by point application within a 24-hour period.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group in this study, only 2 groups of PBM.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34787280/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810,940]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Improves Postoperative Pain and Edema in Third Molar Surgeries: A Randomized, Comparative, Double-Blind, and Prospective Clinical Trial","810",5,"\"VAS showed that PBM controlled pain better (7.56 ± 6.25) than SHAM (32.25 ± 22.78) at 24 hours (P < .001) and 48 hours (19.47 ± 9.27 and 39.87 ± 4.21, respectively) (P = .011).\n\nVAS also showed that PBM controlled edema better (19.7 ± 13.27) than SHAM (32.38 ± 15.28) at 24 hours (P = .037) and 48 hours (19.47 ± 13.11 and 39.87 ± 22.77, respectively) (P = .002).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34656515/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["Infrared Thermography in the Evaluation of Dental Socket Healing After Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Case Report","660",4,"\"A 36-year-old male patient had teeth extractions (18 and 28). Four PBMT sessions (660 nm; 2 J per tooth) were performed in the region of tooth 28 and recorded with thermographic images to compare the healing process, bilaterally. In the first two postoperative sessions, the temperature was higher (hyperradiant) on the left side (treated). After the third laser application, the left side was hyporradiant. In later session, the treated side became hyperradiant compared to the control side. The alveolus of tooth 28 showed more rapid healing than tooth 18 over a period of 60 days.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34084737/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Incidence of Alveolar Osteitis and Postoperative Pain following Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial","660, 810",4,"\"According to the findings of this study, photobiomodulation therapy reduced the incidence of AO following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.\"\n\n\"As it shown in Table 4, a significantly meaningful difference in VAS score was found between the two groups during second to fifth days after operation\"\n\nComment: An Expression of Concern was published in February 2026 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/php.70086, which says:\n\n\"Concerns were raised by a third party regarding the study's ethical integrity. The article does not provide the ethics committee approval code or the clinical trial registration number, which is required for a prospective RCT conducted in Iran. Further concerns include the reporting of zero dropouts across the study's timeline and inadequate CONSORT reporting.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34048061/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,810]],["The effect of post-extraction socket preservation laser treatment on bone density 4 months after extraction: Randomized controlled trial","1064, 2940",5,"\"In the laser group, erbium (Er:YAG; 2940 nm) and neodymium (Nd:YAG; 1064 nm) lasers were used for degranulation, disinfection, de-epithelialization of the surrounding gingiva, clot stabilization, and photobiomodulation.\"\n\n\"Increase in bone density at the follow-up CBCT was significantly higher in laser than in control group (p < 0.001). No post-operative pain, bleeding, or swelling was present in the laser group. In the control group, one patient had bleeding 3-5 days after extraction, two patients had swelling and three patients reported post-operative pain rated 3-5 on a 0-10 pain scale up to 3 days after extraction.\"\n\nComment: See full text for parameters (the light treatment has different phases)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33686771/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[1064,2940]],["Low-level laser therapy using laser diode 940 nm in the mandibular impacted third molar surgery: double-blind randomized clinical trial","940",3,"\"The results indicate that the mean swelling and trismus before, during, 2 days after, and 7 days after the intervention did not differ significantly between the two studied groups. However, the results show that on the sixth and seventh days, the pain was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33602198/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[940]],["Photobiomodulation therapy reduces postoperative pain after third molar extractions: A randomized clinical trial","808",4,"\"PBMT significantly reduce the postoperative pain scores when assessed 6, 24, and 48 hours after third molar extractions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33340081/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Do Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Low-Level Laser Therapy Minimize Postoperative Pain and Edema After Molar Extraction?","808",4,"\"Postoperative pain was lowest in the aPDT + LLLT group in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, and 7th day after tooth extraction (P < .05). There were no significant differences in edema among the groups (P > .05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890472/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Photobiomodulation Enhances the Healing of Postextraction Alveolar Sockets: A Randomized Clinical Trial With Histomorphometric Analysis and Immunohistochemistry","1064",4,"\"The histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that the tested sites, contrary to controls, were characterized by a lower presence of inflammatory cells, a more mature epithelium and myofibroblasts incorporated in a network of fibers parallel to the basal membrane, with little positivity to alpha-SMA antibodies and anti-myosin but positivity to anti-desmin.\"\n\nComment: The paper claims the total energy was 100 mJ which is implausible. If the output power was 1W, the total dose during 120 seconds would be 120 J.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33058773/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[1064]],["Does Combined Low-Level Laser and Light-Emitting Diode Light Irradiation Reduce Pain, Swelling, and Trismus After Surgical Extraction of Mandibular Third Molars? A Randomized Double-Blinded Crossover Study","632, 810",4,"\"Preoperative scores of all scales were lower for both groups compared with days 3 and 7 (P < .0001). Postoperative pain levels on days 3 and 7 were significantly less in the intervention group (P = .03 and P = .01, respectively). Compared with the control group, the postoperative trismus level of the intervention group was significantly less on day 3 (P = .006).\"\n\n\"Combined LLL plus LED irradiation could be an effective therapy to decrease postoperative pain and swelling after impacted third molar extractions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32780994/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[632,810]],["A Comparative Clinical Study between Concentrated Growth Factor and Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Dry Socket","2940",4,"\"Conventional treatment group I took more than 7 days to match the healing phase of group II CGF treated socket and group III LLLT irradiated socket (p = 0.001).\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not reported but Er:YAG is commonly 2940 nm.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32777838/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[2940]],["Photobiomodulation for Mucosal Repair in Patients Submitted to Dental Extraction After Head and Neck Radiation Therapy: A Double-Blind Randomized Pilot Study","808",4,"\"Patients from G1 reported postoperative pain less frequently (G1 = 4, 21.1% × G2 = 14, 66.7%, p = 0.005), and also reported lower intake of analgesic pills at D7 (21.1% × 66.7%, p = 0.005%). \n\nPBMT had a significant positive impact on both postoperative pain (NNT = 2.192, CI95% = 1.372-5.445) and mucosal healing (NNT = 1.056, CI95% = 0.954-1.181).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32642953/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Management of Dry Socket With Low-Level Laser Therapy","2940",4,"\"Results showed that the LLLT-irradiated group II sockets showed a much lower VAS pain score of 1-2 as early as day 4, and a richer amount of granulation tissue compared to the conventional treated group I socket. The amount and rate of granulation tissue formation in the dry socket are inversely proportional to the pain score showing significant clinical effectiveness of LLLT on promoting the healing of the dry socket, with improvement in symptoms (P = .001). Conventionally treated dry sockets take at least 7 days to match the effective healing of an LLLT-irradiated dry socket.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not mentioned, but the laser is Er:YAG, which are often 2940 nm.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32562076/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[2940]],["Does the Low-Intensity Laser Protocol Affect Tissue Healing After Third Molar Removal?","660",5,"\"Analysis of the variables showed statistically significant differences between both groups that received laser therapy, with values of 1.46 for edema control on the third day and 0.54 on the seventh day in group I (P = .017) and 1.26 and 0.52, respectively, in group II (P = .001) compared with 0.59 and 0.49, respectively, in the sham group (P = .702)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32554068/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Consequences of 660 nm Diode Laser Following Postsurgical Exodontia in Patients under Contraceptive Pills: A Randomized Double-blinded Clinical Trial.","660",4,"\"Using 660 nm diode laser reduced the postsurgical discomforts (pain, edema, and trismus) and promote healing associated following transalveolar extraction of the lower third molar.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32381793","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Comparative evaluation of Low Level Laser Therapy and cryotherapy in pain control and wound healing following orthodontic tooth extraction: A double blind study.","980",5,"\"LLLT has better analgesic and wound healing properties as compared to Cryotherapy, suggesting that LLLT should be preferred over cryotherapy whenever possible.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32122727","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Photobiomodulation as an adjunctive therapy for alveolar socket preservation: a preliminary study in humans.","808",4,"\"PBM samples exhibited higher number of organized and connected bone trabeculae along with higher density of blood vessels than Control. Control samples displayed a dense and highly cellular connective tissue at the central area accompanied by the presence of immature bone trabeculae at the periphery. \n\nOur results indicated that the PBM therapy improved the newly bone trabeculae formation and their connectivity which increased bone surface, indicating the positive effect of the laser on alveolar human socket repair.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31970564","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy with a 915 Nm Wavelength Diode Laser on the Healing of Intraoral Mucosal Wound: An Animal Study and a Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.","915",3,"\"As a clinical study, a total of 16 patients with split-mouth design subjected to bilateral mandibular third molar extraction were allocated into the LLLT group and placebo group.\"\n\n\"In the clinical study, although there were no significant statistical differences between the LLLT and placebo groups in all inflammatory parameters, the early stage mucosal healing tendency of wound dehiscence was higher in the LLLT group than in the placebo group clinically on postoperative day 1.\"\n\n\"Repeated laser irradiation promoted mucosal wound healing of the rats.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31344985","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[915]],["Can Photobiomodulation Therapy Be an Alternative to Methylprednisolone in Reducing Pain, Swelling, and Trismus After Removal of Impacted Third Molars?","810",4,"\"There were no significant differences between the PBMT and methylprednisolone administration in terms of postoperative pain, edema, and trismus.\"\n\n\"Within the limits of the present study, PBMT was considered an alternative and a useful method for controlling inflammatory complications following impacted wisdom tooth surgery as it exhibited similar clinical efficacy to that of methylprednisolone.\"\n\nComment: No control group without any active intervention.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31589558","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["Is Low-Level Laser Therapy Effective for Pain Control After the Surgical Removal of Unerupted Third Molars? A Randomized Trial.","780",4,"\"At the times analyzed, the laser group presented better results than the control group. As for the times, there were differences in pain scores between T0 (8.03 ± 14.87) and T3 (2.66 ± 4.23), as well as T4 (3.36 ± 7.83), in the laser group and differences between T0 (19.76 ± 26.66) and T3 (7.11 ± 10.76), as well as T4 (6.26 ± 13.14), in the control group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31604060","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[780]],["Photobiomodulation Alleviates Postoperative Discomfort After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery.","830",4,"\"The sites treated with photobiomodulation showed a significant reduction in pain and swelling (P < .05) compared with the sites in the placebo group. Moreover, an increase in mouth opening was noted after photobiomodulation compared with that in the placebo group, but this was not statistically significant (P > .05).\"\n\n\"The results of this study suggest that photobiomodulation is effective in reducing pain and swelling after mandibular third molar surgery. Hence, it can be used as an alternative and effective modality after surgical removal of mandibular third molars, thereby improving the quality of life of the patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31323184","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[830]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on post-operative pain, trismus and quality of life (QOL) of patients undergoing extraction of impacted lower third molars","905",4,"\"The level of pain did not differ significantly (p = 0.801) between the LLLT and control groups on day 0 (Table 2). However, the LLLT group was seen to exhibit a greater decrease in pain between day 0 and day 3 (minimum VAS = 0) compared to the control group (minimum VAS = 2). Moreover, the pain was seen to have subsided completely in the LLLT group by day 7, but not in the control group. The Mann Whitney test showed a significant difference between the two groups on days 3 and 7 (p = 0.000).\"\n\n\"These findings suggest that LLLT therapy successfully reduced and even completely eradicated trismus by day 7.\"\n\n\"The results of this study showed that LLLT (905 nm 18J/cm2 osis, 100 mW power) therapy can decrease post-operative pain and reduce trismus from day 3 in patients that have undergone surgical treatment of impacted lower third molars.\"\n\nComment: Inadequate parameter reporting.","http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1073/4/042026/meta","IOP",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[905]],["Three-dimensional evaluation of the effect of low-level laser therapy on facial swelling after lower third molar surgery: A randomized, placebo-controlled study.","810",4,"\"There was no statistically significant difference in the edema and trismus between the groups. The pain level in [LLLT group] was significantly lower than that in [placebo group] at all-time points. Furthermore, the pain level in Group 2 was significantly lower than that in [control group] on day 7.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30156193","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy following surgical extraction of the lower third molar with objective measurement of swelling using a three-dimensional system.","810",3,"\"The present study demonstrated that, although single-dose or two-dose LLLT had beneficial effects on the swelling, trismus and pain level, a significant reduction was only observed in the pain level at postoperative day 7.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29581740","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["Low-level Laser Therapy on Postoperative Pain after Mandibular Third Molar Surgery.","808",4,"\"LLLT appeared to have a high significant effect on pain reduction; however, there was a mild increase in pain after the 4th day.\"\n\nComment: The pain reduction appears very clear in the first days, but the paradoxical increase in pain after a few days is interesting.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29264287","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Evaluation of adjunctive effect of low-level laser Therapy on pain, swelling and trismus after surgical removal of impacted lower third molar: A double blind randomized clinical trial.","550",3,"\"Under limitations of this study, using low-power laser with mentioned parameters, clinically reduces pain, swelling and trismus after surgical removal of impacted mandibular wisdom, but not statistically significant.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133965","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[550]],["Assessment of Low-Level Laser Therapy Effects After Extraction of Impacted Lower Third Molar Surgery.","980",4,"\"The mean score of pain 24 hours after surgery in the laser therapy group (2.3 ± 3.5) was significantly lower than the mean score of pain in the drug therapy (4.19 ± 3.09) (P = 0.036). Moreover, the mean score of pain at one week after surgery in the laser therapy group (0.13 ± 2.33) was significantly lower than the drug therapy group (1.43 ± 2.45) (P = 0.046).\n\nThe amount of swelling according to different measurements did not significantly differ between the two groups neither at 24 hours nor at 1 week after surgery.\"\n\n\"Our findings showed that LLLT was useful in reducing pain and could slightly reduce swelling compared to drug therapy in impacted third molar surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28912943","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Effect of pre-operatory low-level laser therapy on pain, swelling, and trismus associated with third-molar surgery.","980",4,"\"Pre-surgical LLLT treatment seems to increase the analgesic effect of LLLT. However, trismus and edema were reduced in both laser treated groups, independently from the period of irradiation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28578368","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy After Wisdom Teeth Surgery: Evaluation of Immunologic Markers (Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Lysozyme Levels) and Thermographic Examination: Placebo Controlled Study.","830",2,"Comment: In this study, baseline markers differed a lot between the groups. The results are impossible to interpret.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28525303","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[830]],["The Effects of Transcutaneous and Intraoral Low-Level Laser Therapy After Extraction of Lower Third Molars: A Randomized Single Blind, Placebo Controlled Dual-Center Study.","830",4,"\"The results of this study suggest that single-session intraoral LLLT is more effective than extraoral application for reducing postoperative pain.\"\n\nComment: The article also reviews previous trials on this issue.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28294694","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[830]],["Efficacy of a single dose of low-level laser therapy in reducing pain, swelling, and trismus following third molar extraction surgery.","780",4,"\"Compared with the control group, the study group showed significant reductions in pain, swelling, and trismus at 48h and 7 days postoperatively. In conclusion, a single dose of LLLT was effective at reducing the postoperative discomforts (pain, swelling, and trismus) associated with third molar extraction surgery.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were poorly reported.\n\nComment: The treatment wasn't randomized, only the jaw side was.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691932","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[780]],["Thermographic and clinical evaluation of 808-nm laser photobiomodulation effects after third molar extraction.","808",2,"\"A slight improvement was observed for swelling, pain and trismus in patients who received laser irradiation, although the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Laser therapy had a significant influence on the local circulation in the area near the temporomandibular joint, as determined by infrared thermography (P<0.05).\"\n\nComment: The randomization process described in a weird manner, is this a real RCT?\n\nComment: Paper retriavable via ResearchGate. The journal webpage doesn't appear to work.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27374361","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Choosing between intraoral or extraoral, red or infrared laser irradiation after impacted third molar extraction.","660, 808",2,"\"The intra-group analyses showed that 808 nm laser applied extra-orally favored reductions in postoperative facial swelling and trismus, although the inter-group comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868520","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,808]],["Efficacy of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic of Superpulsed Low Level Laser Therapy After Impacted Mandibular Third Molars Extractions.","635",4,"\"Results indicate that in the treated site SLLLT determines a reduction in pain and swelling statistically significant compared with the control site (P < 0.05). The authors found that the effectiveness of laser therapy is in the first 5 days after surgery, showing a significant reduction of pain and swelling in the treated site than the control site.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27159857","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[635]],["Is Low-Level Laser Therapy Effective in the Management of Pain and Swelling After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery?","660, 810",5,"\"Pain level was significantly lower in the laser than in the placebo side at all time points during the experiment (P < .05). Swelling was significantly lower in the laser than in the placebo group on days 2, 4, and 7 after surgery (P < .05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27055228","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660,810]],["Effectiveness of Single Session of Low-Level Laser Therapy with a 940 nm Wavelength Diode Laser on Pain, Swelling, and Trismus After Impacted Third Molar Surgery.","940",2,"\"There was no statistically significant difference in pain, swelling, or trismus between the sides (Mann-Whitney U test p > 0.05). However, according to the clinical outcomes, swelling and trismus were less in the laser-treated side than in the placebo side.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27420732","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[940]],["Evaluation of the effects of the low-level laser therapy on swelling, pain, and trismus after removal of impacted lower third molar.","810",2,"\"Although there were decreasing trismus, swelling, and pain level, with this LLLT, there was significant difference only in the 7th day pain level in the laser group compared with the control group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27457369","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of low-level laser therapy on the postoperative healing process","660",4,"\"The swelling and interincisal opening returned to normal 24 hours after the first low-level laser therapy application (Friedman test). Moreover, the pain intensity was reduced on the third postoperative day, according to the Friedman test.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26180289/","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Bone healing after low-level laser application in extraction sockets grafted with allograft material and covered with a resorbable collagen dressing: a pilot histological evaluation.","618",4,"\"The histological results of the site treated with LLLT for 21 days, harvested at 60 days after grafting showed abundant new bone formation without any sign of inflammation. The same results were obtained in the control group not before 120 days post-surgery.\"\n\n\"It can be concluded that LLLT photobiomodulation can reduce the healing time after grafting the extraction socket.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported... Even wavelength was left unmentioned, but the device name (OsseoPulse) was mentioned.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511218","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[618]],["Tissue laser biostimulation promotes post-extraction neoangiogenesis in HIV-infected patients.","820",5,"\"As a result, we report that biostimulating laser therapy in HIV-infected patients of varying degrees of immunodeficiency greatly accelerated post-extraction neoangiogenesis, regardless of the patient's gender, tooth position, number of roots, or number of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood. Application of low-level laser therapy for the treatment of tooth extraction wounds in HIV(+) patients greatly enhanced the formation of new blood vessels, which in turn promoted wound healing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23917415","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[820]],["A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Immediate Versus Delayed Photobiomodulation Therapy in Reducing the Severity of Postoperative Inflammatory Complications.","830",5,"\"Eighty patients with horizontally impacted mandibular third molars with no inferior alveolar canal approximation were recruited for this study. They were divided into two groups. The immediate group received PBM therapy immediately after surgery and on the 3rd day postoperatively. Subjects in the delayed group received PBM therapy on the 2nd and 4th days postoperatively. All subjects received 2 min of treatment using a 4 W laser beam, during which 171 J were delivered via a 2.8 cm(2) spot size.\"\n\n\"Clinical and statistical results showed a significant reduction in pain, trismus, and swelling in the immediate PBM therapy group compared with the delayed PBM therapy group.\"\n\nComment: The authors claim the dose is 171 J but I suppose they actually mean that the fluence is 171 J/cm2 based on the other parameters reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332915","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[830]],["Efficacy of LLLT in swelling and pain control after the extraction of lower impacted third molars.","650, 910",3,"A strangely written paper, but they claim that LLLT was beneficial.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941424","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[650,910]],["Comparison of the influence of ozone and laser therapies on pain, swelling, and trismus following impacted third-molar surgery.","808",4,"\"The pain level and the number of analgesics tablets taken were lower in the ozonated and LLLT applied groups than in the control group. This study showed that ozone and low power laser therapies had a positive effect on the patients' quality of life. Trismus in the LLLT group was significantly less than in the ozonated and control groups (p = 0.033). Ozone application showed no superiority in regards of postoperative swelling; however, LLLT group had significantly lower postoperative swelling.\"\n\nNote: There seemed to be no placebo group. A comment was published, noting that this might affect the results.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23494104","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy after extraction of impacted lower third molars.","980",4,"There was much less pain and swelling in LLLT group.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843310","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[980]],["Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life with Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT) and Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) after Third Molar Removal.","660",4,"\"The present study has approved the diode laser usage for significant enhancement of patient’s postoperative problems after third molar surgery. Both laser therapy modalities significantly reduced postoperative pain, swelling problems, halitosis and analgesic usage. The least postoperative problems were present in the group which received antimicrobial photodynamic (APDT) and low level laser therapy (LLLT).\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25606319","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[660]],["Therapeutic effects of low-level laser therapy after premolar extraction in adolescents: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.","830",2,"\"Compared with the placebo group, the test group showed a lower intensity of pain, but this difference was not statistically significant at any time point. The wound healing process was similar in both groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870960","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[830]],["Influence of superpulsed laser therapy on healing processes following tooth extraction.","904",3,"\"Superpulsed laser irradiation prevented the increase of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and induced an insignificant increase in collagen at 7 days after extraction, versus levels on day of extraction; no changes were found in the other parameters examined.\"\n\n\"Patients reported less pain at the site treated with superpulsed laser irradiation than at the control site.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21631375","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[904]],["Low-level laser therapy supported teeth extractions of two patients receiving IV zolendronate.","808, 1064",4,"\"Satisfactory wound healing in both the surrounding soft and hard tissues was achieved. LLLT application combined with atraumatic surgical interventions under antibiotics prophylaxis is a preferable approach in patients with a risk of BRONJ development.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20669038","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808,1064]],["Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of the effect two different low-level laser therapies (LLLT)--intraoral and extraoral--on trismus and facial swelling following surgical extraction of the lower third molar.","808",5,"\"This study demonstrates that extraoral LLLT is more effective than intraoral LLLT for the reduction of postoperative trismus and swelling after extraction of the lower third molar.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19484402","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Use of therapeutic laser after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars.","810",2,"\"The experimental group exhibited a lower intensity of postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus than the control group, without significant statistical differences.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116702","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[810]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on trismus and facial swelling following surgical extraction of a lower third molar.","808",5,"\"It was determined that the trismus and the swelling in LLLT group were significantly less than in the placebo group on postoperative days 2 and 7.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196113","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[808]],["Effectiveness of dexamethasone and low-power laser in minimizing oedema after third molar surgery: a clinical trial.","637",4,"\"Statistical analysis of the obtained results (Wilcoxon rank test) pointed to a significant difference between all the study groups and the control patients.\"\n\n\"LPL irradiation with local use of dexamethasone (group 2) resulted in a statistically significant reduction of postoperative oedema in comparison to the other groups. No adverse effects of the procedure or medication were observed.\"\n\nComment: A good photograph of the LLLT treatment was supplied. \nComment: Parameters were quite poorly reported.\nComment: The method of patient allocation to groups was not described, thus I describe the study as non-randomized.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157479","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[637]],["Postoperative analgesia after lower third molar surgery: contribution of the use of long-acting local anesthetics, low-power laser, and diclofenac.","637",4,"\"In the second part of the study, low-power laser irradiation significantly reduced postoperative pain intensity in patients premedicated with diclofenac, compared with the controls.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17052624","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[637]],["Assessment of anti-inflammatory effect of 830nm laser light using C-reactive protein levels.","830",2,"\"CRP values were more symmetric and better distributed for the irradiated group (0.320 mg/dl) than for the control (0.862.mg/dl) 48 h after surgery, however there was no statistically significant difference. After 72 h, both groups had statistically similar CRP levels (0.272 and 0.608 mg/dl), because of the normal tendency of decreasing CRP levels.\"\n\nComment:  Although no statistical significance, quite notable relative differences...","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11696916","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[830]],["Low-level laser therapy after molar extraction.","633, 670",2,"\"The low-level laser has no influence on the process of osseointegration. This effect was observed on fracture healing in rats using He-Ne laser radiation. We found no differences in the bone density when compared to the control group.\"\n\n\"Patients felt better after laser therapy was observed. The patients felt more comfort after laser therapy\"\n\nComment: There were 3 different 670 nm groups with different pulsing frequencies (292 Hz, 9000 Hz and 5 Hz). The 633 nm lasesr group was also pulsed (5 Hz).\n\nComment: DOI identifier not shown on PubMed (10.1089/clm.2000.18.309)","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11572225","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[633,670]],["The effects of the helium-neon laser on postsurgical discomfort: a pilot study.","633",4,"\"This study has demonstrated that the helium-neon laser (632.8 nanometre (nm) at 10 milliwatt (mW), when applied to the surgical site for three minutes immediately following third molar surgery, reduced postoperative pain on the day of surgery and on the first postoperative day. This finding was statistically significant.\"\n\nComment: Could not find full text, thus it's unknown whether this was a randomized study and what were the exact treatment parameters.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1873746","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[633]],["A randomized double-blind clinical trial on the effectiveness of helium-neon laser in the prevention of pain, swelling and trismus after removal of impacted third molars.","633",3,"\"The effect of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser on the prevention of pain, swelling and trismus following the removal of an impacted third molar was studied in 100 patients randomly allocated to receive He-Ne laser, ibuprofen or placebo in a prospective double-blind parallel clinical trial.\n\nTrismus was significantly reduced in the He-Ne laser and ibuprofen treatment groups. Pain was significantly less in the ibuprofen group with regard to He-Ne laser and placebo groups. Swelling was the same in the three treatment groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2407660","PubMed",89,"Oral","Tooth extraction",[633]],["Management of oral lesions in toxic epidermal necrolysis with photobiomodulation: Report of three cases","",4,"\"The aim of this study was to report three clinical cases of TEN managed with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the treatment of oral lesions\"\n\n\"The proposed therapeutic approach resulted in significant clinical improvement of the oral lesions, even prior to improvement of skin manifestations, including pain relief and accelerated tissue healing.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41255405/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)",[]],["Treatment of oral manifestations of toxic epidermal necrolysis with low‐level laser therapy in a pediatric patient","660",4,"\"Here, we report a case of a 9-year-old girl who presented with blisters associated with an extensive vesicular rash and multiple ulcerations on the lips and oral cavity. A drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction to antibiotics was suspected, and a diagnosis of TEN was made.\"\n\n\"We demonstrate that LLLT may be an effective treatment of TEN‐related oral lesions. The therapy was well tolerated and might beconsidered as a routine protocol in the treatment of mucosal drug‐induced reactions. Definitive conclusions about the real contributionof LLLT for noncancer patient improvement depend on further studies.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30474865","PubMed",95,"Oral","Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)",[660]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on postoperative swelling after surgical management of zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture","810",5,"\"The study evaluated LLLT on postoperative swelling in patients with ZMC fractures. We observed significant reductions in ala-tragus and outer canthus to mandible measurements in the LLLT group compared to the control. The LLLT group showed a consistent and significant decrease in swelling over 30 days, especially notable in the ala-tragus measurements, indicating LLLT's effectiveness in reducing postoperative swelling.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42422788/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[810]],["Innovative photobiomodulation-enhanced T-PRF in posterior mandibular fractures: a randomized pilot study","660",4,"\"The study group demonstrated significantly higher bone density at 12 weeks and experienced significantly greater pain reduction during the first and second weeks postoperatively (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Both groups showed similar results in mouth opening, wound healing, and edema resolution, with no significant intergroup differences in these parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42106735/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[660]],["Beneficial Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Mandibular Movements in the Surgical Treatment of Mandibular Fractures: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"There was a progressive increase in mandibular movements in both groups, and significantly greater values, particularly in terms of mouth opening and protrusion, were observed in the PBMT group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42081101/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy in Maxillofacial Trauma: A Prospective Single-Arm Observational Study","808",2,"\"Compared with baseline (15 days post-op, pre-LLLT), VAS scores showed significant reductions at sessions 7 and 10, and BSD responses increased over time.\"\n\n\"After multiplicity control, only the session 10 comparison remained significant. These observational findings support the feasibility of multi-session LLLT after maxillofacial trauma; controlled trials are warranted to determine efficacy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41294513/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[808]],["Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy on pain, swelling, and trismus following fixation of mandibular fractures","660, 905",3,"\"There was no significant reduction in pain (-0.34 vs. -0.09; p = 0.079) or edema (T-LC: 2.44 vs. 2.13; p = 0.771, OC-AM 2.31 vs. 0.69; p = 0.185) in the PBM-treated group compared to the control group. However, trismus reduction was significantly better in the PBM group (-3.25 vs. -1.31; p < 0.001). \n\nIn summary, a specific PBM protocol can effectively reduce trismus during recovery from mandibular fractures, with the potential for future optimization to address pain and edema.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40219929/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[660,905]],["Clinical study on low-energy semiconductor laser treatment in the promotion of wound healing after maxillofacial fracture surgery","980",5,"\"A total of 211 patients were included in this study. A total of 104 and 107 cases comprised the experimental and control groups, respectively. A total of 128 males and 83 females were included. \n\nAfter low-energy semiconductor laser treatment, the facial skin wound healing time of the experimental group was found to be significantly shorter than that of the control group (P<0.05). \n\nMoreover, the wound grade A healing rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group on the seventh day after surgery (P<0.05). \n\nAmong postoperative facial skin wound evaluation indices, the mSBSES scores of the experimental group at all observation points were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group in terms of wound width reduction, height reduction, color lightening, and incision line loss (P<0.05). \n\nIn postoperative wound pain evaluation, the pain index of the experimental group after low-energy semiconductor laser treatment was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). No significant difference in wound infection rates was found between the two groups (P>0.05).\"\n\n\"For facial skin wounds in maxillofacial fracture surgery, low-energy semiconductor laser treatment can effectively promote wound healing, improve wound healing quality, fade scars, and relieve wound pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39840628/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[980]],["Evaluation of the Low-Level Laser Therapy in Pain, Bite Force, and Mouth Opening Following Midfacial Trauma","808",5,"\"In the pain scale comparison, there was a difference between the PLACEBO group and the LASER group for day 1 (p = 0.011), day 2 (p = 0.001), 7 (p = 0.001), and 14 days (p = 0.010). In the evaluation of paresthesia, on days 7 and 14, there were better results in the LASER group with p = 0.012 and p = 0.001.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39768334/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[808]],["Therapeutic Effect of a Low-Level Laser on Acute Pain and Post-operative Mouth Opening After Closed Reduction of Mandibular-Condylar Fracture","808",4,"\"There was no significant difference between the study groups in terms of the range of jaw motions. The mean VAS score was 56.85 (SD=3.817) in the intervention group and 60.95 (SD=4.861) in the placebo group, showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups at the end of the study (P=0.007)\"\n\nComment: The difference is very small.\nComment: Poorly written paper... no baseline symptom data?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36743149/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[808]],["Effects of light-emitting diode (LED) therapy on sensory changes in the inferior alveolar nerve after surgical treatment of mandibular fractures: a randomized controlled trial","660, 850",4,"\"Sensory changes were observed in 68.7% of all fractures upon admission, with 91.2% in the LEDT group and 78.8% in the CTRL group demonstrating complete remission during the final period of the study.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36348150/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[660,850]],["Effect of delayed photobiomodulation therapy on neurosensory recovery in patients with mandibular nerve neurotmesis following traumatic mandibular fracture: A randomized triple-blinded clinical trial","810",4,"\"The results showed significantly improved light (cotton swab), light (wooden cotton swab), and sharp (dental needle) touch sensations, and two-point discrimination test in the PBMT group after the 10th, 11th, 10th, and 10th session, respectively. \n\nTwo-way repeated measure ANOVA revealed that the trend of light touch sensation with cotton swab and two-point discrimination test was statistically significant (p-value = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). \n\nThe results of OHIP-14 test showed a significantly higher mean in the PBMT group 3 months after PBMT.\n\nThere was no statistically significant difference in EPT and thermal discrimination tests regarding the patients' group.\"\n\nComment: The abstract text can be interpreted as PBM success only in few measurement points, but in fact those are the starting points from which the between-group results start to differ significantly. In the subsequent measurements the differences are still significant (eg. OHIP-14 at 6 or 12 months).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35551053/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[810]],["Effect of oral exercises and photobiomodulation therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with mandible fractures: randomized double-blind clinical trial","808",3,"\"Both groups showed normal MID (> 35 mm) and food consistencies consumed 1 month after the surgical procedure, with no significant differences between them. Individuals in the PBM group had less pain response to exercise during all the weeks of intervention than the sham group (p < 0.05). The patients presented a reduction in the painful response in MID and mandibular laterality movements 1 month after surgery compared to the preoperative period. In contrast, there was an improvement in laterality in the sham group only 3 months postoperatively and persistent pain in MID. There was no significant difference in facial sensitivity within and between groups during follow-up.\"\n\nComment: Modest benefit at most.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34557956/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[808]],["Evaluation of the Effect of Phototherapy in Patients with Mandibular Fracture on Mandibular Dynamics, Pain, Edema, and Bite Force: A Pilot Study.","660",3,"\"The findings suggest improvements in the laser group in comparison with the sham group with regard to mandibular dynamics, a reduction in postoperative facial swelling, a reduction in pain, and an increase in bite force.\"\n\nComment: The differences don't appear to be very large. There isn't very good reportation of between-groups differences.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023221","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma / Fractures",[660]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Lateral Luxation of Anterior Permanent Teeth: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","660, 808",4,"\"Within the limitations of this clinical study, all intervention groups were effective in reducing pain in lateral luxation of permanent anterior teeth, with superior results for laser groups compared to the placebo. However, only the 808 nm laser irradiation protocol demonstrated a significant improvement in pulp sensitivity, suggesting it may offer a more complete therapeutic response.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41703733/","PubMed",108,"Oral","Trauma: Tooth Luxation",[660,808]],["Photobiomodulation with Low-Level Laser in the Treatment of Trismus After Radiotherapy: A Case Report.","808",4,"\"The efficacy of the PBM protocol on the trismus after radiotherapy was evidenced by the decrease of pain and increase of the buccal opening.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31050958","PubMed",90,"Oral","Trismus (from radiotherapy)",[808]],["Evaluation of low level laser therapy and lidocaine versus chlorohexidine for the management of traumatic oral ulcers in children: a randomized controlled study","980",5,"\"Parental satisfaction was significantly higher in the LLLT group compared with the LC and CHX groups (p = 0.006). LLLT demonstrated superior effectiveness in accelerating healing by reducing related size and pain in traumatic oral ulcers compared with LC gel and CHX mouthwash. Despite CHX being the standard approach for oral ulcer management, it showed the lowest efficacy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41593123/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Ulcers",[980]],["Medical device-related orofacial ulcers: Report of two cases managed with photobiomodulation therapy","660",4,"\"Two patients were admitted to an ICU because of respiratory distress due to bacterial pneumonia. A few days after orotracheal intubation, bleeding lip lesions covered by crusts and related to tube pressure were noted. Three PBMT sessions were proposed in both cases and resulted in an important clinical improvement within 72 hours.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40510713/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Ulcers",[660]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Oral Ulcers: A Report of Two Cases","810",4,"\"Two cases of chronic oral ulcers showed pain relief, faster healing, and better patient acceptance with PBM. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39310614/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Ulcers",[810]],["Photobiomodulation and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Ulcers in a Patient With Thrombocytopenia Following Bone Marrow Transplantation","660",4,"\"The lesions were managed using a combination of phototherapies (photobiomodulation and antimicrobial photodynamic therapies), totalizing 4 laser sessions. After 4 days, there was an important reduction in the severity of the lesions, with spontaneous disappearance of the crusts and reepithelization.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35996489/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Ulcers",[660]],["Protocol for Low-level laser therapy in traumatic ulcer after troncular anesthesia: Case report in pediatric dentistry.","808",4,"\"The aim of this study was to report a protocol of use for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in traumatic ulcer in the lower lip after inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (IANBA). \n\nA 3-year-old patient, male, undergoing treatment of carious lesions was submitted to an indirect pulp capping in tooth 74 under IANBA. The procedure was completed without intercurrences, but on next day, the child presented extensive traumatic ulcer in the left lower lip, with complaint of pain. \n\nTwo sequential applications with LLLT were applied in punctual mode under pressure around the lesion. \n\nAfter 1 week, the mother reported significant improvement. After 30 days, the lesion was fully healed. In conclusion, LLLT promoted rapid analgesia and healing, being a good treatment alternative for traumatic ulcer after troncular anesthesia.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32071703","PubMed",95,"Oral","Ulcers",[808]],["Laser Photobiomodulation for a Complex Patient with Severe Hydroxyurea-Induced Oral Ulcerations.","810",4,"\"In this case report laser photobiomodulation has achieved pain control and has contributed to the healing of oral ulcers without any adverse effect; this has permitted a reduction in the dose of systemic corticosteroids and the suspension of the use of the topic ones, due to the long-term stability of oral health, even after the interruption of LLLT sessions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27957350","PubMed",95,"Oral","Ulcers",[810]],["Lasers in esthetic dentistry: soft tissue photobiomodulation, hard tissue decontamination, and ceramics conditioning.","660",3,"\"Three different laser wavelengths were applied throughout the treatment with different purposes: Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) for dentin decontamination, diode (660 nm) for soft tissue biomodulation, and Er:YAG laser (2,940 nm) for inner ceramic surface conditioning. Lasers were successfully applied in the present case report as coadjutant in the treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147746","PubMed",95,"Oral","Uncategorized (dental)",[660]],["Efficacy of Diode Laser Ablation and Low Level Laser Therapy on Healing and Bacterial Load Reduction at Intraoral Biopsy Site","940",3,"\"The results encourage the conjugation of conventional incisional punch biopsy with low level lasers to avoid systemic intervention for post biopsy complications.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35783495/","PubMed",95,"Oral","Wound healing: biopsy",[940]],["Rapid healing of gingival incisions by the helium-neon diode laser.","670",3,"\"Sixty-nine percent of the irradiated incisions healed faster than the control incisions. No significant difference in healing was noted when patients were compared by age, gender, race, and anatomic location of the incision.\"\n\n\"This study concludes that helium-neon diode lasers, at the previously mentioned energy level, increase the rate of gingival wound healing in 69 percent of patients, without any side effects.\"\n\nComment: Didn't have full text access","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10740521","PubMed",93,"Oral","Wound healing: gingival incisions",[670]],["The efficacy of injectable platelet-rich fibrin versus photobiomodulation therapy on palatal wound healing: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial","980",4,"\"The total wound surface area on days 3,7,14, and 21 was determined to be significantly greater in the control group than in the test groups. The VAS pain scores on days 3 and 14 were found to be significantly higher in the control group than in the test groups. Analgesia consumption in the control group was higher than in the PBMT group on postoperative day 3. On days 5 and 7, the control group required significantly more analgesia than the i-PRF group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41091419/","PubMed",104,"Oral","Wound healing: palatal wounds",[980]],["Comparison of two power densities on the healing of palatal wounds after connective tissue graft removal: randomized clinical trial.","660",3,"\"Group 1 presented statistically significant smaller wounds at day 7 (p > 0.05). None of the patients presented scars at the operated area, and all of the patients reported mild discomfort, with low consumption of analgesic pills. We concluded that the protocol of 60 J/cm(2) provided faster wound healing 7 days after removing the connective tissue graft for root coverage.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344670","PubMed",104,"Oral","Wound healing: palatal wounds",[660]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Transforming Growth Factor-β1, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB, and Interleukin-8 Release in Palatal Wounds After Free Gingival Graft Harvesting: A Randomized Clinical Study.","1064",3,"\"Observed increases in PWF TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and IL-8 levels suggest that PBM may accelerate wound healing by stimulating production of selected mediators.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088277","PubMed",104,"Oral","Wound healing: palatal wounds",[1064]],["Effect of GaAIAs low-level laser therapy on the healing of human palate mucosa after connective tissue graft harvesting: randomized clinical trial.","660",4,"\"The test group presented statistically significant smaller wounds at days 14 and 45.\n\nNone of the patients presented a scar at the operated area, and colorimetry analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between groups (p > 0.05).\"\n\n\"We concluded that LLLT irradiation can accelerate wound healing on palatine mucosa after connective tissue removal for root coverage techniques.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373688","PubMed",104,"Oral","Wound healing: palatal wounds",[660]],["Spontaneous ultraweak photon emission imaging of oxidative metabolic processes in human skin: effect of molecular oxygen and antioxidant defense system","",3,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21950919/","PubMed",1,"Other","Biophoton papers",[]],["The Healthspan Project: A Retrospective Pilot of Biomarkers and Biometric Outcomes after a 6-Month Multi-Modal Wellness Intervention","",3,"\"In this six-month study, healthy adult participants (n = 25) received specific therapies, including whole-body cryotherapy, infrared sauna, and photobiomodulation, along with guidance on physical activity, diet, and alcohol intake. \n\nSerum biomarkers were measured for all participants, while a subset also received biometric assessments for body composition (n = 10) and heart rate variability (n = 7). \n\nOver the course of the study (mean (SD) follow-up days = 174 (130)), participants exhibited significant improvements in health. LDL cholesterol (-9.77 (15.43) md/dL) and hsCRP (-1.75 (2.66) mg/L) decreased significantly (p < 0.05). \n\nHbA1c increased slightly (p < 0.05), but the effect size was small (0.12 (0.13)%). \n\nThe body composition subset lost overall body weight (-3.29 (3.75) kg), primarily body fat, while preserving lean muscle mass (p < 0.05). Heart rate variability increased for those with existing cardiovascular risk factors (p < 0.05). \n\nIn conclusion, participation in the multimodal Healthspan protocol is associated with substantial improvements in health-related biomarkers and biometrics.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38540640/","PubMed",1,"Other","Multifactorial interventions involving PBM",[]],["Effect of intravenous laser irradiation of the blood on plasma content of ceruloplasmin in patients with chronic pancreatitis","630",3,"The ceruloplasmin (CP) level was 1.3 in healthy individuals. In treatment group it decreased from 1.97 to 1.40. In control group it decreased from 1.91 to 1.63.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21165421/","PubMed",28,"Pancreas","Pancreatitis",[630]],["[Parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative protection in patients with chronic pancreatitis treated by low-intensity laser therapy]. [Article in Russian]","",3,"\"The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) on the processes of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidative protection (AOP) in patients with chronic pancreatitis. A total of 78 patients aged from 36 to 77 years were treated with LILT in addition to conventional therapy; the patients of the control group (n = 40) received only medicamentous therapy. Examination of the patients in the exacerbation phase of chronic pancreatitis revealed activation of LPO processes and differently-directed shifts of AOP components. These changes are supposed to reflect variations in the activity of the inflammatory processes in the pancreas and oxidative stress on this organ.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19284112","PubMed",28,"Pancreas","Pancreatitis",[]],["Pulsed 830-nm Laser Irradiation Modulates Aδ- and C-Fiber-Mediated Pain Thresholds in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial","830",4,"\"Pain thresholds increased following active irradiation in both fiber types, whereas minimal changes were observed after sham irradiation. Between-group differences in change scores were associated with moderate standardized effect sizes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41987486/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Acute",[830]],["Blue-light treatment reduces spontaneous and evoked pain in a human experimental pain model","450, 630",5,"\"Blue light substantially reduced spontaneous pain as assessed by numeric rating scale pain scoring. Similarly, pain quality was significantly altered as assessed by the German counterpart of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Furthermore, blue light showed antihyperalgesic, antiallodynic, and antihypesthesic effects in contrast to red light or thermal control treatment.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were basically not reported. The power output of a single LED is apparently 800mW and the collar had 150 LEDs.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34901678/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Acute",[450,630]],["Plasma acth and β-endorphin levels in response to low level laser therapy (lllt) for myofascial trigger points","660, 670, 820",3,"\"ACTH was shown to have a cumulative response to treatment with 1 J/cm2 infrared laser (p < 0.001) and 5 J/cm2 red laser (p < 0.05) responding significantly. β-endorphin was noted to be significantly elevated between days one and four (p < 0.05) in subjects who received IR (5 J/cm2) laser. Results indicated that the analgesic response to phototherapy may be mediated through hormonal/opioid mechanisms, and that responses to LLLT are dose and wavelength dependent. A mechanism by which peripheral stimulation using LLLT may elicit activity in the central pathways is proposed.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/6/3/6_94-OR-07/_article","J-STAGE",40,"Pain","Analgesia",[660,670,820]],["Does low-level laser therapy enhance the efficacy of intravenous regional anesthesia?","808",5,"\"The mean visual analogue scale scores were significantly lower in the laser-assisted group than in the lidocaine-only group on all measurements during and after operation (P<0.05). The mean time to the first need for fentanyl administration during the operation was longer in the laser group (P=0.04). The total amount of fentanyl administered to patients was significantly lower in the laser-assisted group (P=0.003). The laser group needed significantly less pethidine for pain relief (P=0.001) and at a later time (P=0.002) compared with the lidocaine-only group. There was no difference between the groups in terms of mean arterial pressure and heart rate.\"\n\n\"The addition of gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser irradiation to intravenous regional anesthesia is safe, and reduces pain during and after the operation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24945286","PubMed",40,"Pain","Anesthesia (regional)",[808]],["Clinical efficacy study of LED red and infrared light therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain","630, 850",5,"\"The total effective rate was 80.90% in the experimental group and 27.59% in the control group, with a rate difference of 53.31%. The experimental group showed significantly better outcomes compared to the control group.(p < 0.0001). The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.0001). No serious adverse events occurred during the trial, and all reported adverse events were unrelated to the device.\"\n\nComment: The sham group received approx 5% of the light that active group received.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42631780/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[630,850]],["High-intensity versus low-intensity laser acupuncture in chronic, non-specific low back pain: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial","808",5,"\"Both the HILA and LILA groups showed substantial improvements in all outcomes posttreatment and over the follow-up period compared to the sham group (p < 0.05). Significantly, trunk extensor strength and pain reduction improved more in the HILA group (p < 0.05). However, fatigue and disability did not differ between the two active laser groups. \n\nAll groups showed minor changes between the post-treatment and follow-up periods.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528905/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[808]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation by Laser and Mechanical Systems on Low Back Pain: A Longitudinal, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","",2,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42206653/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["Multi-wave locked system laser therapy in chronic non-specific neck pain: a double-blind placebo randomized-controlled trial","808, 905",3,"\"Both MLS Laser and Sham Laser therapies resulted in statistically significant improvements in pain, disability, and movement velocity. However, these changes were not clinically meaningful. MLS Laser therapy provided more pronounced and sustained pain relief and improved range of motion in head movements.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41159519/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[808,905]],["Effect of comprehensive rehabilitation on pressure pain threshold, functional disability, and plantar pressure among type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals with chronic low back pain","660, 905",4,"\"A 12-week comprehensive rehabilitation program was effective in improving PPT, functional disability, and plantar pressure in T2DM individuals with CLBP.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41117324/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[660,905]],["Efficacy and safety of 650 nm invasive laser acupuncture on non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial","650",5,"\"At the 3-day post-treatment endpoint, participants in the treatment group were approximately 36% more likely to respond to the treatment than those in the control group (odds ratio 4.69; 95% confidence interval, 2.04, 10.79; p < 0.001), indicating a statistically significant difference in responder rates between the two groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40495966/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[650]],["Auricular acupuncture associated with low-frequency laser in chronic low back pain: A randomized clinical trial","",4,"\"Auricular acupuncture combined with low-frequency laser therapy was effective in reducing pain, improving physical disability, enhancing quality of life, and increasing self-efficacy beliefs related to chronic low back pain management.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40325643/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["Assessing the effectiveness of the SOLIO Alfa Cure Plus device in treating low back pain: a randomized controlled study","620",4,"\"We observed a larger pain relief in the SOLIO group (42% vs. 23% p = 0.03), and a higher improvement in flexibility (13%) compared to a worsening in the sham group (6.5%; p = 0.04).\"\n\nComment: It seems the full text doesn't reveal how many treatment sessions the participants had, and how often. Treatment parameters are insufficiently reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39838493/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[620]],["Effects of MLS Laser on pain, function, and disability in chronic non-specific low back pain: A double-blind placebo randomized-controlled trial","",3,"\"Both MLS Laser and Sham Laser therapies lead to a significant and comparable reduction in pain and disability in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. However, one month after treatment, MLS Laser therapy has been found to be significantly more effective in reducing pain as compared to sham treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38820011/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["Therapeutic Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Pain and Disability of Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome","808",4,"\"NRS and ODI were significantly improved after treatment, as well as therapeutic effects, after 1 month and 6 months were also evident and comparison of the NRS and ODI showed significant difference.\"\n\n\"LLLT has a positive impact on pain and disability in patients with FBSS.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544539/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[808]],["Laser acupuncture combined with auricular acupressure improves low-back pain and quality of life in nurses: A randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"This study shows that 4-week LAA intervention reduced pain intensity and pain interference, and improved quality of life for hospital-based nurses with LBP. These effects were maintained continuously for at least 4 weeks after the intervention. The nonpharmacological intervention, LAA, may be another efficacious, feasible, noninvasive, analgesic intervention for LBP.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36402666/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["Effects of low-power laser auriculotherapy on chronic spinal pain: Randomized clinical trial","",4,"\"The results of this clinical trial suggest that the proposed intervention may be effective in reducing pain intensity and increasing the nociceptive threshold.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35405631/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["Efficacy of invasive laser acupuncture in treating chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial","650, 830",4,"\"The 650 group showed significant improvements in pain intensity and functional disability. The 830 group showed significant improvements in functional disability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639723/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[650,830]],["Effects of photobiomodulation and deep water running in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial","660, 850",3,"\"In the intragroup comparisons, there were statistically significant changes in the TGPBM and GPBM groups in the outcomes pain intensity, disability (reductions in both groups), and in cortisol (increased in the TGPBM and reduced in the GPBM); in the TGPLA group, there was a statistically significant reduction only in the outcome of pain intensity. \n\nIn the intergroup comparison, in the comparison between TGPBM and TGPLA, there was a statistically significant difference in the level of cortisol, as well as in the comparison between TGPBM and GPBM, in which there was a statistically significant difference for this same outcome (cortisol) and for the 6WTA outcome.\"\n\nComment: The description of emission mode is unclear: \"Continuous 0–1500\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35246766/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[660,850]],["Comparative study of combination therapy with non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and different doses of low level laser therapy in acute low back pain","810",4,"\"Findings showed that laser therapy plus drug therapy in comparison with drug therapy alone was a more effective method to relieve pain and disability in patient with acute low back pain\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34391310/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[810]],["A Randomized Comparative Study between High-Intensity and Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain","850, 1064",4,"\"Both LLLT and HILT groups showed a significant improvement of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS), lumbar range of motion (ROM), and European Quality of Life (EuroQol) scores (p > 0.05), while the control group did not show significant changes (p > 0.05).\n\nComparison among the three study groups postintervention showed significant differences in the outcome measures (p > 0.05), while comparison between the LLLT and HILT groups showed nonsignificant differences (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33178306/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[850,1064]],["Short-term clinical efficacy of the pulsed Nd: YAG laser therapy on chronic nonspecific low back pain: A randomized controlled study","1064",5,"\"Significant improvements were observed in the Nd:YAG group (MODI, P < .001; PDI, P = .007; VAS, P < .001; lumbar ROM, P = .002), whereas the sham group showed no significant changes (MODI, P = .451; PDI, P = .339; VAS, P = .107; lumbar ROM, P = .296) after 6-week intervention. Between-group comparisons showed significant differences in tending toward the Nd:YAG group (MODI, P < .001; PDI, P = .046; VAS, P < .001; lumbar ROM, P = .003).\"\n\n\"Regarding the present study outcomes, short-term pulsed Nd:YAG laser (6 weeks) may reduce functional disabilities and pain intensity, and improve the lumbar flexion ROM in patients with chronic nonspecific LBP. Further well-designed randomized controlled studies with large sample sizes should be conducted regarding laser treatment.\"\n\nComment: There may be some parameter reporting mistakes. For example, they use the term \"energy density\" for the unit \"J\" even though J denotes energy, not energy density.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32899089/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[1064]],["Effects of Mulligan Mobilization and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Physical Disability, Pain, and Range of Motion in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","",4,"\"These results indicate that significant improvement in pain, function, and ROM may be achieved by a combination of [sustained natural apophyseal glides] and LLLT to treat chronic low back pain.\"\n\nComment: The article describes that PBM irradiation duration is 10 minutes, 12 minutes (90 sec * 8 points) and 20 minutes... This reporting seems contradictory.\n\nComment: Inadequate reporting of parameters.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751064/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy is Able to Modulate PGE2 Levels in Patients With Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.","640, 875, 905",2,"\"PBMT was able to decrease prostaglandin E2 levels at post-treatment compared with placebo, with a mean difference of -1470 pg/ml, 95% confidence interval -2906 to -33.67 in patients with LBP.\n\nThere was no difference between groups in the other measured outcomes. Patients did not report any adverse events.\"\n\n\"There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) for the TNF‐α levels with a mean difference of −0.16 (95% CI −0.52 to 0.20), IL‐6 levels with a mean difference of 0.01 (95% CI −0.91 to 0.93), and pain intensity with a mean difference of −0.66 (95% CI −2.62 to 1.30) between PBMT and placebo‐control at post‐treatment (Fig. 4).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32330315","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[640,875,905]],["Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of Low Level Laser in Controlling Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","808",4,"\"There was significant improvement in pain (P<0.001 for both groups), functional status (Case group: P <0.001; control group: P=0.004) and spinal ROM (Case group: P <0.001; control group: P =0.007) in both groups at the end of the first month, but these gains persisted for 3 months only in the case group (P <0.001).\n\nRegarding spinal tenderness, it was disappeared in 89.47% of the patients in the true laser group at the end of one month but remained unchanged in 73.33% of the subjects of the sham laser group.\"\n\n\"We concluded that laser therapy (in combination with NSAIDs) is an effective and long-lasting therapeutic strategy in bringing relief from LBP without any significant side effect.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32273951","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[808]],["Comparison of the effects of low-level laser and pulsed and continuous ultrasound on pain and physical disability in chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","904",4,"\"The three treated groups exhibited a decrease in pain (p < 0.001); the Pulsed Laser Group showed the greater relative gain (91.2%), Meanwhile, the Control Group exhibited a worsening of - 5.8%. \n\nThe three treated groups demonstrated improvement in the quality of pain (McGill) in the total, sensory and affective dimensions (p < 0.005; p < 0.002; p < 0.013, respectively). All treated groups showed a decrease in functional disability (p < 0.001), but the Pulsed Ultrasound Group showed the highest relative gain (83.3%).\"\n\n\"The three modalities have significant effects to decreasing low back pain and improving functional disability in women with non-specific chronic low back pain, but the pulsed low-level laser had the best results on pain while the pulsed ultrasound had the best results on improve the functional disability.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31847915","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[904]],["Laser photobiomodulation is more effective than ultrasound therapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a comparative study.","808",5,"\"At the end of the study, there were significant improvements in pain, disability, and functional performance in the two experimental groups (p < 0.05), but changes in the control group were non-significant. However, lumbar range of motion was significantly improved only in the lPBMt group (p < 0.05). \n\nWhen the three groups were compared in terms of a change in clinical variables, there was a significant difference among the three groups in all measures in favor of lPBMt group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30334124","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[808]],["Comparison of high-intensity laser therapy and combination of transcutaneous nerve stimulation and ultrasound treatment in patients with chronic lumbar radiculopathy: A randomized single-blind study.","1064",4,"\"HILT and TENS+US combined with exercise were effective treatment modalities in decreasing the VAS and ODI scores. TENS+US combined with exercises were more effective than HILT combined with exercise.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30034410","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[1064]],["The effects of two different low level laser therapies in the treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial.","850, 650, 785, 980",3,"\"Laser therapy applied with combined He-Ne and Ga-Al-As provides more improvements in lateral flexion measurements and disability of the patients, however no superiority of the two different laser devices to one another were detected on pain severity.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27472858","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[850,650,785,980]],["The effect of polarized polychromatic non-coherent light (Bioptron) therapy on patients with lower back pain","",3,"\"The complex methodology incorporating basic treatment with the use of polarized polychromatic non-coherent low energy light yielded better results than just ba­sic treatment.\"\n\nComment: The effect was modestly stronger in the PBM group.\n\nComment: This journal is apparently \"an official scientific journal of the Medical University of Varna\".\n\nComment: The authors do not report parameters. However, wavelength (480-3400 nm) and power density (40 mW/cm2) can be found from other papers using Bioptron device.\n\nComment: They claim the treatmend is given \"once a day\" but they do not mention the number of treatment sessions (!).","http://journals.mu-varna.bg/index.php/sssp/article/view/2165","Varna Med University",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["High level laser therapy for the treatment of lower back pain: clinical efficacy and comparison of different wavelengths.","650, 810, 810, 980, 1064",4,"\"In each group we verified a statistically significant improvement over time and that there was a relationship between the time and treatment (p less than 0.01). At T1 for all wavelengths we found a statistically significant improvement of three scores (p less than 0.01), which was maintained up to T4.\n\nThe group treated with 810 nm HELT, showed a better remission of pain on the VAS scale, and disability on the Oswestry Scale at T4 (p=0.01). Comparing T0-T1 the variation in the Roland Score was significant in the patients treated with 810 nm (p less than 0.01).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28078869","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[650,810,810,980,1064]],["Photobiomodulation of the dorsal root ganglion for the treatment of low back pain: A pilot study.","808",4,"\"All patients in the local anesthetic and laser treatment groups reported a pain reduction of at least 50% immediately post-procedure and 10 out of 11 patients in the radiofrequency group reported a pain reduction of at least 50%. At 1 month post-treatment, the laser treatment group had the greatest number of patients who reported more than 50% pain relief based on PRS (7 out of 10 patients) while only 2 out of 7 patients and 3 out of 11 patients in the lidocaine and radiofrequency treatment groups respectively reported more than a 50% pain relief.\"\n\n\"Laser irradiation caused an immediate decrease in low back pain post-procedure similar to pain reduction caused by lidocaine injection.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135465","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[808]],["Tri-length laser therapy associated to tecar therapy in the treatment of low-back pain in adults: a preliminary report of a prospective case series.","810, 980, 1064",4,"\"Visual analogic scale (VAS) score significantly improved from an average value of 8.1 ± 1.58 pre-treatment to an average value 8-weeks post-treatment of 2.63 ± 2.74 (P < .01). ODS values start from a pre-treatment average value of 53.0 ± 13.0 to a post-treatment average value of 23.5 ± 19.8 (P < .01).\"\n\n\"The conclusion of this study is that the association between laser therapy iLux-Triax® and tecar therapy Pharon® in the treatment of low-back pain, with or without leg pain, can significantly reduce pain and improve the quality of life in patients with degenerative and inflammatory problems.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25376670","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[810,980,1064]],["Can intractable discogenic back pain be managed by low-level laser therapy without recourse to operative intervention?","810",4,"\"All but one patient had significant improvement in their Oswestry Disability Index score, from a mean of 50% score to a mean of 10% score, at the end of treatment at 12 weeks. In addition, surprisingly, the improvement was found maintained at follow-up assessments 1 year and 5 years later. The one patient among the 50 patients who failed to respond eventually required surgery, while the others did not require surgery.\"\n\n\"We conclude that LLLT is a viable option in the conservative treatment of discogenic back pain, with a positive clinical result of more than 90% efficacy, not only in the short-term but also in the long-term, with lasting benefits.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26064065","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[810]],["Effect of diode laser in the treatment of patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.","980",4,"\"At the end of the 3 week period, the Laser+EX group showed a significantly greater decrease in pain than did the EX group. There was a significant difference between the two groups, with average Δ VAS scores of 3.96 (Laser+EX group) and 2.23 (EX group).\"\n\nComment: Relatively large spot size compared to usual PBM!","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25141218","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[980]],["Long-term effect of high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized blinded placebo-controlled trial.","1064",4,"\"HILT combined with exercise appears to be more effective in patients with CLBP than either HLLT alone or placebo laser with exercise.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24178907","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[1064]],["Clinical and functional evaluation of patients with acute low back pain and radiculopathy treated with different energy doses of low level laser therapy.","904",3,"\"The VAS scores were significantly lower in all the groups without a difference between the groups (p > 0,05). Functional improvements were better in the third group treated with the dose of 4 J per point than in other two groups (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Three different energy doses of LLLT were equally effective in alleviating lumbar and leg pain without side effects, but the dose of 4 J per point seemed to be more effective in improving the activities of daily living and lumbar mobility.\"\n\nComment: Full text can be found via ResearchGate.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22924260","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[904]],["Short-term effects of high-intensity laser therapy versus ultrasound therapy in the treatment of low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.","1064",4,"\"At the end of the 3-week intervention, participants in the HILT group showed a significantly greater decrease in pain (measured by the VAS) and an improvement of related disability (measured by the OLBPDQ) compared with the group treated with US therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21654616","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[1064]],["Chiropractic manipulative therapy and low-level laser therapy in the management of cervical facet dysfunction: a randomized controlled study.","830",4,"\"All 3 groups showed improvement in the primary and secondary outcomes. A combination of CMT and LLLT was more effective than either of the 2 on their own. Both therapies are indicated as potentially beneficial treatments for cervical facet dysfunction.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492750","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[830]],["Low level laser therapy (LLLT) for patients with sacroiliac joint pain.","830",4,"\"Eight of the 9 patients showed significant pain improvement and 6 demonstrated significantly increased trunk mobility (P <0.05 for both).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155520","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[830]],["Acute low back pain with radiculopathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.","904",5,"\"Statistically significant differences were found in all outcomes measured (p < 0.001), but were larger in [nimesulide + LLLT group] than in [nimesulide group] (p < 0.0005) and [nimesulide + sham-LLLT group] (p < 0.0005).\n\nThe results in [nimesulide + sham-LLLT group] were better than in [nimesulide group] (p < 0.0005).\"\n\nComment: A surprisingly large study, and nice results for PBM.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001318","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[904]],["Comparative analysis of analgesic efficacy of selected physiotherapy methods in low back pain patients.","808",4,"\"In Group A, following low energy laser therapy, a statistically significant decrease in pain intensity was observed, together with decreased analgesic consumption compared to the other groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675864","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[808]],["In chronic low back pain, low level laser therapy combined with exercise is more beneficial than exercise alone in the long term: a randomised trial.","810",4,"\"in the laser therapy plus exercise group pain had reduced by 1.8 cm (95% CI 0.1 to 3.3, p = 0.03), lumbar range of movement increased by 0.9 cm (95% CI 0.2 to 1.8, p < 0.01) on the Schober Test and by 15 deg (95% CI 5 to 25, p < 0.01) of active flexion, and disability reduced by 9.4 points (95% CI 2.7 to 16.0, p = 0.03) more than in the exercise group at 12 weeks.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17725472","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[810]],["Infrared therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial.","",4,"\"The mean NRS scores in the treatment group fell from 6.9 of 10 to 3 of 10 at the end of the study. The mean NRS in the placebo group fell from 7.4 of 10 to 6 of 10.\"\n\n\"The IR therapy unit used was demonstrated to be effective in reducing chronic low back pain, and no adverse effects were observed.\"\n\nComment: It's not very clear from the text, how much the participants used the device. Also, no clear dose parameters provided.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960636","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[]],["Efficacy of low power laser therapy and exercise on pain and functions in chronic low back pain.","904",3,"\"Low power laser therapy seemed to be an effective method in reducing pain and functional disability in the therapy of chronic LBP.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605431","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[904]],["Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low-intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation on musculoskeletal back pain.","1064",3,"\"Treatment with low-intensity 1.06 microm laser irradiation produced a moderate reduction in pain and improvement in function in patients with musculoskeletal low back pain. Benefits, however, were limited and decreased with time.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10378490","PubMed",72,"Pain","Back pain",[1064]],["Retroactive study in 524 patients on the application of the 830 nm gaaias diode laser in low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) for lumbago","830",4,"\"Some of the patients (81.6%) reported excellent or good immediate results, and 82% gave the same assessment for the delayed effect. No side-effects at all were reported, and patients have maintained the effective results during the follow-up period. \n\nThe authors conclude that LLLT with the GaAlAs diode laser at the parameters as reported affords an easily applied, noninvasive, effective and safe therapeutic method for the treatment of pain entities in the lumbago group. Further controlled studies are needed to research in detail the possible mechanisms and pathways, although some are already known.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/3/4_92-OR-14/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",72,"Pain","Back pain",[830]],["Low intensity laser therapy is comparable to bromocriptine-evening primrose oil for the treatment of cyclical mastalgia in Egyptian females.","633",5,"\"A good response was observed in the laser group in 82.5%, compared to 63.9% in the bromocriptine/evening primrose group. There was a significant deference before and after treatment in both groups (P<0.05). This difference was more for the drug treated group than for the laser treated group, but in the latter, it acted on a wider sector of patients. In conclusion, LILT is recommended as a new treatment modality for cyclical mastalgia.\"\n\nFull text: http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?rb07034","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18087899","PubMed",40,"Pain","Breast pain",[633]],["Laser-assisted anesthesia reduces the pain of venous cannulation in children and adults: a randomized controlled trial.","2940",5,"\"The mean pain of IV cannulation was significantly less (mean difference, 28.3 mm; 95% confidence interval = 17.9 to 38.7) in patients pretreated with the laser (10.0 mm; 95% confidence interval = 4.4 to 15.6) than with sham laser (38.3 mm; 95% confidence interval = 29.3 to 42.2). The difference in children was also significant. Application of the laser was painless in most patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16609107","PubMed",26,"Pain","Cannulation",[2940]],["Laser-assisted anesthesia prior to intravenous cannulation in volunteers: a randomized, controlled trial.","2940",4,"\"Pretreatment of the skin with a laser device followed by a 5-minute topical lidocaine application reduces the pain of IV cannulation in volunteers.\"\n\nComment: The authors do not call the treatment \"LLLT\" or \"photobiomodulation\". Also, the wavelength is out the 600-1000nm range. However, the energy density is in the same range as in photobiomodulation.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16141012","PubMed",26,"Pain","Cannulation",[2940]],["Photobiomodulation enhanced endogenous pain modulation in healthy volunteers","",4,"\"LPNILI enhanced endogenous pain modulation in healthy volunteers, particularly in women, as evaluated using CPM. CPM, TSP, and OA evaluations are potentially useful for discriminating PBM responders from non-responders.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36562828/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Conditioned pain modulation",[]],["Efficacy of Manual Therapy and Electrophysical Modalities for Treatment of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Interventional Trial","658, 808",2,"\"Following treatment, each group exhibited significant improvements in their respective parameters (p < 0.01). Comparisons between groups post-intervention revealed statistically significant differences in nerve conduction results, ultrasound measurements (cross-sectional area and shear modulus), two-point discrimination, and sensory perception thresholds. These parameters improved more in the MT intervention arm.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40724561/","PubMed",20,"Pain","Cubital tunnel syndrome",[658,808]],["The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, Clinical Trial","",4,"\"The findings of our study have shown that in the treatment of CuTS, laser treatment is superior to placebo in the short term, but they have equivalent effects in the medium term.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39397682/","PubMed",20,"Pain","Cubital tunnel syndrome",[]],["High-intensity laser therapy can improve pain, health status and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia: a single blinded-randomized controlled trial","1064",5,"\"Regarding baseline data, insignificant differences were identified between groups (p > 0.05). Comparing groups after 6-week intervention reveals statistically significant differences in favor of the HILT group across all measured aspects (p < 0.001). HILT may be an effective treatment for women with FM, potentially enhancing pain management, reducing the impact of FM, and improving their QoL.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40032695/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[1064]],["Outcomes of whole-body photobiomodulation on pain, quality of life, leisure physical activity, pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, and self-efficacy: a prospective randomized triple-blinded clinical trial with 6 months of follow-up","660, 850",4,"\"The findings of this study indicate that whole-body PBM treatment for 4 weeks resulted in significant pain reduction and improved quality of life in individuals suffering from FM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38356644/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[660,850]],["Effects of photobiomodulation and an aerobic exercise on the level of pain and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia","808",3,"\"Both exercised and PBM irradiated volunteers present improvements in the variables analyzed.\"\n\nComment: All active interventions (PBM / exercise with sham PBM / exercise with PBM) were better than control, but PBM didn't augment the benefit of exercise.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39039318/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[808]],["Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Therapy Propels the Fibromyalgia Patient into the Recomposition Phase: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis","",3,"\"Sixteen trial participants (47.3 ± 10.9 years) took part in this study. The analysis produced three overarching themes that were previously identified from a baseline study (namely, 'Body Structure & Function', 'Activities & Participation', and 'Environment') with an additional five sub-themes that highlighted the intervention experience. Subsequently, four important processes were observed and identified: increased motivation; feeling proud; improved confidence; feeling like 'old self'. This ultimately culminated in the identification of a positive spiral, which we have termed 'recomposition'.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38791077/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[]],["Photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field is better than placebo in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","630, 850, 905",5,"\"A decrease in the degree-of-pain rating was observed in patients allocated to the PBMT-sMF group, decreasing the number of tender points when compared to placebo group at the end of treatment (P<0.0001) and at the follow-up assessment (P<0.0001). Patients did not report any adverse events.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37847246/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[630,850,905]],["Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Therapy for Fibromyalgia: A Feasibility Trial","660, 850",4,"\"Patient global assessment revealed improvements at 6 weeks, with continued effect at 24 weeks. FM-specific quality of life at 24 weeks remained improved compared with baseline scores. The findings provided evidence to support a full-scale trial and showed promise regarding potential efficacy of this novel non-invasive treatment in an FM population.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37753995/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[660,850]],["Mild Water-Filtered Infrared-A Whole-Body Hyperthermia Reduces Pain in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome-A Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial","",4,"\"Mild water-filtered infrared-A WBH effectively reduced pain intensity at the end of treatment and follow-up.\"","https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/8/2945","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[]],["Short-Term Effects of Whole-Body Photobiomodulation on Pain, Quality of Life and Psychological Factors in a Population Suffering from Fibromyalgia: A Triple-Blinded Randomised Clinical Trial","660, 850",4,"\"Whole-body PBM resulted in a significant reduction in pain and an improvement in quality of life in those participants suffering from FM after receiving 4 weeks of treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36369323/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[660,850]],["Changes in Circadian Variations in Blood Pressure, Pain Pressure Threshold and the Elasticity of Tissue after a Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Treatment in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Tripled-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","660, 850",2,"\"Whole-body PBM produces changes in circadian blood pressure, the pain pressure threshold and the elasticity of tissue after a treatment program was carried out. However, more studies are needed to corroborate our findings as well as to better understand the underlying mechanisms.\"\n\nComment: Most between-group differences were non-significant.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36359198/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[660,850]],["Low-level laser therapy combined to functional exercise on treatment of fibromyalgia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.","808",2,"\"A reduction in pain and improvement in functional and muscular performance, depression, and quality of life were observed in both groups (p < 0.05); however, with no significant differences between them (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the benefic effects of functional exercise were not improved by combination with LLLT.\"\n\nComment: Some improvements seemed larger in laser group, without statistical significance.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29931588","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[808]],["Randomized, blinded, controlled trial on effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy and exercise training in the fibromyalgia treatment.","640, 875, 905",4,"\"Set 1: pain threshold was improved with the phototherapy, and EXT improved the pain threshold for temporomandibular joint (right and left body side) and occipital site (right body side).\n\nSet 2: there was improved pain threshold in several tender points with the phototherapy and EXT. There was an overlap of therapies to reduce the tender point numbers, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep, and difficulty sleeping on FIQ/RDC scores. Moreover, quality of life was improved with both therapies.\n\nThe phototherapy and EXT improved the pain threshold in FM women. A more substantial effect was noticed for the combined therapy, in which pain relief was accomplished by improving VAS and FIQ scores as well as quality of life.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170901","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[640,875,905]],["Low-level laser therapy to treat fibromyalgia.","670",4,"\"LLLT provided relief from fibromyalgia symptoms in patients and should be further investigated as a therapeutic tool for management in fibromyalgia.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801056","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[670]],["Multi-Modal Pain Therapy of Fibromyalgia Syndrome with Integration of Systemic Whole-Body Hyperthermia – Effects on Pain Intensity and Mental State: A Non-Randomised Controlled Study","",3,"\"The integration of whole-body hyperthermia into the multi-modal pain therapy showed superior pain reduction [p = 0.023] and an improvement in the mental state of the patients [p = 0.055].\"\n\nComment: This was primarily a hyperthermia study, but they are using water-filtered infrared-A as their method, so basically the results might be partially due to whole-body photobiomodulation. From the full text:\n\n\"The Dr. Heckel method of infra-red whole-body hyperthermia was used [heckel – HAT 2000M]. The infra-red radiation contains a high fraction of short wavelengths near the visible region and is radiated together with light. Significant proportions penetrate the outer layer of skin and are absorbed in the tissue at such a depth that the blood carries the liberated heat away and distributes it in the body.\"\n\nComment: In this study, patients were admitted to hospital for ~16 days, and they received \"physical therapy, physiotherapy, detoxifying process, infiltration/acupuncture, psychotherapy/mind body and movement therapy\". The active intervention group also received whole-body hyperthermia.","https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10582452.2014.949336","Taylor&Francis",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[]],["Effects of Class IV laser therapy on fibromyalgia impact and function in women with fibromyalgia","810, 980",4,"\"There were significant interactions for pain measured by the FIQ (LHT: 7.1±2.3 to 6.2±2.1 units; SHT: 5.8±1.3 to 6.1±1.4 units) and for upper body flexibility measured by the CS-PFP (LHT: 71±17 to 78±12 units; SHT: 77±12 to 77±11 units) with the LHT improving significantly compared to SHT. \n\nThere was a time effect for the measure of FM impact measured by the FIQ, indicating that FM impact significantly improved from pre- to post-treatment in LHT (63±20 to 57±18 units), while no change was observed in the SHT (57±11 to 55±12 units).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23176373/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[810,980]],["Whole body hyperthermia in pain therapy: A controlled trial on patients with fibromyalgia [Article written in German]","",3,"Hyperthermia with near-infrared (water-filtered infrared-A) reduced the symptoms more than the 'standard multimodal rehabilitation'. Three treatments during six weeks was associated with slightly better results than six treatments during six weeks. The beneficial effects partially lasted 6 months after the intervention.\n\nComment: In this study, patients chose their groups. Therefore the risk of bias (eg. selection bias) might be high.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354314","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[]],["Using a laser based program in patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia (Article in Spanish)","905",2,"Comment: This paper reported very slightly positive results. Parameters were reported very poorly and there is a formatting error in the table showing treatment results.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794791","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[905]],["A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of mild water-filtered near infrared whole-body hyperthermia as an adjunct to a standard multimodal rehabilitation in the treatment of fibromyalgia.","",4,"Heating fibromyalgia patients (-->38.1 celcius) yielded superior results compared to \"multimodal treatment\" (MR).","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277647","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[]],["Long-term efficacy of low level laser therapy in women with fibromyalgia: A placebo-controlled study","830",4,"\"Our results suggest that LLLT has both short- and long-term effectiveness in the treatment of fibromyalgia.\"\n\nComment: Magnitude of effect was relatively small, but there was none improvement in the placebo group.","http://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-back-and-musculoskeletal-rehabilitation/bmr00137","IOS Press",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[830]],["Effects of low power laser and low dose amitriptyline therapy on clinical symptoms and quality of life in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","904",4,"\"Our study suggests that both amitriptyline and laser therapies are effective on clinical symptoms and QOL in fibromyalgia and that Ga-As laser therapy is a safe and effective treatment in cases with FM. Additionally, the present study suggests that the Ga-As laser therapy can be used as a monotherapy or as a supplementary treatment to other therapeutic procedures in FM.\"\n\nComment: It seems the PBM intervention was 2 weeks, but in the amitriptyline group the full text mentions 8 week duration. So maybe the intervention time was longed for amitriptyline group?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12215864","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[904]],["Efficacy of low power laser therapy in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","904",4,"\"Our study suggests that laser therapy is effective on pain, muscle spasm, morning sti#ness, and total tender point number in fibromyalgia and suggests that this therapy method is a safe and effective way of treatment in the cases with fibromyalgia.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11845369","PubMed",40,"Pain","Fibromyalgia",[904]],["Low Level Laser Therapy in patients with chronic foot and ankle joint pain.","830",4,"\"A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to determine the effects of LLLT for the chronic pain and after the end of the treatment regimen a significant improvement was observed (p < 0.01). All but 2 of the patients showed improvement: excellent (2) and good (13). After treatment, no significant differences were observed in the ankle joint range of motion, however.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28740325","PubMed",57,"Pain","Foot",[830]],["Case Report Of A Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Treated With Low Level Laser Therapy","850",4,"\"We treated an intractable tarsal tunnel syndrome patient who was 39 years old and had no specific past history, The pain and gait disturbance had not responded to several conservative treatments. But 1 week's use of LLLT left the patient free from limping and pain. The effects were confirmed electrophysiologically. The authors think that LLLT could be useful for various kinds of nerve lesions.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/2/4_92-OR-10/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",57,"Pain","Foot",[850]],["Intravascular laser irradiation of blood as novel migraine treatment: an observational study","633",4,"\"The ILIB group, visual analog scale for pain (P = 0.001), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (P = 0.003), and Athens Insomnia Scale (P < 0.001) symptom scores significantly improved after treatment. SPECT imaging showed a 1.27 ± 0.27 fold increase in rCBF after ILIB treatment, and no significant differences in the rehabilitation group.\"\n\n\"AIS score was significantly better (3.80 ± 4.16 vs. 6.33 ± 4.44, P = 0.031) in the ILIB treatment compared to the rehabilitation group at 1 month follow-up.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37876003/","PubMed",24,"Pain","Headache & Migraine",[633]],["Botulinum toxin A (BT-A) versus low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in chronic migraine treatment: a comparison.","808",4,"\"Our data showed that both treatments were able to reduce headache days, acute medication intake and decrease the intensity of pain. Anxiety was reduced in the BT-A group, while sleep disturbance was reduced in the LLLT group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30427505","PubMed",24,"Pain","Headache & Migraine",[808]],["Laser acupuncture in children with headache: a double-blind, randomized, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial","830",5,"\"The mean number of headaches per month decreased significantly by 6.4 days in the treated group (p<0.001) and by 1.0 days in the placebo group (p=0.22).\n\nSecondary outcome measures headache severity and monthly hours with headache decreased as well significantly at all time points compared to baseline (p<0.001) and were as well significantly lower than those of the placebo group at all time points (p<0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18022318/","PubMed",24,"Pain","Headache & Migraine",[830]],["The effects of laser acupuncture on chronic tension headache--a randomised controlled trial.","830",5,"\"There were significant differences between groups (P<0.001) in changes from baseline in months one, two and three, in median score for headache intensity (treatment group -5, -3 and -2, placebo group -1, 0 and 0), median duration of attacks (treatment group -6, -4 and -4, placebo group -1, 0 and 0 hours), and median number of days with headache per month (treatment group -15, -10 and -8, placebo group -2, 0 and 0).\"\n\n\"This study suggests that laser acupuncture may be an effective treatment for chronic tension-type headache, but the results should be confirmed in larger and more rigorous trials.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15844435","PubMed",24,"Pain","Headache & Migraine",[830]],["Non-pharmacological approaches to chronic headaches: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, lasertherapy and acupuncture in transformed migraine treatment","904",4,"\"The number of days with headache per month significantly decreased during treatment in all groups. The response in the groups differed over time, probably due to the different timing of applications of the three methods. TENS, lasertherapy and acupuncture proved to be effective in reducing the frequency of headache attacks. Acupuncture showed the best effectiveness over time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12811613/","PubMed",24,"Pain","Headache & Migraine",[904]],["Treatment of migraine headaches using auricular acupuncture techniques","633",4,"[Pain score (%) pretherapy was 100, posttherapy 28.7% and 1 year posttherapy 33.2%]\n\nComment: This form of laser 'acupuncture' seems suspicious, but the result was clearly positive.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/1/5_93-OR-01/_article","J-STAGE",24,"Pain","Headache & Migraine",[633]],["The effect of low level laser therapy on acute headache syndromes","670",4,"\"There was a statistically significant decrease in headache when reassessed at 15 min. Although not statistically significant, low level laser therapy also appears to have a beneficial effect on associated autonomic symptoms.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/4/3_91-OR-21/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",24,"Pain","Headache & Migraine",[670]],["Effect of class IV LASER therapy along with Low-dye kinesio-taping technique or plantar fascia stretching on pain, pain pressure threshold, and disability in individuals with plantar fasciitis: Double-blinded randomized clinical trial","980",3,"\"Effect sizes were large (d = 1.25 for VAS, 2.48 for PPT, and 0.69 for FFI), corresponding to 62.3%, 48.6%, and 54.2% improvements, respectively, all exceeding established minimally clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds. Significant improvement was observed in VAS, PPT, and FFI scores within both groups (p-value < 0.05), and between-group analysis showed a significant difference (p-value < 0.05) in all outcome measures, in favour of the control group.\"\n\nComment: Both groups received PBM, so no causal inferences about PBM effect can be made.\n\nNote: A comment has been published at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13212407/","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41555139/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[980]],["Comparison of High-intensity Laser Therapy with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Treatment of Patients with Plantar Fasciitis: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial","980",5,"\"The VAS and HTI decreased 3 months after treatment in both groups, which was statistically significant (P<0.001). The SF36 score in both groups increased 3 months after treatment, and this increase was statistically significant (P<0.001). Although the two modalities were effective based on VAS, HTI, and SF36, a significant statistical difference was observed between them (P=0.03, P=0.006, P=0.002, respectively), and the HILT was more effective.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38584653/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[980]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Plus Usual Care Is Better than Usual Care Alone for Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","810, 980",4,"\"PBMT groups experienced a reduction in pain over the first three weeks (from an average of 4.5 to 2.8) after which their pain levels remained mostly constant, while the UC group experienced a smaller reduction in pain (from an average of 4 to 3.8). The effects on pain were not different between PBMT groups. PBMT in both treatment groups also improved function more than the UC group, again with the improvement occurring within the first three weeks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38179590/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[810,980]],["Effects of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy versus high intensity laser therapy in individuals with plantar fasciitis: A randomised clinical trial","1064",4,"\"Either HILT or rESWT could alleviate pain in individuals with plantar fasciitis significantly. However, HILT was better at reducing FFI (functional limitation domain) rather than rESWT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37219650/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[1064]],["Efficacies of extracorporeal shockwave therapy and low-level laser therapy in patients with plantar fasciitis","",4,"\"The results of this study indicated significant improvements in terms of pain, functional status and daily life activities following the administration of either of the treatments. Furthermore, LLLT was found to be significantly more effective for alleviating pain than ESWT in the treatment of PF.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36737392/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[]],["Comparison of effects of low level laser therapy and local corticosteroid injection in the treatment of plantar fasciitis","904",4,"\"Both LLLT and local corticosteroid injection for plantar fasciitis have positive effects for three months after treatment. However, LLLT is more effective than local corticosteroid injection at the end of the third month in local tenderness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37201000/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[904]],["Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Versus Low Level Laser Therapy in The Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","850",4,"\"LLLT was found to be superior to ESWT as an effective approach in the short-term management of PF.\"\n\nComment: The dose parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36279266/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[850]],["Comparison of effects of low-level laser therapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in calcaneal spur treatment: A prospective, randomized, clinical study","904",3,"\"Both treatment modalities are effective and not superior to each other in terms of disability and activity limitation reduction, although a greater improvement in the FFI pain and total scores can be achieved with the ESWT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34396073/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[904]],["Evaluation Effects of Laser Therapy and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy with Clinical Parameters and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis in Patients with Spondyloarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","830",4,"\"Compared with the pretherapy, progress in the feet function by AOFAS and Roles-Maudsley scoring and decrease in VAS levels were statistically significant in both groups (p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32908536/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[830]],["The Effect of High-Intensity Versus Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Plantar Fasciitis: Randomized Participant Blind Controlled Trial","785, 1064",3,"\"There was no statistically significant difference between the groups according to visual analogue scale (pain in general reduction in three weeks: 2.57(3.45) vs. 2.88(3.28) cm)\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32513018/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[785,1064]],["Comparison of effects of low-level laser therapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in plantar fasciitis treatment: A randomized, prospective, single-blind clinical study.","685",4,"\"A significant improvement in the VAS-pain and FFI scores and plantar fascia thickness was observed in both groups after treatment and one month after treatment, compared to pre-treatment values (p<0.05). Changes over time in these outcome parameters were not different between study groups (p>0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453560/","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[685]],["The effect of high-intensity versus low-level laser therapy in the management of plantar fasciitis: a randomized clinical trial.","904, 1064",5,"\"The HILT group [1064 nm] demonstrated better improvement in all parameters than the LLLT group. Although both treatments improved the pain levels, function, and quality of life in patients with PF, HILT had a more significant effect than LLLT.\"\n\nComment: The parameter values presented in full text are not completely consistent. For example, they claim that HILT group received 8W light for 75s that would equal 150 J of energy, but 8 watts over 75 seconds should be 600 joules (8 W * 75 s = 600 J)","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29627888","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[904,1064]],["Combination Therapy Versus Exercise and Orthotic Support in the Management of Pain in Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","830, 850",5,"\"When LLLT and ESWT were combined with usual care, LLLT was found to be more effective than ESWT in reducing pain in PF at short-term follow-up.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were strangely reported and wavelength is different in the abstract compared to full text.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29327602","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[830,850]],["Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Outcomes of Laser Therapy, Ultrasound Therapy, and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","830",5,"\"Significant improvement was measured using the mean VAS, AOFAS scale, and HTI scores for all 3 groups. The thickness of the plantar fascia had decreased significantly on MRI in all 3 groups. The treatment success rate was 70.6% in the LLLT group, 65% in the ESWT group, and 23.5% in the US group. \n\nLLLT and ESWT proved significantly superior to US therapy using the primary efficacy criterion (p = .006 and p = .012, respectively), with no significant difference between the LLLT and ESWT groups (p > .05). \n\nThe treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis with LLLT and ESWT resulted in similar outcomes and both were more successful than US therapy in pain improvement and functional outcomes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28633773","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[830]],["Low-level laser therapy in the management of plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial.","850",4,"\"There was a significant improvement in AOFAS-F total score at 3 weeks in both groups (LLLT, p < 0.001; control, p = 0.002), but the improvements were seen only for the LLLT group for AOFAS-F total score (p = 0.04) and two individual items of AOFAS-F (walking distance (p < 0.001) and walking surface (p = 0.01)) at 3 months. The groups were comparable with each other for both walking speed and cadence at all assessment times (p > 0.05). Both groups showed significant reduction in pain over 3 months (LLLT, p < 0.001; control, p = 0.01); however, the LLLT group had lower pain than the control group at 3 months (p = 0.03).\"\n\n\"The combination therapy of LLLT with usual care is more effective to improve functional outcomes and activity-related pain when compared to usual care alone.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273892","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[850]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy at 635 nm for Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study.","635",5,"\"At the final follow-up visit, the group participants demonstrated a mean improvement in heel pain with a visual analog scale score of 29.6 ± 24.9 compared with the placebo subjects, who reported a mean improvement of 5.4 ± 16.0, a statistically significant difference (p < .001). Although additional studies are warranted, these data have demonstrated that low-level laser therapy is a promising treatment of plantar fasciitis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25769363","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[635]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Prospective Study.","635",4,"\"Patients demonstrated a mean improvement in heel pain VAS from 67.8 out of 100 at baseline to 6.9 out of 100 at the 12-month follow-up period.\"\n\n\"Although further studies are warranted, this study shows that LLLT is a promising treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24510123","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[635]],["Ultrasonographic evaluation of plantar fasciitis after low-level laser therapy: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","904",5,"\"After LLLT, plantar fascia thickness in both groups showed significant change over the experimental period and there was a difference (before treatment and after treatment) in plantar fascia thickness between the two groups. However, plantar fascia thickness was insignificant (mean 3.627 +/- 0.977 mm) when compared with that in the placebo group (mean 4.380 +/- 1.0042 mm).\n\nPain estimation on the visual analogue scale had improved significantly in all test situations (after night rest, daily activities) after LLLT when compared with that of the placebo group. (P=0.006 and P=0.01, respectively). Additionally, when the difference in pain scores was compared between the two groups, the change was statistically significant (after night rest P=0.000; daily activities P=0.001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19841862","PubMed",57,"Pain","Heel pain",[904]],["Double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effect of combined phototherapy/low intensity laser therapy upon experimental ischaemic pain in humans","660, 820, 880, 950",3,"\"Analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc tests demonstrated only a weak (but significant) hypoalgesic effect compared to placebo (P < 0.05) in the treatment group irradiated at 16Hz for the sensory component of the MPQ; other comparisons were found to be nonsignificant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7564859/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Ischemic",[660,820,880,950]],["The effect of high-intensity laser therapy on pain and lower extremity function in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a single-blind randomized controlled trial","1064",5,"\"This study indicated that high-intensity laser therapy was found to be a more effective method in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome after 3 months of follow-up compared to US-TENS combination and US-interferential current combination treatments. Also, HILT can be used as an effective method in combination with an appropriate exercise program including vastus medialis strengthening to reduce pain and increase functionality in the patients with PFPS.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38630331/","PubMed",21,"Pain","Knee pain",[1064]],["Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment to Physiotherapy for Reduction of Anterior Knee Pain in Combat Soldiers: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized, Pragmatic, Sham-Controlled Trial","660, 850, 810, 810",4,"\"Post-treatment pain was significantly reduced in the PT+PBM group, compared with baseline and sham (Δpain, VAS, mean ± SD: PT + PBM = -19 ± 23, P = 0.002; PT + Sham = -6 ± 21, P = 0.16; between groups, P = 0.032). At 3-month follow-up, pain reduction was similar between groups; however, the Kujala score was significantly improved only in the PBM-treated group (ΔKujala: PT + PBM = 11 ± 10, P = 0.003; PT + Sham = 5 ± 7, P = 0.059).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34101208/","PubMed",21,"Pain","Knee pain",[660,850,810,810]],["Effect of photobiomodulation in the patellofemoral pain syndrome; randomized clinical trial in young women","590, 830",3,"\"The results showed a reduction in pain only for the landing of the jump. As for the other variables there was no interaction of factors; the questionnaires used showed larger effect sizes for PBMG when compared to CG. It is possible to conclude that the use of PBM showed benefit in reducing pain at the time of landing of the jump and functional assessment questionnaires.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33992256/","PubMed",21,"Pain","Knee pain",[590,830]],["Adjunctive use of combination of super-pulsed laser and light-emitting diodes phototherapy on nonspecific knee pain: double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial.","905, 875, 640",5,"\"Our results demonstrate that phototherapy significantly decreased pain (p < 0.05) from 10th treatment to follow-up assessments and significantly improved (p < 0.05) SF-36® physical component summary at posttreatments and follow-up assessments compared to placebo. We conclude that combination of super-pulsed laser, red and infrared LEDs is effective to decrease pain and improve quality of life in patients with knee pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24844921","PubMed",21,"Pain","Knee pain",[905,875,640]],["Efficacy of interferential low-level laser therapy using two independent sources in the treatment of knee pain.","810",4,"\"The VAS score results showed a statistically significant pain reduction throughout all sessions (p = 0.000).\"\n\nComment: There were two active groups but no control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405858","PubMed",21,"Pain","Knee pain",[810]],["A clinical study on serum prostaglandin E2 with low-level laser therapy.","830",4,"\"The analgesic effects were observed in 67 of 83 cases, or 80.7%. The VAS scores for the effective cases decreased after the irradiation series from 8.5 +/- 0.2, to 2.8 +/- 0.2 ( p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"The post-irradiation PGE(2) levels were lower than the pre-irradiation PGE(2) levels in the effective cases, which were 5.8 +/- 0.3 and 7.1 +/- 0.4 pg/mL, respectively ( p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"The serum PGE(2) levels are therefore considered to directly reflect nociceptive pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684758","PubMed",40,"Pain","Mechanisms",[830]],["LLLT (low reactive level laser therapy - a clinical study: relationship between pain attenuation and the serotonergic mechanism","633, 830",3,"\"On first time laser therapy, the change ratio of plasma serotonin had a stable tendency to give a statistically positive ratio (P<0.001), by the tenth time the ratio had decreased and tended to give a negative ratio (P<0.05) as a result of every other day irradiation. Furthermore, by every day repeated irradiation, the change ratio in plasma serotonin had altered to a negative ratio.\nIn this respect, the change ratio of plasma serotonin may be a good clinical indication for LLLT in the assessment of pain attenuation.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/5/4/5_93-OR-19/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",40,"Pain","Mechanisms",[633,830]],["Effects of a single treatment with two nonthermal laser wavelengths on chronic neck and shoulder pain.","635, 405, 635",4,"\"Among subjects treated with the red and violet lasers, mean VAS neck and shoulder pain scores decreased from 65.0 to 35.2 (p<0.0001). Most subjects in the study (75%) achieved ≥30% decrease in VAS scores. The decreased mean (SD) VAS scores remained 29.6 (16.7) and 29.3 (19.2) after 24 and 48 hrs, respectively. The secondary efficacy measures of change in range of motion ROM) and patient satisfaction also improved. There were no adverse events.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31564998","PubMed",40,"Pain","Multiple sites",[635,405,635]],["Low power laser therapy and analgesic action.","904",4,"\"Treatment was performed on 372 patients (206 women and 166 men) during the period between May 1987 and January 1997. The patients, whose ages ranged from 25 to 70 years, with a mean age of 45 years, suffered from rheumatic, degenerative, and traumatic pathologies as well as cutaneous ulcers. The majority of patients had been seen by orthopedists and rheumatologists and had undergone x-ray examination\"\n\n\"We achieved very good results, especially in cases of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the cervical vertebrae, sport-related injuries, epicondylitis, and cutaneous ulcers, and with cases of osteoarthritis of the coxa.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10204446","PubMed",40,"Pain","Multiple sites",[904]],["Pain attenuation with diode laser therapy: a retrospective study of the long-term LLLT experience in the private clinic environment","830",4,"\"We report on a 130 month retrospective study of pain entities treated with 830 nm diode laser therapy carried out at the authors' clinic. In 11,139 mostly chronic pain patients (M:F 1:1.5) presenting with a total of 19,275 symptoms, an overall efficacy rate of 82 ± 5.7% was achieved\"\n\n\"LLLT using a diode laser at 60 mW, 830 nm, continuous wave, in the contact pressure technique as used in the study, is therefore considered as a safe, effective and side effect free adjunctive therapeutic modality for intractable chronic and other pain types. \"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/10/1/10_1_33/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",40,"Pain","Multiple sites",[830]],["Report on a computer-randomized double blind clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of the gaalas (830 nm) diode laser for pain attenuation in selected pain groups","830",5,"\"82% of those who received real treatment in the total population reported effective pain relief, compared with 42% of those who were assigned to receive sham treatment.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/6/3/6_94-OR-08/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",40,"Pain","Multiple sites",[830]],["Effect of diode laser for pain: a clinical study on different pain types","830",4,"\"The effective rate was 81%: in shoulder/arm/neek syndrome pain. 78.9%: for lower back pain, 49.6%. \"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/2/4/2_90-OR-15/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",40,"Pain","Multiple sites",[830]],["Retrospective study of diode laser therapy for pain attenuation in 3635 patients: detailed analysis by questionnaire","830",4,"\"In a 46-month term, 3635 patients presented for pain attenuation with a gallium aluminium arsenide diode laser (830 nm. 60 mW, continuous wave. exposure time and number of sessions varied patient by patient). The mean age of the patients was 53.8 years. \n\nAnalysis of subjective treatment assessment over the whole patient population showed an overall efficiency rate of 82.8%. A more detailed analysis of physiological and psychological effccts of laser therapy. both oral and by multi-part written questionnaire was administered to 1300 patients. all of whom required a minimum of 10 treatment sessions, \n\nThe reply rate was 57.8%. or 752 patients. with a mean age of 57.2. The overall effective pain removal was assessed at 76%, with the treatment effect after a single irradiation lasting from nearly 9 h (16.5% of questionnaire respondents) to over 3 days (83,5%), From the questionnaire data it could be seen that the most efficient psychological improvements following laser therapy were in the areas of general well-being (67.6%). increased physical energy (60.2%) and improved steep (56.4%). \n\nAlthough this was not a controlled double blind study. the size of the population gives credence to the physiological and psychological effectiveness of the diode laser in pain therapy, even for the chronic type of pain.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/1/1/1_89-OR-06/_article","J-STAGE",40,"Pain","Multiple sites",[830]],["Photobiomodulation with Structured Rehabilitation Improves Mechanical Function and Functional Aging in Degenerative Musculoskeletal Disease: A Controlled Cohort Study","660, 810",5,"\"PBMT + SR was associated with significantly greater multidomain improvement versus controls (p < 0.0001). The intervention group achieved a CMII of 2.01 (ΔCMII = 1.73 between groups). Improvements spanned pain, gait, and neuromuscular symmetry domains. CMII changes correlated with functional performance-based age estimates, indicating an estimated ∼3-year favorable shift in functional age alignment relative to controls.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42473834/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Musculoskeletal",[660,810]],["Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of a Noninvasive Device in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain Using Low-Level Light Therapy: Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentric Study","660, 850",4,"\"Treatment with the device showed short-term pain reduction, with reports of up to 60% pain reduction within 30 minutes of use and sustained self-reported relief in pain for up to 20 hours after treatment. No significant effects of pain sites or skin type on reduction in visual analog scale scores were observed, suggesting broad applicability.\"\n\nComment: Inadequate parameter reporting.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41989989/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Musculoskeletal",[660,850]],["The Efficiency of Combined Capacitive and Resistive Energy Transfer (TECAR) Therapy and Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in Pain Reduction on Patients With Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Clinical Study","830",4,"\"The repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a statistically significant and progressive reduction in visual analog scale (VAS) scores across the four time points, demonstrating that the combined TECAR and LASER therapy produced a consistent and clinically relevant improvement in pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41116952/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Musculoskeletal",[830]],["The Adjuvant Therapy of Intravenous Laser Irradiation of Blood (ILIB) on Pain and Sleep Disturbance of Musculoskeletal Disorders","633",4,"\"The mean of all patients' initial VAS score was 5.35. After completing three courses of ILIB treatment, the mean VAS score decreased to 2.2, which indicated a significant reduction in pain intensity. \n\nAdditionally, patients experienced sleep quality improvement levels from PSQI 8.97 to 5.53 upon completion of three courses of ILIB treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36013282/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Musculoskeletal",[633]],["Pain and mobility improvement and MDA plasma levels in degenerative osteoarthritis, low back pain, and rheumatoid arthritis after infrared A-irradiation.","",4,"\"Two-hundred and seven patients were divided into verum groups getting IR-irradiation, placebo groups getting visible, but not IR irradiation, and groups getting no irradiation.\"\n\n\"Taken together, the data strongly suggest IR-A irradiation as an effective and harmless method in prevention, therapy and rehabilitation of degenerative osteoarthritis, low back pain, and during non-inflammatory periods of RA\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827448","PubMed",40,"Pain","Musculoskeletal",[]],["Comparative effects of low-level laser acupuncture and dry needling on clinical and functional outcomes in patients with chronic cervical myofascial pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","830",4,"\"The current study examined the effectiveness of two interventions, Low-Level Laser Acupuncture (LLLA) and Dry Needling (DN), alongside routine physical therapy for chronic cervical myofascial pain syndrome. Both techniques resulted in notable changes in pain intensity, functional disability, range of motion, and various dimensions of health-related quality of life throughout the trial. While DN + RPT yielded slightly faster initial results for pain and functional impairment in within-group analysis, LLLA + RPT had more sustained and clinically meaningful results over time in between-group analyses concerning specific patient-reported outcomes, especially those about vitality and psychosocial parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42430011/","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[830]],["New generation low level laser effect on masseter muscle oxygenation, bite force and algometric changes in myofacial pain syndrome: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial","650, 904, 1064",5,"\"Nd: YAG and GRR laser treatments were effective in reducing the pain caused by MPS and in reducing bite force values. Clinically, GRR laser system provides more effective results with its regional and practical application.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39869221/","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[650,904,1064]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy with Pharmacotherapy in the Management of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome with or without Other Temporomandibular Disorders","940",4,"\"Both LLLT and a combination of LLLT and drug therapy are effective in the management of myofascial pain. LLLT + pharmacotherapy combination is more efficient at improving pain and mouth opening.\"\n\nComment: No control group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39778109/","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[940]],["Comparison of therapeutic effects of 940 nm diode laser acupuncture with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: a comparative randomized clinical trial","940",4,"The decreases in overall facial pain (P = 0.000), muscle tenderness (P = 0.000), and increase in MMO (P = 0.01, P = 0.001) were statistically significant compared to the baseline in the TENS and AL groups. No significant differences were detected between TENS and LA for overall facial pain, muscle tenderness, or MMO at 1 month follow-up (P > 0.05). Both LA and TENS are effective physical therapies with promising effects on sign and symptom improvements in MPDS patients.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37831208/","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[940]],["Effects of Dry Needling and Low-Power Laser for the Treatment of Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"The use of laser therapy and dry needling methods induced a rapid response to pain relief. There was no difference between the 2 forms of treatment in the short term.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36420368/","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[]],["Comparison of the effects between lasers applied to myofascial trigger points and to classical acupoints for patients with cervical myofascial pain syndrome","810",3,"\"One hundred participants with cervical myofascial pain syndrome were randomly allocated to four treatment groups, including (1) acupoint therapy (AcuT), (2) acupoint control (AcuC), (3) trigger point therapy (TriT), and (4) trigger point control (TriC) groups.\"\n\n\"Immediate pain relief was observed in the TriT group (p < 0.01). The TriT group showed improved cervical ROM in ipsilateral bending (p < 0.01), while the AcuT group did not.\"\n\n\"Considering the risk of pneumothorax, laser therapy at trigger points for patients with cervical MPS may be a choice when acupuncture therapy is unavailable.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35166212/","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[810]],["The Effectiveness of the Polarized Low-Level Laser in the Treatment of Patients With Myofascial Trigger Points in the Trapezius Muscles.","755",5,"\"PLLLT and LLLT can effectively treat MTrPs in the trapezius muscles and they reduce RP, LNM, PMTB, and SMTB in particular.\n\nHowever, the effect of the LLLT was significantly greater than that of PLLLT. \n\nIn accordance with the observed results, LLLT is recommended as an effective method for treating MTrPs.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32099622","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[755]],["A Comparative Study of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation as an Adjunct to Pharmaceutical Therapy for Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","810",4,"\"Pain in the trapezius muscle and pain on mouth opening resolved faster in the laser + medication group. The recovery rate was faster in the mean muscle pain, general pain reported by patients, pain in the masseter and pterygoid muscles and pain and limitation in lateral movements in both laser + medication and TENS groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32342054","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[810]],["Comparative study of shockwave therapy and low-level laser therapy effects in patients with myofascial pain syndrome of the trapezius.","808, 940",4,"\"The results of our study point to a conclusion that both laser and shockwave therapy are effective in myofascial pain syndrome, though we found shockwave therapy to be somewhat more beneficial.\"\n\nComment: Wavelength wasn't stated in the article, but according to the manufacturer of the device PR999 4W scanning laser, it emits a combination of 808 and 940 nm near-infrared light\n\nComment: See full text for additional details about the treatment parameters. They treated the area around the trigger point with different parameters.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30171341","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[808,940]],["Thermographic evaluation of occlusal splint and low level laser therapy in myofascial pain syndrome.","970",4,"\"It was concluded that both occlusal splint therapy and low level laser therapy were effective in the treatment of MPS, and when thermographic data were taken into account, LLLT treatments could provide more advantageous results in these patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31126567","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[970]],["Low-level laser therapy and dry needling for myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius muscle: An interventional study","",4,"\"Changes in VAS scores, pain tolerance values, and ROM were larger with low-level laser therapy than with dry needling.\"\n\nComment: Inadequate parameter reporting.","http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1073/6/062045","IOP",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[]],["Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy on pain intensity, pressure pain threshold, and SF-MPQ indexes of women with myofascial pain.","780",2,"\"In conclusion, the LLLT active or placebo are effective in reducing the overall subjective perception of myofascial pain (VAS and SF-MPQ indexes); however, they have no effectiveness in reducing the pain sensitivity in orofacial and corporal points (PPT increase).\"\n\nComment: Even placebo was quite effective, so it seems there was not much space for any possible additional benefit from PBM. Maybe not the best possible setting for a LLLT study...","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28054261","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[780]],["Comparative study of shock wave therapy and Laser therapy effect in elimination of symptoms among patients with myofascial pain syndrome in upper trapezius","",4,"\"According to this study results, we can conclude that shock wave and laser therapy results on similar effect in long-term for relieve of pain and eliminating symptoms in patients with myofascial but laser provides a faster optimal results.2\n\nComment: Wavelength and other relevant parameters not reported. The authors claim to have used \"Indolaser\" device which may not exist. It is possible they are referring to \"Endolaser\" devices which may have 808 and 905 nm wavelengths.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27656607/","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[]],["Efficacy of low level laser therapy and intramuscular electrical stimulation on myofascial pain syndrome.","670",4,"\"In this study we observed that both LLLT and IMS treatments added on to stretching are effective in improving pain parameters in patients with MPS.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061034","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[670]],["Effectiveness of occlusal splints and low-level laser therapy on myofascial pain.","1064",5,"\"The pain score values decreased significantly after both LLLT (p < 0.05) and occlusal splint therapy (p < 0.05) compared to placebo group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between LLLT and OS groups after treatment (p > 0.05). OS and LLLT are effective for decreasing MP. In addition, this particular type of LLLT is as effective as occlusal splint for pain relief.\"\n\nComment: In the photograph, a red spot is seen, even though 1064nm should be invisible. It is possible that the device uses the red light just to help the targeting of the invisible NIR beam.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24504660","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[1064]],["Effect of high-intensity laser therapy in the management of myofascial pain syndrome of the trapezius: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","1064",5,"\"HILT group showed greater improvement in pain scores, the neck disability index, and several subparts of the short-form 36 health survey (SF-36) (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, social functioning, and role limitations due to emotional problems) than did the sham therapy group.\"\n\n\"We conclude that HILT is an effective therapeutic method in the treatment of patients with chronic MPS of the trapezius muscle.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274197","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[1064]],["Ultrasound and laser as stand-alone therapies for myofascial trigger points: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","904",3,"LLLT+ultrasound was not better than placebo. LLLT and placebo were better than control (no treatment).\n\nNote: In the PubMed Commons, there is some discussion between Jan Tunér and the study author Andrea Manca.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382836","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[904]],["Management of myofascial pain: low-level laser therapy versus occlusal splints.","820",3,"\"This particular type of low-level laser therapy (820 nm, 3 J/cm2, 300-mW output power) is as effective as occlusal splint in pain release and mandibular movement improvement in MP.\"\n\nComment: According to this paper, occlusal splint was used 24h/day for 3 months which sounds unlikely. Also it seems that PBM was used for 5 weeks and occlusal splint for 3 months, so the interventions (and the evaluations) had different time scales.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21119408","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[820]],["Efficacy of 904 nm gallium arsenide low level laser therapy in the management of chronic myofascial pain in the neck: a double-blind and randomize-controlled trial.","904",5,"\"In active laser group, statistically significant improvements were detected in all outcome measures compared with baseline (P < 0.01) while in the placebo laser group, significant improvements were detected in only pain score at rest at the 1 week later of the end of treatment. The score for self-assessed improvement of pain was significantly different between the active and placebo laser groups (63 vs. 19%) (P < 0.01).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15389743","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[904]],["The effects of infrared laser and medical treatments on pain and serotonin degradation products in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. A controlled trial.","904",4,"\"At the end of the treatment, there was a statistically significant difference between the VAS values of the treatment and control groups. The 24-h urinary excretion of the 5-HIAA and 5-HT+5-HTP was significantly higher in the laser treatment group than in the placebo group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14628149","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[904]],["Low level laser therapy with trigger points technique: a clinical study on 243 patients.","633, 904",4,"\"Results measured according to VAS/VRS/PTM: in acute pain, diminished more than 70%; in chronic pain more than 60%. Clinical effectiveness (success or failure) depends on the correctly applied energy dose--over/underdosage produces opposite, negative effects on cellular metabolism. We did not observe any negative effects on the human body and the use of analgesic drugs could be reduced or completely excluded. LLLT suggests that the laser beam can be used as monotherapy or as a supplementary treatment to other therapeutic procedures for pain treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9456632","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[633,904]],["Effects of helium-neon laser irradiation on skin resistance and pain in patients with trigger points in the neck or back.","633",4,"\"Results indicated a statistically significant increase in skin resistance (p less than .001) and a decrease in pain (p less than .005) following laser treatment. There was not a significant correlation between skin resistance and pain across subjects. These data substantiate the previous findings of Snyder-Mackler and associates and demonstrate a reduction in pain. Helium-neon laser treatment, therefore, may be an effective adjunct to conventional physical therapy of these patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2710815","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[633]],["Diode laser in cervical myofascial pain: a double-blind study versus placebo.","904",5,"\"The results show a pain attenuation in the treated group and a statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients, both at the end of therapy and at the 3-month follow-up examination.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2520419","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[904]],["Effects of the infrared laser therapy at treated and non-treated trigger points","",4,"\"Our research study results suggest that infrared laser had an effect at the trigger points and that the treatment significantly increased the pain threshold.\"","http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/aetr/1989/00000014/00000001/art00003","IngentaConnect",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[]],["Effect of helium-neon laser on musculoskeletal trigger points.","633",3,"\"The results of a two-way analysis of covariance with one repeated measure showed a statistically significant increase (p less than .007) in skin resistance. This increase in an abnormal skin resistance pattern may accompany the resolution of pathological conditions.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3523551","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[633]],["A randomised trial to evaluate the effect of infra-red stimulation of local trigger points, versus placebo, on the pain caused by cervical osteoarthrosis.","",3,"\"In the group receiving treatment from the infra-red gun (IRS Medtec 100) 75% obtained significant pain relief. In the group receiving mock TNS 31% obtained significant pain relief. A chi-squared test comparing these two groups give a P value of 0.07.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6124087","PubMed",73,"Pain","Myofascial",[]],["Single Application of Low-Level or Infrared Laser Therapy Not Effective in the Short Term for Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","808",2,"\"Pain intensity reduced in intragroup analysis among all evaluation times (P < .05), but not intergroup. Pressure-induced pain was not altered. There was increased skin temperature with infrared at T1 and T2 compared with laser therapy and sham (P < .05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41222518/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[808]],["Efficacy of a wearable 660 nm red light therapy device in alleviating neck pain and enhancing neck function","660",4,"\"After 4 weeks of treatment, the average VAS score decreased by 65% on the left side (P < 0.0001) and 66% on the right side (P < 0.0001).\"\n\n\"Moreover, subsequent to two weeks of red light treatment, a notable 27% decrease was observed in the PSQI scores of the participants (p = 0.0001), indicating an improvement in sleep quality (Fig. 4b). This reduction in PSQI scores suggested a positive response to the red light therapy in terms of sleep quality. Remarkably, the beneficial effects on sleep quality decreased by 46% after four weeks of treatment (p < 0.0001). This progressive improvement in PSQI scores over the treatment period highlighted the efficacy of PBMt in reducing sleep disturbances associated with neck pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40500538/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[660]],["The construction and validation of a systemic acupuncture protocol with low-level laser therapy for chronic cervical pain","",3,"\"In the intergroup analysis, the IG showed a significant improvement in relation to the CG, in assessment 2 (p ≤ 0.01) related to physical disability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40325733/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[]],["Immediate effects of high-intensity laser therapy for nonspecific neck pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","810, 980",4,"\"After treatment, both groups showed notable improvements in all outcome measures compared to baseline (p < 0.05); moreover, the HILT group demonstrated greater efficacy compared to the placebo group in terms of VAS scores (29.64 ± 8.43 mm, p = 0.001), cervical lateral flexion (right 22.46 ± 3.62°, p = 0.011; left 22.34 ± 2.74°, p = 0.034) and neck muscle shear modulus (splenius capitis muscle 22.48 ± 4.03 kPa, p = 0.001; semispinalis capitis muscle 23.50 ± 5.59 kPa, p = 0.028); however, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were identified between the groups in cervical flexion, extension, rotation, neck fascia stiffness and NDI scores.\"\n\nComment: The values mentioned in the abstract are the post-treatment values for intervention group, not the between-the-groups difference.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40313543/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[810,980]],["The effects of photobiomodulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on chronic neck pain: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial","808",3,"\"The use of PBM or TENS was not effective for reducing pain intensity at rest. \n\nThe combination of PBM and TENS was effective in improving pain intensity during movement, local hyperalgesia, and the GPE. TENS reduced local and distant hyperalgesia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39509929/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[808]],["Effects of high and low level lasers on soreness following dry needling in patients with chronic myofascial neck pain. A randomized-controlled trial","810",3,"\"PPT and nVAS improved in all groups over time. In the placebo group, nVAS increased significantly (p < 0.001) after treatment. VAS, NDI, and ROM improved 48 h after treatment in all groups. The VAS scores were substantially decreased (p < 0.001) immediately after treatment for LLLT group and also 24 h after treatment for both LLLT and HLLT groups. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680232/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[810]],["Assessing the Impact of High Photon Energy Wavelengths on the Treatment of Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain","405, 520",4,"\"Results demonstrated subjects' VAS pain scores decreased from 71.79 to 34.02 (p < 0.0001), while most participants in the study (81.4%) achieved a ≥30% decrease in pain scores.\"\n\nComment: It seems that new data from blue+green irradiation was compared to old research data with red or red+blue (violet)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37829623/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Neck (and shoulder)",[405,520]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Nonspecific Chronic Neck Pain: Low-Level Laser Therapy vs. Sham Laser","980",5,"\"This study showed a statistically significant reduction in chronic nonspecific neck pain in the LLLT group (P<0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37041770/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[980]],["Feasibility study of a LED light irradiation device for the treatment of chronic neck with shoulder muscle pain/stiffness","780",3,"\"Immediately after irradiation, the subjective symptoms of the neck with shoulder muscle stiffness and pain evaluated by a visual analog scale were improved from 58.3 mm ± 18.7 mm to 45.5 mm ± 21.5 mm and from 45.8 mm ± 23.3 mm to 39.4 mm ± 21.8 mm, respectively. The symptoms further improved after 15 minutes of irradiation.\"\n\n\"The skin temperature at the irradiated point increased from 34.3°C ± 1.1°C to 41.0°C ± 0.7°C. The increase in skin temperature was observed within approximately 5 cm of the irradiated area. There was no effect on the heart rate variability, a measure of the autonomic nervous system; however, the baroreflex sensitivity was slightly increased.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36251669/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[780]],["Physiotherapeutic approach in seamstresses with neck pain: A single-blind, randomized clinical trial","830",2,"\"Interventions with photobiomodulation, ultrasound, and exercise assist to pain, function, and muscular activation in seamstresses with neck pain.\"\n\nComment: According to Figure 2, PBM does not seem to provide any additional benefit to exercise.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35710228/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[830]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with Static Magnetic Field Reduces Pain in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck and/or Shoulder Pain: A Randomized, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial","905",4,"\"PBMT-sMF was able to reduce pain intensity in all time points tested compared to placebo (p < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in the secondary outcomes (p > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35629324/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Neck [and shoulder]",[905]],["The Comparison of The Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Ultrasound in the Treatment of Chronic Non-specific Neck Pain: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial","",5,"\"The mean age of the participants was 37.53±9.52 and 41.16±7.85 years in physiotherapy and laser therapy respectively. The VAS score and NDI scores decreased after both kinds of interventions, and the effect of photobiomodulation was significantly higher than physiotherapy (P < 0.001). Both treatment modalities significantly affect different aspects of chronic neck pain assessed by NDPS and BQN questionnaires and the effect of photobiomodulation was more prominent than physiotherapy.\"\n\n\"The findings of this study showed that photobiomodulation and physiotherapy can reduce chronic neck pain and its different aspects and the effect of laser therapy was significantly higher than physiotherapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733743/","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[]],["Efficacy of Multiwave Locked System Laser on Pain and Function in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.","808, 905, 830",5,"\"MLS laser therapy in conjunction with exercises decreased pain and increased functional activity following 6 months of therapy. MLS laser therapy in combination with exercises is a more effective therapy for CNP compared to exercise plus LLLT or exercise alone.\"\n\nComment: In this paper, the scores didn't change in normal LLLT group but worsened in placebo group. In this sense, even LLLT was better than placebo. But best scores were achieved with this dual-wavelength \"MLS laser therapy\". I wonder why it was superior in this study.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28783464","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[808,905,830]],["Efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a randomized double-blind placebo-control trial.","1064",5,"\"The combination of HILT + EX effectively increased cervical ROM, functional activity, and reduced pain after 6 weeks of treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26914684","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[1064]],["Low-level laser therapy for acute neck pain with radiculopathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study.","905",5,"\"LLLT gave more effective short-term relief of arm pain and increased range of neck extension in patients with acute neck pain with radiculopathy in comparison to the placebo procedure.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704667","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[905]],["The effect of 300 mW, 830 nm laser on chronic neck pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.","830",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), at the parameters used in this study, was efficacious in providing pain relief for patients with chronic neck pain over a period of 3 months.\"\n\nEditorial notes some issues regarding the randomization: \"Although patients were randomly assigned to the laser group and placebo group, there was a substantial imbalance of baseline pain scores between the groups (i.e. a difference of 1.9 on a 10-points scale).\"\n\n\"A systematic evaluation of the evidence for the efficacy of LLLT on pain reduction is hampered by the multitude of variables involved in these treatments, such as kind of laser device, wavelength, power, energy density, treatment frequency and duration, and method of application. There is a need for standard guidelines for the application of LLLT in chronic neck pain patients particularly regarding duration, frequency, and optimal and minimal dosages. Further randomized controlled trials should address these treatment variables and use large sample sizes and long-term follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16806710","PubMed",74,"Pain","Neck",[830]],["Acute cervical pain is relieved with gallium arsenide (GaAs) laser radiation. A double-blind preliminary study","904",5,"\"The treatment was effective in 94.59% of patients in group A, and 38.24% of group B (P < 0.0019).\"\n\n\"These results suggest that GaAs laser radiation is an efficient and safe treatment for patients with acute cervical pain. Six years have passed since we incorporated the GaAs laser into our therapeutic arsenal and up to date we have irradiated more than two thousand patients with different kinds of pain and pain sites. The aim of this work is to evaluate the real therapeutic effect versus the placebo effect of laser therapy in patients with acute cervical pain in both the immediate effect and the possible latency of the pain relief with LLLT.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/8/2/8_2_149/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",74,"Pain","Neck",[904]],["154 cases of myogenic torticollis treated with low incident energy combination carbon dioxide and Helium Neon laser beam","633, 10600",4,"\"LLLT achieved a complete cure rate of 58.5% and an overall effective rate of 85%, the shortest treatment period being one course (23 infants) and 16 infants requiring the longest treatment period of six courses (16 weeks).\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/3/1/3_91-SC-01/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",40,"Pain","Neck / Torticollis",[633,10600]],["Relationship between salivary alpha-amylase activity and pain relief scale score after low level laser therapy: a prospective interventional pilot study","",4,"\"Subjects were instructed to report the pain relief induced by LLLT on the pain relief scale after the second sampling of saliva after LLLT. The pain relief scale consists of a numerical scale from 0 to 10, in which pain intensity before LLLT was considered 10.\"\n\n\"The mean pain relief scale score after LLLT was 6.6 ± 3.5.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33409751/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Neuropathic",[]],["Use of low intensity laser treatment in neuropathic pain refractory to clinical treatment in amputation stumps.","830",4,"\"These patients underwent nine sessions of low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) to the stump - this is a new treatment that has been used to treat other pain disorders. All patients reported a decrease in the intensity of their pain and increased ability to perform daily living activities during a 4-month follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23049266","PubMed",40,"Pain","Neuropathic",[830]],["Pulsed 830-nm Laser Irradiation Modulates Aδ- and C-Fiber-Mediated Pain Thresholds in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial","830",4,"\"Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for Aδ-mediated thresholds (p = 0.034) and C-fiber-mediated thresholds (p = 0.046), indicating differential pre-post changes between the laser and sham groups. Pain thresholds increased following active irradiation in both fiber types, whereas minimal changes were observed after sham irradiation. Between-group differences in change scores were associated with moderate standardized effect sizes.\"\n\n\"Pulsed 830-nm laser irradiation induces immediate modulation of peripheral nociceptive processing in humans across Aδ- and C-fibers, supporting fiber-specific modulation of nociceptive processing under controlled experimental conditions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41987486/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Nociception",[830]],["The Effect of Low-Level Light Therapy on Capsaicin-Induced Peripheral and Central Sensitization in Healthy Volunteers: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial","640",4,"\"Low-level light therapy significantly increased the mechanical pain threshold, heat pain threshold, and decreased pain intensity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33040311/","PubMed",40,"Pain","Pain sensitization",[640]],["The Effect of Laser Biostimulation at Sensitized Acupoints on Chronic Pelvic Pain and Quality of Life in Women with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","904",5,"\"Laser biostimulation of neurogenic-sensitized acupoints significantly improves pain perception, intensity, and quality of life in women with CPP. suggested that the utilization of laser therapy at sensitized acupoints should be considered a potential component of a rehabilitation program for females suffering from chronic pelvic pain resulting from pelvic inflammatory disease.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40005470/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Pelvic",[904]],["Transvaginal Photobiomodulation Improves Pain in Women with Pelvic Muscle Tenderness and Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Preliminary Observational Study","810, 980",4,"\"In real-world clinical settings, 2/3 women with IC/BPS who opted to undergo TV-PBM therapy reported significant decrease in pelvic pain and dysuria. These findings are promising; however, controlled studies are needed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116559/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Pelvic",[810,980]],["Transvaginal Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Pilot Study","",4,"\"Thirteen women completed 9 treatments, and 10 women were successfully followed to 6 months. At baseline, the mean SF-MPQ score was 19.7 (standard deviation [SD] ± 5.9). Compared with baseline, 60% improved; the mean SF-MPQ score decreased to 10.0 (SD ±7.5, p = 0.004, d = 1.6) at 1 week after treatment, to 9.7 (SD ±7.9, p = 0.005, d = 1.7) at 3 months, and 8.2 (SD ±8.1, p = 0.002, d = 1.9) at 6 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34841398/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Pelvic",[]],["Effect of Vaginal Stretching and Photobiomodulation Therapy on Sexual Function in Women With Pelvic Floor Myofascial Pain - A Randomized Clinical Trial","808",2,"\"We found that VS associated or not with PBMT may be effective in reducing complaints of painful intercourse, alleviating pain severity, and reducing the number of women with pelvic floor MP suffering from sexual dysfunction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34955173/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Pelvic",[808]],["An observational cohort study of pelvic floor photobiomodulation for treatment of chronic pelvic pain","810, 980",3,"\"Compared with baseline, 64.5% of women showed improvement in overall pain, pain with bowel movement, intercourse, exercise, urination, sitting and vulvar pain (...) by treatment 9.\"\n\n\"This study has several limitations inherent to observational uncontrolled studies, including the inability to establish a causal link between the use of TV-PBM and improvement in pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34490787/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Pelvic",[810,980]],["Efficacy analysis of high-intensity laser therapy for post lumbar surgery syndrome","1064",3,"\"At 3-month and 6-month post-treatment, VAS scores of Group B were significantly lower than those of Group A (P < 0.001). At 12-month post-treatment, the ODI of Group B was significantly lower than that of Group A (P < 0.05). In patients of Group B, HILT may demonstrate a positive effect on the lumbar paraspinal muscles fat infiltration (PMFI) (P < 0.001). \n\nHILT demonstrates efficacy in alleviating clinical symptoms of PLSS and represents a viable adjuvant therapy for symptom management.\"\n\nComment: The difference between the groups was relatively small.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40781134/","PubMed",26,"Pain","Post lumbar surgery syndrome",[1064]],["A comparison of laser acupuncture versus placebo in radicular and pseudoradicular pain syndromes as recorded by subjective responses of patients.","",5,"\"Mean pain levels after laser treatment were statistically significantly lower than after placebo (p less than 0.001, t-test). In the cross over section laser treatment was more effective than placebo in 20 out of 21 patients and pain relief lasted longer after laser treatment in 18 out of 21 patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2880467","PubMed",40,"Pain","Radicular",[]],["\"Effects of Low Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy and Low Intensity Laser Therapy on Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial\"","",5,"\"By week 3, both ESWT and LLLT showed significant improvements in VAS-pain and CMS-pain versus control (p < 0.05), while only LLLT improved SF-36 physical limitation scores (p < 0.05). \n\nAt week 12, the LLLT group showed greater improvements in CMS-ROM, CMS-total, and SF-36 subdomains related to physical and emotional role limitations (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40857136/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[]],["Effect of high-intensity laser therapy on supraspinatus tendon elasticity in subacromial impingement syndrome: A double-blind randomized controlled study","",3,"\"A statistically significant difference was found in VAS and SPADI in the HILT group compared to the control group (p = 0.010, p < 0.001, respectively). However, the differences were not clinically significant (mean differences 0.5 and 6.41, respectively).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40826289/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[]],["Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation and Exercise-Based Rehabilitation on Pain and Functional Recovery in Patients With Rotator Cuff Pathology","660",4,"\"Our study showed a statistically significant reduction in pain scores from baseline (7.33 ± 0.79) to 6 weeks (2.50 ± 0.69), p < 0.001 of PBM and exercise-based rehabilitation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40371595/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[660]],["Comparison of low-level laser therapy versus neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation at hemiplegic shoulder pain and upper extremity functions","904",5,"\"When the groups were compared, significant improvements in Bartel, SPADI and VAS in the LLLT and NMES groups than the control group(all p < 0.005), however the LLLT and NMES groups were statistically similar.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39853536/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904]],["Effectiveness of high intensity laser treatment in partial supraspinatus tendon tears: a randomised controlled trial","1064",5,"\"VAS and SPADI values ​​decreased significantly in both groups at the 4th and 12th weeks. However, VAS and SPADI values ​​at the 4th and 12th weeks were significantly lower in the HILT group than in the US group. Cohen's d analysis revealed large effect sizes at the 4th and 12th weeks favoring the HILT group. There was no significant change in SP within and between groups at any time points. \n\nThe findings show that HILT is superior to US treatment in reducing pain and improving function and quality of life in the long term. Both treatment methods did not affect SP.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39849169/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["High-intensity versus low-level laser therapy in treatment of patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","904, 810, 980",5,"\"After 3-wk intervention, both the HILT and LLLT groups exhibited significant improvements in all parameters when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, there were clinically significant differences between groups supported by a large ES favoring the HILT group for SPADI pain (ηp2 = 0.71), SPADI disability (ηp2 = 0.54), SPADI total (ηp2 = 0.82), PPT (ηp2 = 0.63), and PSQI (ηp2 = 0.42). \n\nThe combination of HILT with exercises proved to be more beneficial in enhancing pain and function, PPT, and sleep quality compared to LLLT combined with exercises in treating patients with SAIS.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39757334/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904,810,980]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on symptomatic calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy : A prospective randomized controlled study","904",5,"\"Considering the change values, improvements in abduction, extension, pain intensity, SPADI pain/disability/total, calcification number, and calcification degree parameters were found to be statistically significantly better in the LLLT group than in the control group.\"\n\n\"Adding LLLT to the home program in treatment of symptomatic RCCT outperformed the home program alone, reducing the number and severity of calcifications, improving pain and disability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39235616/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904]],["Comparison of the efficacy of low intensity laser and peloid therapy in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome","",4,"\"Statistically significant improvements in VAS, SPADI, SF-36, and ROM parameters were achieved after treatment and at 1 month follow-up compared to pretreatment in both active treatment groups (p < .05). The third group showed significant improvements in ROM and SF-36 physical components after treatment and 1 month later (p < .05). Low-level laser therapy or peloid therapy given in addition to home exercise therapy for SIS were found to have similar short-term effects on pain, functional status, quality of life and ROM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38953979/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[]],["Low-level laser therapy versus ultrasound therapy combined with home-based exercise in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: A randomized-controlled trial","850",3,"\"The LLLT combined with HBE is more effective than HBE program alone for relieving activity pain and improving shoulder functions in the short term. However, LLLT and US therapy do not provide additional effects in terms of pain and disability at three months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38766575/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[850]],["Efficacy of Low-level Laser Versus High-intensity Laser Therapy in the Management of Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","904, 1064",4,"\"HILT + stretching exercise treatment was more effective than LLLT + stretching exercise for improving functional parameters and pain in patients with AC.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37533657/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904,1064]],["Photobiomodulation self-treatment at home after rotator cuff arthroscopic repair accelerates improvement in pain, functionality, and quality of life: A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial","808",5,"\"Both groups had similar improvements in CMS and ROM\n\nHowever, compared to Sham, PBM significantly accelerated subjective pain reduction at 3 and 6 months (VAS mean ± SD, PBM-vs-Sham: ΔFU-3M 32 ± 33 vs. 16 ± 27, p = 0.040; ΔFU-6M: 41 ± 36 vs. 23 ± 26, p = 0.038), with a significantly higher proportion of patients achieving MCID at 3 months (76% vs. 48%, p = 0.027) and PASS at 6 months (48% vs. 23%, p = 0.044). PBM also significantly accelerated improvement in functionality and QOL at 6 months (QuickDASH ΔFU-6M: 30 ± 24 vs. 18 ± 14, p = 0.029; SF-12 physical component 6.8 ± 12.5 vs. 0.4 ± 8.6, p = 0.031; SF-12 mental component 8.5 ± 9.1 vs. 2.2 ± 12, p = 0.032).\"\n\n\"Self-applied photobiomodulation following RCAS significantly accelerates decrease in pain and disability, and improves QOL. This nonpharmacologic add-on therapeutic modality is easy to use and encourages active patient involvement. Its potential use in rehabilitation following other surgeries should be considered.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37288499/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder (after arthroscopic surgery)",[808]],["Comparison of the Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Therapeutic Ultrasound in Patients with Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy","850",4,"\"Significant improvements in VAS, SPADI, CMS, DASH, BDI, BAI, PSQI, and SF-36 scores were observed over time in both groups (p < 0.05 for all). \n\nThe improvements in HGS scores were significantly greater in the US group compared to the LLLT group (p < 0.05 for all). \n\nThere were no statistically significant differences between the groups in VAS, SPADI, CMS, DASH, BDI, BAI, PSQI, and SF-36 scores at each time point (p > 0.05 for all).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40565943/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[850]],["Analysis of pain relief and functional recovery in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy through therapeutic ultrasound and photobiomodulation therapy: a comparative study","640, 850",4,"\"Regarding the comparison of irradiated therapies and ultrasound, statistical analysis showed that IR-US was a better treatment than US for all 12 parameters. \n\nIR treatment exceeded US on 9 items, whereas that VR and VR-US therapies exceeded US in 7 and 10 parameters, respectively (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"In conclusion, improvements in quality of life, pain intensity relief, shoulder amplitude motion, and muscle strength force obtained with ultrasound therapy are enhanced by adding infrared LED irradiation to ultrasound for patients suffering from rotator cuff tendinopathy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35648258/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[640,850]],["Efficacy of low-level laser therapy combined with exercise for subacromial impingement syndrome: A randomised controlled trial","904",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy combined with exercises reduce pain intensity, improve shoulder function and reduces pain intensity and medication intake over 3 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33307783/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904]],["Efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in patients with adhesive capsulitis: a sham-controlled randomized controlled trial","1064",4,"\"Fifteen sessions of HILT are superior to improve pain and quality of life but not superior in terms of disability or function in patients with adhesive capsulitis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32808147/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["Comparison of Low-Level Laser Treatment and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized, Prospective Clinical Study","1064",3,"\"In both groups, there was a significant improvement in all outcome measures (p < 0.05) except the mental health score in the LLLT group. ESWT group showed more improvements in terms of SPADI disability and total scores, PSQI, and physical-mental health scores at the end of treatment (p < 0.05). The improvement in VAS pain day and SPADI scores at the third month was significantly more evident in the ESWT group (p < 0.05). \n\nBoth LLLT and ESWT treatments are effective in the treatment of SIS in the short-medium term and can be used in clinical practice.\"\n\nComment: The claimed power is 10W but probably this isn't the power output if the total dose over 300 seconds is only 35 J. In this case  the power output is likely to be 117 mW (30000 mJ / 300 sec = 117 mW).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638239/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["Comparison of photobiomodulation therapy and suprascapular nerve-pulsed radiofrequency in chronic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled, single-blind, clinical trial.","1064",4,"\"We established that PBMT and SSN-pulsed RF therapy are effective methods, in addition to exercise therapy, in patients with chronic shoulder pain. PBMT seems to be advantageous compared to SSN-pulsed RF therapy, as it is a noninvasive method.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28547075","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["Short-term effects of high-intensity laser therapy, manual therapy, and Kinesio taping in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.","1064",4,"\"HILT and MT were found to be more effective in minimizing pain and disability and increasing ROM in patients with SAIS. Further studies with follow-up periods are required to determine the advantages of these treatments conclusively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27220527/","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["Effectiveness of High-Intensity Laser Therapy in Subacromial Impingement Syndrome.","1064",4,"\"Significant differences were observed between SPADI pain, disability, and total scores and UCLA scores of the patients.\"\n\nComment: No control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26890913","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["Laser Acupuncture Treatment Improves Pain and Functional Status in Patients with Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study.","850",5,"\"All parameters of pain and functional status in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group at week 3.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27816913","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[850]],["Short-term effects of high-intensity laser therapy on frozen shoulder: A prospective randomized control study.","1064",3,"\"The HILT group had a lower pain VAS score at 3 weeks (3.2 ± 1.7 vs. 4.3 ± 2.2, p = 0.033) and 8 weeks (2.2 ± 2.0 vs. 3.4 ± 2.7, p = 0.042), however, no statistically significant difference in the pain VAS was observed between the two groups at the final follow-up (12 weeks). \n\nNo statistical difference in the ROM and the satisfaction VAS was observed between the 2 groups at serial follow-ups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770420","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["Low-level laser and local corticosteroid injection in the treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome: a controlled clinical trial.","904",5,"\"The effectiveness of low-level laser treatment was similar to that of local corticosteroid injection in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. We concluded that both low-level laser treatment and corticosteroid injection were more effective than sham laser treatment.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519921","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904]],["Low-level laser therapy versus ultrasound therapy in the treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.","",4,"\"The results suggest that efficacy of both treatments were comparable to each other in regarding reducing pain severity and functional disability in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Based on our findings, we conclude that low-level laser therapy may be considered as an effective alternative to ultrasound based therapy in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome especially ultrasound based therapy is contraindicated.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24346151","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[]],["Interferential laser therapy in the treatment of shoulder pain and disability from musculoskeletal pathologies: a randomised comparative study.","810",3,"Interferential LLLT wasn't better than normal LLLT.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507365","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[810]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy in combination with physiotherapy in the management of rotator cuff tendinitis.","830",5,"\"As one of physical modalities, gallium-arsenide low-power laser combined with conventional physiotherapy has superiority over routine physiotherapy from the view of decreasing pain and improving the patient's function, but no additional advantages were detected in increasing shoulder joint range of motion in comparison to other physical agents.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052627","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[830]],["Additive effects of low-level laser therapy with exercise on subacromial syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial.","890",5,"\"This study indicates that LLLT combined exercise is more effective than exercise therapy alone in relieving pain and in improving the shoulder ROM in patients with subacromial syndrome.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21538218","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[890]],["Short-term effects of high-intensity laser therapy versus ultrasound therapy in the treatment of people with subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.","1064",5,"\"Statistically significant differences in change in pain, articular movement, functionality, and muscle strength (force-generating capacity) (VAS, CMS, and SST scores) were observed after 10 treatment sessions from the baseline for participants in the HILT group compared with participants in the US therapy group. In particular, only the difference in change of VAS score between groups (1.65 points) surpassed the accepted minimal clinically important difference for this tool.\"\n\n\"This study was limited by sample size, lack of a control or placebo group, and follow-up period.\"\n\nComment: Despite lack of control group, HILT was better than ultrasound, so probably it would also show better results than placebo.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19482902","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[1064]],["Low-power laser treatment in patients with frozen shoulder: preliminary results.","810",5,"\"Relative to the placebo group, the active laser group had:\n\n(1) a significant decrease in overall, night, and activity pain scores at the end of 4 wk and 8 wk of treatment, and at the end of 8 wk additional follow-up (16 wk post-randomization);\n\n(2) a significant decrease in shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) scores and Croft shoulder disability questionnaire scores at those same intervals; \n\n(3) a significant decrease in disability of arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire (DASH) scores at the end of 8 wk of treatment, and at 16 wk posttreatment; and\n\n(4) a significant decrease in health-assessment questionnaire (HAQ) scores at the end of 4 wk and 8 wk of treatment.\n\nThere was some improvement in range of motion, but this did not reach statistical significance.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18341417","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[810]],["Low-power laser treatment for shoulder pain.","904",2,"\"The results of our study have shown better results in palpation sensitivity and passive extension, but no significant improvement in pain, active range, and algometric sensitivity in laser treatment group compared to the control group in the patients with shoulder pain.\"\n\nComment: In a 2010 paper, professor Bjordal wrote that the device used in this study emits almost no near-infrared: \"Measurements were inconsistent and the results showed that single-diode probes emitted outputs down to only 0.07 mW, which was less than 0.5% of the stated output shown on the display on the laser unit.\"\"\n\n(Source: https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/16501977-0576 )\n\nNote: Bjordal also published a criticism of this 2005 paper by Bingöl. In the criticism, Bjordal mentioned that the parameters in Bingöl's paper might be false.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16262574","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904]],["The efficacy of low-level laser therapy in supraspinatus tendinitis","820",4,"\"These data suggest that, in this small group of patients, laser therapy, advice and education improved certain symptoms of supraspinatus tendinitis, while the same advice and education but treatment with a dummy laser had no such beneficial consequences. Based on the results, low-power laser therapy with the parameters and dosage used in this study is recommended as a useful treatment for tendinitis, but the trial was limited by small numbers.\"","http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026921559500900207","SAGE",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[820]],["Low power laser therapy of shoulder tendonitis.","904",5,"\"Active laser therapy produced significant improvement over drug therapy for all three objective measures and pain. Naproxen sodium significantly improved only movement and function compared to dummy laser. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of laser therapy in tendonitis of the shoulder.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2694356","PubMed",39,"Pain","Shoulder",[904]],["Thermographic Changes Following Laser Irradiation for Pain Relief","780",4,"\"Effective pain relief was obtained in 45 of 63 patients (71%) in the group with laser irradiation (group A) and in 8 of 61 patients (13%) in the group without laser irradiation (group B). A statistical difference was found between groups A and B (χ2 test = 42.4, p &lt; 0.01). \n\nThermography was carried out on 20 patients for a total of 92 times. In group A, 16 of 29 thermograms (55%) showed a rise of skin temperature after 1 minute and 8 of 18 (44%) after 5 minutes. Of 20 patients, 15 were measured successively for 5 minutes, of which 7 of 16 (43%) showed a continuous rise of skin temperature. \n\nLaser irradiation accelerated microcirculation, which may be due to direct action on the vasomotor nerve.\"","https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/clm.1991.9.143","LiebertPub",40,"Pain","Skin temperature changes",[780]],["Effects of linearly polarized 0.6-1.6 microM irradiation on stellate ganglion function in normal subjects and people with complex regional pain (CRPS I).","",2,"\"Three of six subjects with CRPS I and no control subjects experienced a sensation of warmth following active irradiation (P = 0.025). Two of the CRPS I subjects reported a >50% pain reduction. However, four noted minimal or no change and improvement did not reach statistical significance for the group as a whole. No statistically significant changes in autonomic function were noted. There were no adverse consequences.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12766967","PubMed",73,"Pain","Stellate ganglion irradiation",[]],["Effect of low level laser application at the end of surgery to reduce pain after tonsillectomy in adults.","980",5,"\"In the laser group frequency of patients with pain sensation in each evaluated hour was lower than in the control group. The amount of pain decrease and analgesic consumption reduction was significantly higher in patients who received laser (P=0.01).\"\n\n\"Based on the results of this study, use of low level lasers is effective in reducing tonsillectomy post surgical pain in adults.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25606312/","PubMed",26,"Pain","Surgical: Tonsillectomy",[980]],["Effects of Dexamethasone and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Pain, Swelling, and Quality of Life After Buccal Fat Pad Removal: A Clinical Trial","660, 808",4,"\"There were no differences between the LLLT and DXM groups in pain or edema. In terms of the QOL, the LLLT group was significantly more comfortable when chewing than the DXM group (P < .05).\n\nThe use of LLLT at a power of 100 mW and 2 J/cm2 per point had similar effects to oral DXM for the control of pain and edema, as well as in the QOL, except for masticatory function, which was significantly better in the LLLT group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32768403/","PubMed",26,"Pain","Surgical",[660,808]],["Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on acute pain and inflammation in patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty-a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","640, 875, 905",5,"\"The values for the visual analog scale as well as those in the analysis of TNF-α and IL-8 serum levels decreased in the active PBMt group compared to placebo-control group (p < 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29909435","PubMed",26,"Pain","Surgical",[640,875,905]],["Long-term effect of pulsed high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of post-mastectomy pain syndrome: a double blind, placebo-control, randomized study.","1064",5,"\"Shoulder ROM significantly increased in the laser group after 4 weeks of treatment and after 12 weeks of follow-up compared with the placebo group. VAS results showed a significant decrease post-treatment in the laser group relative to the placebo group, and QOL results showed a significant improvement in the laser group compared with the placebo group and still improved after 12 weeks of follow-up. HILT combined with an RPTP appears to be more effective in patients with PMPS than a placebo laser procedure with RPTP.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26115690","PubMed",26,"Pain","Surgical",[1064]],["The effect of low-level laser on postoperative pain after tibial fracture surgery: a double-blind controlled randomized clinical trial.","650, 808",5,"\"Laser group experienced less pain intensity in comparison with control group at second, fourth, eighth, 12(th), and 24(th) hours after surgery (P Value < 0.05). In addition, the amount of consumed opioid in laser group was significantly less than the control group (51.62 ± 29.52 and 89.28 ± 35.54 mg, respectively; P Value, 0.008).\"\n\n\"Low Level Laser Therapy is a proper method to reduce postoperative pain because it is painless, safe, and noninvasive and is easily accepted by patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237637","PubMed",26,"Pain","Surgical",[650,808]],["The effect of infra-red diode laser irradiation on the duration and severity of postoperative pain: a double blind trial","830",4,"\"There was a significant difference in the number of doses of narcotic analgesic (IM) required between the two groups. Controls n = 5,5: LLLT n = 2.5, No patient in the LLLT group required IM analgesia after 24 h. \n\nSimilarly the requirement for oral analgesia was reduced in the LLLT group, Controls n = 9: LLLT n = 4. \n\nControl patients assessed their overall pain as moderate to severe compared with mild to moderate in the LLLT group. The results justify further evaluation on a larger trial population.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/4/4_4_92-OR-16/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",26,"Pain","Surgical",[830]],["Influence of Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with Pelvic Floor Exercises on Postpartum Coccydynia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","",5,"\"Adding PBMT to PFEs is recommended in the management of postpartum coccydynia as this combination resulted in greater reductions in pain and disability, along with improved lumbar flexion ROM.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39876713/","PubMed",72,"Pain","Tailbone pain",[]],["Adjunctive 810 nm photobiomodulation with pharmacotherapy for trigeminal neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial in a tertiary care centre","810",5,"\"Combined photobiomodulation with carbamazepine provided significantly superior pain relief compared to medication alone in TN patients, reducing the need for higher drug doses.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40907240/","PubMed",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[810]],["Clinical Efficacy of Two Different Low-Level Laser Therapies for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","650, 904, 1064",5,"\"Both LLLTs can be considered alternative treatment modalities for TN, but the GRR laser treatment was more effective than the Nd:YAG laser treatment in reducing pain and improving the quality of life in patients with TN.\"\n\nComment: Parameters incompletely reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39598034/","PubMed",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[650,904,1064]],["Case report: use of high-intensity laser therapy for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia","",4,"\"High-intensity laser therapy (HILT), known for treating many chronic pains, was explored for a 72 year-old patient with a complex medical history. Previous treatments had failed, and alternatives carried risks. HILT, a safe approach improving blood flow, was given for 3 days, targeting the painful area in the face. The patient experienced improved tissue oxygen supply and pain relief. The follow-up visit at 4 weeks showed sustained relief, enhanced jaw movement and no side effects. Although promising, further research is needed to confirm HILT's effectiveness for trigeminal neuralgia on a larger scale.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38189105/","PubMed",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[]],["Effect of electromagnetic therapy versus low-level laser therapy on diabetic patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a randomized control trial","830",5,"\"After treatment, all groups improved significantly, with the laser group outperforming the electromagnetic group by a large margin. For irradiation, LLLT was more effective than EMT in reducing diabetic patients' trigeminal pain, and increasing masseter and temporalis muscles compound action potential amplitude in diabetic patients with TN.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36762919/","PubMed",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[830]],["Therapeutic and Analgesic Efficacy of Laser in Conjunction With Pharmaceutical Therapy for Trigeminal Neuralgia.","810",3,"\"The severity of pain was lower at the end of treatment in the case compared to the control group so this difference was statistically significant (P=0.003). The severity of pain decreased in both groups over time. Significant difference was noted in this regard between the 2 groups either (P=0.003).\"\n\nComment: The clinical significance is a bit unclear, since the differences between the groups are not very large.\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29399314","PubMed",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[810]],["Comparison between Trans-Cranial Electromagnetic Stimulation and Low-Level Laser on Modulation of Trigeminal Neuralgia","830",3,"\"There were significant improvements after treatment in both groups, with a significant difference between the Electromagnetic and Laser groups, in favor of the Electromagnetic group.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259883/","PubMed",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[830]],["Gasserian Ganglion Block With or Without Low-intensity Laser Therapy in Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Comparative Study","890",5,"\"The severity of pain was significantly lower in group A, from day 7 until the end of the study period (month 6). The number of carbamazepine tablets taken was also significantly lower in group A compared with group B from the initial months until the end of the study period (month 6). The period of a pain-free state was significantly higher in group A than in group B (P<0.00l).\"\"\n\nComment: LLLT was very clearly superior in this study.\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported. According to the paper, they used \"Mustang 026 Russia, and the probe type was LO3\"\". The following paper ( http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=887067 ) seems to have some data on these Russian lasers, but it seems impossible to retrieve the relevant parameters.\n\nComment: It's unclear how long was the intervention period before the 6-month follow-up... maybe 7 days?\n\nComment: This journal isn't indexed in PubMed, and its' ranking is surprisingly poor: \"Neurosciences 250/251\"","http://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery-quarterly/Abstract/2012/11000/Gasserian_Ganglion_Block_With_or_Without.4.aspx","LWW",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[890]],["Can low reactive-level laser therapy be used in the treatment of neurogenic facial pain? A double-blind, placebo controlled investigation of patients with trigeminal neuralgia","832",5,"\"The results demonstrate that of 16 patients treated with the laser probe, 10 were free from pain after completing treatment and 2 had noticeably less pain, while in 4 there was little or no change. After a one year follow-up, 6 patients were still entirely free from pain. In the group treated with the placebo system, i.e. the non-laser probe, one was free from pain, 4 had less pain, and the remaining 9 patients had little or no recovery. After one year only one patient was still completely free from pain.\"\n\n\"It is concluded that the present study clearly shows that LLLT treatment, given as described, is an effective method and an excellent supplement to conventional therapies used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/8/4/8_4_247/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",58,"Pain","Trigeminal neuralgia",[832]],["Retrospective study of adjunctive diode laser therapy for pain attenuation in 662 patients: detailed analysis by questionnaire.","830",4,"\"Subjects were 1,087 patients treated by LLLT at the Shiroto Clinic from April 1992 to August 1995. Questionnaires were sent to subjects in September and October 1996.\"\n\n\"The reply rate was 60.9%, comprising 662 questionnaires\"\n\n\"The total efficacy rating (excellent plus good) immediately after LLLT was 46.8% in men and 47% in women. At the time of the survey, this rose to 73.3% in men and 76.8% in women, with positive effects also recorded on psychosomatic factors such as well-being, physical energy, general fatigue, mental vigor, and emotional stability. LLLT effects continued for 1-3 days.\"\n\n\"LLLT as used in the study is therefore considered safe, effective, and side-effect-free, making it an ideal adjunctive therapeutic modality for intractable chronic and other pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782035","PubMed",40,"Pain","",[830]],["Relief from chronic pain by low power laser irradiation.","633",4,"\"Of the patients with trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, sciatica and ostearthritis, 19 of 26 experienced pain relief without the use of drugs. Patients who received sham stimulation reported no analgesia. Subjects who were exposed to laser irradiation had a large increase in the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the degradation product of serotonin.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6200808","PubMed",40,"Pain","",[633]],["Flexible, surface-lighting MicroLED skin patch for multiple human skincare","",5,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39904187/","PubMed",1,"Parameters","Device design",[]],["Photobiomodulation (100 mW) caution applied to tattooed skin: a cross-sectional study","660, 808, 660, 808",3,"\"There was an average time and energy during the irradiations: cluster 12s (1.2 J), 660 nm 21s (2.1 J) and 808 nm 14s (1.4 J) until the participants manifested. As a limitation of the study, we can describe the non-observation of skin types I and VI according to the Fitzpatrick scale. This study was evident that tattoos may affect cutaneous sensory perception during photobiomodulation irradiation in all application modes, and the first manifestations reported were: warmth, tingling, and heating.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39951172/","PubMed",1,"Parameters","Perception of PBM treatment",[660,808,660,808]],["Does the skin phototype influence the sensory perception of individuals during photobiomodulation irradiation?","660, 808",3,"\"The objective of the present study was to examine whether skin colour is a predictor of skin heating sensations during photobiomodulation irradiation.\"\n\n\"Skin phototype influenced sensitive perception through self-report during photobiomodulation irradiation with red, infrared and red/infrared (cluster) wavelengths and a power of 100 mW. Furthermore, as the skin phototype increases, the application time and irradiated energy necessary for an individual to perceive a sensation decreases. Therefore, in patients with larger phototypes, the use of PBM must be carried out with caution.\"\n\nComment: Patients with skin types V and VI were dramatically more sensitive to the treatment compared to other skin types.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38904801/","PubMed",1,"Parameters","Perception of PBM treatment",[660,808]],["Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy combined with photobiomodulation for neonatal soft-tissue necrosis: A case report","660, 808",4,"\"Following the first cell therapy session, progressive reduction in lesion depth and enhanced vascularization were observed, culminating in complete wound closure 70 days after the initial cell therapy session.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42398474/","PubMed",26,"Pediatrics","Neonatology: other",[660,808]],["Achilles Tendon Penetration for Continuous 810 nm and Superpulsed 904 nm Lasers Before and After Ice Application: An In Situ Study on Healthy Young Adults.","810, 904",3,"\"The penetration of laser light increased significantly through healthy Achilles tendons subjected to 20 min of cooling. These findings occurred in the presence of a significant reduction in skin temperature and Achilles tendon thickness.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28677985","PubMed",9,"Penetration","",[810,904]],["Penetration Time Profiles for Two Class 3B Lasers in In Situ Human Achilles at Rest and Stretched.","810, 904",3,"\"The 904 nm laser penetrates relatively more energy than the 810 nm laser in in situ human Achilles. Moreover, penetration from the super-pulsed 904 nm laser increased during exposure time, whereas penetration from the 810 nm laser was constant. In addition, stretching the Achilles causes a higher energy attenuation by the tissue.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28436746","PubMed",9,"Penetration","",[810,904]],["Low-power laser therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome: effective optical power.","",5,"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27630706","PubMed",9,"Penetration","",[]],["Depth of penetration of an 850nm wavelength low level laser in human skin.","850",3,"\"The intensity of laser radiation reduced by 66% after being transmitted through a 0.784mm sample of human abdominal tissue. In this study most laser radiation was absorbed within the first 1mm of skin.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18077939/","PubMed",9,"Penetration","",[850]],["Light transmission and thermal impact of different photobiomodulation therapy devices on the Achilles tendon of human volunteers: A comparative study","",3,"\"These findings suggest that the LPmW device delivers greater transmitted power while causing a smaller increase in skin temperature compared with the LPsW and HPSW devices in the resting human Achilles tendon, making it a potentially safer and more efficient option for deeper tissue treatment.\"\n\nTerms:\n- low-powered single-wavelength (LPsW, 100 mW)\n- low-powered multi-wavelength (LPmW, 450 mW)\n- high-powered single-wavelength (HPSW, 9,000 mW)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41015277/","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Achilles tendon",[]],["Quantitative analysis of transcranial and intraparenchymal light penetration in human cadaver brain tissue.","660, 808, 940",3,"\"The 808 nm wavelength light demonstrated superior CNS tissue penetration.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25772014","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Brain",[660,808,940]],["Red and NIR light dosimetry in the human deep brain.","671, 808",3,"\"Our study demonstrates that it is possible to illuminate deep brain tissues transcranially, transsphenoidally and via different application routes. This opens therapeutic options for sufferers of PD or other cerebral diseases necessitating light therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25789711","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Brain",[671,808]],["Transcranial Near-Infrared Laser Transmission (NILT) Profiles (800 nm): Systematic Comparison in Four Common Research Species.","800",3,"\"NILT decreased from 40.10% (mouse) to 21.24% (rat) to 11.36% (rabbit) as skull thickness measured at bregma increased from 0.44 mm in mouse to 0.83 mm in rat and then 2.11 mm in rabbit.\"\n\n\"In human calvaria, where mean thickness ranged from 7.19 mm at bregma to 5.91 mm in the parietal skull, only 4.18% and 4.24% of applied near-infrared light was transmitted through the skull.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039354","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Brain",[800]],["Optical properties of selected native and coagulated human brain tissues in vitro in the visible and near infrared spectral range.","",3,"\"The highest penetration depths for all tissues investigated were found in the wavelength range between 1000 and 1100 nm.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118601","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Brain",[]],["Evaluation of red light scattering in gingival tissue - in vivo study.","660",3,"\"The results demonstrated that at a 3 mm distance from the laser probe, there is an attenuation of light intensity of 50%, along frontal and occlusal views. Light attenuation in gingival tissue should be considered when setting optimal parameters for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or photobiomodulation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29807147","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Gingiva",[660]],["Sex, but not skin tone affects penetration of red-light (660 nm) through sites susceptible to sports injury in lean live and cadaveric tissues.","660",3,"\"Penetration was unaffected by skin tone, increased with irradiance and relative bone/muscle composition, and decreased with greater tissue thickness and in males.\"\n\n\"Live and cadaveric tissue penetration did not differ statistically for tissues <50 mm but cadavers required more red-light to penetrate >50 mm.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30851081","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Sports injuries",[660]],["LED light attenuation through human dentin: a first step toward pulp photobiomodulation after cavity preparation.","450, 630, 850",3,"\"In terms of minimum (0.2 mm) and maximum (1.0 mm) dentin thicknesses, the percentage of light attenuation varied from 49.3% to 69.9% for blue light, 42.9% to 58.5% for red light and 39.3% to 46.8% for infrared.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24640435","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Teeth",[450,630,850]],["Photosensitivity Episodes Related to Skin Color in People Treated With Dual-Wavelength Low Power Laser Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study","",3,"\"Self-reported skin color was associated with photosensitivity, with dark-skinned patients having a three times higher risk of heating or thermal injury. The risk of clinically visible thermal injuries was nearly 12 times higher for this group compared to those with lighter skin. There was no correlation between the energy used and the degree of photosensitivity, nor was there a significant difference in energy between patients with and without photosensitivity.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40785283/","PubMed",9,"Penetration","Thermal effects",[]],["Radiation-induced chronic ulcerations and fistulae successfully treated with photobiomodulation","",4,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38572802/","PubMed",36,"Radiation","Radiation-induced ulcers",[]],["Non-thermal near-infrared exposure photobiomodulates cellular responses to ionizing radiation in human full thickness skin models.","",3,"\"This observation establishes that the impact of NIR on X-ray induced cellular stress response should be assigned a high clinical relevance for all cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Because of possible inflictions with processes of damage repair, patients should be advised to avoid unsupervised exposure to NIR during X-radiation schedules. On the other side, this study suggests that a controlled pretreatment of cancerous lesions with NIR could become an alternative therapy approach, using i) lower radiation doses, and ii) applicable for patients with radio-resistant cancers.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29131990","PubMed",36,"Radiation","X-rays",[]],["Late radiation lesions of urinary bladder and rectum in patients with prostate cancer after external radiation therapy and phototherapy with low power near infrared laser.","890",5,"\"In the control group the radiation damage of urinary bladder and rectum appeared in 7.6% and 10.7% of patients, while in the main group - in 1.95% and 2.92%, respectively (p < 0.01).\n\nThus, the course of phototherapy with the near infrared low power laser at performance of radiotherapy decreases incidence of radiation damages of urinary bladder and rectum in patients with prostate cancer.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/19/2/19_2_89/_article","J-STAGE",36,"Radiation","X-rays",[890]],["Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) controlled outcome of side effects caused by ionizing radiation, treated with 780 nm-diode laser -- preliminary results.","780",4,"\"Six female patients suffering from painful mastitis after breast ionizing irradiation and one man suffering from radiogenic ulcer were treated\"\n\n\"All patients showed complete clinical remission. The time-dependent contrast enhancement curve obtained by the evaluation of MR images demonstrated a significant decrease of enhancement features typical for inflammation in the affected area.\"\n\n\"Biomodulation by LLLT seems to be a promising treatment modality for side effects induced by ionizing radiation.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11332876","PubMed",36,"Radiation","X-rays",[780]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy: An Alternative Treatment for Capsular Contraction","904",4,"\"Surgical intervention was avoided in 93.9% of patients with grade III and IV capsular contraction. Of the patients who avoided surgery, the laser improved the stiffness of the breast by 10–95% (average, 43.6%) and an overall improvement in comfort ranging from 10–95% (average, 48.2%).\"","https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.5992/AJCS-D-14-00036.1","SAGE",80,"Reproductive system","Breast: Capsular contracture",[904]],["Implant infection after prepectoral breast reconstruction treated with negative pressure wound therapy and photobiomodulation: a case report","",4,"\"A 32-year-old female patient with a BRCA2 mutation had undergone bilateral risk-reducing, nipple-sparing mastectomy for in situ ductal breast carcinoma followed by a prepectoral reconstruction. On the left side, the patient presented with dehiscence of 2.5cm with implant exposure 90 days after surgery. After an initial conservative approach, the patient's condition worsened, and she developed a larger dehiscence and a red breast. She was treated with implant removal. PBM of the cavity and the application of VeraFlo Therapy (3M, US) with a polyurethane-foam filling in the residual cavity were adopted. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated and appropriate antibiotic therapy was started. Every 48-72 hours, she returned to the operating room for a washout, PBM, microbiological swabs, foam exchange and continuing NPWT. After 21 days of this approach and two consecutive negative swabs, the patient underwent breast reconstruction with a subpectoral expander. After six months, a definitive implant of the same size as the contralateral one was positioned. The cosmetic result was good and patient satisfaction was high. \n\nThe combination of NPWT and PBM may represent a good solution in case of breast implant infection after prepectoral reconstruction with benefits in terms of surgical outcome, patient satisfaction and postoperative quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40047824/","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Breast: Implant infection",[]],["Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy compared to standard postoperative care on pain intensity and cesarean section wound healing in the immediate postoperative period: a randomized clinical trial","660",3,"\"A significant reduction in pain intensity was observed after the second application (mean difference [MD]: -1.4; 95% CI: -2.3 to - 0.5), as well as an improvement in overall wound healing quality (MD: 3.31; 95% CI: 3.19 to 3.43). \n\nDomain-specific analysis of the VSS revealed improvements in vascularity (MD: 1.0; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.03) and scar pliability (MD: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.15). \n\nNo significant differences were observed in global health perception or in the need for pharmacological analgesia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42342919/","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Cesarean section",[660]],["Evaluation of photobiomodulation effect on cesarean-sectioned wound healing: a clinical study","658, 660",3,"\"The post-cesarean follow-up indicates that the patients treated by the laser therapy (intervention group) encounter better recovery than the control group.\"\n\nComment: Quite atypically written paper, somewhat difficult to understand.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37526765/","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Cesarean section",[658,660]],["Low-level laser therapy improves pain in postcesarean section: a randomized clinical trial.","660",5,"\"The effect sizes for NRS in placebo and control groups were 0.11 and 0.43, respectively. Experimental I presented an effect size of 0.71, and for experimental II, it was 0.69.\"\n\n\"Algometry revealed an effect size of 0.26 and 0.27 for the placebo and control groups, respectively. The experimental I and experimental group II presented large effect sizes of 0.91 and 0.88 for algometry, respectively.\"\"\n\n\"This study suggests that LLLT was effective in relieving surgical wound pain after cesarean section.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31659541","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Cesarean section",[660]],["The Effect of Low-Level Laser on Postoperative Pain After Elective Cesarean Section","650, 804",5,"\"The results demonstrated significant reduction of pain in the laser group 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 hours after surgery, compared with the control group (P value < 0.05). Additionally, the average of total received analgesic in the group laser was less than the controls (P value = 0.006). The first request for analgesic in the laser received group was significantly longer than the controls (P value = 0.005).\"\n\n\"Low power laser therapy is a good method to reduce postoperative pain due to the fact that it is a safe and non-invasive method which is also accepted by patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30719420","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Cesarean section",[650,804]],["The stimulatory effect of laser on the physiological healing process of portio surface.","632",4,"\"One hundred patients with portio ectopium and without pathological epithelial phenomena have been treated with a low-power helium neon laser device, a product of the Hungarian firm MOM. \n\nIn 90 patients rapid epidermisation was observed within markedly shortened healing time. In the remaining ten patients regeneration was less rapid, but some degree of improvement was encountered in all cases. external cervical orifice, and in epidermisation of the surface of the ectopium. healing. \n\nVaginal pH was regularly checked throughout the treatment period. The improvement was expressed in the behaviour of the papillae, in closure of the Electron or light microscopy of the treated area was performed in 20 patients after The method has proved very promising in the outpatient treatment of ectopium.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7341894","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Cervix",[632]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Pain and Healing of Episiotomies and Grade 2 and 3 Perineal Lacerations After Vaginal Delivery: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study","808",4,"\"After PSM matching, a mean difference in NPS scores of 1.6761 (standard error = 0.4379) was observed between the group submitted to two laser sessions and the no-laser group, indicating a statistically significant difference (F = 14.65; Pr = 0.000191). A significant decrease in NPS scores was observed with ANOVA before and after each PBM application (p < 0.05), over the three days of follow-up.\"\n\n\"Regarding the REEDA scale, the preliminary results indicate a trend toward lower scores (better outcomes) in the laser group, an effect that larger studies could confirm.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41892840/","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Childbirth",[808]],["Comparison of photobiomodulation with cryotherapy in the immediate postpartum period of parturients with grade I, grade II lacerations and/or episiotomy in reducing perineal and vulvar and edema: A randomized clinical trial","",5,"\"Patients who received photobiomodulation showed superior improvement compared to cryotherapy. In the immediate postpartum period, there was a greater reduction in pain in favor of photobiomodulation (p = 0.008); and after 24 h, the difference was even more significant (p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39167877/","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Childbirth",[]],["A randomised clinical trial of the effect of low-level laser therapy for perineal pain and healing after episiotomy: a pilot study.","660",2,"\"This pilot study showed that LLLT did not accelerate episiotomy healing. Although there was a reduction in perineal pain mean scores in the experimental group, we cannot conclude that the laser relieved perineal pain. This study led to the suggestion of a new research proposal involving another irradiation protocol to evaluate LLLT's effect on perineal pain relief.\"\n\nComment: Quite a low dose was used.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982202","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Childbirth",[660]],["The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Analgesia During Childbirth: A Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial","660, 850",4,"\"There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in pain reduction evidenced by a millimetric visual scale, before and after application on G1-LED (7.92 ± 1.78). Regarding the other variables, there was no statistical difference between the groups when comparing fetal well-being, Apgar score and labor duration.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760671/","PubMed",26,"Reproductive system","Childbirth",[660,850]],["Comparative Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture in Women With Dysmenorrhea and Autonomic Imbalance: A Pilot Randomized-Controlled Trial","810",4,"\"This pilot study showed both LLLA and EA effectively relieve dysmenorrhea without a placebo effect, LLLA is noninferior to EA in autonomic dysfunction, and the effect is even more prominent in low LF/HF status (a relatively lower energy status).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41179650/","PubMed",48,"Reproductive system","Dysmenorrhea",[810]],["Metabolomic study combined with the low-level light therapy of Chinese acupuncture points and combined oral contraceptives in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: A prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study","630",3,"\"LLLT and COC might relieve dysmenorrhea by down-regulating PGD2, and LLLT might also relieve dysmenorrhea by up-regulating biliverdin. The level of cortisol and testosterone glucuronide after LLLT treatment was lower than that after COC treatment, which might lead to the difference in the clinical efficacy of the two treatments for dysmenorrhea.\"\n\nComment: The PLS-DA analysis may be inappropriate for metabolomics.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36915513/","PubMed",48,"Reproductive system","Dysmenorrhea",[630]],["Comparative evaluation of low-level light therapy and ethinyl estradiol and desogestrel combined oral contraceptive for clinical efficacy and regulation of serum biochemical parameters in primary dysmenorrhoea: a prospective randomised multicentre trial","",3,"\"A more significant reduction in pain scores was observed in the DSG/EE group (39.25% vs. 59.52%, p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"Low-level light therapy with LED-based device applied on acupuncture points CV4 and CV6 demonstrated a similar level of dysmenorrhoea pain reduction to DSG/EE combined contraceptive.\"\n\nComment: No negative control group","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35028764/","PubMed",48,"Reproductive system","Dysmenorrhea",[]],["Pulsed high-intensity laser therapy versus low level laser therapy in the management of primary dysmenorrhea","1064",4,"\"Comparison between the two groups showed a statistically non-significant difference in the severity of pain and pain alleviation at the end of the treatment course.\"\n\n\"Both pulsed HILT and LLLT are effective in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, with no significant differences between the two modalities.\"\n\nComment: No placebo/control group.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34539076/","PubMed",48,"Reproductive system","Dysmenorrhea",[1064]],["High-intensity laser therapy versus pulsed electromagnetic field in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.","1064",4,"\"Both HILT and PEMF are effective in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with HILT being superior to PEMF.\"\n\nComment: No placebo/control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184281","PubMed",48,"Reproductive system","Dysmenorrhea",[1064]],["Randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of self-adhesive low-level light therapy in women with primary dysmenorrhea.","610",5,"\"At the final study visit, the reduction in scores using a visual analog scale was significantly greater in patients who received low-level light therapy (n=41; 4.34±2.22) than among those in the control group (n=38; 1.79±1.73; P<0.001 when adjusted for age) No serious adverse events occurred.\"\n\n\"There was significantly less use of analgesia in the experimental group than in the control group (P = 0.031).\"\n\nComment: The parameters are quite poorly reported... Also, strangely, according to the paper, the \"power consumption\" was 0.9 watts (900mW). It seems likely that power output was much lower, if the beam size is small and the light intensity is also quite low (0.0018 W/cm2).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797192","PubMed",48,"Reproductive system","Dysmenorrhea",[610]],["Skin adhesive low-level light therapy for dysmenorrhoea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial.","610",5,"\"The pain reduction rate was 83 % in the active LLLT group, whereas there was only a slight and temporary reduction in pain in the placebo LLLT group. Changes of VAS within 6 months of LLLT showed statistical significance (p = 0.001) over placebo control.\"\n\n\"In conclusion, this study supported our hypothesis that the direct cause of dysmenorrhoea might not be changes in bioactive substances, such as hormone imbalance, a decrease in serotonin levels or excessive prostaglandin production, but the abnormal function of parts of smooth muscles in the uterus secondary to long-term deficient blood supply into smooth muscle tissue caused by disease or stress. This study also suggests that skin adhesive LLLT administered to acupuncture points might be an effective, simple, safe non-pharmacological method for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea. This study also shows the possibility that even low-level light stimulation on acupuncture points can relax smooth muscles of internal organs through meridians.\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the treatment of dysmenorrhoea with skin adhesive LLLT administered to acupuncture points.\"\n\nComment: It is difficult to interpret how many 5-day treatment cycles patients received during the 5-month study period.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22648444","PubMed",48,"Reproductive system","Dysmenorrhea",[610]],["Evaluation of Vibradiofotology Technology using the ERECTOFIX Device in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Pilot Study","630",5,"\"The intervention group showed a significant improvement in each domain of the IIEF score compared to the control group. \n\nThe erectile function showed a significantly greater increase in IIEF scores in the intervention group (19.59±5.57) compared to the control group (7.39±2.23; P<0.001). \n\nFurthermore, significant improvements were observed in orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction in the intervention group.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789274/","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Erectile function",[630]],["Using the International Index of Erectile Function-15 in Comparative Analysis Between Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation of the Pudendal Nerve and Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction After COVID-19","904",5,"\"Both LLLT and TENS had a significant effect in improving erectile function, of 38% (p ≤ 0.01) and 27% (p ≤ 0.01), respectively. The improvement in erectile function after LLLT was higher than after TENS by 8.2% (p ≤ 0.05), but the combination of these methods exceeds the result of using LLLT alone by 20% (p ≤ 0.01).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41303228/","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Erectile function",[904]],["Efficacy and safety of combined high-dose interferon and red light therapy for the treatment of human papillomavirus and associated vaginitis and cervicitis: A prospective and randomized clinical study.","625",5,"\"We found that the cure rates for vaginitis and cervicitis were significantly higher when red light therapy was added to high-dose IFN, suggesting potentially additive effects of the red light on the immune microenvironment\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30213012","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","HPV (human papillomavirus)",[625]],["The Efficacy of Multiwavelength Red and Near-Infrared Transdermal Photobiomodulation Light Therapy in Enhancing Female Fertility Outcomes and Improving Reproductive Health: A Prospective Case Series with 9-Month Follow-Up","660, 810, 850, 880, 940",4,"\"Methods: Case series of three female subjects with unexplained age-related infertility issues, which included a failure to conceive naturally beyond two years, multiple miscarriages, molar pregnancy, non-viable embryos from IVF cycles, and failure to complete successful implantation of viable pre-implantation genetic tested (PGT-A) embryos. In each case, previous conditions were recorded and then compared with outcomes after the patient received a course of PBM treatments. In every case, fertility outcomes improved. Three cases resulted in a full-term pregnancy and the birth of a healthy baby. PBM treatments were given at weekly and/or at two-week intervals using IR and NIR wavelengths between 600 nm and 1000 nm in the lead up to natural conception, IVF oocyte retrieval, blastocyst/embryo implantation, and/or the production of viable embryos. \n\nResults: In every case, fertility outcomes improved. Improvements in reproductive health outcomes in each case give reason to suggest that PBM may help to improve unexplained age-related infertility.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39685560/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Infertility",[660,810,850,880,940]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy for Improvement of In Vitro Fertilization Outcomes in Patients with Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial","850",2,"\"The irradiation sessions were conducted transabdominal on the hypogastric area.\"\n\n\"There was no significant difference in basic characteristics between the group undergoing laser treatment and the control group. However, the laser-treated group exhibited elevated rates of both biochemical and clinical pregnancies compared to the control group (46.7% vs. 33.3%; P==0.710 and 33.3% vs. 20.0%; P=0.682 respectively).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39051002/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Infertility",[850]],["Laser irradiation pretreatment improves endometrial preparation of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in recurrent implantation failure patients.","633",2,"\"The clinical pregnancy rate (37.9%) and implantation rate (20.3%) were higher in the laser-treatment group than in the control group (35.5% and 15.9%, respectively, p = .844 and .518, respectively).\n\nThe live birth rate was higher in the laser-treatment group (27.6% vs. 25.8%, respectively, p = .876) and the miscarriage rate was lower in the laser-treatment group (18.2% and 27.3%, respectively, p = .611).\n\nNo side effects or complications from laser irradiation were encountered in patients who received the laser treatment.\"\n\nComment: Lack of randomization brings selection bias to the study.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31928249","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Infertility",[633]],["Personal Overview of the Application of LLLT in Severely Infertile Japanese Females.","830",4,"\"Seventy-four females (average age 39.28 yr) with severe infertility in whom assisted reproductive technology (ART) had been unsuccessful (average of 9.13 yr) participated in the first part of a study from October 1996 - April 2000. LLLT was applied (830 nm, CW, GaAlAs 60 mW diode LLLT) in Ohshiro's proximal priority technique (average 21.08 sessions) with or without other ART approaches. Based on successful outcomes, the study was then extended to March 2012, amassing a final total of 701 patients.\"\n\n\"Pregnancy was achieved in the first part of the trial in 16 patients (21.7% of 74) of whom 11 (68%) achieved successful live delivery. In the extended trial, pregnancy was achieved in 156 (22.3% of 701) with 79 live deliveries (50.1%).\"\n\n\"The use of 830 nm LLLT in the proximal priority technique at the parameters used in the present study, on its own or as an adjunct to other techniques, resulted in successful induction of pregnancy in just over 21% of severely infertile females, with a substantial number of these achieving live births. No adverse events were noted in any patient. LLLT is a pain-free and sideeffect free modality which could give hope to the increasing numbers of older females with infertility in Japan and potentially worldwide. Multinational studies are warranted.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24610987","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Infertility",[830]],["The possible application of low reactive level laser therapy (lllt) in the treatment of male infertility","633, 904",3,"\"Four azoospermic and 16 oligospemiic male patients were treated with a 6mW He-Ne/2.5 mW pulsed GaAs diode laser with a dose of 1.3 J/cm2. Although no improvement was noted in the azoespermic subjects, the sperm count increased from 2 to 5 times in the oligospermic subjects. In addition. ejaculation of abnormal spermatozoa decreased in several subjects. Libido also increased in 15 of the 20 patients. From these findings it was concluded that LLLT offers a possible treatment for the oligospermic patient. particularly for the subfertile.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/1/1/1_89-OR-07/_article","J-STAGE",81,"Reproductive system","Infertility",[633,904]],["Could Photobiomodulation help lactating women and their newborns?","660",4,"\"We concluded that PBM was more effective in decreasing nipple pain, inflammation and subsequently milk production and infant weight than topical anti-inflammatory creams.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39046567/","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Lactation",[660]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy versus Electroacupuncture on Postnatal Scanty Milk Secretion: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","633",3,"\"The mean serum prolactin, infant weight, and visual analog scale (VAS) score were significantly increased in the three groups posttreatment when compared with their corresponding levels pretreatment. \n\nPosttreatment serum prolactin was significantly elevated in [electroacupuncture group] more than the other two groups (p = 0.001 and 0.012, respectively). Also, it was significantly elevated in [He-Ne laser group] more than in [control group] (p = 0.001). The mean value of infant weight was significantly elevated in [electroacupuncture group] when compared with its corresponding values in both [control group] (p = 0.001) and [He-Ne laser group] (p = 0.029). The VAS score was significantly increased in [He-Ne laser and electroacupuncture groups] when compared with [control group] (p = 0.001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31327162","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Lactation",[633]],["The application of low-level laser therapy after cesarean section does not compromise blood prolactin levels and lactation status.","650, 980, 650",3,"\"Although there was a difference between blood prolactin levels in the two groups, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.205). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean lymphocyte counts and number of vessel lumina, with higher numbers seen in the LLLT group.\"\n\n\"LLLT after cesarean section has no serious deleterious effects on lactation, and it helps to modulate metabolic processes and thus promotes wound healing post-surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405857","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Lactation",[650,980,650]],["Low-level laser therapy for breastfeeding women with nipple pain in the early postpartum period: a randomized controlled trial","660, 808",5,"\"We found a significant reduction in pain in the experimental group, with relief observed 30 min (p = 0.0439) after the LLLT application. Pain diary analyses indicated that, compared to the sham group, the experimental group reported lower pain intensity at 1h (p = 0.0485), 6h (p = 0.0194), 12h (p = 0.0033), and 7 days after the intervention (p = 0.0085). \n\nThere was no significant difference in the level of satisfaction between groups (p = 0.652), and no adverse effects were identified.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41740971/","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Nipple trauma",[660,808]],["Low level laser therapy for breastfeeding problems.","",3,"\"There are a limited number of effective therapies available to support healing of damaged nipples during lactation. Low level laser therapy is a painless treatment, which appears to accelerate wound healing and ease pain. \n\nWe present two case studies, which demonstrate the use of low level laser therapy in clinical practice.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29211392","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Nipple trauma",[]],["Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Relieving Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Women: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial.","660",4,"\"The intervention group experienced a decrease of 2.0 centimeters in intensity of pain (p = .016) 24 hours after the first intervention and also presented lower levels of pain compared with the control group. \n\nLow-level laser therapy was considered effective for treating nipple lesions in breastfeeding women with pain, providing relief and prolonging exclusive breastfeeding. More clinical trials with different laser dosimetry and parameters are necessary to optimize laser therapy protocols for breastfeeding women.\"\n\nComment: The difference between the groups is modest at best.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27363734","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Nipple trauma",[660]],["LED phototherapy improves healing of nipple trauma: a pilot study.","860",4,"\"A significant difference between the experimental and control groups was observed for the healing of nipple lesions (p<0.001). The pain intensity was significantly reduced only in the experimental group (p<0.001).\"\n\n\"Preliminary results demonstrated the prototype apparatus for LED phototherapy to be an effective tool in accelerating the healing of nipple trauma.\"\n\nComment: The baseline pain was higher in LED phototherapy group, so the reductions are difficult to compare.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22283620","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Nipple trauma",[860]],["Use of soft laser in the therapy of sore nipples in breastfeeding women. [Abstract]","780",4,"\"The mean number of treatment sessions was 6.92 (SD 3.72). The mean pain value was 9.17 (SD 0.89) in the beginning and 1.95 (SD0.76) at the last visit (...) 28 mothers went on breastfeeding, 2 were not sure, 1 mother quit.\"\n\nComment: There was no control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11065120","PubMed",77,"Reproductive system","Nipple trauma",[780]],["630 nm LED phototherapy enhances ovarian function and fertility potential in advanced reproductive age females","630, 850, 630",4,"\"Our findings demonstrated that daily exposure (5 min/day for 15 days) to 630 nm, but not 850 nm, significantly increased serum AMH levels, pregnancy rates, and litter sizes in ARA mice (Figure 2).\"\n\n\"In contrast, the pregnancy rate and average litter size of ARA mice receiving 850 nm LED phototherapy were comparable to those of untreated ARA controls, indicating no significant improvement (Figure 2e,f).\"\n\n\"In this single‐arm interventional trial, 10 women aged 20–45 years with DOR, diagnosed based on the Bologna criteria, received daily 630 nm LED phototherapy prior to their subsequent IVF/ICSI cycle (Figure 7f). At baseline, the median age was 36 years (IQR 33–41), with a median AFC of 2 (IQR 1–5) and AMH level of 0.7 ng/mL (IQR 0.2–0.8) (Figure 7g). After treatment, AFC significantly increased from a median of 2 (IQR 1–5) to 6 (2–7, p = 0.011), and oocyte yield showed a non‐significant tendency to increase from 2 (1–5) to 5 (2–7, p = 0.083), suggesting enhanced ovarian reserve (Figure 7h).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42272970/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Ovary",[630,850,630]],["Intravascular Laser Blood Irradiation (ILIB) Enhances Antioxidant Activity and Energy Metabolism in Aging Ovaries","633",3,"\"The analysis of gene expression patterns revealed intriguing findings in ILIB-treated patients compared to the untreated group. Notably, ILIB treatment resulted in significant upregulation of oxeiptosis-related genes AIFM1 and NRF2, suggesting a potential protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death. Furthermore, ILIB treatment led to a downregulation of glycolysis-associated gene hexokinase 2 (HK2), indicating a shift away from anaerobic metabolism, along with an increase in PDHA levels, indicative of enhanced mitochondrial function. Consistent with these changes, ILIB-treated patients exhibited elevated expression of the key TCA cycle genes citrate synthase (CS), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), and fumarate hydratase (FH), signifying improved energy metabolism.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929772/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Ovary",[633]],["Penile anesthesia in Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction (PSSD) responds to low-power laser irradiation: a case study and hypothesis about the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels.","",3,"\"We report on a male patient who presented with a history of reversible loss of smell, taste and skin sensitivity occurring within a week after start of 20mg/day paroxetine-hemihydrate for a depressive period. Concurrently, patient suffered from penile anesthesia, scrotum hypesthesia, anejaculation and erectile difficulties with normal sexual desire. During 2.5 years of paroxetine treatment and throughout 2 years after paroxetine discontinuation, genital and sexual complaints persisted. Penile anesthesia was treated by LPLI with single and multi diode pulsed laser probes. After 20 LPLI-treatment sessions of 15min each, patient reported partial return of penile touch and temperature sensation. Clinical improvement of glans penis sensitivity was reported to 20% and 40%, compared to pre-paroxetine treatment penile sensitivity during erect and flaccid states, respectively. However, anejaculation and erectile difficulties remained unchanged. Briefly, in the current patient with early onset of PSSD, LPLI treatment reduced paroxetine-induced penile anesthesia.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25483212","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Penile anesthesia",[]],["Low-intensity laser diode plus extracorporeal shock wave therapy: a new treatment strategy in the management of Peyronie's disease","980",4,"\"Three months after the treatment in G2 pain in an erection or during intercourse was resolved completely in 78.6% of the patients, whereas in 55.8% cases of G1 (p < 0.003). G2 patients had a reduction of curvature degree after the 3 months treatment (p < 0.002). However, mean plaque size decreased in both groups without statistically differences with baseline values.\"\n\n\"This study demonstrates an interesting therapeutic strategy when combined to the synergistic action of a shock wave therapy with low-intensity laser therapy on the stable plaques with significant benefits in terms of pain perception, penile curvature and sexual activity.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were inadequately reported. I assume the authors are generally not very familiar with PBM.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37490060/","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Peyronie's disease",[980]],["New approach in the application of the helium-neonlaser in acupuncture therapy for prostatitis: a clinical study involving 114 cases","633",4,"\"This new method was based on the combination of both the biological effects of laser radiation of the human body and the therapeutic action of traditional Chinese needle acupuncture. The new method has been shown to be safe, effective. and simple to apply, The cure rate was 55.3 per cent, with a total effective rate of 99.1 per cent. This new modality may well improve the treatment of this and other diseases. and may service to stimulate the development of the combination of laser and traditional acupuncture.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/1/1/1_89-OR-05/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",80,"Reproductive system","Prostate gland",[633]],["Photobiomodulation for hormone therapy-induced sexual dysfunction in women with breast cancer: a prospective quasi-experimental clinical study with a parallel observational group","440, 660",4,"\"After four PBM sessions, 79.1% of the women reported complete absence of pain, with mean VAS scores decreasing from 9.46 ± 0.98 to 1.04 ± 2.17 (p < 0.0001). Sexual function also improved significantly, with mean QS-F scores increasing from 23.25 ± 23.47 to 87.21 ± 17.93 (p < 0.0001), and 95.8% of participants reporting good to excellent sexual function after treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228167/","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Sexual dysfunction",[440,660]],["Effects of transcranial photobiomodulation with near-infrared light on sexual dysfunction.","823",4,"\"The mean improvement in sexual function (decrease in SAFTEE sex total score) in subjects receiving t-PBM in NIR-mode was significantly greater than in subjects receiving sham-mode in the whole sample (NIR [n = 9] -2.55 ± 1.88 vs. sham [n = 11] -0.45 ± 1.21; z = 2.548, P = 0.011]) and in the completers (NIR [n = 5] -3.4 ± 1.95 vs. sham [n = 7] -0.14 ± 1.21; z = 2.576, P = 0.010]).\"\n\n\"This exploratory study with a small sample size indicates that repeated sessions of NIR t-PBM may be associated with therapeutic effects on sexual dysfunction. The latter appeared unrelated to the antidepressant effect of t-PBM in our cohort.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30221776","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Sexual dysfunction",[823]],["Combining photobiomodulation and naringenin for treatment of asthenozoospermia: A promising therapeutic approach","630, 810",4,"\"The combination of NIR (1.2 J/cm²) and NAR (10 µmol/L) significantly improved PSM and reduced DNA fragmentation, making it a promising approach for managing AZS.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40767943/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Sperm",[630,810]],["Efficacy and Safety of Visible and Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation Therapy on Astenospermic Human Sperm: Wavelength-Dependent Regulation of Nitric Oxide Levels and Mitochondrial Energetics","450, 635, 810, 940, 1064",3,"\"The results show that the PBM modulates the energetic status of spermatozoa in a way dependent on wavelength and dose. \n\nIrradiation at 810 nm produced the most marked improvement in energetic status, whereas 635 nm exposure led to a significant decrease in cellular energy levels. \n\nNO levels showed a biphasic response, correlated with the visible range and with energy metabolism at 810 nm. \n\nIrradiation with 635 nm induced higher NO production with respect to the other wavelengths. \n\nOur findings suggest that PBM mainly involves mitochondrial photoreceptors and potentially the heme and flavin groups of nitric oxide synthases, facilitating electron transitions, enhancing the effectiveness of oxidative phosphorylation, and optimizing enzymatic activity. At longer wavelengths (940 nm and 1064 nm), interactions with water and lipids may introduce additional variables that affect membrane fluidity and mitochondrial function differently from shorter wavelengths.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40427680/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Sperm",[450,635,810,940,1064]],["The power of 810 nm near-infrared photobiomodulation therapy for human asthenozoospermia","810",4,"\"Asthenozoospermic samples displayed an impairment of 80% in oxygen consumption and ATP production and a slight inefficiency of oxidative phosphorylation compared to normozoospermic samples (p < 0.001). 1 W-PBM partially restored the functionality of aerobic metabolism (p < 0.001) by recovery of oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. PBM did not affect lactate dehydrogenase (glycolysis pathway). No irradiated samples increased accumulated malondialdehyde, a marker of lipidic peroxidation. In conclusion, \n\nPBM improves progressive motility in asthenozoospermia through increased mitochondrial energetic metabolism without harmful oxidative stress.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39501019/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Sperm",[810]],["Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on human sperm function","650",4,"\"Sperm motilities were significantly increased in photobiomodulation groups compared with the controls. Sperm motilities tended to be different between the 30 and 60min red light exposure groups; however, it was not statistically significant. When the motility grades were compared, no significant difference was observed in non-progressive motility sperms. While immotile sperms decreased significantly in the photobiomodulation groups compared to the control group, progressive sperms increased.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36610824/","PubMed",81,"Reproductive system","Sperm",[650]],["Influence of Low-Level Laser Irradiation of the Red and Infrared Spectral Range for Treating Chronic Testicular Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial","650, 820",5,"\"There was a significant reduction in the pain score in the two groups of the low-level laser group with red (650 nm, 50 mW) and the low-level laser group with Infrared (820 nm, 100 mW) spectra compared with the control, at 6 and 12 weeks after the treatment (P<0.05). Also, the level of sexual satisfaction in the two groups of low-power laser with red and infrared spectra showed a significant improvement (P<0.05).\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were insufficiently reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39802911/","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Testicular pain",[650,820]],["Evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: A single-center prospective study","660",4,"\"Intravaginal 660-nm PBM is a well-tolerated, non-hormonal modality that may improve objective vaginal health and subjective symptoms in GSM. As an integrated therapeutic option, PBM may also improve GSM-related LUTS, suggesting potential relevance for geriatric patients with polypharmacy concerns.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42329990/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[660]],["Photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome in postmenopausal women - a placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial","808",4,"\"Results showed a significant reduction in urinary loss in the PBM group, with improved scores on the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form. While pelvic pressure and sexual function did not differ significantly, improvements in vaginal dryness and burning were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42060269/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[808]],["Safety and performance of photobiomodulation delivered by vaginal probe in patients with genitourinary syndrome of menopause","",4,"\"Significant improvements were found in pain during intercourse (7.65 [±1.95] before versus 3.89 [±2.44] after, p > 0.0001) and in vaginal health according to the VHI score (12.68 [±4.20] before versus 17.63 [±4.35] after, p > 0.0001). According to the PGI-C score, most patients rated their condition as improved.\"\n\n\"Even when applying a broad definition for adverse events, these preliminary data suggested that PBMT using the MILTA GYNECO vaginal probe was safe, with high patient satisfaction. The next step is to assess the efficacity of the medical device in a randomized trial.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41404945/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[]],["The efficacy of low-level laser therapy in alleviating genitourinary syndrome of menopause and stress urinary incontinence: the pilot study","660",4,"\"Significant improvements were observed in all VHI items for both groups. \n\nTotal scores for ICIQ-SF (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form), UDI-6 (Urogenital Distress Inventory-6), IIQ-7(Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7), USS (Urgency Severity Scale), and OABSS (Overactive Bladder Symptom Score) demonstrated significant enhancements in all women and specifically in the GSM group. \n\nIn the SUI group, USS and OABSS significantly improved, with more domains in KHQ (King's Health Questionnaire) showing improvement compared to the GSM group. \n\nIn the GSM group, lubrication, pain, and the total score of FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) improved significantly, while no significant enhancement in sexual function was observed in the SUI group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40486198/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[660]],["Blue light-emitting diode: a new adjuvant approach to conventional treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","415",2,"\"Phototherapy with a 415 ± 13.7 nm blue LED for 30 min demonstrated therapeutic potential as an adjunctive treatment for RVVC.\"\n\nComment: A small study. Mostly no difference between the groups (see Table 4).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40532775/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[415]],["Blue light-emitting diode therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a Brazilian report","",4,"\"Our study enrolled RVVC drug-resistant women (defined based on clinical non-response to standard azole therapies confirmed through culture or persistence of VVC symptoms (oedema, erythema, pruritus, burning, dysuria and leucorrhea)), who received ABL through 10 sessions for 20 min once a week from January 2023 to January 2024. The symptoms of Recurent VVC were assessed after 10 treatment sections and after 6 months.\"\n\n\"We included 62 patients. The overall symptoms improvement were 79% immediately after treatment and 58% after 6 months, respectively. There was an improvement in the symptoms of pruritus, burning, oedema, erythema and leucorrhoea.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825978/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[]],["Effect of blue light emitting diode therapy on recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A randomized assessor-blinded controlled trial","",4,"\"Blue LED therapy effectively reduces Candida count in women with recurrent VVC without adversely affecting the vaginal pH, highlighting its safety and efficacy as a treatment modality.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39223951/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[]],["Blue Light-Emitting Diode Therapy for Chronic Vulvovaginitis Symptoms: A Series of Cases","405",4,"\"All eight women reported improvement or cure of at least one characteristic sign or symptom of vulvovaginitis, and five showed improvement in total FSFI and WHOQOL-bref scores.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36395084/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[405]],["Use of intravaginal device based on photobiomodulation for the treatment of vaginal dryness: a pilot study","415, 660, 850",4,"\"Efficacy outcomes were: \n\n(1) vaginal tissue revascularization (34.6%); \n\n(2) reduction of dryness, stinging and dyspareunia measured using MBS (50%, 100%, and 50% respectively); \n\n(3) improvement of tissue characteristics using VHIS (16.1%); \n\n(4) mean amelioration of lubrication (94.6% [SD 8.7]) and pain (79.5% [SD 16.8])\n\none month after treatment\"","https://michelevignonde.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Milta-and-dryness.pdf","PDF",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[415,660,850]],["Blue light-emitting diode in healthy vaginal mucosa-a new therapeutic possibility.","401",2,"\"Oncotic cytology done before and after therapy showed that the composition of the microflora remained normal in all participants. Vaginal pH remained unchanged in eight of the women and had a reduction in one woman (5.0-4.0). No adverse effects were observed during or after illumination.\"\n\nComment: Shortly, no effects.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30406341","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[401]],["Multimodal vaginal toning for bladder symptoms and quality of life in stress urinary incontinence.","",4,"\"Treatment success was 84%, defined as >50% improvement in pad weight relative to baseline. In the PP population, mean UDI-6 score improved by 50% (p < 0.001) and IIQ-7 score improved by 69% (p < 0.001). Sexual function quality of life improved by 54% for FSDS-R and 15% for FSFI (both p < 0.001). Pelvic floor muscle strength significantly improved (p < 0.001). \n\nPatient satisfaction with therapy was reported in 83% of patients. In the safety population, 2 (3.6%) adverse events were reported-1 urinary tract infection and 1 report of discomfort due to excessive warmth.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28035444","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal mucosa",[]],["[Photobiomodulation and vulvovaginal disorders after anticancer treatments] [Article in French]","",4,"\"All patients had sexual dysfunction. Twenty-two patients received at least 6 sessions of photobiomodulation. Seventy-two percent (n=18) of patients felt better or much better after treatment (PGI-I≤2). The median improvement estimated by the patients was 65% (Q1=50%; Q3=72.5%). There was also a significant clinical improvement. No serious adverse events were reported. \n\nDue to the small number of patients in a heterogeneous population with no control group, we cannot extrapolate our results. However, the objective was to assess the status of these pathologies and the contribution of photobiomodulation in patients who have failed first-line treatment; and these results are encouraging.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37183056/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vaginal symptoms from cancer treatments",[]],["Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Orchialgia After Varicocelectomy Surgery","650, 820",4,"\"We concluded that the use of LLLT with red light (650 nm, 50 mW)/IR (820 nm, 100 mW) spectra with power of 6-25 J/cm2/day in 15 minutes, three times a week, for 12 sessions can significantly reduce pain and increase sexual satisfaction in these patients.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39193107/","PubMed",80,"Reproductive system","Varicocelectomy-related orchialgia",[650,820]],["Photobiomodulation therapy for the treatment of vulvar pain among those with provoked vestibulodynia: a randomized controlled trial","660, 840",3,"\"The PBM intervention resulted in greater reductions in vulvar pain than the sham intervention. \n\nHowever, patients did not perceive that the real-PBM was significantly better than the sham-PBM intervention, and the intervention did not impact psychological outcomes or sexual function.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39940084/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vestibulodynia",[660,840]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Provoked Vestibulodynia-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.","820",3,"\"Thirty-four patients with PVD participated, 18 received LLLT and 16 received placebo. In the clinical pain report at study completion, 14 of 18 patients (78%) receiving LLLT reported improvement compared with 7 of 16 (44%) in the placebo group (P = .042). This effect was not apparent in other outcome measurements. None of the patients reported side effects during the study. At 1-year follow-up, eight patients (57%) reported lasting improvement.\"\n\n\"Given the results of this pilot study, LLLT cannot currently be recommended as a treatment for PVD. Further studies with a larger population, various treatment protocols, and evaluation of LLLT in different subgroups of PVD are needed to define which patients can benefit from this therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970071","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vestibulodynia",[820]],["Low-level laser therapy: an efficient supplement to treatments of vulvar Lichen sclerosus to improve quality of life","808",4,"\"There was a statistically significant improvement in seven of the eight domains of the HRQoL test after ten LLLT. We found the results of DoloTest to be statistically significant in all of the groups except for smoking (p < 0.094).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38727718/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","vulvar Lichen sclerosus",[808]],["Efficacy and predictive criteria for success of photobiomodulation therapy in women presenting with vulvar and vaginal pain","626, 660",3,"\"The overall success rate was 52%.\"\n\n\"We observed a moderate success rate associated with PBM/LLT in women presenting with vulvar and vaginal pain. Multivariate analysis revealed no predictive factor for success.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41786091/","PubMed",46,"Reproductive system","Vulvar pain / vaginal pain",[626,660]],["Efficacy of Using Photobiomodulation Therapy in Allergic Rhinitis: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"PBMT contributed to significant improvements in various nasal and respiratory parameters. The peak nasal inspiratory flow demonstrated significant improvement (p < 0.001), and the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale indicated notable enhancement in nasal obstruction (p = 0.048). \n\nAdditionally, the Rhinitis Control Assessment Test reflected significant symptom improvement over the past week (p = 0.035). \n\nHowever, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test showed no significant change in olfactory function (p = 0.251).\"\n\nComment: A letter was published by Yadav & Yadav in 2025: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alr.70005 \n\nComment 2: A response was published by the authors: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40758285/","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39828891/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Twenty cases of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis treated with LumiMed® Nasal Device","",4,"\"The results from these case studies indicated that of the 20 patients in this case study, 100% of patients experienced improvement in overall Total Nasal Symptom Score after using LumiMed Nasal Device. Of those patients, 40% brought their Total Nasal Symptom Score down to 0. Furthermore, 95% felt the LumiMed Nasal Device was comfortable to use, while 85% of patients felt the LumiMed Nasal Device was easy to use.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37312188/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Treatment Effect of Phototherapy with Low-Level Energy in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: A Single-Arm Observational Study","660, 940",4,"\"Low-power (5 mW) light irradiation (660 nm red light and 940 nm infrared) was effective in improving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. In addition, symptom improvement became clear approximately a week after use. Further studies are required to reach a definitive conclusion.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36837427/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[660,940]],["Effects of Combined Visible and Infrared Light Rhinophototherapy in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis","",4,"\"Symptom scores including nasal itching, nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, sneezing, eye itching, throat itching, and ear itching all statistically decreased compared to baseline at the end of 4 weeks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36266929/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Intranasal low-level laser therapy versus acupuncture treatment for allergic rhinitis: A randomized, noninferiority trial: Intranasal low-level laser therapy versus acupuncture in allergic rhinitis: A noninferiority trial","650",4,"\"Both low-level laser therapy and acupuncture treatment gradually improved the total nasal symptom score, Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire score and nasal endoscopy index in allergic rhinitis.\"\n\n\"This study showed that intranasal LLLT is noninferior compared to  [acupuncture] in terms of the TNSS; thus, it may be used as an alternative or adjunctive treatment option for relieving symptoms of AR.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35246396/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[650]],["Effect of rhinophototherapy on nasal congestion in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis","",4,"\"Our study shows that adding intranasal phototherapy with a combination of UVA, UVB and visible light therapy to nasal beclomethasone dipropionate treatment objectively improves nasal patency in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34028460/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","670, 830",5,"\"The LLLT group showed a significantly improved TNSS score compared to the sham treatment group for decreasing AR symptom severity (p = 0.011) and improving quality of life regarding nasal symptoms (p = 0.036) at the end of treatment. Throughout the treatment period, no severe adverse events occurred.\n\nThis clinical trial showed that LLLT is an effective and safe option for the management of AR regarding symptom relief and quality of life improvement.\"\n\nComment: Was the blinding successful? The other group received visible red light.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33671931/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[670,830]],["Study on the effect of phototherapy for inhibition of symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.","660, 940",5,"\"The TNSS showed that there was little change in the intensity of symptoms scored at the baseline and at the final study visit for participants in the placebo group (p = 0.09492); with only a slight change in numbers at each intensity level. The difference in the intensity of all symptoms scored at the baseline and at the final visit for the group using the photoperiod device was significantly lower (p = 0.00024***) (table IVb) with a reduction in the intensity of symptoms (table V).\"\n\n\"The difference in the intensity of symptoms scored at the baseline, and at the final visit for the group using the photoperiod device was significantly lower. The device could potentially help improve the quality of life for allergy sufferers. Phototherapy may be suitable for sufferers either as a replacement therapy or used alongside traditional medication.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31594294","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[660,940]],["Assessment of Allergic Rhinitis among Children after Low-Level Laser Therapy","904",4,"\"There was a significant improvement in the severity score symptoms in both groups through and by the end of the study.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31406538/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[904]],["Histological Impact of Rhinophototherapy Compared to Intranasal Corticosteroids on Inflammatory Cells and Nasal Mucosa in Allergic Rhinitis","",3,"\"There is no significant difference in inflammatory cells of inferior turbinate mucosa and mucosal damage between RPT and INCS. RPT is a safe and suitable short-term alternative (2 weeks) for AR patients who are contraindicated for or unable to tolerate INCS.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41501617/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Effect of Red Light Rhinophototherapy on Nasal Patency in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis.","660",2,"\"All rhinitis symptoms, including nasal congestion, significantly improved 30 minutes after a single RLRPT treatment, but worsened again, particularly for sneezing, 2 days later. Nasal resistance slightly decreased 30 minutes after RLRPT. \n\nThe first minimal cross-sectional area did not change after RLRPT, but the second minimal cross-sectional area with the volume of the nasal cavity between 2.0 and 5.0 cm from the tip of the nosepiece significantly lessened.\"\n\n\"This study showed that RLRPL did not objectively improve patient's nasal patency.\"\n\n\"The improvement of rhinitis symptoms after RLRPT may have been affected by placebo-effects\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30647740","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[660]],["Rhinophototherapy in persistent allergic rhinitis.","",5,"\"All nasal symptom scores and nasal inspiratory peak flow measurements improved significantly in the Rhinolight® group relative to the placebo group and this finding persisted after 4 weeks of follow-up. The smell and mucociliary functions did not change significantly in either group. The number of ICAM-1 positive cells decreased non-significantly in the Rhinolight® group. No severe side-effects were reported during the treatment period. \n\nThese results suggest that Rhinolight® treatment is safe and effective in persistent allergic rhinitis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864672","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Short Time Efficiency of Rhinophototherapy in Management of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Resistant to Medical Therapy.","",5,"\"We found out that phototherapy in the treatment group in comparison with placebo was effective in treatment of AR (p-value <0.001). However, we recommend that for substantiation of the claim, further investigations are still required.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27921413","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Comparative study in the management of allergic rhinitis in children using LED phototherapy and laser acupuncture","660",4,"\"There was a significant improvement in the severity score symptoms in both groups through and by the end of the follow up period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23394792/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[660]],["A comparative pilot study of symptom improvement before and after phototherapy in Korean patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.","650",4,"Improvement of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching in 68% of the patients.\n\n\"The overall RQLQ scores significantly improved by 45% from the baseline with the treatment after 4 weeks.\"\n\n\"These results indicate that phototherapy is an effective modality for treating perennial allergic rhinitis and is another option in the steroid-free management of immune-mediated mucosal diseases.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23253070/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[650]],["Intranasal phototherapy versus azelastine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.","",4,"\"The study demonstrated that both azelastine and intranasal phototherapy are able to significantly improve TNSS, including individual nasal symptoms. Nevertheless, phototherapy reduced nasal obstruction better than azelastine (p=0.038). Both treatments were highly effective in improving RQLQ scores overall and in seven separate domains.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228884","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Effects of rhinophototherapy on quality of life in persistant allergic rhinitis.","",4,"\"Improvements of all variables of the quality of life questionnaire, nasal symptom scores and VAS were statistically significant in the second group both on the first and the third months when compared with the first group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23799163","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Effects of intranasal phototherapy on nasal microbial flora in patients with allergic rhinitis.","",4,"\"The scores of all total nasal symptoms (TNSS) (nasal obstruction, nasal pruritus, nasal discharge and sneezing) decreased significantly after intranasal phototherapy (p< 0.0001).\"\n\n\"The detected proliferation of bacteria in all positive cultures was not statistically different before and after treatments (Figure 1).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893813","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Endonasal phototherapy significantly alleviates symptoms of allergic rhinitis, but has a limited impact on the nasal mucosal immune cells","",4,"\"All patients showed a significant clinical benefit post-treatment as assessed by standardised instruments, including total nasal symptom score, nasal congestion score, nasal itching score, sneezing score, nasal secretion score and impairment-to-health score.\n\nHowever, we found no significant morphological changes, to, or quantitative differences in, the CD1a+, CD4, CD8 or CD31 cells before and 14 days after treatment.\n\nDespite the positive clinical effect, the study revealed no effect of UV irradiation on the LC and other analysed cells of the nasal mucosa immune system. Possible reasons for this are discussed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20814689/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Intranasal phototherapy is more effective than fexofenadine hydrochloride in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: results of a pilot study.","",5,"\"In the rhinophototherapy group the individual scores significantly decreased compared with baseline for all of the parameters. In the fexofenadine HCl group none of the scores improved significantly at the end of the treatment except sneezing. TNS was significantly decreased in the rhinophototherapy group, but no significant change was observed in the fexofenadine HCl group after 2 weeks of treatment. \n\nIn conclusion, we found that intranasal phototherapy is more efficient than fexofenadine HCl in reducing clinical symptoms for SAR.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366599","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Phototherapy for allergic rhinitis: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study.","",5,"\"Total nasal scores decreased in both groups but the decrease was highly significant in the active treatment group when compared with the placebo (p < 0.001).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587541","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["The effects of phototherapy on quality of life in allergic rhinitis cases","",4,"\"We aimed to investigate the efficacy of phototherapy in improving the quality of life of patients with allergic rhinitis using Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, besides checking the total symptom scores of 100 consecutive cases.\n\nWhen the previous and after treatment data were compared, statistically significant differences were found in all quality of life variables (P < 0.001). These results suggest that phototherapy is an effective method to relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis and has a positive effect on the quality of life of allergic patients.\"\n\n\"Most evident improvements are in nasal symptoms, activity limitations and sleep parameters.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19626333/","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Pollen challenge study of a phototherapy device for reducing the symptoms of hay fever.","652, 940",3,"\"Significant reductions in severity of symptom scores were found for sneezing, running nose, running eyes and itchy mouth/palate (p < or = 0.05). No significant differences were found in the results for itchy eyes, itchy nose, itchy throat, ECPs, PIFn and PEFn. No adverse events occurred.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19476405","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[652,940]],["Nature Inspired Hay Fever Therapy","670",3,"In 2008 in the course of the facial rejuvenation routine all the characteristic symptoms of hay fever – very intense in previous years – disappeared in response to the daily WARP 10 irradiation.","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S167265290860178X","ScienceDirect",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[670]],["Effects of intranasal phototherapy on nasal mucosa in patients with allergic rhinitis.","",3,"\"Our results suggest that UV damage induced by intranasal phototherapy is efficiently repaired in nasal mucosa.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17997323","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Rhinophototherapy: a new therapeutic tool for the management of allergic rhinitis.","",5,"\"Rhinophototherapy was tolerated well and resulted in a significant improvement of clinical symptoms for sneezing (P < .016), rhinorrhea (P < .007), nasal itching (P < .014), and total nasal score (P < .004). None of the scores improved significantly in the control group. \"\n\nComment: Low dose visible light was used as control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15753902","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[]],["Self-organizing phenomena at membrane level and low-level laser therapy of rhinitis","630, 670",4,"\"The initial investigations with fiberoptic rhinoscope revealed a swollen, pale and edematous mucosa, with increased nasal sections, which may be watery to mucoid. At the end of LLLT, the symptoms of rhinitis like sneezing, nasal congestion, stuffy nose, mouth breathing, snoring - have disappeared and the aspect of nasal mucosa was normal. The results could be explained in the new scenario of self-organizing phenomena at membrane level. The physiological beneficial effects may be correlated and possibly explained by self-organizing paradigms. Our result warrant that LLL is a very good therapy modality for children suffering from allergic rhinitis.\"","https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/4166/1/Self-organizing-phenomena-at-membrane-level-and-low-level-laser/10.1117/12.389503.short","SPIE",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[630,670]],["Narrow-band red light phototherapy in perennial allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis.","660",4,"\"Allergic rhinitis, if uncomplicated by polyps or chronic sinusitis, can be effectively treated by narrow-band red light illumination of the nasal mucosa at 660 nm, with marked alleviation of clinical symptoms.\"\n\nComment: If I remember correctly, the sham group results in abstract contradict a little bit with the results presented in full text (improvement in 3% vs 21%).\n\nComment: The sham-controlling is suboptimal, since it's bright red light vs no light.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9109708","PubMed",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[660]],["Low reactive-level infrared diode laser irradiation of the area over the stellate ganglion, and stellate ganglion block in treatment of allergic rhinitis: A preliminary comparative study","830",4,"\"Thus a better efficacy was obtained in the SGL group in a shorter period with fewer treatment sessions required compared to the SGB group. SGL using the GaAlAs diode laser at the parameters used in the present study was therefore concluded to be effective as a therapy for allergic rhinitis, and offers the additional advantages of being painless and easy to apply, side effect free and well-tolerated by all ages of patient.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/8/2/8_2_159/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[830]],["The combination of low reactive-level laser therapy (lllt) and stellate ganglion block for the treatment of allergic rhinitis","830",4,"\"We have applied unilateral stellate ganglion block (SGB) and low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the contralateral stellate ganglion as a treatment for allergic rhinitis. At the early stage of treatment, a remarkable improvement in the patient's condition was recognized. It is suggested that this combination of low reactive-level laser therapy and stellate ganglion block treatment is effective from the point of minimizing side effects from SGB, for shortening the period of treatment duration and giving an overall better result than SGB alone. \"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/3/4_92-OR-13/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",45,"Respiratory system","Allergic rhinitis",[830]],["Effects of resistance training with/without Photobiomodulation on muscle and respiratory function in difficult-to-control asthma: a randomized trial","850",3,"\"Compared with RT alone, RT+LEDT produced greater post-treatment gains in 1RM strength across major muscle groups, along with significant improvements in oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold and shuttle walk test distance. \n\nNo between-group differences were observed in pulmonary function or asthma control.\"\n\nComment: Inadequate reporting of results. Also, the study was conducted more than 10 years before the publication of the paper.\n\nComment: A letter was published, see: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13354608/","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42059974/","PubMed",42,"Respiratory system","Asthma (/Exercise: resistance exercise)",[850]],["Improvement of asthma control after laser acupuncture and its impact on exhaled 8-isoprostane as an oxidative biomarker in chronic bronchial asthma","780",5,"\"The study revealed that, there was significant improvement with respect to asthma symptoms and ACQ score in LASER group after one month treatment compared to sham group. Also, the airway resistance and exhaled breath 8 isoprostane significantly improved in response to the laser therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31382164/","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Asthma",[780]],["Evaluation of the improvement effect of laser acupuncture biostimulation in asthmatic children by exhaled inflammatory biomarker level of nitric oxide.","780",5,"\"In the case (laser) group, 91.7 % of patients experienced an improvement in the level of asthma control versus 25 % in the control group (p < 0.001). This was associated with a significant decrease of the breath condensate FENO concentration (p < 0.001) and significant increase of spirometry parameters (p < 0.001) in the case (laser) group. Application of laser acupuncture treatment given with conventional therapy can effectively improve bronchial asthma more than prescription of medications alone could.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27709308","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Asthma",[780]],["Laser acupuncture in treatment of childhood bronchial asthma.","808",4,"\"Started with 36 patients suffering daytime and nocturnal symptoms, ended with two patients suffering nocturnal symptoms (p < 0.001). Also, 48 patients reported better exercise tolerance (p < 0.001). Forced expiratory volume in the first second, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow % increased from 81.8±25.2, 85.4±21.5, and 71.8±22.9 to 98.5±28.1, 104.3±26.2, and 84.3±24.1, respectively (p < 0.001). ACQ improved from 13.9±3.8 to 23.3±3.6 (p < 0.001), 92% of patients became well controlled. Inhaled steroids dose decreased from 200-450 to 0-200 μg/day and all patients stopped short acting B2 agonist (SABA) rescue (p < 0.01, 0.001).\"\n\n\"CONCLUSION: low-intensity laser acupuncture can be safe and effective treatment in asthmatic children.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843569","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Asthma",[808]],["Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy applied to respiratory muscles of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial.","630, 830",3,"\"No significant interactions were found for spirometric variables, maximal respiratory pressures, and cirtometry. \n\nHowever, there was a Time × Condition interaction (F = 18.63; p = 0.001; η2p = 0.62) in the walked distance on the 6MWT, with a significant increase after photobiomodulation intervention (p < 0.01) compared with the baseline.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31654154","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[630,830]],["Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) combining laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, and magnetic field in exercise capacity assessed by 6MST in patients with COPD: a crossover, randomized, and triple-blinded clinical trial","640, 875, 905",5,"\"PBMT/magnetic field applied before 6MST significantly increased the number of steps during the cardiopulmonary exercise test when compared to the results with placebo (129.8 ± 10.6 vs 116.1 ± 11.5, p = 0.000). \n\nPBMT/magnetic field treatment also led to a lower score for the perception of breathlessness (3.0 [1.0-7.0] vs 4.0 [2.0-8.0], p = 0.000) and lower limb fatigue (2.0 [0.0-5.0] vs 4.0 [0.0-7.0], p = 0.001) compared to that with placebo treatment. \n\nThis study showed that the combined application of PBMT and magnetic field increased the number of steps during the 6MST and decreased the sensation of dyspnea and lower limb fatigue in patients with COPD.\"\n\n\"Our findings do not elucidate if the contention of a magnetic field in the cluster device is a differential component for performance enhancement.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30255449","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[640,875,905]],["Low-level laser therapy in chronic obstructive lung disease","905",4,"\"Overall, 100% of laser patients showed improvement in mMRC scale by at least one grade versus 46% in control. In laser group, 6 min walk test was 24.4±10.4 before versus 52.9±14.7 m at the end of the study (P=0.001). In control, it was 32.4±14.9 versus 40.1±19.2, (P=0.003). No echocardiographic changes were noticed before versus after the study.\"\n\n\"Significant clinical improvement of 6 min walk test and mMRC scale grading after LLLT therapy was observed. No detrimental effects of LLLT on left ventricle or right ventricle functions or pulmonary artery systolic pressure were seen.\"\n\nComment: The authors used acupuncture points and they believe in meridians... The authors also write that the study is \"randomized\", but they did not allocate the patients randomly to the groups (instead they just chose the first 15 patients to intervention group). Also, the authors did not report how long they irradiated the patients or what was the dose of light.","https://ejb.springeropen.com/articles/10.4103/ejb.ejb_110_17","Springer",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[905]],["Immunomodulatory effects of two different physical therapy modalities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","904",4,"\"There was a reduction in the concentration of plasma IL-6 associated with an increase in CD4+/CD8+ ratio in both groups, but laser was superior to inspiratory muscle training. IL-6 and CD4+/CD8+ were negatively correlated.\"\n\n\"Both inspiratory muscle training and low level laser therapy are effective physical therapy modalities in promoting immune disturbances. The results also supported the superior role of LLLT over IMT in managing immune disturbances.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were very poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28931981","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[904]],["[Pathogenetic effects of low-intensity laser therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. [Article in Russian]","",3,"\"Laser therapy used in the combination treatment of patients with COPD promotes correction of the typical pathological processes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27030326","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[]],["Phototherapy with combination of super-pulsed laser and light-emitting diodes is beneficial in improvement of muscular performance (strength and muscular endurance), dyspnea, and fatigue sensation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","905, 875, 640",4,"\"Significant differences were also found for MVIC (104.8 ± 26.0 N · m vs. 87.2 ± 24.0 N · m, p = 0.000), sensation of dyspnea (1 [0-4] vs. 3 [0-6], p = 0.003), and fatigue in the lower limbs (2 [0-5] vs. 5 [0.5-9], p = 0.002) in favor of phototherapy.\n\nWe conclude that the combination of super-pulsed lasers and LEDs administered to the femoral quadriceps muscle of patients with COPD increased the PT by 20.2% and the TW by 12%. \n\nPhototherapy with a combination of super-pulsed lasers and LEDs prior to exercise also led to decreased sensation of dyspnea and fatigue in the lower limbs in patients with COPD.\"\n\nComment: The parameters are quite complex in this study - read the full text for further information.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25413975/","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[905,875,640]],["Acute effects of light emitting diodes therapy (LEDT) in muscle function during isometric exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial.","",4,"\"A single application of LEDT minimizes muscle fatigue and increases isometric endurance time.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743817","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[]],["[Low-intensity laser radiation in the combined treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. [Article in Russian]","",3,"\"Application of low-intensity laser radiation in combination with other therapeutic modalities for the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis accelerates elimination of clinical symptoms, increases its efficiency, promotes drainage function of the bronchi, facilitates normalization of the patient's immune status, and contributes to the optimization of lipid peroxidation processes.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19514298","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","COPD",[]],["Alleviation of Dyspnea Sensation by Phototherapy in Healthy Adults.","",5,"\"There were significant changes from baseline at R = 10 cm H2O/L/s (P = .007), R = 20 cm H2O/L/s (P = .005), and R = 30 cm H2O/L/s (P = .009). For each resistive load, the mean dyspnea sensation score was lower with stellate ganglion irradiation compared with sham irradiation, with significant differences (P = .003 at R = 0 cm H2O/L/s; P < .001 at R = 10, 20, 30 cm H2O/L/s). There was a significantly lower slope of the dyspnea response for the linear regression of the loads and Borg scores in the stellate ganglion irradiation versus sham treatment (P = .003).\"\n\n\"Stellate ganglion irradiation significantly alleviated dyspnea induced by an external inspiratory load in healthy adults. Stellate ganglion irradiation might be an option to treat dyspnea in some cases. Further studies in individuals with diverse types of dyspnea and clinical settings are warranted.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31113856","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Dyspnea",[]],["Open, prospective, multicenter study on postoperative intranasal phototherapy in nasal polyposis","",5,"\"We found that the recurrence of nasal polyps was significantly diminished, and based on video-endoscopic measurements, the size and grade of recurrent polyps were significantly smaller in the phototherapy-receiving group. Nasal obstruction values and NOSE were significantly better throughout the follow-up period in the mUV-VIS light-treated group than in the intranasal steroid monotreatment group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33547613/","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Nasal polyposis",[]],["Low-intensity diode laser combined with nasal glucocorticoids in the treatment of recurrent epistaxis in children: a randomized controlled trail","635",4,"\"After treatment, the effective rate of the Laser group in epistaxis (23/24, 95.8%) was higher than the Control group (16/20, 80%) (p < .05). The VAS scores of the children complicated with AR in the two groups both improved after treatment, however, the variation of VAS score (3.02 ± 1.50) in the Laser group was greater than the Control group (1.83 ± 1.56) (p < .05).\"\n\n\"As a safe and efficient method, Lid laser treatment can effectively alleviate epistaxis and inhibit symptoms of AR in children.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36803162/","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Nosebleed (epistaxis)",[635]],["The brain functional connectivity alterations in traumatic patients with olfactory disorder after low-level laser therapy demonstrated by fMRI","660",3,"\"Compared to controls, laser-treated patients showed increased activation in the cingulate, rectus gyrus, and some parts of the frontal gyrus. Shorter pathlength (p = 0.047) and increased local efficiency (p = 0.043) within the olfactory network, as well as decreased inter-network connectivity within the whole brain were observed in patients after laser surgery. Moreover, higher clustering and local efficiency were related to higher TDI score, as manifested in increased sensitivity to identify odors.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37533379/","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Olfactory dysfunction",[660]],["Effects of photobiomodulation by infrared LED-therapy on improving cardiopulmonary functions and hematologic parameters in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)","940",5,"\"The PBM adjunct to the conventional therapy improved the pulmonary recovery process and the clinical status, reduced respiratory symptoms, decreased hospital stay (9.3 vs 7.3 days) (p = 0.0015, g = -1.25), inducing an increase in peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) (88.3 to 98%) (p = 0.0001; g = 1.70), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) (-40 to -65.3 cmH2O) (p < 0.0001; g = -1.37), forced vital capacity (FVC) (62% to 80%) (p < 0.0021; g = 1.10), improvement in hematological data erythrocytes (3.51 to 5.54 mm3) (p = 0.0071; g = 1.69), hematocrit (32.60 to 39.14 %) (p = 0.0105; g = 0.66), and typical lymphocytes (40 to 31%) (p = 0.0120; g = -1.22), as well as, pulmonary auscultation (6.1 to 3.1 days) (p < 0.0001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42009264/","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Pneumonia",[940]],["Systemic Effects of Photobiomodulation on Blood Components in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia","940",5,"\"The phototherapy was performed with a vest with an array of 300 LEDs (940 nm) mounted on an area of 36 × 58 cm and positioned in the patient's anterior thoracic and abdominal regions. The total power was 6 W, with 15 min of irradiation time.\"\n\n\"There was a statistically significant recovery difference after treatment in the LED group compared with the CON group for erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, segmented and band neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes (p < 0.05).\n\nThe greatest differences between the LED and CON groups were lymphocyte count reduction (60% vs. 16%), erythrocyte increase (86% vs. 35%), and leukocyte reduction (28% vs. 15%).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34935510/","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","Pneumonia",[940]],["Use of low-level laser therapy for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a single-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial","830",5,"\"Total symptom score significantly improved after real laser (p = 0.015, Cohen's d = 0.69). The percentage improvement for real laser (34.12 ± 46.43) was significantly better than the sham laser (5.02 ± 37.34, Z = - 2.23, p = 0.026). No significant improvements were observed after sham laser.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36538169/","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Rhinosinusitis",[830]],["Laser Therapy Versus Electromagnetic Field on Mucosal Membrane Thickening in Children With Chronic Rhinosinusitis.","905",4,"\"This study showed that there were statistically significant improvements in mucosal membrane thickness in both groups (P<0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference between groups (P>0.05).\"\n\nComment: No control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31749951","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Rhinosinusitis",[905]],["Prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical study to evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of long term mixed ultraviolet and visible light phototherapy in eosinophil nasal polyps.","",5,"\"Our data suggests that mixed ultraviolet/visible light phototherapy led to improvement in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Nasal symptoms, sense of smell and nasal obstruction improved even 3 months after the end of phototherapy, which is an outstanding importance in this chronic disease. \"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28992605","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Rhinosinusitis",[]],["Intra-oral low level laser therapy in chronic maxillary sinusitis: A new and effective recommended technique","810",4,"\"All variables and all symptoms of patients were improved using intra-oral low-level laser and this improvement was statistically significant (P value<0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26644829/","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Rhinosinusitis",[810]],["A pilot study into the effect of low-level laser therapy in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.","830",4,"Total symptom score was improved 39% at 2 weeks and 46% at 4 weeks.\n\n\"The therapeutic effect was sustained for a mean of 5 months. This pilot study indicates that LLLT applied for 4 weeks improves symptoms in patients with CRS.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23521568","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Rhinosinusitis",[830]],["Phototherapy for chronic rhinosinusitis.","810, 940",4,"\"NILI of the nasal sinuses with or without PA agents proved to be beneficial objectively and subjectively in CRS patients who failed medical and surgical therapies.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290392","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Rhinosinusitis",[810,940]],["[Therapeutic effect of helium-neon laser on microcirculation of nasal mucosa in children with acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis as measured by conjunctival biomicroscopy].","633",4,"\"The results give evidence that laser therapy produced a positive effect on microcirculation and reduced the potential of relapses. Low-energy helium-neon laser affected mostly vessel permeability (decrease of perivascular edema) and blood rheology (red blood cell aggregation). In terms of circulation changes, laser therapy was more beneficial in the case of acute maxillary sinusitis. Circulation lesions, that persisted after laser therapy in some patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis, can be attributed to stable morphological changes in the wall architectonics of microvessels of the nasal mucosa.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862594","PubMed",30,"Respiratory system","Rhinosinusitis",[633]],["Using low level laser therapy to reduce early postoperative airway obstruction following modified Hogan's flap.","970",5,"\"The mean of the average oxygen saturation was significantly less in the control group in the 1st and 2nd day as compared to the laser group. The need for oxygen and the incidence of OSA in the first 3 days were significantly higher in the control group as compared to the laser group. The degree of edema showed no significant difference in the first day but was significantly higher in the control group in the 2nd and 3rd days. Hence, the need of steroids was significantly higher in the control group in the first 3 days.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085288","PubMed",12,"Respiratory system","",[970]],["Beneficial Effects of Near-Infrared Light Photobiomodulation in Linear Morphea: A Case Report","940",4,"\"We report a patient with biopsy-proven infraorbital linear morphea responding to 940 nm near-infrared light photobiomodulation treatments.\"\n\n\"The patient had excellent cosmesis without textural changes or hypopigmentation despite her darker skin complexion (Fitzpatrick phototype III) after tri-weekly treatments for 8 months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33103949/","PubMed",56,"Rheumatology","Scleroderma",[940]],["Irradiation with water-filtered infrared A plus visible light improves cutaneous scleroderma lesions in a series of cases.","",4,"\"wIRA(+VIS) therapy led to a marked improvement, persistent even during long-term follow-up, in 7 out of 10 patients with CS. Of the other patients, 1 showed decreased sclerosis and disease activity and developed a worsening after cessation of therapy. In 2 further patients, where previous UVA1 treatment had failed to reduce disease activity, wIRA(+VIS) produced a slight decrease in sclerosis, but disease activity was still present.\"\n\n\"wIRA(+VIS) appears to be effective in the treatment of CS. Durometry proved to be helpful in assessing the degree of sclerosis and in documenting the response to therapy in these patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757879","PubMed",56,"Rheumatology","Scleroderma",[]],["[Mild infrared A hyperthermia in treatment of systemic scleroderma]. [Article in German]","",3,"\"Acral skin rewarming became regular immediately after irradiation and kept improved, as compared with pre-treatment values, for at least 18 weeks. All the patients told about a comfortable feeling of warmth after each treatment lasting for one two days. Three out of the seven reported lower frequency and severity of Raynaud attacks.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2083608","PubMed",56,"Rheumatology","Scleroderma",[]],["Diode-laser-assisted biopsy and photobiomodulation therapy in the management of Sjögren's disease: a case report","808",4,"\"A 55-year-old Hispanic female patient was diagnosed following a minor salivary gland biopsy performed using a diode laser. \n\nWound healing was successfully managed through local photobiomodulation therapy combined with topical application of an active oxygen-lactoferrin gel and mouthwash (Blue®M). \n\nA 5-week therapeutic protocol was subsequently implemented, combining intraoral and extraoral photobiomodulation, including irradiation of major salivary glands and lymphatic nodes, with continued home use of Blue®M mouthwash. \n\nClinical outcomes demonstrated marked improvement in salivary flow (unstimulated: 0.5 mL/min; stimulated: 0.9 mL/min) and significant reduction in xerostomia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41866508/","PubMed",56,"Rheumatology","Sjögren's Syndrome",[808]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy: A New Light in the Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis Skin Ulcers","",4,"\"We retrospectively analyzed 12 consecutive SSc patients with a total of 15 [skin ulcers] on finger hands.\"\n\n\"The application of EmoLED® in addition to debridement apparently produced faster healing of SU. Complete healing of SU was recorded in 41.6% cases during EmoLED® treatment. Significant improvements in SU area, length, and width, wound bed, and related pain were observed in EmoLED® patients from T0 to T8 [= 8 weeks].\"\n\n\"Control subjects treated with standard systemic/local therapies merely showed an amelioration of SU area and width at the end of the follow-up.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35334095/","PubMed",56,"Rheumatology","Systemic sclerosis",[]],["Dose-dependent tolerability and safety of transcranial photobiomodulation: a randomized controlled trial","808",3,"\"In conclusion, this study did not find a significant association between the dose of t-PBM sessions and rates of adverse events or changes in vital signs. The side-effect profile of t-PBM appears benign, regardless of dosimetry.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40437278/","PubMed",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","Brain",[808]],["Transcranial low-level laser stimulation in the near-infrared-II region (1064 nm) for brain safety in healthy humans","1064",3,"\"At the whole-brain structural level, no significant variations in gray matter, white matter, or cerebrospinal fluid volume or density were observed as a result of tPBM. There was no increase in neuron-specific enolase (NSE) or S100β levels suggesting no neuronal damage, but an unexpected significant reduction in NSE was detected which requires further study to assess its implications. EEG, analyzed through power spectra and expert evaluation, revealed no potential disease-inducing effects. A series of cognitive tests demonstrated no impairment in any of the EF components. Furthermore, the questionnaire data revealed minimal discomfort across fatigue, itching, pain, burning, warmth, dizziness, and drowsiness.\"\n\n\"Our data indicate that 1064 nm laser tPBM does not induce adverse effects on brain structure or function, nor does it impair cognitive abilities. tPBM is safe for specific parameters, highlighting its good tolerability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39622433/","PubMed",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","Brain",[1064]],["Reported Side Effects, Weight and Blood Pressure, After Repeated Sessions of Transcranial Photobiomodulation.","823",3,"\"More subjects in the NIR t-PBM group experienced side effects compared to sham, but only a trend for statistical significance was observed (χ2 = 3.60; df = 1; p = 0.058). The rate of side effects described by participants as \"severe\" in intensity was low and similar between the treatment groups (χ2 = 0.4; df = 1; p = 0.53), with no serious adverse events. Most side effects resolved during the study and treatment interruption were not required. \n\nChanges in weight and systolic blood pressure across groups were neither significant nor approached significance. In the NIR t-PBM group, diastolic blood pressure increased and reached statistical-however not clinical-significance (5.67 ± 7.26 vs. -6.13 ± 6.88; z = -2.40, p = 0.016).\"\n\n\"This small-sample, exploratory study indicates repeated sessions of NIR t-PBM might be associated with treatment-emergent side effects. The systemic metabolic and hemodynamic profile of repeated t-PBM appeared benign. Future studies with larger samples and longer follow-up are needed to more accurately determine the side-effect profile and safety of NIR t-PBM.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647774","PubMed",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","Brain",[823]],["Safety analysis of repeated low-level red light therapy on cone mosaic and microvasculature by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","650",3,"\"After 8 months of RLRL therapy, there was no significant loss of cone density or issues with retinal microvasculature. Assessment of retinal arteriole and venule diameters and flow velocity also showed no significant differences. The reduced cone dispersion in the RLRL group suggests potential photobiomodulation effects on photoreceptor organization, indicating the therapy's safety and potential benefits.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41974297/","PubMed",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","Eye safety",[650]],["Skin cancer in patients treated with photobiomodulation for alopecia: a retrospective chart review","",3,"\"This  preliminary  data  does  not  suggest  that  PBM  results in increased rates of skin cancer over the time period examined. This aligns with a literature review revealing  just  one  reported  skin  cancer  arising  in  PBM   treatment   sites   for   alopecia   that   was   not   attributed  to  device  use  [3].\"","","",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","Skin",[]],["Safety of light emitting diode-red light on human skin: two randomized controlled trials.","633",3,"\"LED-RL is safe up to 320 J/cm2 for skin of color and 480 J/cm2 for non-Hispanic Caucasian individuals. LED-RL may exert differential cutaneous effects depending on race and ethnicity, with darker skin being more photosensitive.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31483941","PubMed",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","Skin",[633]],["Low-level laser liposuction and hypertriglyceridemia.","",2,"\"Case Report: We had been following a 64-year-old man for 15 years for type 2 diabetes and combined hyperlipidemia; his triglyceride level was typically between 2.3 and 3.4 mmol/L (200 and 300 mg/dL). During a routine clinic visit, his triglyceride level was 16.2 mmol/L (1435 mg/dL)\"\n\n\"Discussion: Some devices that provide low-level laser therapy have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for noninvasive liposuction. Laser light is applied to the target area for 10 to 20 minutes, and this procedure is repeated over 6 to 12 treatment sessions. Low-level laser therapy does not alter tissue temperature, visibly change the tissue structure at the macroscopic level, or result in adipocyte destruction or lipolysis. Rather, temporary structural damage to adipocyte membranes allows release of triglycerides into the interstitial space and then into the circulation, where they can be metabolized (3). Low-level laser therapy has been shown in placebo-controlled, randomized trials to statistically and clinically significantly decrease waist circumference (3, 4).\"\n\n\"That a patient having noninvasive liposuction is likely to have an elevated body mass index, which itself is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, is particularly concerning. On the basis of our experience, we believe that a baseline screening lipid profile might be indicated in patients with risk factors for hypertriglyceridemia before having low-level laser therapy because these patients may have increased risk for acute severe hypertriglyceridemia associated with this procedure.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24727847","PubMed",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","",[]],["Exposure of eyes to laser radiation during dental surgery.","",3,"\"Fifty patients admitted to the clinic because of dental surgery were subjected to biostimulative laser therapy. Ophthalmological examinations were performed in each patient prior and after laserotherapy. The results were estimated according to the occurrence of lacrimation, redness of the conjunctiva, photophobia and the changed retinal reflex to the light. No pathological changes were revealed in the treated patients who had used protective glasses during the laserotherapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8803330","PubMed",53,"Safety of PBM/LLLT","",[]],["Immediate Evaluation of the Effect of Infrared LED Photobiomodulation on Childhood Sleep Bruxism: A Randomized Clinical Trial","850",2,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35888053/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Bruxism",[850]],["The effects of intravascular photobiomodulation on sleep disturbance caused by Guillain-Barré syndrome after Astrazeneca vaccine inoculation: Case report and literature review","633",4,"\"We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index before and after intravascular laser irradiation. There was a marked improvement in the sleep duration, efficiency, and overall sleep quality. The initial score was 12 out of 21 and the final score was 7 out of 21.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35147100/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Guillain-Barré syndrome",[633]],["Effect of Near-Infrared Light Therapy Based on Acupoints on the Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.","940",4,"\"The results indicated that there were statistically and clinically significant differences between the intervention and control groups at the end of the intervention sessions (P < 0.001, MD = 3.8). However, after the treatment was discontinued, the difference was not clinically significant (MD = 2.4).\"\n\n\"The present study showed that the application of NIR light to acupoints in the legs and feet was as an effective treatment for attenuating the symptoms of RLS in hemodialysis patients.\"\n\nComment: The improvement was quite modest.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29776916","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Restless legs syndrome (RLS)",[940]],["Comparison of two infrared devices in their effectiveness in reducing symptoms associated with RLS.","650, 890",4,"\"Although the two near-infrared light devices used different wavelengths and frequencies and one device used additional red light, they both produced significant improvement in the symptoms associated with RLS after 4 weeks of treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950168","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Restless legs syndrome (RLS)",[650,890]],["Restless legs syndrome and near-infrared light: An alternative treatment option.","890",5,"\"After 4 weeks of treatment the treatment group had a significantly greater improvement in restless legs syndrome symptoms than the control group (p<0.001); improvement was still significant after 4 weeks posttreatment compared to baseline (p<0.001). Treatment with near-infrared light does decrease symptoms associated with RLS as demonstrated in lower IRLS scores.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977377","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Restless legs syndrome (RLS)",[890]],["Dextrose prolotherapy versus low level laser therapy in the treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; a randomized controlled trial","",3,"\"In both groups, the levels of AHI were significantly reduced after intervention without complication (68% reduction, p = 0.001 in the prolotherapy group and 46% reduction, p = 0.001 in LLLT group). In linear models, the reduction was higher in prolotherapy group even after adjusting to baseline AHI (p = 0.011). Treatment success was much higher in the prolotherapy group than LLLT group (53.8% versus 7.7%, p = 0.030). The treatment success was significantly associated with single level obstruction (velum) and partial obstruction.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40794160/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep apnea",[]],["Effects of bright light and near-infrared light on insomnia symptoms in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized clinical trial","850",2,"\"PSQI scores improved significantly across all intervention groups, with increases in subjective sleep duration of 0.43 h (WL), 0.81 h (NIR), and 1.08 h (NIR+WL).\n\nNo significant changes were observed in actigraphy-derived sleep indicators or melatonin measures. \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41794313/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[850]],["Transcranial photobiomodulation improves sleep quality, reduces daytime sleepiness, and modulates delta power in chronic insomnia: a randomized controlled trial","810",5,"\"Significant improvements were observed in the tPBM group compared to sham: PSQI global score (mean difference: -4.6 points; 95% CI: -7.2 to -2.0; p = 0.004, η²=0.272), ESS total score (mean difference: -4.1 points; 95% CI: -6.8 to -1.4; p = 0.015, η²=0.209), and absolute delta power at multiple frontal sites (e.g., Fp1: p = 0.001, η²=0.418; Fz: p < 0.001, η²=0.450). No serious adverse events occurred. \n\nThree sessions of frontal tPBM (810 nm, 60 J/cm²) significantly improved subjective sleep quality, reduced daytime sleepiness, and normalized pathological wake frontal delta activity in chronic insomnia. These findings support tPBM as a promising, safe neuromodulatory intervention targeting thalamocortical dysrhythmia.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41125953/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[810]],["Low-level light therapy for sleep quality, fatigue, depression, and cold limbs in older adults in nursing homes: A feasibility trial","660, 850",4,"\"Significant improvements were seen in sleep quality, fatigue, and depression. Cold limbs decreased from 50 % to 6.7 %, with a slight rise in body temperature. Meridian energy and ANS balance showed positive changes, with HRV indicating improved autonomic function.\"\n\n\"LLLT effectively improved geriatric symptoms in nursing home residents, potentially due to enhanced meridian energy and vagal tone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40633237/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[660,850]],["The Effectiveness of Low-Level LED Light Therapy for Sleep Problems, Psychological Symptoms, and Heart Rate Variability in Shift-Work Nurses: A Randomized Controlled Trial","660, 850",5,"\"After the 4-week intervention, the intervention group scored significantly lower in insomnia (4.3 vs. 12.6, respectively; p < 0.001), depression (2.5 vs. 7.9, p < 0.001), anxiety (3.1 vs. 9.2, p < 0.001), and stress (5.6 vs. 12, p < 0.001) than those in the controls. \n\nNo significant differences were observed in heart rate variability between the two groups.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40557249/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[660,850]],["Effects of photobiomodulation on the sleep quality and quality of life of night-shift nurses","830",4,"\"Following treatment, participants exhibited significant reductions in global PSQI (p < 0.001) and AIS scores (p < 0.001), indicating improved sleep quality. \n\nPositive changes were also observed in global scores on the SF-36v2 (p < 0.01) and the WHOQOL-BREF (p < 0.05). \n\nAdditionally, pain levels were significantly reduced during the one-month treatment period (p < 0.001). \n\nThe beneficial effects of photobiomodulation are sustained for a duration of at least one month. This approach offers a promising means of mitigating the adverse effects of night shifts and improving overall well-being.\"\n\nComment: The improvements were quite modest, but possibly enough to be clinically significant","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40358743/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[830]],["The impact of photobiomodulation on sleep and life quality in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial","830",5,"\"830 nm laser was used to radiate on the palm (at dose of 256.10 J/cm2), ST 36 and KI 1 acupoints (at dose of 109.76 J/cm2)\"\n\n\"After 830 nm laser radiation, lower global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Athens Insomnia Scale scores were observed, accompanied by higher physical and mental component summary scores in MOS 36-item short-form health survey version 2 and a global World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version score. The laser group also showed significant improvements in QoL and sleep quality indicators. Additionally, pain levels decreased on the third day and after one month according to visual analogue scale.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38958682/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[830]],["Effects of Intravascular Photobiomodulation on Insomnia, Muscle Soreness, and Biochemistry Profiles: An Eight-Year Retrospective Cohort","",3,"\"iPBM therapy is an efficient, beneficial, and feasible treatment that increases HGB and HCT. While the results of this study do not support the suggestion that iPBM reduces drug use, further larger studies using symptom scales are needed to confirm the changes in insomnia and muscle soreness after iPBM treatment.\"\n\nComment: Low-quality study (non-randomized)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37374210/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[]],["A randomized, sham-controlled trial of a novel near-infrared phototherapy device on sleep and daytime function","660, 740, 810, 870",2,"\"Objective sleep parameters, as measured by actigraphy, did not differ between the active or sham groups, but improved self-reported sleep, as well as perceived improvements in relaxation and mood, were observed among active but not sham users. Both active and sham users improved in insomnia severity index (ISI) score by the end of the trial.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37141002/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[660,740,810,870]],["Effects of Near-Infrared Light on Well-Being and Health in Human Subjects with Mild Sleep-Related Complaints: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study","850",3,"\"The results showed PBM treatment only at 6.5 J·cm−2 to have consistent positive benefits on well-being and health, specifically improving mood, reducing drowsiness, reducing IFN-γ, and resting heart rate. This was only observed in winter.\"","https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/1/60","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[850]],["Full-Body Photobiomodulation Therapy Is Associated with Reduced Sleep Durations and Augmented Cardiorespiratory Indicators of Recovery","660, 850",3,"\"Enhanced cardiorespiratory indicators of recovery following PBMT, despite significant reductions in sleep duration, suggest that it may be an effective modality for maintaining adequate recovery from the high stress loads experienced by elite athletes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36006085/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[660,850]],["Brain Photobiomodulation Improves Sleep Quality in Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study","1064",3,"\"We found no differences in sleep efficiency change (F = 211, p = 0.279), REM stage percent change (F = 420, p = 0.91), and wake-up time (F = 212, p = 0.277) between the two groups. \n\nThe sleep efficiency and REM were improved within the true light group on the fifth day. \n\nThe true light group perform better than the control group in the n-back test, the accuracy was higher in the 2-back test (88.6% versus 79.6%, p = 0.001), and the reaction time in 1-back was shorter (544.80±202.00 versus 592.87±222.05, p = 0.003).\"\n\nComment: Control group received 1min of treatment followed by 11 min of no treatment.\n\nComment: The conclusions omit the fact that the results were mostly negative.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35491787/","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[1064]],["Red light and the sleep quality and endurance performance of Chinese female basketball players.","658",4,"\"The 14-day whole-body irradiation with red-light treatment improved the sleep, serum melatonin level, and endurance performance of the elite female basketball players (P < .05). We found a correlation between changes in global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and serum melatonin levels (r = -0.695, P = .006).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182016","PubMed",6,"Sleep medicine","Sleep quality",[658]],["Serial locally applied water-filtered infrared a radiation in axial spondyloarthritis - a randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"71 patients completed the trial (IG: 36 patients, control group (CG) 35 patients). sl-wIRAR led to a significant pain reduction measured by a numeric rating scale (p < .0005) and in comparison, to the CG (p = .006).\n\nsl-wIRAR treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the Bath Anyklosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) (p = .004) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (p = .004) with no significant difference to the CG.\n\nTNF-α levels were significantly decreased (p = .001) only in the IG with a significant difference to the CG (p = .01). 26 (76%) of patients in the IC reduced their NSAID therapy after trial completion.\"\n\n\"sl-wIRAR treatment in axSpA leads to a rapid reduction in pain allowing NSAID dosage reduction. A reason for these desirable effects could be a change in TNFα levels.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32781869/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Axial spondyloarthritis",[]],["Laser biostimulation effects on invertebral disks: histological evidence on intra-observer samples. Retrospective double-blind study.","633, 950",4,"\"It has been shown a higher number of mucopolysaccharides and young newly formed elastic fibers in the group that was treated with laser irradiation with a statistically significant difference, compared to the placebo group (p< 0.0001).\"\n\n\"Laser biostimulation can be an effective strategy in the therapy of the invertebral disks.\"\n\nComment: What does the 'retrospective' mean in the context of this study? The description of methods is somewhat unusual.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28765673","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Intravertebral disks",[633,950]],["Biological non-ablative repair of lumbar discs by transforaminal intradiscal laser irradiation: MRI quantitative analysis of the effects-preliminary report","1560",4,"\"The mean value of MRI signal intensity from the irradiated discs increased by 14% (p <<< 0.001). The control bone measurement revealed no difference in signal intensity (p = 0.83). The adjacent non-irradiated discs slightly increased their signal (p < 0.05). T2 WI follow-up within 5 years revealed a steady increase of the signal and the irradiated discs healing.\n\nLLLI of degenerated intervertebral discs by 1.56-μm Er fiber laser produces increase of MRI disc signal within the first year after treatment that confirms regenerative response of the disc and could lay in the basis of clinical improvement. Further assessment on the effect is mandatory.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180214/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Lumbar disc degeneration",[1560]],["Efficacy of high intensity laser therapy in treatment of patients with lumbar disc protrusion: A randomized controlled trial.","1064",4,"\"A significant difference was noted in ODI, lumbar flexion range, and angle of straight leg raising between groups after two weeks of treatment (P< 0.05). Non-statistical significant difference was observed in lumbosacral portion pain and lower limb radiation pain with VAS (P> 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28854500","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Lumbar disc protrusion",[1064]],["Comparison of the Effectiveness of TENS and Low-Level Laser Therapy Applied to the Sciatic Nerve Region in Chronic Lumbar Radiculopathy","850",4,"\"Both LLLT and TENS were found to be effective in treating the sciatic nerve associated with lumbar disk herniation with radiculopathy. LLLT was found to be more effective than TENS in reducing leg and neuropathic pains. Follow-up assessments revealed that the only lasting effect of the treatments, which continued into the third month, was the improvement in leg pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39050992/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Lumbar radiculopathy",[850]],["Correlation Analysis Between Pain Intensity, Functional Disability and Range of Motion Using Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients With Discogenic Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Cross-sectional Study","",3,"\"For acute LBP with discogenic lumbar radiculopathy, LLLT at a wavelength of 830-nm and a dose of 3 J/point in conjunction with conventional physical therapy had no significant correlation, but rather weak to moderate values with pain intensity, functional disability, and L-ROM. It means that all the variables are interrelated to each other to some extent; any change in one variable brings about change in other variables whether in a positive or negative direction. LLLT was also observed to have no significant side effects during and after use.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36743144/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Lumbar radiculopathy",[]],["Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Discogenic Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","830",4,"\"The LLLT is proved as an efficient adjunct therapy to conventional physical therapy for discogenic lumbar radiculopathy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35265302/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Lumbar radiculopathy",[830]],["Laser therapy for radicular cervical spondylosis","",4,"\"A total of 90 patients with radicular cervical spondylosis were treated by laser therapy combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine. The results showed that a total effective rate was 94.4% (11 cases demonstrated full recovery, 28 were graded markedly effective, and 46 improved). The author believes that this therapy for cervical spondylosis seems to be more effective and to have no side-effects compared with traction and drug therapy.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/4/4_92-OR-17/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",23,"Spinal column","Radicular cervical spondylosis",[]],["Effect of High-Intensity Laser Therapy on Disc Size and Functional Outcome in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation","",5,"\"The HILT group demonstrated statistically significant reductions in all disc size parameters compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the HILT group showed significantly higher reduction in VAS scores (63.88% vs. 26.04%) and ODI scores (53.5% vs. 24.58%) compared with the control group (p < 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42380073/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Spinal disk herniation",[]],["Efficacy of Combined High-Intensity Laser Therapy and Collagenase Chemonucleolysis in Lumbar Disc Herniation Management: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","890, 910",3,"\"At 1 week and 1 month postoperatively, the experimental group demonstrated significantly better outcomes compared with the control group in terms of pain VAS scores, excellent/good rate, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and Short Form 36 (SF-36) quality of life scores (all P < 0.05). \n\nHowever, at 3 and 6 months postoperatively, no significant differences were observed between the two groups.\"\n\n\"The lack of sustained intergroup differences is supported by small effect sizes (Cohen's d = 0.15 for ODI at 3 months; 95% CI: [-2.74, 0.74]) and overlapping confidence intervals in SF-36 domains, indicating that HILT's therapeutic impact is clinically meaningful only during the early inflammatory phase, with diminishing relevance as collagenase-mediated remodeling dominates long-term recovery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40504340/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Spinal disk herniation",[890,910]],["Comparison of high-intensity laser therapy and combination of ultrasound treatment and transcutaneous nerve stimulation on cervical pain associated with cervical disc herniation: A randomized trial","1064",4,"\"Both of therapeutic modalities demonstrated analgesic efficacy and improved the function in patients affected by CDH after 4 weeks of therapy (total 20 treatment sessions in 5 days a week). Both the HILT plus exercise program and the TENS / US plus exercise program were found to be effective in improving cervical range of motion and quality of life by reducing pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32147037/","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Spinal disk herniation",[1064]],["Low intensity laser and LED therapies associated with lateral decubitus position and flexion exercises of the lower limbs in patients with lumbar disk herniation: clinical randomized trial.","904, 945",3,"\"We can conclude that in the treatment of L4-L5 and L5-S1 LDH with radiculopathy, LED, associated with lateral decubitus position and flexion exercises of the lower limbs, showed better therapeutic performance for radicular pain, gait claudication, and functional disability.\"\n\nComment: In this study, LLLT fared as well as placebo (still a great improvement), but LED seemed to lead to a little bit better results. The improvement in the placebo group was huge. which is worth noting, and might indicate that the placebo effect in LLLT might be very large.\n\nComment: The parameters were nicely reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27379776","PubMed",23,"Spinal column","Spinal disk herniation",[904,945]],["Biophotonic Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Soft Tissue Deficiency: WAPSCD Submission","467, 527, 623",4,"\"Low-level laser (622.7 nm) illumination on cell cultures in vitro increased ADSCs proliferation, type 1 procollagen expression, collagen production, as well as MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 relative expression. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference in red light (622.7 nm) versus green light (527.1 nm) and blue light (467.3 nm, P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the effects of green and blue lights. In clinical application, all patients attained significant improvement with treatment in the final outcome assessment after 6 months.\"\n\n\"Clinical results from 20 patients treated for soft tissue deficiency were collected for assessment of ADSC-assisted lipotransfer.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36752397/","PubMed",1,"Stem cells & regeneration","Adipose-derived stem cells",[467,527,623]],["Laser phototherapy for Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report.","660",4,"\"Because of the lack of progress of the patient, the LPT was selected.\"\n\n\"By 6 days after his initial session of LPT, most of the patient's intraoral lesions had disappeared, and the few that remained were painless; the patient was able to eat solid food by himself and was removed from the ICU. Ten sessions of LPT were conducted in the hospital.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20973736","PubMed",79,"Stevens-Johnson syndrome","",[660]],["Effects of walking and sun exposure on bone density and balance in elderly with osteopenia","",4,"\"The lumbar L1-L4 BMD was higher in all intervention groups (P < 0.05), with the daytime-walking group outperforming the others. There was no significant difference between the night-time-walking and sun-exposure-only groups (P > 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35347429/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Bone health",[]],["Natural daylight during office hours improves glucose control and whole-body substrate metabolism","",4,"\"Continuous glucose monitoring revealed that participants spent more time in the normal glucose range, and whole-body substrate metabolism shifted toward a greater reliance on fat oxidation during daylight. Primary myotubes cultured from skeletal muscle biopsies displayed a phase advance after daylight exposure. Multi-omic analyses revealed daylight-induced differences in serum metabolites, lipids, and monocyte transcripts. \"\n\nComment: A letter was published by Wu & Yang: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1550413126000069?via%3Dihub","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41418772/","PubMed",28,"Sunlight","Intervention: Daylight for glucose control",[]],["The effects of sunlight exposure therapy on the improvement of depression and quality of life in post-stroke patients: A RCT study","",4,"\"This study was a single-blind design randomized controlled intervention with sunlight exposure design. The population were stroke patients with tendency to depression. Exposed to sunlight for at least 30 min per day, at least 14 days of exposure duration of 4 weeks. A total of 46 patients were 23 patients in the experimental group and the control group.\"\n\n\"After the data was analyzed with the generalized estimating equation (GEE), significant improvement was noted among the experimental ground in 2nd post-test depression score, daily function in the first and second post-test Barthel Index score. There was no significant improvement in cognitive function.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32695905/","PubMed",82,"Sunlight","Intervention: Depression",[]],["The effect of sunlight on postoperative analgesic medication use: a prospective study of patients undergoing spinal surgery","",4,"\"A prospective study of pain medication use was conducted in 89 patients undergoing elective cervical and lumbar spinal surgery where they were housed on either the \"bright\" or \"dim\" side of the same hospital unit.\"\n\n\"Patients staying on the bright side of the hospital unit were exposed to 46% higher-intensity sunlight on average (p = .005). Patients exposed to an increased intensity of sunlight experienced less perceived stress (p = .035), marginally less pain (p = .058), took 22% less analgesic medication per hour (p = .047), and had 21% less pain medication costs (p = .047).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15673638/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Intervention: Postsurgical symptoms",[]],["Oral riboflavin supplementation and sunlight exposure: A possible novel and accessible approach to stabilize progressive keratoconus","",4,"\"n this prospective interventional study with a retrospective historical control group, patients with progressive keratoconus received 60 mg/day of oral riboflavin and 30 min/day of sunlight exposure for three months.\"\n\n\"Kmax flattened (-1.22 ± 4.78 D; P = 0.003) in treated eyes; however, it steepened (+0.32 ± 11.96 D; P = 0.455) in controls at 6 months. Keratoconus progression occurred in 27.5% of treated eyes versus 49.5% in controls (P = 0.002).\"\n\n\"Eyes with CST ≥ 400 µm had a 3.85-fold higher risk of progression in the control group than in treated eyes (95% CI: 1.6-9.3; P = 0.001).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41906339/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Eyes: Keratoconus",[]],["Access to Daylight at Home Improves Circadian Alignment, Sleep, and Mental Health in Healthy Adults: A Crossover Study","",4,"\"In this crossover study, 20 residents spent one week in their apartments with electrochromic glass windows and another week with functionally standard windows with blinds.\"\n\n\"Calibrated light sensors revealed higher daytime circadian-effective light levels with the electrochromic glass windows, and participants exhibited consistent melatonin onset, a 22-min earlier sleep onset, and higher sleep regularity. In the blinds condition, participants exhibited a 15-min delay in dim light melatonin onset, a delay in subjective vitality throughout the day, and an overall lower positive affect.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639284/","PubMed",82,"Sunlight","Mental health",[]],["The Effects of Subacute Sunlight Exposure on Skin Thickness: A Pilot Sonographic Study","",2,"\"Our preliminary results suggest that subacute sunlight exposure appears to decrease skin thickness.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42063944/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Skin effects",[]],["Effect of Repeated Low-Dose UVR Exposure on Skin Inflammation Threshold, Skin Biomarkers, and Vitamin D in Healthy Adults","",4,"\"Over 9 weeks, 31 subjects were exposed to UVR (0.8 standard erythema dose) on the lower back 3 times per week. \n\nResults showed a 50% increase in minimal erythema dose, with a stronger effect in lighter phototypes. Increase in minimal erythema dose was paralleled by an increase in erythema index.\"\n\n\"Melanin index and stratum corneum thickness increased significantly by 12 and 34%, respectively, with melanin having a stronger effect on the minimal erythema dose increase. \n\nVitamin D levels rose by 21%, adjusting for seasonal decline.\"\n\n\"Immunological markers of T helper 1/T helper 2 response and vascular markers declined, indicating local immunosuppression, although no systemic changes in immunological markers were observed.\n\nThese findings suggest that even low UVR doses are sufficient to induce photoadaptation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39956428/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Ultraviolet radiation: experimental research",[]],["Influence of ultraviolet A1 exposures on mood states: a randomized controlled study","",3,"\"Forty-one healthy participants aged 19-55 years were randomized to receive either UV-A1 (n = 21) or control (n = 20) exposures (violet light, 390-440 nm). The irradiations were administered on three consecutive mornings on the skin of the buttocks and middle back.\"\n\n\"Mood improved among those subjected to UV-A1 exposures compared with the controls (p = 0.031). Individuals with more pronounced morningness had mood improvement (p = 0.011), whereas those with more pronounced eveningness did not (p = 0.41). At follow-up of one week after the last irradiation the mood improvement had disappeared.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38748081/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Ultraviolet radiation: experimental research",[]],["A randomised, controlled clinical trial of narrowband UVB phototherapy for clinically isolated syndrome: The PhoCIS study","",3,"\"By 12 months, 100% of those in the no phototherapy arm and 70% in the phototherapy arm had converted to [multiple sclerosis], although this difference was not statistically significant.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29780610/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Ultraviolet radiation: experimental research",[]],["The Effects of Two Different Doses of ultraviolet-A Light Exposure on Nitric Oxide Metabolites and Cardiorespiratory Outcomes","",3,"\"The present study is the first to determine that at least 20 J cm2 of UV-A exposure (~ 30 min of Mediterranean summer sunshine) is required to significantly increase plasma [NO2−] in healthy human participants. Surprisingly, elevations in plasma NO availability were not met with a significant reduction in BP, which has been consistently observed in previous studies. \n\nThese contrasting data may relate to experimental differences in UV-A exposure protocols or inter-individual variability in responses between participants. Although BP was not reduced in this study, UV-A exposure in doses of either 10 or 20 J cm2 reduced resting V˙O2 and RMR. \n\nThese data provide further evidence to suggest that environmental exposures of sunlight may have a meaningful impact on cardiovascular and metabolic functions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29516257/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Ultraviolet radiation: experimental research",[]],["A Randomized Clinical Trial in Vitamin D-deficient Adults Comparing Replenishment With Oral Vitamin D 3 With Narrow-Band UV Type B Light: Effects on Cholesterol and the Transcriptional Profiles of Skin and Blood","",3,"\"There were also no differences within groups or between groups for changes in total or HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. Transcriptional profiling of skin and blood, however, revealed significant upregulation of immune pathway signaling with oral vitamin D3 but significant downregulation with UVB\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28228421/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Ultraviolet radiation: experimental research",[]],["Acute Whole Body UVA Irradiation Combined With Nitrate Ingestion Enhances Time Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists","",3,"\"These findings demonstrate that exposure to UV-A light alone does not alter the physiological responses to exercise or improve performance in a laboratory setting. \n\nA combination of UV-A and NIT, however, does improve cycling TT performance in this environment, which may be due to a larger increase in NO availability.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25289793/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Ultraviolet radiation: experimental research",[]],["Ultraviolet B Light Attenuates the Systemic Immune Response in Central Nervous System Autoimmunity","",4,"\"Local UVB radiation of the skin influences systemic immune reactions and attenuates systemic autoimmunity via the induction of skin-derived tolerogenic DCs and Tregs.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24771567/","PubMed",17,"Sunlight","Ultraviolet radiation: experimental research",[]],["Low-Intensity Laser Therapy As a Method to Reduce Stress Responses after Septoplasty","630",4,"\"ULF, LF, HF, total HRV power were significantly lower in group 2, compared to group 1. In the period from 6 to 24 h after septoplasty, patients of group 1 experienced higher pain than patients with PBMT (p < 0.001).\"\n\n\"The use of PBMT after septoplasty against the background of nasal tamponade helps to reduce the severity of pain syndrome and the inflammatory response to surgical stress and, consequently, leads to less pronounced changes in the autonomic nervous system in response to surgical stress.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34697731/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Autonomic nervous system response",[630]],["Photobiomodulation Improved the First Stages of Wound Healing Process After Abdominoplasty: An Experimental, Double-Blinded, Non-randomized Clinical Trial","520, 590, 645",3,"\"Within six months following surgery, significantly improved quality of the scars on the treated side compared with the untreated side was reported by patients and experienced professionals according to Vancouver Scar Scale, Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (p < 0.05) and standardized photographs (p < 0.05). \n\nAt 1 year of follow-up, patients observed no differences between the treated and untreated sides of the scars.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30483937","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Abdominal surgery",[520,590,645]],["Randomized clinical trial of the influence of local water-filtered infrared A irradiation on wound healing after abdominal surgery.","",5,"\"Main variables of interest were: wound healing assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) by the surgeon (median 88.6 versus 78.5 respectively; P < 0.001) or patient (median 85.8 versus 81.0; P = 0.040), postoperative pain (median decrease in VAS score during irradiation 13.4 versus 0; P < 0.001), subcutaneous oxygen tension after irradiation (median 41.6 versus 30.2 mmHg; P < 0.001) and subcutaneous temperature after irradiation (median 38.9 versus 36.4 degrees C; P < 0.001). The overall result, in terms of wound healing, pain and cosmesis, measured on a VAS by the surgeon (median 79.0 versus 46.8; P < 0.001) or patient (79.0 versus 50.2; P < 0.001) was better after wIRA irradiation.\"\n\n\"Postoperative irradiation with wIRA can improve normal postoperative wound healing and may reduce costs in gastrointestinal surgery.\"\n\nComment: Control group received radiation of 590-780nm. Detailed irradiation parameters for either group were not provided.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16845694","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Abdominal surgery",[]],["Comparison of microcurrent and low level laser therapy on matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases expressions in surgical wound healing","633",4,"\"Following therapies, results showed a statistically significant decrease in the MMP-8 and MMP-9 expressions with significantly increased expression levels of TIMP-1 in each group separately (P < 0.05). These changes in the expression levels towards proper healing of surgical wounds were more obvious in MT and LLLT groups compared to the placebo group, with significantly better effect in the LLLT group compared to the MT group \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40796926/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Appendectomy",[633]],["Beneficial Effects of Applying Low-Level Laser Therapy to Surgical Wounds After Bariatric Surgery.","808",5,"\"LLLT applied with the described protocol led to a decrease by biochemical markers and wound temperature compared with the placebo, which indicated that LLLT was able to control the inflammatory process;\n\nin addition, seroma and pain were reduced and cicatrization was improved by this preventive procedure.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27841968","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Bariatric surgery",[808]],["Photobiomodulation associated with functional elastic bandaging promotes recovery from tissue necrosis in surgical wounds","658, 660, 858",4,"\"Significant reduction in lesion area after the treatment protocol, when comparing T1 x T3 (p = 0.011), T1 x T4 (p < 0.001) and T2 x T4 (p = 0.003), improvement in general wound conditions (p = 0.007), even in the presence of necrosis.\"\n\n\"The established protocol demonstrates its potential therapeutic effect on healing complications resulting from breast cancer surgery.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40205141/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Breast cancer surgery",[658,660,858]],["Pilot Study: Blue Light Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Complicated Wounds in Breast Surgery","",3,"\"Among 27 female patients (median age 54 y), 74.1% underwent mastectomy with implant-based reconstruction, whereas the remaining patients underwent contralateral second-stage reduction mammaplasty.\n\nOver a 19-month median follow-up, 35 complications were recorded: 18 skin necroses, 9 partial nipple-areolar complex necroses, and 8 wound dehiscences. \n\nThe median number of EmoLED sessions required was 5, typically administered weekly. \n\nA higher body mass index (P = 0.075), smoking (0.093), Wise-pattern incision (P = 0.007), thin mastectomy skin flaps (P = 0.034), and subpectoral implant placement (P = 0.033) were associated with an increased number of EmoLED treatments required and longer healing times. \n\nThe development of Clavien-Dindo grade III complications was associated with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.001), body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.029), smoking habit (P = 0.037), and thinner flap thickness (P = 0.052). \n\nNotably, no implant loss was reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40727624/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Breast surgery",[]],["Low-level laser therapy versus trunk stabilization exercises on sternotomy healing after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized clinical trial.","660",4,"\"LLLT and trunk stabilization exercises were found to be the most effective methods for sternotomy healing post-CABG surgery, with LLLT offering superior performance in the case of the upper sternum while trunk stabilization exercises were more effective for the lower sternum.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30547261","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[660]],["Effectiveness of Low-Intensity Laser Therapy on Tissue Repair Following Saphenectomy in Patients Who Underwent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study.","660",4,"\"The LG group presented a reduction of the areas of hematoma and hyperemia (p = 0.0003) and better border closure (p = 0.009), when compared with the PG group.\"\n\n\"The proposed LLLT protocol improved the tissue repair following saphenectomy in CABG patients.\"\n\nComment: The dose parameters seem somewhat contradictory, e.g. how does one calculate the claims 1.2 J energy?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023185","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[660]],["Low-intensity LED therapy (λ 640 ± 20 nm) on saphenectomy healing in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft: a randomized, double-blind study.","640",4,"\"The results showed that in the experimental group, there were less bleeding points and no dehiscence in saphenectomy, as compared to the placebo group. There was also a smaller area of hematoma and hyperemia in the experimental group (p < 0.0009). These data lead to the conclusion that the type of phototherapy protocol employed can assist in tissue repair.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027034","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[640]],["Low-intensity laser (660 NM) has analgesic effects on sternotomy of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafts.","660",4,"\"The laser group had a greater decrease in pain with analogous results, as indicated by both the VAS and the McGill questionnaire (P ≤ 0.05) on sensory and affective scores, on days 6 and 8 postsurgery compared to the placebo and control groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074796","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[660]],["Photobiomodulation (Laser and LED) on Sternotomy Healing in Hyperglycemic and Normoglycemic Patients Who Underwent Coronary Bypass Surgery with Internal Mammary Artery Grafts: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study with Follow-Up.","640, 660",4,"\"LLLT and LED groups had similarly less hyperemia and less incision bleeding or dehiscence (p ≤ 0.005) and the outcomes were also analogous between hyperglycemic and normoglycemic patients, which indicates no difference observed in an intragroup analysis (p ≥ 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27564925","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[640,660]],["Low-Level Laser and Light-Emitting Diode Therapy for Pain Control in Hyperglycemic and Normoglycemic Patients Who Underwent Coronary Bypass Surgery with Internal Mammary Artery Grafts: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study with Follow-Up.","640, 660",5,"\"LLLT and LED had similar analgesic effects in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic patients, better than placebo and control groups.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081873","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[640,660]],["Low-intensity laser (660 nm) on sternotomy healing in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft: a randomized, double-blind study.","660",4,"\"The sternotomy incisions in the LLLT group demonstrated less hyperemia, incisional bleeding, and dehiscence (p ≤ 0.005).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27649961","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[660]],["Assessment of feasibility and efficacy of Class IV laser therapy for postoperative pain relief in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery patients: A pilot study.","980",4,"\"The mean (standard deviation [SD]) VRS of all the 100 patients just before application of the first dose of laser was 7.31 (0.94) while on MMT; the same fell to 4.0 (1.279) and 3.40 (2.697) at 1 h and 24 h respectively following first dose of laser. The change of VRS over first 24 h among all the 100 patients was statistically significant (P = 0.000). Laser was re-applied in 40 patients whose VRS was ≥5 (mean [SD] - 6.38 [0.868]) at 24th h. After receiving the 2nd dose of laser the VRS scores fell significantly (P = 0.000) and became 0 at 54th h. No patients required 3rd dose of the laser. No patient required rescue analgesic while on laser therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139735","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[980]],["The effects of LED emissions on sternotomy incision repair after myocardial revascularization: a randomized double-blind study with follow-up.","640",4,"\"Three researchers blindly analyzed the incision photographs to determine hyperemia and wound closure, and they found that the LED group had both less hyperemia and less incision bleeding or dehiscence. The LED therapy (640 nm) had an analgesic effect on the sternotomies of patients who underwent CABG, increasing their incision healing and preventing dehiscence.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337350","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[640]],["Low-level laser therapy prevents prodromal signal complications on saphenectomy post myocardial revascularization.","780",4,"\"In the Laser Group: all seven patients showed significant improvement, whereas the Control Group had twice as many complications, including critical rates of incisional dehiscence.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24841340","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[780]],["Photobiomodulation of surgical wound dehiscence in a diabetic individual by low-level laser therapy following median sternotomy.","660, 950",4,"\"After irradiation, proliferation of healthy granulation tissue was observed with decrease in scores of PUSH for sternal dehiscence and VAS for bilateral shoulders and sternal dehiscence. We found that LLLT irradiation could be a novel method of treatment for chronic sternal dehiscence following coronary artery bypass grafting, as it augments wound healing with an early closure of the wound deficit.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766600","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[660,950]],["Low level laser therapy in acute dehiscence saphenectomy: therapeutic proposal.","685",4,"\"The results revealed granulated tissue, reduction of inflammatory process and analgesic effect since the first application. In this pilot study, LLLT has shown a considerable role as a wound healing agent, through a new proposal for efficient, safe and noninvasive therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19504026","PubMed",27,"Surgery","Cardiac surgery",[685]],["The effects of photobiomodulation using LED on the repair process of skin graft donor sites","660",3,"\"PBM did not induce changes in the re-epithelialization period, wound area or wound quality scores of the Bates-Jensen Scale but did induce a reduction in pain compared to the group treated with Membracel® alone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34713365/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Graft donor site",[660]],["Management of donor site infections in split-thickness skin graft with water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA)","",3,"A 61-year-old male was referred to our burn center with burn injuries. The burn percentage was 20% (...) Patient was treated with split-thickness skin graft (...)\n\n8 months later, the patient was referred to us from his primary care physician for management of infected open wounds in donor sites (...) Wound cultures showed Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Methicillin-resistent, MRSE) bacteria. Patient was a heavy smoker and suffered from multiple sclerosis (...)\n\nOne day after admission we performed a surgical debridement and removed the hypertrophic granulation tissue. After the operation we started daily wound dressing with a non-adherent antimicrobial alginate dressing (Silvercell®) and irradiation with water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) (...)\n\nAfter 5 weeks the patient was discharged with healed donor sites left thigh and left lower leg and nearly totally healed sites left forearm and left upper arm\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29977732/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Graft donor site",[]],["The effect of polarized light on wound healing","",5,"\"For all variables, except for infection and blister formation which was not seen in either group, highly significantly better scores were obtained in the donor sites treated with polarized light. Inter-observer agreement was acceptable to very good in all outcome variables. The results of this study demonstrated that polarized light had a beneficial effect on the healing of these standardized wounds, resulting in a faster epithelialization and an improved quality of early scar tissue formation.\"","https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00238-001-0305-0","Springer",26,"Surgery","Graft donor site",[]],["Low level diode laser treatment for hematomas under grafted skin and its photobiological mechanisms","830",3,"\"In conclusion, two photobiological effects of the low level diode laser were observed.\n\nFirst, the low level diode laser activates PGI2 secretion in human endothelial cells which causes vasodilatation. This explains the mechanism of hematoma absorption by improved circulation and the mechanism of enhanced skin flap survival area as well.\n\nSecond, the low level diode laser degradates the fibrin net through its physical energy. In clinical cases the low level diode laser was applied to grafted skin to achieve hematoma absorption without any side effects and obtained quite satisfactory results.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3066958/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Graft donor site",[830]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on pain and scar formation after inguinal herniation surgery: a randomized controlled single-blind study.","830",5,"\"G1 showed significantly better results in the VSS totals (2.14 +/- 1.51) compared with G2 (4.85 +/- 1.87); in the thickness measurements (0.11 cm) compared with G2 (0.19 cm); and in the malleability (0.14) compared with G2 (1.07). The pain score was also around 50% higher in G2.\"\n\n\"Infra-red LLLT (830 nm) applied after inguinal-hernia surgery was effective in preventing the formation of keloids. In addition, LLLT resulted in better scar appearance and quality 6 mo postsurgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821701","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Inguinal herniation",[830]],["The Impact of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Swelling Reduction and Recovery Enhancement in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",4,"\"The PBMT group demonstrated significantly lower impedance, reactance, and phase angle ratios by POD6, suggesting reduced swelling compared to the control group. In the 2MWT, the PBMT group achieved a longer walking distance of 27 m, compared to 16 m in the control group. However, there were no significant differences in aROM or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scores between the groups.\"\n\n\"The findings indicate that PBMT effectively reduces postoperative swelling and enhances early mobility post-TKA. These benefits suggest that PBMT can be a valuable addition to conventional postoperative care, potentially accelerating functional recovery, and reducing rehabilitation time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39786308/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Knee arthroplasty",[]],["Low-Level Laser and Light Therapy After Total Knee Arthroplasty Improves Postoperative Pain and Functional Outcomes: A Three-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial","804",4,"\"The preoperative scores were similar between groups. \n\nA higher ROM was observed with the LLLT group at all follow-ups except at the 12-month follow-up (3-month ROM: 116.8° vs 104.0° vs 92.3°; P < .001). \n\nThe knee swelling at 3 months was similar between the LLLT and light groups (2.1 cm), which was lower than that in controls (2.1 cm, P < .001). Furthermore, visual analog scale pain decreased more in the LLLT group than in other groups (8.5 vs 7.2 vs 6.0 points) at 3 months (P = .04) but was similar at 12 months (P > .05). \n\nAlso, the LLLT group consumed fewer opiate painkillers during the first month (48.3 vs 60.3 mg of oxycodone, P = .02). \n\nIn the LLLT group, the KSS at 3 and 12 months and the KSS function score at 3 months exceeded minimally clinically important differences (P < .05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36507283/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Knee arthroplasty",[804]],["Low-level laser acupuncture reduces postoperative pain and morphine consumption in older patients with total knee arthroplasty: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","808",4,"\"Low-level LA gradually reduced older patients' postoperative pain intensity and morphine consumption within the first 72 h after their TKA for osteoarthritis. Low-level LA may have benefits as an adjuvant pain management technique for clinical care.\"\n\nComment: The parameters were insufficiently reported. According to a Google search, it seems the TI-816-3E2 device has a beam area of less than 1 cm2.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35459599/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Knee arthroplasty",[808]],["Pilot study of the effect of therapeutic photobiomodulation on postoperative pain in knee arthroplasty","850",3,"\"Nine participants undergoing primary TKA submitted to spinal anesthesia, sedation, ultrasound-guided obturator and Femoral nerve Block analgesia, and photobiomodulation Therapy (FBMT) were evaluated regarding postoperative pain and morphine consumption. FBMT sessions were performed in the Immediate Postoperative period (IPO) and after 24 hours.\n\nParticipants received 16.7±15 mg of morphine up to the third postoperative day. At IPO, mean pain score was 4.8±3.2 and 5.6±3.5, at rest and on movement, respectively.\"\n\nComment: No control group","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34800495/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Knee arthroplasty",[850]],["Pilot study in neonates using low-level laser therapy in the immediate postoperative period of myelomeningocele","685",4,"\"This pilot study showed a significant decline in dehiscence of surgical wounds in neonates submitted to low-level laser therapy as compared to controls (7.69 versus 17.39%, respectively), demonstrating this is an effective, safe and noninvasive treatment method.\"\n\nComment: This paper has the same data as the other Pinto paper from 2010.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26761745/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Myelomeningocele repair",[685]],["Novel treatment immediately after myelomeningocele repair applying low-level laser therapy in newborns: a pilot study.","685",4,"\"This pilot study disclosed a significant decline in dehiscences of the surgical wounds in neonates who were submitted to LLLT (7.69 vs. 17.39%).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21160232","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Myelomeningocele repair",[685]],["High-intensity light therapy for post-interventional complications and pain after minimally invasive spinal procedures: a case series","",3,"\"In the HILT group, pain levels and tissue oxygenation were assessed before and after each of two HILT sessions. The postoperative complications for each group were compared at each of the two follow-up visits. Tissue oxygenation levels were significantly higher after each HILT application at each visit, and pain was significantly reduced after each HILT application compared to before treatment. There was no significant difference observed in the postoperative complications between the control group and the HILT group. \n\nThese results suggest that the use of HILT in the minimally invasive spinal intervention postoperative setting improves patient outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41706322/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Spinal surgery",[]],["Evaluation of the Effect of Light Emitting Diodes Therapy (LEDT) to Reduce the Recovery Period of Rhinoplasty","660",4,"\"In the intervention group, patients had a significant reduction in ecchymosis and edema at one and two weeks after the surgery compared to the control group. Pairwise comparison in the intervention group revealed that ecchymosis reduced significantly during first and second weeks (P<0.001 and P=0.03, respectively). However, edema showed significant improvement primarily during the second week (P<0.001). This suggests a slower resolution rate for edema. Additionally, the rate of wound healing was significant in the intervention group at two weeks post-surgery (P=0.037), with further notable improvement observed at one month (P<0.001). No adverse effects were reported.\"\n\n\"Conclusion: Light-emitting diode therapy can reduce early postoperative complications, such as ecchymosis and edema, and accelerate wound healing during the first two weeks after rhinoplasty.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789286/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Rhinoplasty",[660]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation with 940 Nm Diode Laser on Post-Rhinoplasty Nasal Tip Swelling: A Randomized Controlled Trial","940",3,"\"The intervention group demonstrated a mean nasal width reduction of 2.5 mm (p=0.08) and a 3-degree improvement in tip rotation (p=0.12) compared to controls, though statistical significance was not achieved. Qualitative assessments revealed marked edema reduction in 70% of treated patients versus 30% of controls. \n\nWhile limited by sample size, these findings suggest 940 nm PBM may accelerate resolution of post-rhinoplasty swelling through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, warranting further investigation in larger cohorts.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40680911/","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Rhinoplasty",[940]],["Effect of Photobiomodulation on Ecchymosis after Rhinoplasty: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial.","660, 830, 840",4,"\"Moreover, ecchymosis was compared between the two groups as well. The low-power laser group had significantly better outcomes according to ecchymosis grading (p = 0.005* ) (Table 3).\"\n\nComment: No difference between pain (VAS) coutcomes between the groups.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32410200","PubMed",26,"Surgery","Rhinoplasty",[660,830,840]],["Transcranial Photobiomodulation to Improve Cognition in Gulf War Illness","",2,"\"This study was underpowered (n = 48), with large heterogeneity at Entry. This likely contributed to significance or trend to significance, for only two of the NP tests (Digit Span Forwards; Trails 4, Number/Letter Sequencing) and only one general health measure, the SF-36V Plus, Physical Component Score. More subjects receiving Real, self-reported increased concentration, relaxation and sleep.\"\n\n\"Controlled studies with newer, transcranial LED home treatment devices are warranted; this is expected to increase enrollment.\"\n\nNote: Multiple devices were used simultaneously in this study.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33551948/","PubMed",79,"Syndromes","Gulf War Illness",[]],["Improvements in Gulf War Illness Symptoms After Near-Infrared Transcranial and Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Two Case Reports.","810",4,"\"This report describes the first documentation of improved GWI symptoms in two GW veterans following 12 weeks of PBM treatments.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30916762/","PubMed",79,"Syndromes","Gulf War Illness",[810]],["Transcutaneous intravascular laser irradiation of blood affects plasma metabolites of women","660",2,"\"Plasma samples were extracted and analyzed using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry in an untargeted approach. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis revealed 151 molecules with the Variable In Projection score of ≥ 1. From these, 26 were identified. \n\nAfter checking for molecules related to dietary intake, fasting, medication, or part of the human exposome, 15 were affected by ILIB. The abundances of Estradiol 17b-glucuronide 3-sulfate, CAR 14:3, PI 22:6/PGJ2, and CAR 12:1 significantly increased by ILIB, while AcylGlcADG 62:9, Tyrosyl-Glutamine, and CDP-DG 22:3/PGF1 had the contrary effect. \n\nILIB was shown to modulate molecules from different chemical classes, although its impact on plasma metaboloma was minimal. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the implications of these findings across various metabolic pathways, thus advancing the science surrounding ILIB.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39617830/","PubMed",28,"Systemic effects","Blood metabolites",[660]],["Protocol-Dependent Effects of Transcutaneous Blood Systemic Photobiomodulation on Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Hemostatic Markers","",3,"\"Results show that the IR-V group exhibited a significant increase in HDL levels after treatment. Regarding insulin, a significant reduction was observed in the IR-LD group after treatment; ferritin levels were significantly reduced in the LED group. No significant differences were found for the other biomarkers analyzed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41548553/","PubMed",28,"Systemic effects","Metabolic health",[]],["Effects of Intravenous Laser Irradiation of Blood on Metabolic Markers in Patients With Hyperlipidemia: A Retrospective Pilot Study","633",4,"\"After treatment, only TG showed a significant reduction (167.8 mg/dl vs. 118.8 mg/dl, p=0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with TG >150 mg/dL, LDL>130 mg/dl, and total cholesterol >200 mg/dl all demonstrated significant decreases after ILIB therapy (p<0.05), while no significant changes were observed in patients with normal baseline values. Fasting glucose and HbA1c showed no significant changes in any subgroup.\"\n\n\"ILIB demonstrated significant lipid-lowering effects in patients with dyslipidemia, particularly in those with elevated TG, LDL, and total cholesterol.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41482358/","PubMed",28,"Systemic effects","Metabolic health",[633]],["The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study","",5,"\"The posttreatment SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL, FBS, FBI and insulin resistance were significantly lower while HDL was significantly higher in women who received combined LA and diet regimen compared to those who received dietary regimen only.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39138739/","PubMed",28,"Systemic effects","Metabolic health",[]],["Analysis of the Ultrasensitive C-Reactive Protein and Homocysteine Biomarkers after Photobiomodulation Therapy in Hormone Blocker-Treated Mastectomized Women: A Randomized, Blind, and Controlled Clinical Study","660",3,"\"The initial and final mean PCR_us levels for G1 were 6.8 and 3.8 mg/dL, and for HCy were 14.2 and 12.1 µmol/L, respectively. While for G2 initial and final mean PCR_us levels were 9.40 and 7.60 mg/dL, and for HCy were 14.33 and 16.69 µmol/L. There was no statistical difference for PCR_us. However, a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05) for HCy in the 3rd and 4th months.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39422591/","PubMed",28,"Systemic effects","Metabolic health",[660]],["A pilot study on the effects of transcutaneous and transmucosal laser irradiation on blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol in women","660",3,"\"The results of the present study indicate that ILIB can be safely used as an adjunct method to regulate blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol (total, LDL and HDL). The results of the present study have clearly demonstrated that, independently of irradiation route (either transcutaneous or transmucosal), laser therapy with wavelengths within the visible spectrum (606 nm) are capable to facilitate patients to achieve homeostasis.\"\n\n\"Despite these promising results, the results of the present study also indicate the need for additional studies (I) focused on the elucidation of the mechanisms of action by which photophysical effects are modulating biochemical reactions in humans, and (II) to determine the longitudinal (6 months–1 year) effects of ILIB.\"","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021012135","ScienceDirect",28,"Systemic effects","Metabolic health",[660]],["Photobiomodulation Associated With Conservative Treatment for Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Double-Blind, Superiority, Randomized Controlled Trial","658, 858, 904",3,"\"There were no significant differences in outcomes between the 2 groups (P>.05) except in pain during walking, which was significantly lower in the PBMG in week 12 (P<.01, effect size=0.56) and week 16 (P<.01, effect size=0.55).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36545533/","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[658,858,904]],["Immediate effect of photobiomodulation therapy on Achilles tendon morphology and mechanical properties: an exploratory study.","810, 980",3,"\"When treated with a laser-induced PBM treatment, healthy and pathologic Achilles tendons do not have immediate (within 4 hours) changes in tendon morphology or mechanical properties. These findings suggest that PBM therapy can be administered before other clinical treatments or high-load activities.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31742249","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[810,980]],["Photobiomodulation and eccentric exercise for Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial.","980, 810",3,"LLLT seemed to improve the benefits of exercise, but only in the group which had exercise sessions only twice a week.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26610637","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[980,810]],["High Power Laser for Treatment of Achilles Tendinosis - a Single Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Study.","980",3,"\"The between group difference were significant in four of nine questions regarding loading activities of the FAOS subscale. Assessed pain thresholds were found increased in the HPLT group, as compared to the placebo HPLT group. At individual level, the results varied.\"\n\n\"The results indicate that HPLT may provide a future option for treatment of Achilles tendinosis related pain, but further studies are warranted.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27330704","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[980]],["Laser therapy in the treatment of achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study.","810",2,"\"Within groups, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between baseline scores and the two evaluation periods of 4 and 12 wk for all of the outcome measures, except for eccentric strength in the placebo group at 4 wk (p = 0.11) (Tables 2 and 3). However, differences between groups were minimal.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248158","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[810]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinopathy.","820",4,"\"Low-level laser therapy, with the parameters used in this study, accelerates clinical recovery from chronic Achilles tendinopathy when added to an EE regimen. For the LLLT group, the results at 4 weeks were similar to the placebo LLLT group results after 12 weeks.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272794","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[820]],["A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations.","904",4,"\"LLLT at a dose of 5.4 J per point can reduce inflammation and pain in activated Achilles tendinitis.\"\n\nComment: The baseline values of pain differed between the groups, which might make the results a little bit less impressive.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371497","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[904]],["Laser pharmacology and achilles tendinopathy","660, 830, 904",3,"\"The subjects were 100 successive athletes with chronic Achilles tendinopathy who had undergone conservative treatment for six months without positive results. \n\nThis study used a combination of Photodynamic Therapy with Plenosol® intradermal and 660nm LT, followed by a cooling down treatment using Ubiquinon, Ferrum and Cu+ + subcutaneous infiltration, \n\nLT with 660nm, 830nm and 904nm. After an average of 4 treatments in 14 days, healing was achieved in 16 days and training was resumed in 90% of the patients. With these results, it was concluded that a good knowledge of the interaction between laser and pharmacology could reduce treatment time, even for chronic cases of Achilles tendinopathy.\"\n\nComment: This study used a multifactorial treatment. It cannot be used as a proof of efficacy of LLLT but it is a nice historical piece.","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/11/3/11_3_144/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",75,"Tendons","Achilles tendon",[660,830,904]],["Outcome of low level lasers versus ultrasonic therapy in de Quervain's tenosynovitis.","830",2,"\"On comparing both the groups, no statistically significant difference was found. However, looking at the mean values, the grip strength and VAS showed better improvement in the US Th. group as compared to the laser therapy group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26538761","PubMed",75,"Tendons","de Quervain's tenosynovitis",[830]],["Early Low-Level Laser Therapy Improves the Passive Range of Motion and Decreases Pain in Patients with Flexor Tendon Injury.","660, 890",5,"\"There was a significant increase in PROM (t = 82.925, p = 0.000) and a significant pain reduction (t = -11.96, p = 0.000) in the LLLT group, compared with the control group. All Patients in the LLLT group were satisfied.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30300099","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Digital flexor tendons",[660,890]],["Investigation of the supplementary effect of GaAs laser therapy on the rehabilitation of human digital flexor tendons.","904",2,"\"The results of the study showed a significant improvement in the laser-treated group only for the parameter of edema reduction (p < 0.01) but the difference between the two groups was non-significant for pain reduction, hand grip strength, and functional evaluation performed according to Strickland and Buck-Gramcko systems using total active motion and fingertip-to distal palmar crease distance parameters (p > 0.05).\"\n\nComment: The final results were very good both for placebo and laser. Therefore, supplementary laser treatment might be not warranted for this condition.\n\nComment: In a 2010 paper, professor Bjordal wrote that the device used in this study emits almost no near-infrared: \"Measurements were inconsistent and the results showed that single-diode probes emitted outputs down to only 0.07 mW, which was less than 0.5% of the stated output shown on the display on the laser unit.\"\"\n\n(Source: https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/16501977-0576 )","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165384","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Digital flexor tendons",[904]],["Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Eccentric Exercises in the Treatment of Patellar Tendinopathy","810",5,"\"The laser + exercise group had significantly greater improvements in all the outcomes than the other two groups (), except nonsignificant difference in pain relief between the laser + exercise group and the laser group. In conclusion, LLLT combined with eccentric exercises is superior to LLLT alone and eccentric exercises alone to reduce pain and improve function in patients with patellar tendinopathy.\"","https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/785386/","Hindawi",75,"Tendons","Patellar tendinopathy",[810]],["Histological, Physiological and Biomechanical Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Tendon Healing in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review","",5,"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37899380/","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Review",[]],["Low level laser therapy (LLLT) of tendinitis and myofascial pains a randomized, double-blind, controlled study","904",4,"\"Laser therapy had a significant, positive effect compared with placebo measured from the first assessment to the third assessment, four weeks after the end of treatment. Laser treatment was most effective on acute tendinitis.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/14/0_Pilot_Issue_2/14_0_Pilot_Issue_2_0_79/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",75,"Tendons","Tendinitis",[904]],["Comparative effectiveness of laser, PRP, splinting, and ESWT versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial","",4,"\"All treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in pain and function at 1 and 3 months (p < 0.05). HGS improved in all groups except PRP, where no significant gain was observed. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups across outcome measures.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41400750/","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[]],["Effects of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field on pain and function in patients with lateral epicondylitis: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","640, 850, 905",4,"\"PBMT-sMF yielded a higher responder rate (defined as the proportion of participants achieving at least a 30% reduction in pain intensity relative to baseline) than placebo (72% vs 40%, p=0.045), with a clinically and statistically significant between-group difference. \n\nCompared with placebo, the PBMT-sMF group showed significantly greater reductions in pain intensity both at the end of treatment (51.4±19.8 vs 36.9±22.6; p=0.0223) and at follow-up (37.4±24.1 vs 20.3±21.2; p=0.0049). TNF-α levels also decreased significantly in the PBMT-sMF group compared with placebo at both time points (p<0.0001 and p=0.0019, respectively). \n\nNo significant between-group differences were observed for PRTEE scores, grip strength or treatment satisfaction. No major adverse events were reported.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41047274/","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[640,850,905]],["Comparison of high intensity laser therapy and extracorporeal shock wave in treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled study","",4,"\"There were significant improvement in VAS, hand grip strength, QuickDASH scores and CET thickness before and after treatment in both group(p < 0,05). \n\nBut there were no significant differences between the groups pre-treatment, at the 1st week, and 6th week after treatment (p > 0.05). Only hand grip strength was smilar to the pretreatment outcomes in HILT group. \n\nBoth treatment methods were found to be effective and safe in the short-term treatment of LE. Consequently, these non-invasive, effective and safe techniques can be successfully used in the treatment of common pathology of the elbow.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39511042/","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[]],["Comparison of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and high-intensity laser therapy on pain, grip strength, and function in patients with lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled study","",5,"\"Inter-group comparison of the mean differences between baseline and end values showed that the HILT group was superior in all outcomes (P < 0.05).\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not reported in full text... BTL-6000 device seems to have to difference models, with one having 810+980 nm wavelengths and the other 1064 nm... It seems that in HILT studies the 1064 nm version is more common.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36117204/","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[]],["Comparison of low level laser therapy and extracorporeal shock wave in treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis","905",3,"\"Evidence from this study revealed that although both treatment modalities were effective in the treatment of CLE, ESWT seemed to more effective in pain relief and functional recovery than LLLT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33423990/","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[905]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy Versus Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis.","904",5,"\"Improvements for elbow extension and shoulder flexion strength and for VAS movement were observed only in the PBMT group, whereas improvement of handgrip strength was present in both groups (p < 0.05). \n\nHowever, handgrip strength was superior in the PBMT group than in the ESWT group (p = 0.02).\"\n\nComment: A black-and-white photograph of PBM application is included in the full text.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31084562","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["The short-term effectiveness of low-level laser, phonophoresis, and iontophoresis in patients with lateral epicondylosis.","904",4,"\"In our study, we observed that LLLT provides a benefit only for pain, whereas iontophoresis is beneficial for both pain and function. If the effect size is evaluated, LLLT is more influential than iontophoresis for decreasing pain.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29452929","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["Comparison of High Intensity Laser and Epicondylitis Bandage in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis.","",4,"\"Both groups showed significant improvement in all evaluated parameters including pain scores, hand grip strength, disability, and SF-36 scores at sixth week after the treatment (all p<0.05). A comparison of percentage changes in parameters between treatment groups did not show a significant difference, except for resting visual analog scale (p=0.036) and SF-36 physical component subscale (p=0.049) scores which indicated better improvement in HILT group.\"\n\nComment: Parameters are very poorly (an unclearly) explained. I guess we could still assume they used 1064nm light similarly as in many other \"HILT\" studies.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29900938","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[]],["Long term effects of high intensity laser therapy in lateral epicondylitis patients.","1064",4,"\"Whereas VAS activity, DASH, and HGST scores increased after treatment until post-treatment 6 months significantly (p = 0.001), VAS resting scores remained stable (p = 0.476). A statistically significant improvement was also evident in the physical and mental components of SF-36 scores following treatment until post-treatment 6 months compared to pre-treatment scores (p = 0.001).\"\n\n\"In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that HILT is a reliable, safe, and effective treatment option in LE patients in the short and long term considering pain, functional status, and quality of life\"\n\nComment: No control group, but promising improvements.","","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[1064]],["Effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy and splinting in lateral epicondylitis; a prospective, randomized, controlled study.","1064",4,"\"HILT and brace groups showed significant improvements for most evaluation parameters (pain scores, grip strength, disability scores, and several subparts of the short-form 36 health survey (physical function, role limitations due to physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, and vitality)) after treatment (after 4 and 12 weeks). However, the improvements in evaluation parameters of the patients with LE in HILT and brace groups were not reflected to ultrasonographic findings.\"\n\nComment: They apparently did not do HILT versus sham tests for statistical significance. However, HILT group had significant improvements in most variables while sham group didn't improve (no placebo effect).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25614134","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[1064]],["Platelet rich plasma versus laser therapy in lateral epicondylitis of elbow","904",3,"\"We had seen that within group comparison for laser therapy results are statistically significant. The Nirschl pain score decreases continuously from baseline up to 12 month except immediately. When both treatment methods were compared then it was observed that these two methods differ significantly from immediate to 12 month except 3 week and 2 month. It was evident that until 2 week pain score was higher significantly in injection method (Group 1) when compared with laser (Group 2). From 3 months the pain score was lower significantly in injection group when compared with laser group and was statistically significant.\n\nIt can be concluded that low level laser therapy is better in the short term period, but upto 1 year followup, injection PRP therapy is better than laser therapy.\"\n\nComment: Dose parameters were not reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25143643/","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["The effectiveness of therapeutic class IV (10 W) laser treatment for epicondylitis.","980, 810",5,"\"In the laser treated group handgrip strength improved by 17 ± 3%, 52 ± 7%, and 66 ± 6% at 3, 6, and 12 months respectively; function improved by 44 ± 1%, 71 ± 3%, and 82 ± 2%, and pain with resistance to extension of the middle finger was reduced by 50 ± 6%, 93 ± 4%, and 100 ± 1% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively.\n\nIn contrast, no changes were seen until 12 months following sham treatment (12 months: strength improved by 13 ± 2%, function improved by 52 ± 3%, pain with resistance to extension of the middle finger reduced by 76 ± 2%).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733499","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[980,810]],["Investigation of the effect of GaAs laser therapy on lateral epicondylitis.","905",3,"\"Although low energy laser therapy had no advantage compared to placebo in patients with LE for the short term, a significant improvement, particularly in functional parameters, was achieved in the long term. Laser, which has relatively no side effects, might be included among long-term treatment options for LE.\"\n\nComment: In my opinion, the 12wk differences between LLLT and placebo are very small. It seems they didn't measure the statistical significance of the differences between the groups.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19877824","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[905]],["Comparing the effects of exercise program and low-level laser therapy with exercise program and polarized polychromatic non-coherent light (bioptron light) on the treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy.","904",3,"\"There were no significant differences in the reduction of pain and the improvement of function between the groups at the end of treatment and at the 3-mo follow-up (p > 0.0005 on the independent t-test).\"\n\n\"The results suggest that the combination of an exercise program with LLLT or polarized polychromatic non-coherent light is an adequate treatment for patients with LET. Further research to establish the relative and absolute effectiveness of such a treatment approach is needed.\"\n\nComment: There was no negative control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19473072","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["The short-term efficacy of laser, brace, and ultrasound treatment in lateral epicondylitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.","633",4,"\"The results show that, in patients with lateral epicondylitis, a brace has a shorter beneficial effect than US and laser therapy in reducing pain, and that laser therapy is more effective than the brace and US treatment in improving grip strength.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18215753","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[633]],["Laser therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.","830",3,"\"In using LLLT, (1) there was no difference relative to pain relief and functional capacity during the follow-up in CTS patients; (2) there were positive effects on hand and pinch grip strengths.\"\n\nComment: According to Bjordal's commentary, the dose might be 27 joules instead of 14 joules.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352635","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[830]],["Effects of 904-nm low-level laser therapy in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial.","904",5,"\"Significantly greater improvements were shown in all outcome measures with the laser group than with the placebo group (p < 0.0125), except in the two subsections of DASH.\"\n\n\"This study revealed that LLLT in addition to exercise is effective in relieving pain, and in improving the grip strength and subjective rating of physical function of patients with lateral epicondylitis.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508839","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["Effects of low-level laser and plyometric exercises in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis.","904",5,"\"Relative to the group B, the group A had\n\n(1) a significant decrease of pain at rest at the end of 8 weeks of the treatment (p < 0.005) and at the end of following up period (p < 0.05),\n\n(2) a significant decrease in pain at palpation and pain on isometric testing at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05), and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.001),\n\n(3) a significant decrease in pain during middle finger test at the end of 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01), and at the end of the follow-up period (p < 0.05),\n\n(4) a significant decrease of pain during grip strength testing at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05), and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.001),\n\n(5) a significant increase in the wrist range of motion at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.01),\n\n(6) an increase in grip strength at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05) and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.01), and\n\n(7) a significant increase in weight-test at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05) and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.005).\"\n\n\"The results suggested that the combination of laser with plyometric exercises was more effective treatment than placebo laser with the same plyometric exercises at the end of the treatment as well as at the follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17603862","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["Comparison of effects of Cyriax physiotherapy, a supervised exercise programme and polarized polychromatic non-coherent light (Bioptron light) for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis","",3,"\"The supervised exercise programme should be the first treatment option for therapists when they manage lateral epicondylitis patients. If this is not possible, Cyriax physiotherapy and polarized polychromatic non-coherent light (Bioptron light) may be suitable.\"\n\nComment: No proper (placebo) control group. The PBM group improved clearly during the study but it cannot be said whether it's causally related to the intervention. Exercise was more effective than PBM.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16502745","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[]],["Treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis--tennis and golfer's elbow--with low level laser therapy: a multicenter double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on 324 patients.","633, 830, 904",5,"The best result was achieved with combination therapy (trigger points + scanning). Total relief of the pain with consequently improved functional ability was achieved in 82% of acute and 66% of chronic cases","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9743652","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[633,830,904]],["Low level laser versus placebo in the treatment of tennis elbow.","904",4,"\"A significant improvement in the laser compared to the placebo group was found on visual analog scale (p = 0.02) and grip strength (p = 0.03) tests four weeks after treatment. In this study low level laser therapy was shown to have an effect over placebo; however, as a sole treatment for lateral epicondylitis it is of limited value.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1604260","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["Low-level Laser versus Traditional Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Tennis Elbow","904",3,"\"From selection to the last assessment, a significant decrease in pain (p1 < 0.01) was found in both groups, and grip strength increased significantly both in the physiotherapy (p1 = 0.01) and the laser group (p1 = 0.02). Comparing the two groups, a significant decrease in pain (p2 < 0.01) was found in the traditional therapy compared to the laser group. Both treatment regimes involved in this trial relieved the symptoms of tennis elbow significantly in about half the cases, but low-level laser therapy was no more effective than traditional physiotherapy.\"","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031940610614812","ScienceDirect",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["Is low-energy laser treatment effective in lateral epicondylalgia?","904",3,"\"The statistical analysis showed that the laser treated group had a significant improvement in some objective outcomes after the treatment period and at the 3 mo follow-up, but there were no significant differences in the subjective outcomes between the groups. Irradia laser treatment may be a valuable therapy in lateral epicondylalgia, if carried out as described in this study. However, further studies are necessary before low energy laser can be employed as a pain-relieving method.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2030299","PubMed",22,"Tendons","Tennis elbow",[904]],["Effects of light-emitting diode therapy on hand stiffness and pain in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-refractory patients with tenosynovitis","595, 850",4,"\"After undergoing LEDT, participants showed clinically significant improvements in VAS pain scores at weeks 2, 4, and 8 compared to their baseline, and in VAS stiffness scores at weeks 4 and 8.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37476675/","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Tenosynovitis",[595,850]],["Comparison of the effects of low level laser and insoles on pain, functioning, and muscle strength in subjects with stage 2 posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: A randomized study","850",3,"\"Both treatments are effective in reducing treating foot pain, as well as improving the function in subjects with stage 2 PTTD. However, at the end of the 9-month follow-up, it was seen that insoles were more effective. Neither method had a clinically important effect on muscle strength.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34151822/","PubMed",75,"Tendons","Tibial tendon",[850]],["The effect of photobiomodulation therapy on fatigue and behavioural status in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis","850",5,"\"In the between-group comparisons, all clinical symptom states showed a significant improvement in favour of the active group (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41910812/","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[850]],["Evaluation of Thyroid Volume Normalisation in Female Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A 12-Month Comparative Study of Combined Supplements and Photobiomodulation Versus Supplementation Alone","820",5,"\"Ninety-seven participants completed the study (51 in Group 1, 46 in Group 2). \n\nGroup 1 showed significantly greater improvements in TV normalisation and weight loss and reductions in BMI, waist/hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, TSH, anti-TPO, anti-TG, and LT4 dosage (p < 0.05). \"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40722630/","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[820]],["The effect of low-level laser therapy on the oxidative stress level and quality of life in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis","",3,"\"There was no change in thyroid function and autoimmunity at the end of the treatment between the two groups (p > 0.05). \n\nImprovements in glutathione levels and quality of life were significantly higher in the active treatment group than in the sham-controlled group. LLLT was found to be more effective on OS and quality of life in patients with HT than in patients in the sham-controlled group.\"\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38628043/","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[]],["Efficacy of Combined Photobiomodulation Therapy with Supplements versus Supplements alone in Restoring Thyroid Gland Homeostasis in Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Clinical Feasibility Parallel Trial with 6-Months Follow-Up","820",5,"\"Our findings showed significant improvement in group 1 parameters (PBM+ supplements) compared with group 2 (supplements only) in terms of weight loss and reduction in the following parameters: BMI, hip and waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, TSH, antiTPO, antiTG and treatment dose of LT4 (p < 0.05).\"\n\n\"Our results, for the first time, demonstrated an efficacy of PBM delivered at a lower fluence with supplements in restoring thyroid function, anthropometric parameters and lifestyle factors in patients with HT. Hence, extensive studies with a longer follow-up period are warranted.\"","https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/8/1274","MDPI",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[820]],["Impact of Photobiomodulation on T3/T4 Ratio and Quality of Life in Hashimoto Thyroiditis.","850",5,"\"As we compare both groups, the increase in T3 levels and T3/T4 ratio was markedly superior in Group 1 (p = 0.0001). The decrease in thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO Ab) levels was also significantly different between both groups (p = 0.0001). Hormone replacement needs were also significantly decreased in Group 1 compared with Group 2 (p = 0.03).\"\n\n\"All patients demonstrated a decrease in LT4 doses and 60 (28.5%) patients stopped using LT4 completely at the end of third month.\"\n\nComment: The paper title mentions 'quality of life' but the results don't address the changes in quality of life. Also, TSH values are not shown in the results.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32186976","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[850]],["Safety and Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Long-Term Follow-Up Study.","830",4,"\"The levothyroxine dose required by group L was significantly lower than that required by group P (P = 0.002). The anti-TPO and anti-Tg levels did not differ between the groups.\"\n\n\"LLLT, by the methods described, has been shown to be safe for the treatment of hypothyroidism\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30532779","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[830]],["Effects of low-level laser therapy on the serum TGF-β1 concentrations in individuals with autoimmune thyroiditis.","830",3,"\"This finding suggested that the significant increase in serum TGF-β1 levels in patients with CAT-induced hypothyroidism was associated with the thyroid LLLT procedure. Future studies of the effect of LLLT on TGF-β1 gene expression in thyroid tissue are necessary to confirm these findings.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25101534","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[830]],["Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","830",5,"\"The results showed a significant difference in the mean levothyroxine dose required to treat the hypothyroidism between the L group (38.59 ± 20.22 μg/day) and the P group (106.88 ± 22.90 μg/day, P<0.001). Lower TPOAb (P=0.043) and greater echogenicity (P<0.001) were also noted in the L group.\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718472","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[830]],["Assessment of the effects of low-level laser therapy on the thyroid vascularization of patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism by color Doppler ultrasound.","830",4,"LLLT improved thyroid vascularization in the patients.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23316383","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[830]],["Low-level laser therapy in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a pilot study.","830",4,"The first English paper on treating hypothyroid patients with LLLT. 47% of patients could discontinue thyroxine medication.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662037","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Hypothyroidism",[830]],["The Use of a Light-Emitting Diode Device for Neck Rejuvenation and Its Safety on Thyroid Glands","630, 850",4,"\"Evaluation using the Lemperle wrinkle scale and global improvement scales by both investigators and subjects showed significant improvement after 16 weeks of daily application, as well as 8 weeks after discontinuation. Biophysical parameters, such as hydration, elasticity, and density, also showed significant improvements.\n\nHence, the long-term use of the LED device was safe and effective for neck rejuvenation, and showed no significant side effects on the adjacent thyroid and parathyroid glands.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921839/","PubMed",64,"Thyroid","Skin",[630,850]],["Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Snakebites Caused by Bothrops atrox: A Randomized Clinical Trial","",5,"\"Creatine kinase was significantly lower in the LLLT group (mean [SD], 163.7 [160.0] U/L) 48 hours after admission in relation to the comparator (412.4 [441.3] U/L) (P = .03). \n\nMean (SD) pain intensity (2.9 [2.7] vs 5.0 [2.4]; P = .004), circumference measurement ratio (6.6% [6.6%] vs 17.1% [11.6%]; P < .001), and edema extent (25.8 [15.0] vs 40.1 [22.7] cm; P = .002) were significantly lower in the LLLT group in relation to the comparator. \n\nNo difference was observed between the groups regarding the mean difference between the bite site temperature and the contralateral limb. \n\nSecondary infections, necrosis, disability outcomes, and the frequency of need for analgesics were similar in both groups. No adverse event was observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38048090/","PubMed",77,"Toxins","Snake venom",[]],["Alterations in urinary metals following pulsed 660 nm photobiomodulation in a pediatric patient with autism spectrum disorder: a case report","660",2,"\"Baseline urinary aluminum was stable (10.0 and 9.8 µg/g creatinine; reference <40). After PBM, aluminum rose to 58 µg/g on Day 3 and peaked at 98 µg/g on Day 7. A severely dilute Day 8 specimen was excluded. At two-month follow-up, aluminum remained above reference (49 µg/g). Mercury exceeded reference in all specimens including baseline. Follow-up mercury rose to 8.4 µg/g creatinine with urine pH >8.0.\"\n\n\"This case describes a temporal increase in urinary aluminum excretion following pulsed 660 nm PBM. Urinary aluminum alone is insufficient to establish systemic mobilization, reduced tissue burden, or clinical benefit. The observation is hypothesis-generating; controlled studies with verified dosimetry and validated outcomes are warranted.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42416092/","PubMed",29,"Urine","Aluminum excretion",[660]],["Effects of suprapubic photobiostimulation on bladder function in two girls with Hinman syndrome","630",4,"\"Following PBST treatment, a reduction in post-void residual (PVR) of 93.6% was observed in patient 1 and 59.6% in patient 2, reflecting gains in VE of 277.4% and 18.7%, respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42584726/","PubMed",29,"Urology / Gynaecology","Hinman syndrome",[630]],["Efficacy and safety of skin-adhesive low-level light therapy for overactive bladder: a Phase III study","610",4,"\"Compared with those in the sham group, the numbers of UUI and urinary incontinence episodes in the LLLT group were significantly decreased at week 12 (UUI, (-1.0 ± 1.7 vs. -0.4 ± 2.5, P = 0.003; urinary incontinence, -1.1 ± 1.9 vs. -0.5 ± 2.9, P=0.002). \n\nFurthermore, the OABSS, UDI-6, and IIQ-7 scores at week 12 tended to be better in the LLLT group than in the sham group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35389054/","PubMed",29,"Urology / Gynaecology","Overactive bladder",[610]],["Effect of photobiomodulation associated with strengthening pelvic floor muscles in volunteers with urinary incontinence: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial","808",2,"\"We concluded that photobiomodulation treatment showed significant efficacy in relation to muscle fatigue in the pelvic apparatus right after a strengthening program in women with stress urinary incontinence.\"\n\nComment: The authors mostly report the within-group differences. The between-group differences are nonexistent for many outcomes.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38017192/","PubMed",29,"Urology / Gynaecology","Urinary incontinence",[808]],["Immediate effects of photobiomodulation with low-level laser followed by the voiced tongue trill technique in women with behavioral dysphonia","808",3,"\"Vocal quality did not differ significantly between the intervention moments or between groups in sustained vowel, but there were positive changes in the overall degree of vocal deviation in the continuous speech task in the placebo LASER group followed by VTTT (p=0.047). G1 had a decrease in jitter (0.025) and pitch perturbation quotient (0.033), and G2 had an increase in MPT (p-value=0.013) and vowel CPPS (p-value=0.027), a decrease in self-perceived phonatory effort (p-value=0.014), and an improvement in vocal fold vibration parameters (p-value=0.017).\"\n\nComment: The abstract highlights mostly pre-post changes instead of between-the-groups changes.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42454831/","PubMed",34,"Voice","Behavioral dysphonia",[808]],["Digital Kymography Evaluation of Women With Behavioral Dysphonia Undergoing Low-Level Laser Photobiomodulation","808",3,"\"Applying photobiomodulation with LLL associated with VTTT immediately changed the larynx during its phonatory phase, demonstrated by the increase in MeanOp in the anterior third of the vocal folds. Studies with HSV and DKG should select more homogeneous groups to evaluate therapeutic interventions.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42191538/","PubMed",34,"Voice","Behavioral dysphonia",[808]],["A single photobiomodulation session selectively improves vocal stability and respiratory capacity in teachers with severe vocal fatigue","640, 940",3,"\"A single session of photobiomodulation therapy resulted in immediate and significant improvements in vocal quality and respiratory function, particularly in teachers with severe vocal fatigue. These findings position PBM as a promising non-invasive tool for rapid vocal rehabilitation in individuals with pronounced phonatory deficits.\"\n\n\"However, these findings should be interpreted in consideration of several limitations, including the small sample size, particularly in the severe subgroup, the absence of a control group, and the short, immediate follow-up period.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41420668/","PubMed",34,"Voice","Vocal fatigue",[640,940]],["The Effectiveness of Low-Level Light Therapy in Attenuating Vocal Fatigue.","628, 828",4,"\"Red light significantly normalized the combination of PTP, IPSV, and RFF measures compared to other conditions.\"\n\n\"The red setting heats the neck surface to approximately 43.3°C, whereas the IR setting heats the neck surface to 35.5°C based on a thermometer\" [see Additional info]\n\n\"Results indicate that red light may be effective in improving acoustic, aerodynamic, and self-perceptual markers of vocal fatigue. Although these findings indicate that LLLT is a promising treatment for vocal fatigue, future work is needed to determine optimal light doses, whether wavelengths are more efficacious in combination vs isolation, and when the doses should be applied relative to phonotrauma (before, after, or both) for providing fatigue resistance or hastening recovery.\n\nLLLT is a simple, potentially efficacious treatment for vocal fatigue that could have wide clinical relevance to populations with voice disorders or occupations with high voice use demands.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27839705","PubMed",34,"Voice","Vocal fatigue",[628,828]],["Immediate Effects of Photobiomodulation in Vocally Healthy Individuals Undergoing Vocal Loading Activity: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial","",3,"\"The immediate effects of PBM on the vocal parameters of individuals subjected to vocal load are discreet and restricted to some acoustic indices. Individuals who received PBM showed an increase in the acoustic measure H1-H2 after the vocal load, which may suggest a reduction in the contact force between the vocal folds and, possibly, less vocal hyperfunction in the EXPERIMENTAL group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40783339/","PubMed",34,"Voice","Vocal fold",[]],["Acoustic and Multiparametric Measurements After Photobiomodulation (PBM) in Women Without Self-Reported Voice Complaints: Is There Any Difference?","808",2,"\"For this sample, no significant differences were found for AVQI, ABI, or CPP. Although CPPS showed a significant change for the EG, this change was small and therefore not sufficient to suggest clinical applicability at this moment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41934015/","PubMed",34,"Voice","Voice quality",[808]],["Immediate effects of photobiomodulation with low-level laser in women with no laryngeal or voice changes: preliminary results","808",3,"\"There was no significant difference in voice quality, acoustic parameters, or self-perceived phonatory discomfort between intervention moments in the placebo, VTTT + 3 J, and VTTT + 6 J groups in the intragroup comparison. G4 (VTTT + 9 J) decreased shimmer and APQ aperiodicity measures (respective p-values: 0.033; 0.044).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40197959/","PubMed",34,"Voice","Voice quality",[808]],["Er:YAG laser ablation of plantar verrucae with red LED therapy-assisted healing.","633",4,"\"From the author's experience in 121 cases, the Er:YAG laser is ideally suited for precise and speedy ablation of plantar verrucae with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tissue, which, when coupled with visible red LED therapy, has given excellent, accelerated, and pain-free healing in these difficult-to-treat and slow-to-heal lesions with very low recurrence rates.\"\n\nComment: The photograph is black-and-white.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16942430","PubMed",79,"Warts","Plantar warts",[633]],["Influence of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) on reduction of local fat and body weight by physical exercise.","",4,"\"The “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks significantly more (p<.001) in the wIRA group than in the control group (resulting from equally directed effects at all three body regions): medians and interquartile ranges: -8.0 cm (-10.5 cm/-4.1 cm) vs. -1.8 cm (-4.4 cm/0.0 cm)\"\n\n\"As well “body weight of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks markedly more in the wIRA group than in the control group: -1.9 kg (-4.0 kg /0.0 kg) vs. 0.0 kg (-1.5 kg /+0.4 kg), see Figure 4 (Fig. 4) \"\n\n\"Blood variables of interest before and after the treatment period in the wIRA group and the control group are listed in Table 2 (Tab. 2). They remained unchanged or showed some slight improvements during the treatment period, concerning most variables with no obvious differences between the two groups; insulin showed a slight trend to decrease in the wIRA group and to increase in the control group.\"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675696","PubMed",87,"Water-filtered infrared-A","Body contouring",[]],["Clinical wIRA-hyperthermia: heating properties and effectiveness in lower trunk regions and its accordance with ESHO quality criteria for superficial hyperthermia","",3,"\"Tissue depths with T90 ≥ 40 °C and T50 > 41 °C were ≤10 mm, and ≤20 mm for Tmax ≤ 43 °C. The temperature decay time after termination of irradiation was 1-5 min. Corresponding temperatures were ≤42.2 °C for CEM43 and ≤41.8 °C for CEM43T90, i.e., they are inadequate for direct thermal cell killing.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37592457/","PubMed",87,"Water-filtered infrared-A","Thermal effects",[]],["Improved Oxygenation of Human Skin, Subcutis and Superficial Cancers Upon Mild Hyperthermia Delivered by WIRA-Irradiation","",4,"\"Pre-treatment skin surface temperature was 34.6 °C. Upon wIRA exposure, average skin surface temperatures reached 41.6 °C within 5-12 min. Maximum tissue temperatures of 41.8 °C were found at a tissue depth of 1 mm, with a steady decline in deeper tissue layers (41.6 °C @ 5 mm, 40.8 °C @ 10 mm, 40.6 °C @ 15 mm, and 40.1 °C @ 20 mm).\"\n\n\"Tissue heating was accompanied by a significant increase in tissue pO2 values [e.g., at a tissue depth of 13 mm mean pO2 rose from 46 mmHg to 81 mmHg (@ T = 40.5 °C). In the post-heating phase (+ 5 min), pO2 was 79 mmHg (@ T = 38 °C) and 15 min post-heat pO2 was 72 mmHg (@ T = 36.8 °C)]. pO2 values remained elevated for 30-60 min post-heat.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36527646/","PubMed",87,"Water-filtered infrared-A","Tissue oxygenation",[]],["Impact of preoperative local water-filtered infrared A irradiation on postoperative wound healing: a randomized patient- and observer-blinded controlled clinical trial.","",4,"wIRA appeared to reduce surgical site infections and post-operative pain.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24169161","PubMed",87,"Water-filtered infrared-A","Wound healing",[]],["Rapid, Safe, and Tolerable Healing of Pediatric Skin Injuries with Blue Light Therapy: An Observational Case Series","",4,"\"All injuries responded positively to photobiomodulation therapy and showed a rapid resolution of inflammation. Complete wound resolution was achieved in 11 of 12 cases. The average healing time was 3.7 days. Four injuries achieved resolution with only one application of blue light. Scores from the pain perception scales showed that the blue light treatment was well tolerated by pediatric patients, showing high parental compliance. No side effects or adverse events were observed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40564760/","PubMed",70,"Wavelengths","Blue & Green",[]],["Blue light: Friend or foe ?","415, 470, 415, 470",3,"\"Dose dependent increases of ROS production were obtained on keratinocytes exposed to increasing 415 nm LED exposures. However, a ROS decreasing first phase was observed on keratinocytes exposed to 415 + 470 nm LED exposures. Moreover, comparing the same doses of 415 nm wavelength and (415 + 470 nm) wavelength combination, 415 nm alone is more damaging than the 415 + 470 nm exposures. In case of increase in ROS, decrease in OPN1 SW photoreceptor and fragmentation of fibrillin-1 dermal fiber were observed.\n\nWhen conditions of ROS decrease were experienced, an increase in LL37 antimicrobial peptide and a modulation of IL-8 inflammatory response were noted, suggesting improvement in acne signs. Clinical results confirmed the benefits on inflammatory lesions on subjects with acne.\"\n\n\"Blue lights can induce beneficial and adverse effects, depending on the dose and on the spectrum width of the exposure.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32979781/","PubMed",70,"Wavelengths","Blue & Green",[415,470,415,470]],["Clinical and histological effects of blue light on normal skin","420",3,"\"Visible blue light, as given in the present study, does not cause deoxyribonucleic acid damage or early photo-ageing. The biological effects of blue light on normal skin are transient melanogenesis and inexplicable vacuolization without resulting apoptosis. In conclusion, the (short-term) use of visible blue light in dermatological practice is safe.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20070834/","PubMed",70,"Wavelengths","Blue & Green",[420]],["Fractional CO2 laser: a novel therapeutic device upon photobiomodulation of tissue remodeling and cytokine pathway of tissue repair.","10600",4,"\"Different but significant improvements in wrinkles, skin texture, and hyperpigmentation were definitely obtained when using 2.07, 2.77, and 4.15 J/cm(2), indicating fractional CO(2) laser as a valuable tool in photorejuvenation with good clinical results, rapid downtime, and an excellent safety profile.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891690","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","CO2 laser",[10600]],["Far-Infrared-Emitting Fabric Improves Neuromuscular Parameters in Humans: Unexpected Result from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Countermeasure Strategy","",4,"\"Combined results from both phases (n = 21) demonstrated significant increases of 11% in mean EPT and 18.6% in mean TW, along with greater VL and VM EMG-RMS activity (n = 12), under FIR compared with placebo conditions. These findings indicate that FIR use enhances neuromuscular performance during eccentric exercise.\"","https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/1/143","MDPI",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["Far infrared therapy improves vascular function by enhancing endothelial function and decreasing arterial stiffness via cytoprotective pathways","",4,"\"FIR radiation led to a significant enhancement in endothelial function and a reduction in arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. Gene expression analyses demonstrated an upregulation of cytoprotective genes, including NOS3, TXNRD1 and HSP70, post-FIR radiation.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40998066/","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["Effects of repeated use of post-exercise infrared sauna on neuromuscular performance and muscle hypertrophy","",3,"\"Training improved neuromuscular performance and muscle hypertrophy in both groups (p < 0.05). Following the discovery of an interaction effect for CMJ15% height (p = 0.002) and peak power (p = 0.010), post hoc tests revealed higher jump height POST-IRS (p = 0.006) and PRE-CON (p = 0.023) compared to PRE-IRS, and higher peak power POST-IRS (p = 0.002) compared to PRE-IRS. Furthermore, an interaction effect was observed for 5 m split time of the 20 m sprint (p = 0.020), but no differences were found between groups and timepoints. There were no interactions for the hypertrophy measures.\"\n\n\"Incorporating post-exercise IRS bathing does not significantly impact hypertrophy gains, but might boost long-term power production capabilities.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40104529/","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["A pilot study on the effects of far-infrared-emitting fabric on neuromuscular performance of knee extensor and male fertility","",4,"\"FIR improved the knee extensor neuromuscular performance of healthy resistance-trained individuals, with 112.4 ± 7.8 h accumulated, and did not affect their seminal parameters (conventional or sperm DNA fragmentation), with 113.1 ± 10.2 h accumulated.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36274079/","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["Far-infrared-emitting fabric improves neuromuscular performance of knee extensor","",4,"\"FIR improved the neuromuscular performance of knee extensors in resistance-trained males regardless of changes on temperature and EMG. The present results suggest that the FIR could optimize the neuromuscular performance with 82 ± 19 h of wear.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35146580/","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["Antiedematous Effect Promoted by Occlusion of Legs with Compressive Socks Containing Infrared-Emitting Ceramic Particulates.","10000",5,"\"Data showed a statistically significant reduction in the edema volume for the BC group compared with the placebo group: 78.9 ± 10.7 mL versus 41.3 ± 5.6 mL, p = 0.003. \n\nFurther, there was also greater pain relief for the BC group when compared with the placebo group, with a pain decrease of 7.0 ± 0.2 U versus 3.3 ± 0.2 U, respectively, on the VAS from 0 to 10 (p = 0.024). \"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31935168","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[10000]],["Effects of far infrared rays emitting clothing on recovery after an intense plyometric exercise bout applied to elite soccer players: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","",4,"\"DOMS effect sizes were greater in FIR (moderate at 48 h, ES = 0.737 and large at 72 h, ES = 0.844), suggesting that FIR clothes may reduce perceived DOMS after an intense plyometric session performed by soccer players.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27601783","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["Post-angioplasty far infrared radiation therapy improves 1-year angioplasty-free hemodialysis access patency of recurrent obstructive lesions.","",4,"\"The study provides data regarding far infrared (FIR) radiation therapy on recurrent hemodialysis (HD) access stenosis that has been treated with balloon angioplasty. The positive results obtained show that FIR radiation therapy following balloon angioplasty is beneficial in the case of recurrent HD access stenosis, especially arteriovenous graft stenosis, in terms of improving the angioplasty-free patency at 1 year. The data may be clinically valid for management of recurrent HD access stenosis and guidance of FIR radiation therapy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24119468","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["Effects of infrared radiation on skin photo-aging and pigmentation.","",4,"\"These results suggest that infrared radiation may have beneficial effects on skin texture and wrinkles by increasing collagen and elastin contents from the stimulated fibroblasts. Therefore, skin treatment with infrared radiation may be an effective and safe non-ablative remodeling method, and may also be useful in the treatment of photo-aged skin.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16941737","PubMed",35,"Wavelengths","Far-infrared",[]],["Green Light and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Migraine Patients: A Preliminary Randomized Control Trial","",4,"\"Both tDCS and green light therapy were found to be effective non-pharmacological therapies for reducing pain intensity, frequency, impact, and drug usage and for improving the quality of life of migraine patients. However, tDCS showed an advantage in terms of reducing pain intensity and its impact on daily living, while green light therapy showed a slightly greater improvement in quality of life.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41300216/","PubMed",70,"Wavelengths","Green light: pain",[]],["Ambient green light reduces knee pain in osteoarthritis patients","",5,"\"With green light therapy (GLT), average WOMAC scores decreased from 44.1 ± 17.5 at baseline to 32.5 ± 16.2 whereas white light therapy (WLT) had no significant effect on arthritis disability scores (39.6 ± 15.3). While both WLT and GLT reduced pain intensity, the analgesic effect of green light was significantly greater.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41640822/","PubMed",70,"Wavelengths","Green light: pain",[]],["Migraine photophobia originating in cone-driven retinal pathways","",3,"\"In conclusion, this study demonstrates that green light is least likely to exacerbate migraine headache and that at low intensities it may even be therapeutic by reducing the headache intensity. The soothing effects of green are likely to involve a complex psychobiology ( Hurlbert and Ling, 2007 ; Palmer and Schloss, 2010 ; Strauss et al. , 2013 ).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27190022/","PubMed",70,"Wavelengths","Green light: pain",[]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy Facilitates Superficial Wound Healing in Humans: A Triple-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study.","660, 820, 870, 880, 940, 950",5,"\"At days 6, 8, and 10, follow-up testing revealed that the laser group had smaller wounds than the sham group for both the treated and the untreated wounds (P < .05) (Figure ​(Figure2).2).\"\n\n\"These data indicate that LLLT is an effective modality to facilitate wound contraction of partial-thickness wounds.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496990","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Abrasion",[660,820,870,880,940,950]],["Wound healing of animal and human body sport and traffic accident injuries using low-level laser therapy treatment: a randomized clinical study of seventy-four patients with control group.","633, 830, 633, 830, 904",5,"\"After comparing the healing process between two groups of patients, we obtained the following results: wound healing was significantly accelerated (25%-35%) in the group of patients treated with LLLT. Pain relief and functional recovery of patients treated with LLLT were significantly improved comparing to untreated patients.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11800105","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Accident injuries",[633,830,633,830,904]],["Photobiomodulation, Compared to Revascularisation, and Conservative Treatment-What Works for Healing Hard-to-Heal Arterial Leg Ulcers in Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study","635, 904",5,"\"The results showed that the photobiomodulation group had a significantly shorter healing time (p < 0.001) and a higher proportion of healed ulcers; photobiomodulation 66.7%, revascularized 50.7% and conservatively treated group 41.2%. The median healing times for the photobiomodulation group were 135 days (confidence interval 95-175), compared to 252 (confidence interval 181-323) and 316 (confidence interval 192-440) in revascularized and conservatively treated groups, respectively. \n\nNeither ulcer duration nor other pretreatment factors exerted clinically relevant effects on healing time. \n\nIn this study, recurrence within 24 months of healing with photobiomodulation was < 12%.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41216935/","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Arterial Leg Ulcer",[635,904]],["Effect of low level laser irradiation on indolent ulcers caused by buerger,s disease; literature review and preliminary report","633",4,"\"Two of the three patients were completely healed, with a one-year follow-up, and the third patient is still undergoing treatment, but with an excellent prognosis, All three patients reported a significant reduction of pain, and demonstrated fast and significant reduction in inflammation and oedema, accompanied by fast and clear demarcation of the necrotic area, and fast granulation of the ulcer's surface, The wounds healed with minimal scarring, Antibiotics had to be used additionally to the LLLT in two of the three reported cases, Infrared thermography was used to evaluate the effect of LLLT on the microvasculature in the affected area, showing on average a 0.9°C increase in temperature.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/1/4_92-OR-01/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",77,"Wound healing","Buerger disease",[633]],["Advancements with Photobiomodulation in Post-Burn Management/Rehabilitation: A Comparative Study on Multiwave Locked System (MLS) LASER Therapy Outcomes","808, 905",5,"\"Patients treated with MLS LASER therapy achieved complete epithelialization significantly earlier than controls (median 40 vs. 73 days, p < 0.001) and demonstrated greater wound area reduction (median 434 vs. 137 cm2, p = 0.0012).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42073421/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[808,905]],["Photobiomodulation Reduces the Microbial Load of Acute Burn Wounds in the Burns Outpatient Department","",4,"\"One PBM session on an acute burn wound led to an average of 64.4% decrease in the bacterial load on the burn wound surface. Overall, PBM reduces, or does not increase, the microbial load on 91% of the burn wounds.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41486500/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[]],["Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Donor Site Burn Wound Healing in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","650",4,"\"Conclusion: Despite baseline variances, considerable statistical differences indicate that low-level laser therapy considerably enhances donor site healing in pediatric burn patients.\"\n\nComment: The data is presented in a relatively unclear manner.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789287/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[650]],["Photobiomodulation Treatment for Second-Degree Burn Treatment-A Double-Blinded Controlled Pilot Trial","660, 840",5,"\"Patients received three to five treatments with a mean epithelization time of 16 days (±2.89 standard deviation [SD]) in the control area, while only 7.56 (±2.29 SD) in the treatment area. The mean percent reduction in healing time was 46.22% (±4.24 SD), which was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.004).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724004/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[660,840]],["Low-level laser for the management of head-and-neck burn wounds","",4,"\"In the current case report, adding LLLT to the conventional approach for burn wound care resulted in an important clinical improvement of the patient's orofacial conditions within approximately 5 days.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273913/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[]],["The efficacy of low-level laser therapy for the healing of second-degree burn wounds on lower limbs of glucocorticoid-dependent patients","",4,"\"Compared with the control group, the observation group showed higher wound healing rate, fewer wound secretions, and more relief in marginal response. Clinical observation showed that 630-650-nm red light could effectively reduce wound purulent drainage/discharge, relieve the marginal response as well as pain, and promote wound healing.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37582898/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[]],["Aesthetic treatment of acute burns of the face using electro-photobiomodulation","",4,"\"Clinical assessment showed excellent results in 34 (81%) patients, good results in 6 (14.3%) patients, fair results in two (4.7%) patients, and no poor results were reported. The results of this clinical trial showed that intense pulsed light and radiofrequency therapy can rapidly heal deep skin burns without the need for surgery.\"\n\nComment: The treatment is intense pulsed light but they still call it photobiomodulation (?)","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708193/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation and Split-Thickness Skin Grafting in the Prognosis of Wound Healing in Children with Deep Burn Ulcers","650",4,"\"This is the first study to compare PBM and STSG in burn ulcers in children. Results indicated that PBM was an effective alternative to STSG, significantly decreasing the rate of scar and hypertrophic scar formation. Potential mechanisms of PBM that may be involved in burn tissue repair are discussed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34981954/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[650]],["Evaluation of Fluorescent Light Energy for the Treatment of Acute Second-degree Burns","",4,"\"A specialized type of PBM therapy utilizes a biophotonic platform that consists of a gel containing chromophores, which are activated by a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp. This combination creates a spectral output of fluorescent light energy (FLE) in a broad spectrum of wavelengths ranging from 400 to 700 nm.\"\n\n\"Healing was reported for all 18 patients treated with FLE for acute second-degree burns without reported adverse effects or development of infections. Furthermore, preliminary ex vivo skin model data suggest that FLE impacts different cellular pathways including essential immune-modulatory mechanisms.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499452/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[]],["An Open-Label Study of Low-Level Laser Therapy Followed by Autologous Fibroblast Transplantation for Healing Grade 3 Burn Wounds in Diabetic Patients.","808",4,"\"The mean wound size before treatment was 16.28 cm2 . All patients' burn wounds healed completely after 10-12 weeks. C\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32021666","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[808]],["The Efficacy of Carbone Dioxide Laser Debridement Along With Low-Level Laser Therapy in Treatment of a Grade 3 Necrotic Burn Ulcer in a Paraplegic Patient (A Case Report).","10600, 650, 808",4,"\"The patient was a 20-year-old paraplegic girl with a grade 3 necrotic burn ulcer for 3 weeks. \n\nWe used a fractional Co2 laser along with chemical debridement with trichloroacetic acid (TCA 80%) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with a 808 nm infrared laser, 6 J/cm2 for the necrotic area, and a 650 nm red laser, 2 J/cm2 for the open wound area. \n\nComplete healing occurred after 25 sessions without surgery.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31875128","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[10600,650,808]],["Effect of low-level laser therapy on the healing process of donor site in patients with grade 3 burn ulcer after skin graft surgery (a randomized clinical trial).","655",4,"\"The size of donor site reduced in both groups during the 7-day study period (P < 0.01) and this reduction was significantly greater in the laser group (P = 0.01). In the present study, for the first time, we evaluate the effects of LLLT on the healing process of donor site in burn patients. The results showed that local irradiation of red laser accelerates wound healing process significantly.\"\n\nComment: According to abstract, wavelenth is 655 nm and according to full text it is 650 nm.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29368069","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[655]],["Evaluation of the Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on the Healing Process After Skin Graft Surgery in Burned Patients (A Randomized Clinical Trial).","655, 808",4,"\"The rate of wound dehiscence after skin graft surgery was significantly lower in laser treated group in comparison to control group which received only classic dressing (P=0.019).\"\n\n\"The results showed LLLT to be a safe effective method which improves graft survival and wound healing process and decreases the rate of wound dehiscence in patients with deep burn ulcers.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30026900","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[655,808]],["Long-term effects of pulsed high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of post-burn pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study.","1064",5,"\"VAS results significantly decrease, hand grip strength significantly improved, and cetirizine intake significantly decreased post-treatment in the ALG relative to the PLG. HILT combined with cetirizine seems more effective in patients with post-burn pruritus than a placebo laser procedure with cetirizine.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28233071","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[1064]],["Low-intensity LED therapy (658 nm) on burn healing: a series of cases.","658",4,"\"The burns treated with LED showed higher epithelization, with keratinocytes and fibroblasts proliferation, increased collagen synthesis, decreased pain, and pruritus. In conclusion, there was a faster clinical improvement in the irradiated limbs.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199384","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[658]],["Effects of low level laser therapy on the prognosis of split-thickness skin graft in type 3 burn of diabetic patients: a case series.","650, 810, 660",4,"\"The results of this study showed complete healing in the last 8 weeks for all patients who were candidates for amputation. In this case series, we present 13 cases of diabetic ulcer with type 3 burn wound, candidate for amputation, who healed completely using LLLT and STSG. This is the first time that these two techniques are combined for treatment of burn ulcer in diabetic patients. Using LLLT with STSG might be a promising treatment for burn victims especially diabetic patients.\"\n\nStar: The results were interesting, supplied with scary/interesting photographs.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868033","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[650,810,660]],["A conservative approach for deep dermal burn wounds using polarised-light therapy.","",4,"\"In 22 out of 67 patients with deep dermal burn wounds, clinical evaluation revealed only a very limited potential for spontaneous healing, and, despite the fact that the majority of the surgeons (four out of six) would have recommended surgery, these patients were treated conservatively with polarised-light therapy (400-2000 nm, 40 m W cm(-2), 2.4 J cm(-2)) until complete closure. \n\nEvaluation by a panel of four surgeons, all experts in burn surgery, revealed that conservative treatment of these deep dermal wounds with polarised-light irradiation resulted in a significantly shorter healing time, with almost no hypertrophic scarring, and optimal aesthetic and functional results at long-term follow-up. No extension of the hospital stay was required.\"\n\n\"[E]stimated time for healing was found to be significantly longer (P < 0.001) than the actual healing time, with mean values of 41 days and 22 days, respectively\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12372372","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[]],["Clinical analysis of 100 cases of scald injury cured by hene laser acupuncture in combination with scanning LLLT","633",4,"\"The success rates were as follows: recovered-87%; improved-9%; no change-4%, \n\nAcupuncture was carried out for 3-4 min : and scanning for 5-10 min per treatment, once per day, 5 days per course. Fresh scalds healed quickly after one course, with two courses sufficient for the remainder. Most injuries healed well with no scar. Minor scarring occurred in three patients only. HeNe lascr acupuncture and LLLT offer the physician a noninvasive and effective way to deal with scald injuries.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/2/4/2_90-SC-02/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",61,"Wound healing","Burns (clinical)",[633]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Adjunct Therapy via Superpulsed 904 nm Laser in Patients With Second-Degree Burns: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","904",5,"\"NIR-PBMT significantly (p < 0.05) accelerated healing, re-epithelialization (8.3 vs. 12.6 days), wound reduction, granulation tissue formation, and decreased pain compared to sham-exposed. \n\nNeither group showed evidence of microbial infection or changes in PCT/CRP levels. \n\nThese findings indicate that NIR-PBMT is an effective non-invasive adjunct therapy for faster repair of second-degree burns. Further, large-scale trials are needed.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40992752/","PubMed",61,"Wound healing","Burns (preclinical)",[904]],["Adjuvant visible incoherent polarised phototherapy in chronic skin defects: a single-arm prospective observational cohort study","626",4,"\"Positive healing dynamics were recorded in 92% of the cohort and complete defect closure in 52% (n = 26).\n\nIn the chronic-pain subgroup (n = 17), pain was reduced in 12 patients and resolved in 5. Improvement was associated with the principal clinical problem (χ2 = 10.406; df = 3; p = 0.015) and with therapy duration (χ2 = 8.630; df = 3; p = 0.035). \n\nTwo patients reported mild, transient local reactions; no severe adverse events occurred.\n\nIn this uncontrolled cohort, adjuvant VIP phototherapy was feasible, well tolerated and accompanied by favourable healing and pain outcomes.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42340478/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[626]],["Deep Learning-Based OCT Segmentation for Stiffness Quantification in Evaluating Low-Level Laser Therapy for Wound Healing","660",3,"\"LLLT significantly reduced skin stiffness after treatment, indicating an acute modulation of tissue compliance.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42252133/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[660]],["Comparison of Safe Laser 1800 Infra and Standard Treatment for Chronic Non-Healing Wounds","",4,"\"In the Safe Laser group 7 out of 10 patients became free of inflammation, while inflammation was markedly reduced in the remaining 3 cases. In 90% of patients in the Safe Laser group wound dimensions were substantially reduced or complete wound healing was achieved. Wound depth decreased in all cases. \n\nIn contrast, in the control group inflammation did not improve, while wound dimensions showed only minimal reduction in only one case.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42318689/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["The clinical and cost analysis of laser therapy for healing hard-to-heal leg ulcers: a self-control service evaluation study","",3,"\"For the 13 patients who received twice-weekly treatment, the wounds increased in size by an average of 0.5559% per day in the four weeks before starting the class IV laser treatment. After starting laser therapy, the ulcer size decreased with a mean daily PAR of 1.118±1.0078%. \n\nFor the six patients who received once-weekly treatment, the PAR was 0.329% per day in the four weeks before starting the laser treatment, which increased to a mean daily PAR of 0.604±1.348%.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41805435/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Treatment of Wounds That Are Difficult to Heal with Photobiomodulation: A Pilot Study","",4,"\"ll participants (average wound duration 5.9 years; mean area 13.1 cm2, SD ± 14.4) completed the treatment; two were lost at follow-up due to unrelated clinical events. No adverse reactions were reported. \n\n(...) At week 12, a significant reduction was observed (mean: 7.2 cm2, SD ± 13; p = 0.04), with a mean percentage area decrease of 40.5%. Significant improvements were also noted in pain levels, exudate characteristics, and surrounding skin conditions over time.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40724677/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["The Use of a Proprietary Near-Infrared Laser to Enhance Wound Healing: A Preliminary Preclinical and Clinical Study","810, 808",5,"\"The laser altered expression of 45 genes. Highly up-regulated genes (>5-fold change) included those implicated in wound healing and antiaging, whereas highly down-regulated genes included those implicated in inflammation and extracellular matrix integrity. The LED device altered expression of only 1 gene relative to negative controls.\"\n\n\"The laser reduced mean wound area by 78% and healed 4 of 10 wounds completely. In contrast, 8 of 10 of those receiving standard care exhibited no change.\"\n\n\"A proprietary near-infrared laser exhibited superior ability to influence gene expression in healthy skin than an equivalent LED device and induced the healing of chronic wounds.\"\n\nComment: LED didn't really have effect on the genes compared to laser treatment. However, LED group received 10x dose, which may be too much?","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40201332/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[810,808]],["Cross-Over Study Evaluating Photobiomodulation in Pain Control in the Lower Limb","",4,"\"An improvement in pain immediately after the first session was experienced by 18/20 patients; these patients remained pain-free for at least four days. One patient had suffered much pain during the entire day; a biopsy with culture and antibiogram was performed with the pain improving after treating an infection with appropriate antibiotics. However, one other case reported no improvement in the pain.\"\n\nComment: Parameters insufficiently reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39035599/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Efficacy of lidocaine wet compress combined with red-light irradiation for chronic wounds","",4,"\"During the initial dressing change, no noticeable differences were observed in the pain levels experienced by the two groups, indicating similar pain tolerance. However, during the second and third dressing changes, the experimental group reported significantly less pain than the control group. Furthermore, over 28 d, the experimental group required fewer dressing changes than the control group.\"\n\nComment: PBM parameters not reported","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37969445/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Blue light photobiomodulation for reactivation of healing in wounds not responding to standard therapy","420",4,"\"Wounds were divided into groups according to aetiology: hard-to-heal venous wound (30.5%); hard-to-heal arterial and mixed wounds (16.9%); hard-to-heal inflammatory wound (22.0%); other hard-to-heal wounds (13.6%); and acute wound (16.9%). \n\nThe mean reduction in wound area at the end of the four-week treatment period with blue light compared with baseline was 51.38% (p<0.001) across all wounds. \n\nAmong subgroups, the best performance was obtained for hard-to-heal venous wounds, achieving a 63.36% (p<0.001) mean reduction in wound size, and acute wounds, achieving a mean reduction of 82.76% (p<0.001).\n\nThe greatest mean change in wound bed score was seen at the end of the four-week treatment period with blue light, with an increase in the mean score from 8.6 at baseline to 12.8 at week four (77.2%; p<0.001). \n\nThere was a clear decrease in pain during blue light treatment, achieving a reduction in the average numeric rating scale (NRS) from 4.3 at baseline to 1.8 at week 4 (53.23%; p <0.001). At week 4, the highest proportion of complete healing was seen in acute (100.0%) and venous wounds (83.3%).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37907354/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[420]],["The associations between diode laser (810 nm) therapy and chronic wound healing and pain relief: Light into the chronic wound patient's life","810",5,"\"The wound healing time of the diode laser treatment group was 22.71 ± 8.99 days, which was significantly shorter than that of the control group (37.44 ± 23.42 days). \n\nThe pain relief index of the diode laser treatment group was 0.081 ± 0.055, which was significantly increased compared with that of the control group (0.057 ± 0.033). \n\nOur findings suggest that diode laser irradiation has the potential to promote healing in chronic wounds and relieve wound pain.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36541709/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[810]],["Biophotonic Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy at Different Wavelengths for Potential Wound Healing","633, 450, 520, 633",4,"\"Of the 60 patients, 42 were male and 18 were female, and their ages ranged from 38 to 71 years (mean, 51 years). All patients attained significant improvement with treatment\" [no data shown]\n\n\"Under the fluorescence microscope, patients who received 633 nm red light illumination showed a concomitant increase in fibroblast collagen type I production (Figure 5A,B). The ranges of serum bFGF and VEGF levels before LLLT were 2.1–10.5 pg/mL (median 4.9) and 39–150 pg/mL (median 91.1), respectively. The ranges of serum bFGF and VEGF levels after 633 nm LLLT were 14.5–30.9 pg/mL (median 25.9) and 193–250 pg/mL (median 201.8), respectively. Significantly elevated bFGF and VEGF levels indicated their critical roles in wound healing (p < 0.05).\"","https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/9/8/591/htm","MDPI",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[633,450,520,633]],["Clinical effects of high-intensity laser therapy on patients with chronic refractory wounds: a randomised controlled trial","1064",5,"\"The BWAT scores significantly decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group at the end of 3-week treatment (difference=-3.6; 95% CI -6.3 to-0.8; p<0.01). Similarly, patients in treatment group showed a significant reduction of PUSH scores compared with the control group (difference=-5.3; 95% CI -8.1 to -2.6; p<0.01).\"\n\n\"The therapeutic effects of HILT on chronic refractory wounds are significant and far more superior to those of conventional wound dressing.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34253665/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[1064]],["Effectiveness of Blue light photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds. Results of the Blue Light for Ulcer Reduction (B.L.U.R.) Study","420",4,"\"At week 10, the wounds treated with EmoLED in addition to Standard Care showed a smaller residual wound area compared to the wounds treated with Standard of Care alone: 42.1% vs 63.4% (p=0.029). The difference is particularly evident in venous leg ulcers, 33.3% vs 60.1% (p=0.007).\n\n17 treated wounds and 12 controls showed complete healing at week 10. Patients showed a significant reduction in pain (p = 2*10-7).\"\n\n\"Blue Light treatment in addition to Standard of Care accelerates consistently the re-epithelialization rate of chronic wounds, especially venous leg ulcers and increases the chances of total wound healing in 10 weeks.\"\n\n[\"Each patient has been used as control of him/herself, therefore no masking or randomization was deemed necessary.\"]","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34498454/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[420]],["Use of a High-Power Laser for Wound Healing: A Case Report.","980",4,"\"Complete wound healing occurred 64 days after treatment began.\"\n\n\"Treatment with an unfocused high-power laser at a dose of 3.18 J/cm² applied once a week was effective in aiding the healing process and tissue repair of the treated patient.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32099637","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[980]],["Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation on Chronic Nonhealed Wound After Below-Knee Amputation.","",3,"\"A clear improvement in the results of wound healing surface area was found in group A, with an improvement percentage of 50.63%, when compared with group B, which used the standard medical treatment alone, with an improvement percentage of 43.96%.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32308074","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Evaluation of fluorescence biomodulation in the real-life management of chronic wounds: the EUREKA trial.","",4,"\"The gel used in the system is a topical photo-converter wound gel containing specific chromophores which are illuminated by a LED activator, which is a device delivering photons with wavelengths between 440nm and 460nm, and a power density between 55mW/cm2 and 129mW/ cm2, at a distance of 5cm from the light source. Upon illumination by the LED activator, the chromophores produce fluorescence in the visible range with a broad spectrum of wavelengths.\"\n\n\"We enrolled 100 subjects, with the final analysis including 99 patients/ulcers consisting of 52 VLUs, 32 DFUs and 15 PUs. Total wound closure at the end of the study was achieved in 47 patients by aetiology: 26 VLUs (50% of VLUs); 16 DFUs (50% of DFUs); and five PUs (33.3% of PUs). The mean wound area regression at last study assessment was significant for VLUs (41.0%; p<0.001) and DFUs (52.4%; p<0.001). \"\n\n\"The study confirmed a positive efficacy profile of the FB system in inducing the wound healing process in three different types of hard-to-heal chronic wounds. The treatment was shown to be safe and well tolerated by the patients, with a significant improvement in patient QoL. This approach offers an effective modality for the treatment of hard-to-heal chronic ulcers.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30398941","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Photobiomodulation with polarized light in the treatment of cutaneous and mucosal ulcerative lesions.","",4,"\"After 2 months, a reduction of 50% of the lesions was recorded in 18 patients (60%), while in the remaining patients a slower healing was observed. The total wound healing was achieved after 3 months in 13 patients (43%). The examined parameters of the symptom were exudation, pain and signs of infection. Results at 1 and 3 months were, Exudation: at 1 month reduction and positive modulation was observed in 16 patients (53%) and in 25 patients at 3 months; Pain: (evaluated with Vas scale), decreased in 21 patients at 1 month (70%) and in 100% of cases at 3 months; Infections: regressed or disappeared in 100% of cases after the first month. \"\n\nComment: The parameters listed in this spreadsheet is not listed in the abstract, but is common for most Bioptron studies","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702985","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Photobiomodulation in the treatment of chronic non-responding wounds","",3,"\"We used PBM for the examination of skin lesions, which were not responding to other therapies. LumiHealTM protocol treatment has been applied for 3 months on 8 patients affected by infected vascular ulcers of the lower limbs resistant to previous treatments. \n\nThree patients reached positive results immediately, and the remaining 5, at the first follow-up.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28702983/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Efficiency of a New Combined Laser Therapy in Patients With Trophic Ulcers of Lower Extremities and Chronic Venous Insufficiency.","635",4,"\"As follows from the table data, in the group treated by conventional method, average TU cleansing time was 9.8 ± 0.2 days, generation of granulation tissue was identified in 10.3 ± 0.8 days and а healing (50% epithelialization) in 28.1 ± 1.4 days.\n\nIn the second group [receiving PBM and intravenous light], the average time of cleansing from purulo-necrotic masses, granulation occurrence and ulcer epithelialization took, respectively: 6.4 ± 0.4, 7.1 ± 0.6 and 12.8 ± 1.6 days.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29123633","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[635]],["Closure of chronic non healing ankle ulcer with low level laser therapy in a patient presenting with thalassemia intermedia: Case report.","660, 950",4,"\"Irradiation with LED is a novel method of treatment of chronic wound in thalassemia intermedia, as irradiation with LED can result in complete healing in six weeks with no recurrence at the irradiated site even after follow-up of 6 months.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593435","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[660,950]],["Low-level laser therapy of leg ulcer in sickle cell anemia","633",3,"\"This easily applied therapy was effective and fast in the management of the ulcer and improved the quality of life of the patient.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23049388/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[633]],["Low level laser therapy for healing acute and chronic wounds - the extendicare experience.","785",3,"\"The percentage of wound closure is presented in Table 4, demonstrating that the majority (57·1%) of the wounds obtained a significant percentage of closure.\"\n\n\"Staff rated low level laser, easy to learn and use, effective for the majority of their residents worth the additional time. Staff requested a continuation of low level laser even after study completion.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18494640","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[785]],["A new approach to ulcer treatment using broadband visible light","",4,"\"Each ulcer was irradiated for 5 minutes three times a day. Success was defined as the complete healing of the ulcer. A complete cure was observed in 70% of the patients. The duration of the therapy was 8-12 weeks. The new broadband visible light source seems to have a strong effect on the complete healing of ulcers.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/16/1/16_1_7/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[]],["Defocused diode laser therapy (830 nm) in the treatment of unresponsive skin ulcers: a preliminary trial.","830",4,"\"In all five patients, the ulcers healed completely between 3 weeks and 7 months (22.8 +/- 19.3 weeks), without recurrence during a minimum 12-month follow-up.\"\n\n\"Defocused 830 nm diode laser therapy was well tolerated, and was very effective in the treatment of this small number of compromised skin ulcers of different aetiologies and in a large range of patient ages. Further controlled studies in larger populations are required. Defocused diode laser therapy nonetheless appears to be a very useful adjunctive method in the treatment of slow-to-heal and non-healing skin ulcers.\"\n\nComment: The LLLT photo is black-and-white.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15204000","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[830]],["Induction of complete wound healing in recalcitrant ulcers by low-intensity laser irradiation depends on ulcer cause and size.","633",3,"\"Twenty patients with the same number of ulcers, which had previously been treated by conventional wound care for a median period of 34 weeks (range: 3-120 weeks) without any significant evidence of healing, were included in the study. \n\nConcerning the underlying disorders, patients were divided into four groups: diabetes, arterial insufficiency, radio damage and autoimmune vasculitis (...)\n\nOur results indicate that low-intensity laser irradiation could be a valuable non-invasive tool for the induction of wound healing in recalcitrant ulcers, and that healing time is correlated with the ulcer cause and size.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9990664","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[633]],["Evaluation of the degree of effectiveness of biobeam low level narrow band light on the treatment of skin ulcers and delayed postoperative wound healing.","660, 940",4,"\"Group 1 was treated with red low level narrow band (LLNB) light (660 nm); group 2 was treated with infrared LLNB light (940 nm); and group 3 was treated with a placebo such as the Biobeam machine (no light irradiation). \n\nGroup 1 showed a significant improvement compared to groups 2 and 3 (t-test).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1437861","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Chronic",[660,940]],["Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy with RLP068 for diabetic foot ulcers: a review of the literature and clinical experience","630",3,"\"This article reports previously published evidence and presents four unpublished clinical cases of DFUs treated in the real-life setting with PDT.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32158488/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer: PDT clinical studies",[630]],["The benefits of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with RLP068 in the management of diabetic foot ulcers","630",3,"\"Based on available evidence, the authors of this article treated some patients with DFUs; four exemplary cases are reported here, showing results in agreement with the clinical study, obtained in the real-life setting.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31516535/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer: PDT clinical studies",[630]],["A Study on the Macroscopic Morphometry of the Lesion Area on Diabetic Ulcers in Humans Treated with Photodynamic Therapy Using Two Methods of Measurement","660",3,"\"Results show that PDT accelerates the closure of ulcer wounds and to evaluate the wound area, different measurement methods can be used to follow-up the tissue repair process.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29023192/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer: PDT clinical studies",[660]],["A clinical trial testing the efficacy of PDT in preventing amputation in diabetic patients","640",5,"\"An inexpensive PDT protocol was developed and applied to 18 patients with osteomyelitis, classified as Grade 3 on the Wagner scale. Only one of these patients suffered amputation. At least two of them were cured from resistant bacteria strains without intravenous antibiotic therapy. In the control group of 16 patients, all of them ended up suffering amputation. \n\nThe rate of amputation in the PDT group was 0.029 times the rate in the control group and the difference is clearly statistically significant (p = 0.002).\"\n\nComment 1: Tardivo et al published another paper (Tardivo et al. 2015) and in that dataset, amputations were avoided in 85.5% of patients (total 62 patients), most of the patients being Wagner 3 (45 patients) and some being even Wagner 4 (5 patients). \n\nComment 2: In a more recent paper (Tardivo et al. 2017), it was noted that PDT led to almost 100% healing of foot ulcers with initial Wagner 3 severity (total 57 patients) (only one amputation), with faster healing rate in patients whose wounds were not surgically debrided. The PDT duration was 115 days on average.\n\nComment 3: There is some literature describing methylene blue & gentian violet containing wound dressings being used in DFU treatment (Lullove 2017).","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24814697/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer: PDT clinical studies",[640]],["Phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled study of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in bacterially colonized, chronic leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers: a new approach to antimicrobial therapy","",4,"\"After 3 months, 50% (four of eight) of patients with actively treated chronic leg ulcer showed complete healing, compared with 12% (one of eight) of patients on placebo.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23066973/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer: PDT clinical studies",[]],["Low-level laser therapy and conventional treatment for diabetic foot ulcers: a case series","660, 808",4,"\"In the CT group, 1 ulcer (17%) healed completely, 2 (33%) improved, 2 (33%) remained unchanged, and 1 (17%) worsened. In the LLLT group, 5 ulcers (55.5%) healed completely and 4 (44.5%) improved, with no lesions worsening. The LLLT group also demonstrated shorter mean healing time, fewer clinical visits, and greater tissue repair than CT alone.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42533202/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660,808]],["Comparative Evaluation of Low-Level Led Light Therapy Versus Conventional Dressings in The Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","680",4,"\"Patients treated with LED light therapy demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in ulcer size, improved granulation tissue formation, and a marked decrease in pain scores when compared to those receiving conventional dressings (p < 0.00001).\"\n\nComment 1: The journal is not indexed in PubMed but claims to be indexed in Embase (Elsevier's database)\n\nComment 2: The baseline severity is quite imbalanced between intervention and control groups.\n\nComment 3: Device and PBM parameters were mostly unreported","https://ijmpr.in/article/comparative-evaluation-of-low-level-led-light-therapy-versus-conventional-dressings-in-the-healing-of-diabetic-foot-ulcers-2024/","IJMPR",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[680]],["Photobiomodulation in wounds of individuals with diabetes: a nonrandomized pilot study","",2,"\"No statistically significant difference in wound area was observed when comparing the 4 time points evaluated between groups. However, there was a significant difference when comparing the 4 time points in the intervention group. No significant difference between groups was observed in the expression of the cytokines investigated.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42013218/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["An Innovative Dual-Modality Approach Using Laser and Plasma Therapy in the Management of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcer With Osteomyelitis: A Case Series","",3,"\"The first case involves a 65‐year‐old male with a chronic heel ulcer unresponsive to conventional therapies. The second case is a 58‐year‐old female with a necrotic toe and persistent ulceration. \n\nTreatment consisted of multiple sessions of laser and plasma therapy, integrated with standard wound care protocols. Progress was monitored through wound size, tissue regeneration, infection control, and overall healing response. Both patients demonstrated substantial clinical improvement, including resolution of necrotic tissue, reduction in wound size, and formation of healthy granulation tissue. No adverse effects were observed, and neither patient required surgical amputation.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41305962/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["Dose-response and efficacy of 660-nanometer low-level laser therapy in healing diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial","660, 904",3,"\"There was no statistically significant difference in the ulcer reduction rate between the groups after 5 (p = 0.2582) and 10 weeks (p = 0.1164). \n\nWithin each group, a significant reduction in ulcer size was observed over time (p < 0.0001). \n\nRegardless of the wavelength, all patients experienced a 50% reduction in the wound area when applying an energy density of 8-12 J/cm2. \n\nHowever, the red group, which was treated at a lower energy density (4 J/cm2), had a lower proportion of responders.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41028567/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660,904]],["Therapeutic Effects of Photobiomodulation Combined with Exercise on Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease Plus Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Pilot and Feasibility Study","660, 830",2,"\"PBMT combined with exercise improved wound healing and walking capacity compared with baseline; however, no significant between-group differences were observed.\"\n\nComment: Small sample size. Large baseline differences between the groups.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41010333/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660,830]],["Photobiomodulation using red and infrared spectrum light emitting-diode (LED) for the healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a controlled randomized clinical trial","620, 940, 620, 940",4,"\"Red and infrared LEDs were used, at the wavelengths 620 nm (G-LED V) and 940 nm (G-LED IV), as well as at an associated way 620 nm + 940 nm (G-LED A).\"\n\n\"However, according to Cohen’s d classification of magnitudes of clinical effect [32], at the pre vs. post intervention time of 90 days, we found a “large clinical effect” of G-LED V (d = 1.7) and G -LED IV (d = 1.6) in relation to G-C, where these intervention groups showed a tendency for faster wound healing compared to G-C. G-LED A showed “small effect” (d = 0.4) in relation to G-C, but it also showed wound increase, in a lower proportion than G-C though.\"\n\nComment: In the Table 1 it is claimed the red light wavelenegth is 650nm, but other parts of the text say it is 620nm.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39382587/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[620,940,620,940]],["Effect of Visible and Infrared Photobiomodulation on Diabetic Foot Ulcers","630, 810",5,"\"The mean area of ulcers in the LLLT group reduced significantly (P<0.001) from 441.7±365.5 mm2 before LLLT to 163.9±213.9 mm2 from the baseline up to the last session of LLLT, indicating a 62.99% reduction in mean ulcer area. \n\nIn the control group, the mean ulcer area did not change significantly. \n\nWagner's classification of the patients in the LLLT group reduced to lower grades significantly (P<0.01), while the classification moved towards higher grades in the control group (P<0.08). \"\n\nComment: The paper says Wagner classification is shown in Figure 4 but actually it is shown in Figure 2.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39050995/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[630,810]],["A Case Report: The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Amniotic Fluid Gel on a Severe Diabetic Foot Ulcer","810",4,"\"The size of the ulcer area significantly decreased as combination therapy progressed, and within 16 weeks, the wound was healed and the pain was reduced.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39188930/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[810]],["Adherence to Self-care and Quality of Life of Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers Treated with Low-Level Laser Therapy: An Exploratory Study","904",4,"\"Whereas LG2 had the highest percentage of complete healing up to the 5th week (47.06%) and LG1 had the highest percentage of healing up to the 10th week (85.71%), the CG had the lowest percentages in both weeks (16.67% and 33.33%, respectively; Figure 2B).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39037103/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[904]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) for Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Uncontrolled Diabetes: A Case Report of Improved Wound Healing","660",3,"\"A 55-year-old male patient presented with a history of DM, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic foot. The patient had uncontrolled blood sugar levels, with an HbA1C of 9.3%. The patient received therapy in the form of wound care with normal saline, topical antibiotics, and LLLT, with a dose of 10 J/cm² with a frequency of therapy 3 times per week. After 12 weeks of therapy, there was improvement, characterized by wound tissue growth and no significant adverse effects during therapy.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38956839/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660]],["Dose-response and efficacy of 904 nm photobiomodulation on diabetic foot ulcers healing: a randomized controlled trial","904",5,"\"GaAs 904 nm PBM yielded a clinically and significant ulcer size rate reduction of diabetic foot ulcers, independently of energy density range (p < 0.05). However, 10 J/cm² had 60% of completely healed ulcers and the highest proportion of patients reaching 50% of ulcer reduction rate after 5 weeks of treatment. In addition, only 10 J/cm² showed a significant difference between control group after a 10-week follow-up (p < 0.05).\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38805069/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[904]],["Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Expression of Hypoxic Inducible Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Its Specific Receptor: A Randomized Control Trial in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer","904",5,"\"Following the intervention, the results revealed that the PBM group had significantly lower levels of VEGF than the placebo group (p = 0.005). The %DWSA was significantly higher in the PBM group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.003). Moreover, VEGF showed a significant negative correlation with %DWSA (p < 0.001).\"\n\nNote: DWSA = decrease in the wound surface area","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38536106/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[904]],["Effect of Polarized Light Therapy (Bioptron) on Wound","",5,"\"There was a significant reduction in ulcer surface area between groups in favor of the light therapy group, with a relative ulcer size reduction of 51.44% ± 23.76% compared with 24.5% ± 9.6% in the control group (p < 0.001). Besides, a significant difference was observed between groups in the microbial cultures (p = 0.02); by the end of the 8th week, the number of patients with negative ulcer culture was 12 (60%) in the light therapy group compared with 3 (15%) in the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36315226/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["The Combined Effects of a Methacrylate Powder Dressing (Altrazeal Powder) and Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Healing of a Severe Diabetic Foot Ulcer in a Diabetic Patient: A Case Report","870",4,"\"In this case report, for the first time, we applied photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and Altrazeal powder together to treat a severe case of DFU in a 47-year-old woman who was suffering from type 1 diabetes. Along with the progress of combination therapy, we observed that the ulcer area was significantly reduced, and the wound healed within 16 weeks.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36743151/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[870]],["Diabetic Foot Wounds Treated With Human Amniotic Membrane and Low-level Laser Therapy: A Pilot Clinical Study","660",2,"\"Diabetic foot ulcer wound area as well as PUSH and VAS scores showed more improvement for patients with DM receiving LLLT or HAM than for the control group, but the differences were not significant. Larger studies are needed to compare these treatment modalities.\"\n\nComment: couldn't access the PDF with possibly more detailed parameters","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370677/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660]],["The influence of low- intensity laser irradiation versus hyperbaric oxygen therapy on transcutaneous oxygen tension in chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a controlled randomized trial","670, 850, 880, 950",4,"\"MANOVA revealed a statistically insignificant difference in the control group, while statistically significant improvement in both the LILI and HBOT groups.\"\n\n\"Both LILI and HBOT may be used as adjunctive methods to improve TcPO2 that accelerate healing in CDFUs. HBOT may be favorable in the improvement of TcPO2 than LILI.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34900800/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[670,850,880,950]],["Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in a frail population with severe co-morbidities using at-home photobiomodulation laser therapy: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled pilot clinical study","808",5,"\"With the numbers available, PBM-treated group had significantly greater %reduction compared to sham (area [cm2], baseline vs endpoint: PBM 10 (...) cm2 vs 0.2 (...) cm2; sham, 7.9 (...) cm2 vs 4.6 (...) cm2, p = 0.018 by Mann-Whitney U test). \"\n\n\"Direct comparison of percent closure at the study termination showed a significant healing effect of active laser treatment over sham treatment (...) 97% (...) vs 49% (...), p=0.018 by MW-U test)\"\n\n\"Wound closure > 90% occurred in 7 of 10 PBM-treated patients but in only 1 of 10 sham patients (p = 0.006). No adverse device effects were observed.\"\n\n\"The total number of AEs and SAEs per group was 2 and 3, respectively, for the active group, and 4 and 4, respectively, for the control group.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34052927/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[808]],["Photobiomodulation as an Adjunct Therapy in Wound Healing","660, 800, 970",4,"\"Three wounds ie, 3 diabetic foot ulcers and 1 nonhealing ulcer were closed completely. Meanwhile, the other 7 ulcers are at 68.2% to 99% in terms of wound area reduction and new granulomatous tissue was present indicating high healing potential.\"\n\nComment: Parameters inadequately reported.\n\nComment: Many before-after photographs of ulcers.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33973828/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660,800,970]],["Auto-Administered Photobiomodulation on Diabetic Leg Ulcers Treatment: A New Way to Manage It?","808",4,"\"A 84-year-old woman affected by diabetes type 2 and positive for diabetes complications had diagnosis for an ulcerative lesion of 1 cm diameter on her right leg and started a treatment of the lesion applying the B-Cure Laser Pro (Erika Carmel, Haifa, Israel) on her own with a fluence per minute of 3.2 J/cm2 for 2 sessions of 15 minutes by cutaneous application.\"\n\n\"After a week of treatment, the ulcer dried and crusted, finally providing complete healing after 30 days of treatment.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32518562/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[808]],["At-Home Self-Applied Photobiomodulation Device for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Report of 4 Cases.","808",4,"\"In the cases presented, all wounds closed within 1 to 3 weeks with no reported adverse events. Patients found the routine easy to follow and painless. In wounds that involved pain, patients reported pain reduction after 1 to 3 treatments. Based on our previous experience with these patients, self-applied PBM as an adjunct therapy led to accelerated healing and rapid pain alleviation compared with standard care alone.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32241752","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[808]],["Comparative study on laser and LED influence on tissue repair and improvement of neuropathic symptoms during the treatment of diabetic ulcers.","830, 850",4,"\"There was improvement of the neuropathic signs and symptoms, also improvement of the tissue repair in the two therapeutic modalities; however, the laser presented a higher rate of speed in relation to the LED.\"\n\nComment: Parameters in abstract and in full text (Table 1) are contradicting each others.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30715637","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[830,850]],["Regeneration of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Based on Therapy with Red LED Light and a Natural Latex Biomembrane.","",3,"\"The average healing rates of GI,  GII [control], and GIII were 77.0, 51.4, and 80%, respectively.\"\n\nComment: Very small control group. Difficult to make conclusions from such a small sample. No difference in CRU% between the groups.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30710185","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["Efficacy of low level infrared light therapy on wound healing in patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a randomised control trial","",4,"\"Mean reduction in the ulcer area was 375.30 mm in the control group and 893.56 mm in the study group and this differences between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.010).\"\n\nComment: Wavelength not reported. Parameters poorly reported. Journal not indexed in PubMed.","https://www.ijsurgery.com/index.php/isj/article/view/4172/0","ISJ",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["A randomized controlled trial comparing helium-neon laser therapy and infrared laser therapy in patients with diabetic foot ulcer.","633, 904",3,"\"The present study demonstrates that HNLT and ILT have similar effects to control diabetic foot ulcer in a short-term (up to 8 weeks). Eight weeks of laser therapy have beneficial impacts in diabetic foot ulcer.\"\n\nComment: No information on how many PBM sessions there were?","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29846832","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[633,904]],["Photobiomodulation therapy in neuroischaemic diabetic foot ulcers: a novel method of limb salvage.","632.8, 660, 850",3,"\"PBMT can be effectively used as a treatment mode for neuroischaemic DFUs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Graded mobilisation with focused foot care could improve the function of people living with type 2 diabetes with a chronic DFU.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30557112/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[632,660,850]],["Phototherapy with LED Shows Promising Results in Healing Chronic Wounds in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study.","625, 660, 850",3,"\"After 8 weeks, the mean surface in the LED group was 56% of the baseline surface and 65% in the Co-group (p > 0.05). \n\nFalanga score evaluation showed significantly faster wound bed healing in the LED group compared with the Co-group (p < 0.05).\"\n\nComment: There was only 3.3x total energy difference between PBM and the so-called \"control group\". It could explain the small difference between the groups. Because of this, I label this study as a \"comparison trial\" with no actual negative control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29668397","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[625,660,850]],["Effects of Low-Power Light Therapy on the Tissue Repair Process of Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Feet.","660",3,"\"The Laser Group presented a significant increase of the tissue repair index when compared with the Control Group, with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.013). There was no significant difference between the groups in all the weeks using the PUSH scale.\"\n\nComment: Strangely the figures seem to show a large difference in PUSH scores between the groups but the abstract says there is no significant difference in the PUSH score...","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882738","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660]],["Effect of low-level light therapy on diabetic foot ulcers: a near-infrared spectroscopy study.","830",3,"\"Overall, our results demonstrate that LLLT improves blood flow and autonomic nervous system regulation in DFU and the importance of light intensity in therapeutic protocols.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265648","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[830]],["A system for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers using led irradiation and natural latex","",4,"\"For each ulcer, an index for quantifying the percentage ulcer recovery, named CRU(%), has been calculated; a CRU(%) = 0% means no healing, and a CRU(%) = 100% means total healing.\"\n\n\"There were statistically significant increases of CRU(%) of 51.8% (p = 0.022), for the CG, and of 78.4% (p < 0.001), for the EG.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were inadequately reported.","https://www.scielo.br/j/reng/a/MDy6Y9pWnKMCk8DVwpHs7wn/","SciELO",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["Low-level laser therapy and Calendula officinalis in repairing diabetic foot ulcers.","658",4,"\"We conclude that LLLT isolated or in combination with Calendula officinalis oil is effective in relieving pain due to its anti-inflammatory action, and in reducing the total area of ulcers by stimulating neovascularization and accelerating cell proliferation, thereby contributing to improving possible morbidities that may occur as consequence of Diabetes Mellitus.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27680049","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[658]],["Low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to conventional therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.","660",4,"\"Percentage ulcer area reduction was 37 ± 9% in the LLLT group and 15 ± 5.4% in the control group (p < 0.001).\"\n\nComment: The difference in the improvement was quite modest (Fig. 2).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27896528","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660]],["Conventional podiatric intervention and phototherapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers","630, 850",3,"\"The rate of healing increased in all three groups, however, in this study, 67% of ulcers that were managed received some form of phototherapeutic intervention and 40% of those ulcers resolved completely in a period of <8 weeks with no adverse effects being reported by any of the participants.\"\n\n* Comment: Only 2 patients in placebo group. This small sample size does not allow any meaningful comparisons.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27113284/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[630,850]],["A pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of class IV lasers on nonhealing neuroischemic diabetic foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes.","",4,"Patients: \"Wagner stage 1 and 2 neuroischemic DFUs of five patients with type 2 diabetes who were nonresponsive to conventional treatment for at least 12 weeks\"\n\n\"Within the 12-week follow-up, four of five laser-treated patients (80%) had a complete ulcer resolution (most ulcers healed after 4.6 weeks). In the control group, no ulcer healing occurred by week 12.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404934","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["Effects of the Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in the process of healing diabetic foot ulcers.","633",4,"\"There was a significant decrease in the size of the wound when compared to the control group (p<0.05). The pain was also reported as having an intense improvement in the treated group.\"\n\n\"The low-level laser treatment seems to be an efficient method, viable, painless and of low costs concerning the tissue repair ulcers in a diabetic foot.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735058","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[633]],["Short-term multimodal phototherapy approach in a diabetic ulcer patient.","250, 820, 660, 880",4,"\"A total of 23 sessions of low-intensity laser therapy and UVC irradiation were administered over a five-week period. The infected surgical wound healed completely.\"\n\n\"The stump granulation had started on Day 12 of treatment. Wound culture of the stump was negative for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The stump was completely healed by Day 60 of the initial treatment. Follow-up two months after the initial assessment did not reveal any reappearance of ulcer in the patient\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22711049","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[820,660,880]],["Efficacy of low level laser therapy on wound healing in patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers-a randomised control trial.","",5,"\"Initial ulcer area was 2608.03 mm(2) in study group and 2747.17 mm(2) in control group (p = 0.361). Final ulcer area was 1564.79 mm(2) in study group and 2424.75 mm(2) in control group (p = 0.361). Percentage ulcer area reduction was 40.24 [...] in study group and 11.87 [...] in control group (p < 0.001, Z = 7.08). Low Level Laser Therapy is beneficial as an adjunct to conventional therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU).\"\n\nComment: Parameters were reported extremely inadequately, most of relevant information being absent.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082586","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["A randomized clinical trial on the effect of low-level laser therapy on chronic diabetic foot wound healing: a preliminary report.","685",4,"\"At week 4, the size of ulcers decreased significantly in the LLLT group (p = 0.04). After 20 weeks, in the LLLT group, eight patients had complete healing and in the placebo group only three patients experienced complete wound healing.\n\nThe mean time of complete healing in LLLT patients (11 weeks) was less than that in placebo patients (14 weeks) though the difference was not statistically significant.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21214368","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[685]],["Visible light-induced healing of diabetic or venous foot ulcers: a placebo-controlled double-blind study.","",4,"\"At the end of the follow up, all the wounds were closed in 9 out of 10 patients (90%) from the treatment group, whereas in the placebo group only 2 out of 6 patients exhibited closed wounds (33%). The reduction in wound size in the treatment group versus the placebo group was 89% and 54%, respectively.\"\n\n\"In this small scale placebo-controlled double-blind study, broadband (400-800 nm) visible light was an effective modality for the treatment of leg or foot ulcers.\"\n\nComment: Control group also received light.\n\nComment: 10 participants (19 ulcers) in PBM group. 6 participants (6 ulcers) in control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21214497","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[]],["Phototherapy promotes healing of chronic diabetic leg ulcers that failed to respond to other therapies.","660, 890",5,"\"By day 90, 58.3% of [PBM-treated] ulcers had healed fully and 75% had achieved 90-100% healing. In contrast, only one \"placebo\" treated ulcer healed fully by day 90; no other ulcer attained > or =90% healing.\"\n\nComment: The control group received light from a similar probe but only one (1 of 4) red diodes and zero (0 of 32) NIR diodes active, thus producing less than 5 mW of output power (instead of 500 mW). It is possible this could have a slight effect as speculated by Enwemeka (see additional info column).","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588536","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660,890]],["Phototherapy (LEDs 660/890nm) in the treatment of leg ulcers in diabetic patients: case study","660, 660, 890",3,"\"This study evaluated the use of phototherapy in the healing of mixed leg ulcers in two diabetic patients (type 2) with arterial hypertension.\"\n\n\"The following analyses of ulcers with software Image J showed that probe 2 presented mean healing rates of 0.6; 0.7 and 0.9, whereas probe 1 had 0.2; 0.4 and 0.6 at 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19668943/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[660,660,890]],["Topical hyperbaric oxygen and low energy laser therapy for chronic diabetic foot ulcers resistant to conventional treatment.","633",4,"\"In conclusion, although the study was open and uncontrolled, an 81 percent healing of DFU in patients who previously did not respond to a comprehensive treatment program, constitutes an intriguing preliminary result. Thus, THBO/LEL therapy may be a safe, simple, and inexpensive early adjunctive treatment for patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers. Our findings should prompt its evaluation by large randomized controlled trials.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393266","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[633]],["Diabetic neuropathic foot ulcer: successful treatment by low-intensity laser therapy.","670",4,"\"After a total of 16 sessions of low-intensity laser therapy using a 670-nm diode laser administered within a 4-week period the ulcer healed completely. During a follow-up period of 9 months, there was no recurrence of the ulcer even though the patient's metabolic condition remained unstable.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10393463","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[670]],["Healing of Bone Affections and Gangrene with Low-Intensity Laser Irradiation in Diabetic Patients Suffering from Foot Infections.","633",4,"\"Within a mean period of 14 weeks not only a complete healing of the diabetic gangrenes but also a radiographically determined reestablishment of corticalis and remineralisation of preexisting bone affections could be achieved.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9892822","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[633]],["Effect Of Helium-neon Laser Therapy (LLLT) On Wound Healing In A Torpid Vasculogenic Ulcer On The Foot: A Case Report","830, 633",4,"\"Despite two months as an inpatient and a variety of therapeutic modalities, including infrared diode laser (GaAlAs, 60 mW c/w, power density of approximately 3 W/cm2), the ulcer failed to heal. \n\nHeNe LLLT was then started (8.5 mW c/w, scanned mode, power density 27 W/cm2), twice per day, 10 minutes per session. After one month, considerable improvement was seen in both healing and pain removal, and the ulcer had healed completely after five months, with complete pain removal. \n\nIt is suggested that, for open wounds requiring direct irradiation to the wound bed, the HeNe laser at 632.8 nm is most effective, applied in the noncontact scanning mode.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/4/3/4_92-OR-11/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic foot ulcer",[830,633]],["Long-Term Outcome of Photobiomodulation Therapy for Refractory Diabetic Wound After Secretory Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland Surgery: A Case Report","810",4,"\"We reported a 55-year-old male patient with refractory diabetic wound after secretory carcinoma of the parotid gland surgery responding to 810 nm laser.\"\n\n\"After PBMT, the refractory diabetic wound healed gradually without adverse events. During follow-up 5-years, the healed wound remained stable and showed no signs of recurrence.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38574328/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic (clinical)",[810]],["Low-intensity laser irradiation improves skin circulation in patients with diabetic microangiopathy.","633",3,"\"After a single transcutaneous low-intensity laser irradiation, a statistically significant rise in skin temperature was noted (P < 0.001 by ANOVA for repeated measurements), whereas in the sham-irradiated control group, a slight but significant drop in temperature (P < 0.001) was found.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571346","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Diabetic (preclinical)",[633]],["A feasibility study of a novel low-level light therapy for digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis.","405, 660, 850",3,"\"LTTT for DUs is safe, feasible, and well tolerated. There was an early tentative suggestion of treatment efficacy.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29862855","PubMed",62,"Wound healing","Digital ulcers (systemic sclerosis)",[405,660,850]],["Photobiomodulation of a flowable matrix in a human skin ex vivo model demonstrates energy-based enhancement of engraftment integration and remodeling.","660",3,"\"Here, we evaluated the effect of PBM on a collagen-glycosaminoglycan flowable wound matrix (FWM) in an ex vivo human skin wound model. PBM resulted in accelerated rate of re-epithelialization and organization of matrix as seen by structural arrangement of collagen fibers, and a subsequent increased expression of α-SMA and VEGF-A leading to an overall improved healing process.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29688627","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Flowable wound matrix",[660]],["Red light-emitting diode (LED) therapy-assisted healing improves results of ER:YAG laser ablation of plantar verrucae","633",4,"\"Over the past two-and-a-half years, the principal author (MAT) has treated 141 cases of plantar warts under local anesthesia in 133 patients with Er:YAG laser ablation followed by red light therapy to assist wound healing.\"\n\n\"At the 12-month follow-up recurrence rates have been less than 8% (11/141). \n\nFrom the authors’ experience in 141 cases, visible red LED therapy has given excellent and pain-free healing in these difficult-to-treat lesions with very low recurrence rates following Er:YAG laser precise and speedy ablation of plantar verrucae with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tissue.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/14/4/14_4_179/_article/-char/ja/","J-STAGE",77,"Wound healing","Laser-induced wound",[633]],["Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Combined with Polarized Light Therapy on Neuropathic Foot Ulcer: A Randomized Controlled Study","",5,"\"The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in all outcomes compared to controls. These findings support the combined use of HBO and PLT as an effective adjunctive therapy for neuropathic foot ulcers.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405939/","PubMed",60,"Wound healing","Neuropathic foot ulcer",[]],["Randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of the EmoLED medical device in the treatment of stage 2 and stage 3 pressure ulcers: The RISE_UP study","",3,"\"The mean area reduction of the control group was 29.83 %, while the mean area reduction of the treated group was 52.46 % showing a greater trend to reduce the wound area in the treated group compared to the control group. To compare the percentage reduction of the wound area, the Mann-Whitney test was performed; due to the small number of available photographs, the statistical analysis did not yield significant results.\"\n\n\"The IT analysis shows that the mean PUSH reduction in the control group was 2.29 (25.96 %), from 9.54 to 7,25, and the mean PUSH reduction in the treated group was 3.29 (34.33 %), from 10.02 to 6.73 (Mann-Whitney p = 0.221).\"\n\nComment: No statistically significant benefit.","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40158347/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[]],["Phototherapy (cluster multi-diode 630 nm and 940 nm) on the healing of pressure injury: A pilot study","630, 940",4,"\"The experimental groups received applications of 630 and 940 nm LED three times a week for 8 weeks, with a dose of 6 J/cm2 in Group I. In group II, a dose of 8 J/cm2 in addition to the standard treatment. Group III (control group) received only daily standard treatment which consisted of cleaning the lesioned area with physiological solution, followed by application of an alginate hydrogel dressing over a period of 8 weeks.\"\n\n\"There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the three groups when assessing the initial lesion area. At the end of 2 months, the median and interquartile ranges of the injuries were 5.90 (0.79-9.5) cm2 for group I, 0.54 (0.47-1.16) cm2 for group II and 26.76 (17.25-41.05) for group III.\"\n\n\"The initial hypothesis was supported given that the combination of two wavelengths in the LED phototherapy with different doses may be helpful in accelerating the healing of pressure injuries.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34507703/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[630,940]],["Impact of low-level laser therapy on the dynamics of pressure ulcer-induced changes considering an infectious agent and cathelicidin LL-37 concentration: a preliminary study.","830",3,"\"In study group A, the following bacteria predominantly occurred: S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, while in control group B, excluding one MRSA case, S. hominis, S. epidermidis, D. nishinomiyaensis, A. haemolyticus (physiological flora) were present. HLGR resistance mechanisms were detected when analyzing drug susceptibility panels. Study group A findings demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the levels of cathelicidin LL-37 concentration at baseline and at the end.\"\n\nComment: Seems like a poor-quality paper with such a low sample size. Also, one value regarding cathelicidin LL-37 is apparently misreported in the text (see PubPeer).\n\nComment: I categorized this as a single-arm study because there were no pre-post comparisons for the control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30618525","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[830]],["Effect of laser therapy on expression of angio- and fibrogenic factors, and cytokine concentrations during the healing process of human pressure ulcers.","658, 808, 940",3,"\"The positive changes in the measured serum (IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α) and wound tissue (TNF-α, VEGF and TGFβ1) parameters appeared to be connected only with the wavelength of 658 nm.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30123047","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[658,808,940]],["Laser photobiomodulation in pressure ulcer healing of human diabetic patients: gene expression analysis of inflammatory biochemical markers.","660",3,"\"After LLLT, wounds presented improvement in gross appearance, with increase in factors VEFG and TGF-β, and reduction of TNF; despite our promising results, they have to be analyzed carefully as this study did not have a control group.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29181642","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[660]],["Low-Level Laser Therapy Along With Intravascular Laser in Deep Pressure Ulcer Resistant to Conventional Therapies","655, 980, 650",4,"\"The combination of laser therapy with conventional therapy and surgery increases the process of wound healing remarkably, particularly in resistant wound cases. In other words, it accelerates the reconstruction of blood vessels and increases the lesion revascularizations, increases the production and formation of granulation tissue in the wound, eradicates microbial flora, sterilizes the wound pathogens, and facilitates graft surgery repairing success. This process not only leads to a better healing of ulcers, but also prevents recurrent ulcers due to improvement of perfusion in the treated area.\"","http://journalssc.com/?page=article&article_id=30686","SSRC",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[655,980,650]],["Effect of Laser Irradiation at Different Wavelengths (940, 808, and 658 nm) on Pressure Ulcer Healing: Results from a Clinical Study.","658, 808, 940",3,"\"The laser therapy at a wavelength of 658 nm appeared to be effective at healing pressure ulcers. \n\nThe wavelengths of 808 and 940 nm did not have any effect in our study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159357","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[658,808,940]],["Low Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Pressure Ulcers in Spinal Cord Handicapped Veterans Living in Tehran","650, 980",4,"\"The results demonstrated a statistically significant enhancement of the healing process by combination of Low Level Laser with conventional treatments of pressure ulcers.\"\n\nComment: Is it this paper, actually published in 2006, written in Persian language? https://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html","http://ijms.sums.ac.ir/index.php/IJMS/article/view/1594","IJMS",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[650,980]],["Use of polarised light as a method of pressure ulcer prevention in an adult intensive care unit","",4,"\"Patients treated with polarised light developed significantly (p=0.019) fewer grade II or above sacral or heel pressure ulcers when compared with a control group receiving no polarised light. Further research is required.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17444378","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[]],["Monochromatic phototherapy: effective treatment for grade II chronic pressure ulcers in elderly patients.","637, 956",4,"\"The mean normalized reduction in pressure ulcer size at week 12 was 0.79 for the phototherapy group and 0.50 for the placebo group (95% confidence interval 0.01-0.53; p=0.039). No serious side-effects were noted.\"\n\n\"Monochromatic pulsating light accelerates healing in grade II pressure ulcers in elderly patients.\"\n\nPDF full text: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Soelve_Elmstahl/publication/5678172_Monochromatic_phototherapy_Effective_treatment_for_grade_II_chronic_pressure_ulcers_in_elderly_patients/links/004635190e7c37f653000000.pdf","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172370","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[637,956]],["Monochromatic phototherapy in elderly patients: a new way of treating chronic pressure ulcers?","637, 956",3,"\"No significant effects were observed in the total material. In a subanalysis of grade II ulcers, there was a tendency toward better healing in the monochromatic light group (p = 0.06). A significantly larger reduction in pressure ulcer size was noted among patients in the treatment group with low body weight (BMI < 20).\"\n\nComment: An erratum was published: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF03327378.pdf (Fig. 1 had 'months' instead of 'weeks' in x-axis, and the values were wrong. In the corrected version, the difference between the groups appears to be larger, although the p value appears to be the same, p = 0.06)","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14582689","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[637,956]],["Effects of phototherapy on pressure ulcer healing in elderly patients after a falling trauma. A prospective, randomized, controlled study.","637, 956",4,"\"Patients treated with pulsed monochromatic light had a 49% higher ulcer healing rate, and a shorter time to 50% and to 90% ulcer closure compared with controls. Their mean ulcer area was reduced to 10% after 5 weeks compared with 9 weeks for the controls.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11169174","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Pressure ulcer",[637,956]],["Enhancing sickle cell leg ulcer healing with combined photodynamic and photobiomodulation therapies: A pilot experience","630",4,"\"Among the treated ulcers, 64.7 % (11 out of 17) showed significant healing, with 9 ulcers achieving complete closure. \n\nThe average reduction in ulcer size was significant, with a median healing time of 123 days.\n\n Pain levels decreased significantly in 82.3 % of treated ulcers (p < 0.001), and a 75.4 % reduction in bacterial load was observed, alongside increased microbiome diversity (p < 0.05). Elevated levels of IL-6 and PSGL-1 were associated with non-healing ulcers, indicating their potential as prognostic biomarkers.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40073514/","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Sickle cell leg ulcer",[630]],["Infrared (780 nm) low level laser therapy for wound healing: In vivo and in vitro studies","780",3,"\"These results suggest that 780 nm LPDLI irradiation promotes wound healing, presumably by enhancing proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/9/4/9_4_159/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",77,"Wound healing","Skin wounds",[780]],["Kinetics of physiological skin flora in a suction blister wound model on healthy subjects after treatment with water-filtered infrared-A radiation.","",3,"\"In healthy volunteers, wIRA alone and in combination with dexpanthenol strongly inhibited bacterial recolonization with physiological skin flora after artificial wound setting using a suction-blister wound model. This could support the beneficial effects of wIRA in the promotion of wound healing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123525","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Suction blister wound",[]],["Surgical Wound Dehiscence Treatment With Low-Level Laser Therapy and Barbatimão: A Case Report","625",3,"\"The treatment involved daily application of Barbatimão gel and weekly application of LLLT. The wound healed after 84 days.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35030091/","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Surgical wounds",[625]],["Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) efficacy in post-operative wounds.","904",3,"\"Clinical evaluation showed that the healing process of these postoperatively treated wounds has occurred and that the functional recovery of the patients (i.e., return to their ordinary life) was faster than without treatment.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782037","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Surgical wounds",[904]],["830 nm light-emitting diode low level light therapy (LED-LLLT) enhances wound healing: a preliminary study.","830",4,"\"There were 5 patients with ages ranging from 7 to 54 years, comprising 2 males and 3 females. The study followed 5 wounds, namely 2 acute excoriation wounds; 1 acute/subacute dog bite with infection; 1 subacute post-filler ulcerated wound with necrotic ischemic tissue and secondary infection; and 1 subacute case of edema and infection of the lips with herpes simplex involvement after an illegal cosmetic tattoo operation.\"\n\n\"Full wound healing and control of infection and discomfort were achieved in all patients, with wound condition-mediated treatment periods ranging from 1 to 8 weeks. No recurrence of the herpes simplex case was seen in a 4-month follow-up.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155549","PubMed",77,"Wound healing","Various types of wounds",[830]],["Photobiomodulation, as additional treatment to traditional dressing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers, in frail elderly with municipality home healthcare","635, 904",5,"\"Healing time of the 34 hard-to-heal VLU´s in the intervention group receiving PBM was reduced between 66 and 180 days, with a mean of 123 days compared to the VLU´s in the control group receiving traditional dressing (p = 0.0001).\"\n\nComment: The full text is quite difficult to read...","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36107964/","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[635,904]],["Use of Blue Light in the Management of Chronic Venous Ulcer in Asian Patients: A Case Series","",3,"\"Case 1 was a 71-year-old male with a history of hypertension, chronic venous insufficiency and previous deep vein thrombosis. Prior to blue light therapy, the average duration of treatment until wound closure with compression dressings used to be 10-12 weeks. Complete wound closure with the blue light therapy was eight weeks, with a total reduction of 67% of wound size by week 4.\n\nCase 2 was a 77-year-old male with a background of hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. Prior to blue light therapy, the patient had also underwent iliac venoplasty and stenting for his recurring bilateral malleolus venous ulcers. By week 4, the right malleolus wound had healed, while the left malleolus wound had a size reduction of 38%. Complete closure of both the wounds was noted at week 6. Blue light was administered to the wounds of both patients for 120 seconds per session, as an adjunct to compression therapy.\"","https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34650877/","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[]],["Combination treatment with light emitting diode and wound dressings in a patient with a venous leg ulcer: a case report.","",3,"\"We present the case of a 47-year-old man with a venous leg ulcer that was treated with LED and wound dressings. After the patient underwent the eighteenth LED session, combined with wound dressings, the size, depth, and pain of the venous leg ulcer decreased.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were not reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32206822","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[]],["Biomodulation induced by fluorescent light energy versus standard of care in venous leg ulcers: a retrospective study.","",4,"\"Fluorescence biomodulation (FB), a form of PBM, is induced by the delivery of fluorescent light energy (FLE) to the skin with a dual-component treatment system: a gel containing chromophores illuminated by an LED lamp.\"\n\n\"The EUREKA patients had larger and significantly older wounds (p<0.05) and significantly more risk factors (p<0.05) than the matching wounds. However, they had better outcomes (EUREKA: 40% versus matching group: 7% for full wound closure by 16 weeks). No wound breakdown was observed at 16 weeks in the EUREKA group, compared with 25% in the matching group. No EUREKA patient developed infections requiring antibiotics, compared with 37% in the matching group.\"\n\nComment: See the Additional info column for more information about the treatment method.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31721664","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[]],["A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Evaluation of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Venous Leg Ulcers.","635",2,"\"Within the limitations of the study, LLLT may not have early effects as an adjunctive therapy to wound healing of VLUs, but LLLT may have delayed effects on VLU healing and associated pain, which requires further study.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28682676","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[635]],["Effects of weekly LED therapy at 625 nm on the treatment of chronic lower ulcers.","625",3,"\"The results suggest that LED therapy improved the effectiveness of the Unna's boot since no refractory ulcer was observed in the LED group after 19 weeks. However, LED therapy did not alter the local secretion of TNF-α nor accelerate wound healing.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25315022","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[625]],["The use of polarised polychromatic non-coherent light alone as a therapy for venous leg ulceration","",3,"\"The total number of 73 leg ulcers recorded at the beginning of the study was reduced to 51 at the end of the four weeks (p < 0.01). The decrease in wound surface area following the treatment was statistically significant [mean: 57.15%]\"\n\nComment: No control group.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12572235","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[]],["Treatment of refractory venous stasis ulcers with autologous platelet-rich plasma and light-emitting diodes: a pilot study.","635, 830",4,"\"The combined autologous PRP and LED therapy was well tolerated and safe. A statistically significant improvement was observed post-therapeutically in the clinical parameters of pain, itching, heaviness, paresthesia, cramps, and leg swelling. There was also a significant decrease in ulcer size. None of the patients showed worsening of their venous stasis ulcer. Regarding subject satisfaction with the regimen, 75.0% of participants reported being 'satisfied or very satisfied' with their overall improvement after treatment. No significant adverse effects were observed.\"\n\nComment: Parameters were poorly reported.","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23738854","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[635,830]],["Water-filtered infrared A for the treatment of chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs at home: a randomized controlled blinded study.","",4,"\"Compared with the control group with VIS alone, the group with wIRA + VIS showed \n\nbetter wound healing [after 9 weeks 85 vs. 67·5 on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS), median difference 15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3-30, P = 0·012], \n\na higher percentage of patients with a healing trend [after 9 weeks 21 of 25 (84%) vs. 13 of 26 (50%), P = 0·023], \n\nbetter granulation (after 9 weeks 90 vs. 80 on a 0-100 VAS, median difference 10, 95% CI 0-30, P = 0·036), \n\na trend to less exudation (after 5 weeks 30 vs. 55 on a 0-100 VAS, P = 0·075) and to \n\nfaster reduction of the wound area (after 7 weeks 39% vs. 19·5% reduction of wound area, median difference 20·5%, 95% CI -4-49%, P = 0·10; for wounds with an initial area < 10 cm(2): after 13 weeks 92% vs. 47% reduction of wound area, median difference 30%, 95% CI 0-68%, P = 0·11). \"","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21574975","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[]],["Phototherapy improves healing of chronic venous ulcers.","660, 890",5,"\"Ulcers treated with phototherapy healed significantly faster than controls when compared at day 30 (p +/- 0.01), day 60 (p +/- 0.05), and day 90 (p +/- 0.001), and similarly healed faster than the placebo-treated ulcers at days 30 and 90 (p +/- 0.01), but not at day 60.\n\nThe beneficial effect of phototherapy was more pronounced when the confounding effect of small-sized ulcers was removed from the analysis. Medium- and large-sized ulcers healed significantly faster with treatment (>or=40% rate of healing per month) than placebo or control ulcers (p +/- 0.05).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196110","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[660,890]],["Improvement of wound healing by water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) in patients with chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs including evaluation using infrared thermography.","",4,"wIRA seemed to have clear beneficial effects on ulcer healing.","http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675738","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[]],["Low-intensity laser therapy/combined phototherapy in the management of chronic venous ulceration: a placebo-controlled study.","660, 820, 880, 950",2,"\"Although there was no statistically significant difference between Treatment and Placebo groups, an apparent clinical difference in wound healing rate was noted; at postirradiation, a continued reduction in wound size was evident for the treatment group. These effects were believed to be due to an apparent delayed effect. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for pain.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165122","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[660,820,880,950]],["Low level laser therapy in ambulatory patients with venous stasis ulcers","633, 830",4,"\"We achieved complete wound healing, classified as good, in 53 patients (85.48%) of the patients during a two to 14 week period of treatment, and moderate partial wound closure with clinical improvement in 4 patients (6.46%) with chronic long-term venous leg ulcers. The efficiency of the treatment was 91.94%. No patient had to stop treatment because of adverse side effects. Two patients (3.2%), had recurrent ulcers. These findings indicate that appropriate doses of laser can be beneficial in promoting tissue repair.\"","https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/11/2/11_2_71/_article/-char/en","J-STAGE",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[633,830]],["The use of low energy photon therapy (LEPT) in venous leg ulcers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","660, 880",5,"\"Nine patients with 12 venous ulcers were randomized to receive LEPT or placebo therapy. At the conclusion of the study, the percentage of the initial ulcer area remaining unhealed in the LEPT and placebo groups was 24.4% and 84.7%, respectively (P = 0.0008).\n\nThe decrease in ulcer area (compared to baseline) observed in the LEPT and placebo groups was 193.0 mm2 and 14.7 mm2, respectively (P = 0.0002).\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9865208","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[660,880]],["The use of low-energy photon therapy in the treatment of leg ulcers – a preliminary study","660, 880",4,"\"Of 15 venous ulcers, 12 (75%) had healed or improved markedly (greater than 75% reduction in pretherapy area of ulcer) by the end of the study. Side-effects consisted of erythema at the ulcer site in one patient.\"","http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09546639709160280","T&F",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[660,880]],["The use of infrared laser therapy in the treatment of venous ulceration.","780, 904",4,"\"Twelve patients with chronic venous ulcers unresponsive to conservative measures were treated with infrared laser irradiation for twelve weeks. Two ulcers healed completely and there was a 27% (p less than 0.01) reduction in size of the remaining ulcers. \n\nTreatment resulted in a 44% (p less than 0.01) increase in ulcer floor area occupied by healthy granulation tissue. The most dramatic effect of laser treatment was the reduction in ulcer pain, from 7.5 to 3.5 (linear analogue scale) (p less than 0.001). Laser irradiation had no effect on TcPO2, number of skin capillaries or pericapillary fibrin deposition in the lipodermatosclerotic area around the ulcer. \n\nThe results of this pilot study are encouraging and a carefully controlled randomized study is indicated to compare low power laser irradiation to conventional treatment in the management of venous ulcers.\"","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2310669","PubMed",78,"Wound healing","Venous ulcer",[780,904]]],"allw":[[311,1],[312,1],[401,1],[405,14],[410,1],[415,20],[417,1],[420,8],[423,2],[425,3],[440,2],[445,3],[446,2],[447,4],[450,12],[453,4],[455,1],[465,2],[467,1],[468,1],[470,8],[480,2],[500,1],[505,1],[514,1],[520,3],[522,1],[524,2],[525,1],[527,1],[528,1],[532,3],[536,3],[550,1],[570,1],[588,4],[590,36],[595,2],[600,2],[606,1],[610,4],[617,1],[618,5],[620,9],[621,2],[623,1],[625,17],[626,4],[627,3],[628,1],[629,1],[630,72],[632,10],[633,162],[635,84],[637,6],[638,3],[640,43],[645,8],[650,149],[652,1],[655,18],[656,1],[658,17],[660,460],[670,62],[671,1],[672,1],[675,4],[678,1],[680,5],[685,23],[689,1],[690,1],[735,1],[740,1],[755,1],[770,2],[780,64],[785,7],[786,1],[789,1],[790,7],[795,1],[800,10],[804,2],[805,3],[806,1],[808,315],[809,4],[810,274],[815,3],[819,1],[820,30],[823,3],[824,1],[825,2],[828,1],[830,240],[832,1],[840,9],[846,1],[850,177],[852,1],[854,1],[858,2],[860,5],[870,12],[875,26],[880,26],[890,28],[903,2],[904,131],[905,74],[910,10],[915,7],[940,113],[945,2],[950,17],[956,3],[960,1],[970,21],[975,1],[976,5],[980,132],[1060,3],[1064,143],[1068,2],[1070,3],[1072,5],[1120,1],[1320,1],[1340,2],[1450,1],[1550,1],[1560,1],[2780,4],[2940,11],[10000,1],[10600,12]]}